HKExcel

Education
IB

Math AA HL Concept Notes

Prepared by Ricky
Topic 5.1 & 5.3 & 5.6-5.9
Concepts covered:
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 Kinematics - Algebra
 Kinematics - Graph
 Kinematics - GDC
 Pastpaper practice
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Copyright@HKExcel IB Specialist
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Differentiation

Differentiation rules: Recap

1.
𝑑
(𝐶) = 0
𝑑𝑥

2.
𝑑
(𝑘𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

3.
𝑑
[𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
((𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ) = 𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

4.
𝑑 ( ) ( )
𝑒 =𝑒 ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

5.
𝑑 1
ln[𝑓(𝑥)] = ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)

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Differentiation

6.
𝑑
(sin[𝑓(𝑥)]) = cos[𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

7.
𝑑
(cos[𝑓(𝑥)]) = − sin[𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

8.
𝑑 1
(tan[𝑓(𝑥)]) = ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑓(𝑥)

9.
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑣 (𝑢) + 𝑢 (𝑣)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

10.
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 (𝑢) − 𝑢 (𝑣)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣

11.
𝑑
(sec[𝑓(𝑥)]) = sec[𝑓(𝑥)] tan[𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

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Differentiation

12.
𝑑
(cosec[𝑓(𝑥)]) = − cosec[𝑓(𝑥)] cot[𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

13.
𝑑
(cot[𝑓(𝑥)]) = − cosec [𝑓(𝑥)] ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

14.
𝑑 ( ) ( )
𝑎 =𝑎 ln 𝑎 ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

15.
𝑑 1
[log 𝑓(𝑥)] = ∙ 𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) ln 𝑎

16.
𝑑 1
(arcsin[𝑓(𝑥)]) = ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 − [𝑓(𝑥)]

17.
𝑑 −1
(arccos[𝑓(𝑥)]) = ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 − [𝑓(𝑥)]

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Differentiation

18.
𝑑 1
(arctan[𝑓(𝑥)]) = ∙ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 1 + [𝑓(𝑥)]

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Differentiation

Kinematics:
It is the study of how an object moves. In IB, the movement will only
be in a straight line. In general, forward movement is defined as
positive while backward movement is negative.

Displacement 𝒔(𝒕):
Shortest distance between an object’s starting position and final
position.

Whereas distance is the actual length of travel.

Velocity 𝒗(𝒕):
Similar to speed but it is a measure of displacement per unit time.

𝑑𝑠(𝑡)
= 𝑣(𝑡) ⇔ 𝑣(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

Acceleration 𝒂(𝒕):
A measure of how fast the velocity is changing.

𝑑𝑣(𝑡)
= 𝑎(𝑡) ⇔ 𝑎(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

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Differentiation

Algebraic type:

Example:

1.
The displacement 𝑠 metres of a particle at time 𝑡 seconds is given by

𝑠 = 4 sin 3𝑡 − 6𝑡 + 7

(a) Find the initial displacement of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity, 𝑣, at time 𝑡.
(c) Find the acceleration, 𝑎, at time 𝑡.
(d) Find the time at which the particle first achieves its minimum
velocity. Hence find the minimum velocity of the particle.

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Differentiation

2.
A car is moving in a straight line. The displacement function of the
car from a fixed point is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = −𝑡 + 8𝑡 + 1.

(a) Find the initial position of the car.

(b) Find the displacement of the car in the first 10 seconds.
(c) Find the average velocity of the car in the first 10 seconds.
(d) Find the velocity function for the car.
(e) Find the initial velocity of the car.
(f) Find the time at which the car is at rest.
(g) Find the time interval that the car is moving forward and that
the car is moving backward.
(h) Draw a motion diagram for the car.
(i) Find the acceleration of the car.

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Differentiation

3.
A particle is moving in a straight line. The displacement of the
particle from a fixed point is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 15𝑡 + 63𝑡 − 49.

(a) Find the initial position of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity of the particle at any time.
(c) Find the initial velocity of the particle.
(d) Find the average acceleration of the particle from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1.
(e) Find the acceleration of the particle at any time.
(f) Find the time at which the particle is at rest.
(g) Find the time interval that the particle is moving forward and
that the particle is moving backward.
(h) Find the time interval in which the particle is speeding up.
(i) Draw a motion diagram for the particle.
(j) Find the distance travelled by the particle in the first 7 seconds.
(k) Find the average speed of the particle in the first 7 seconds.
(l) Find the instantaneous speed of the particle when 𝑡 = 4.

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Differentiation

Practice:

1.
The displacement 𝑠 metres of a particle at time 𝑡 seconds is given by

𝑡
𝑠 = 16 cos − 𝑡 + 5
2

(a) Find the initial displacement of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity, 𝑣, at time 𝑡.
(c) Find the acceleration, 𝑎, at time 𝑡.
(d) Find time at which the particle first achieves its maximum
acceleration. Hence find the maximum acceleration of the
particle.

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Differentiation

2.
A particle is moving in a straight line. The displacement function of
the particle from a fixed point is known as 𝑠(𝑡) = −𝑡 + 10𝑡 − 5.

(a) Find the initial position of the particle.

(b) Find the displacement of the particle in the first 5 seconds.
(c) Find the average velocity of the particle in the first 5 seconds.
(d) Find the velocity of the particle at any time.
(e) Find the initial velocity of the particle.
(f) Find the time at which the particle is at rest.
(g) Find the time interval that the particle is moving forward and
that the particle is moving backward.
(h) Draw a motion diagram for the particle.
(i) Find the acceleration of the particle.

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Differentiation

3.
A particle is moving in a straight line. The displacement of the
particle from a fixed point is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = 𝑡 − 18𝑡 + 96𝑡 − 128.

(a) Find the initial position of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity of the particle at any time.
(c) Find the initial velocity of the particle.
(d) Find the average acceleration of the particle from 𝑡 = 0 to 𝑡 = 1.
(e) Find the acceleration of the particle at any time.
(f) Find the time at which the particle is at rest.
(g) Find the time interval that the particle is moving forward and
that the particle is moving backward.
(h) Find the time interval in which the particle is speeding up.
(i) Draw a motion diagram for the particle.
(j) Find the distance travelled by the particle in the first 5 seconds.
(k) Find the average speed of the particle in the first 5 seconds.
(l) Find the instantaneous speed of the particle when 𝑡 = 5.

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Differentiation

Graphical type:

Example:

1.
A particle travels with velocity 𝑣 ms for a certain period as shown
in the figure below.

(a) Write down the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 2.

(b) Write down the speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 5.

(c) Write down the time at which the particle is at rest.

(d) Write down the time at which the particle changes direction.

(e) Find all the possible values of 𝑡 such that the acceleration of the
particle is zero.

(f) Find the acceleration at 𝑡 = 3.5.

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Differentiation

(g) Find the displacement of the particle in the first 5 seconds.

(h) Sketch the speed time graph on the figure below.

(i) Hence, find the maximum speed of the particle and the distance
travelled by the particle in the first 9 seconds.

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Differentiation

2.
The position of the particle against time is shown in the figure below.

(a) Write down the initial position of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 5.

(c) Find the speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 5.

(d) Find the acceleration at 𝑡 = 2.

(e) Find the displacement of the particle in the first 8 seconds.

(f) Find the total distance travelled in the first 8 seconds.

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Differentiation

3. [GDC]
A particle R moves in a straight line so that its velocity, 𝑣 ms , after
𝑡 seconds, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5, is given by the graph below. The point A,
B and C are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph.

𝑡
A B C

(a) Write down the number of times R is momentarily at rest.

(b) Write down the number of times R changes direction.

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Differentiation

Assume that the velocity-time graph can be modelled by the

function 𝑣 = 2.373 − 2𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5. The initial displacement
of R from a fixed point O is 2 metres.

(c) Find the displacement of R from O after 2.5 seconds.

(d) Find when R is at rest for the last time.

(e) Find the acceleration of R after 1.5 seconds.

(f) Determine if R is speeding up at 𝑡 = 1.5.

(g) Find the maximum speed of R.

(h) Find the time at which the acceleration of R is 0 for the first time.

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Differentiation

Practice:

1.
A particle travels with velocity 𝑣 ms for a certain period as shown
in the figure below. The 𝑥 intercepts of the graph are (1, 0) and
(6.2, 0).

(a) Write down the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 3.

(b) Write down the speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 2.

(c) Write down the time at which the particle is at rest.

(d) Write down the time at which the particle changes direction.

(e) Find all the possible values of 𝑡 such that the acceleration of the
particle is zero.

(f) Find the acceleration at 𝑡 = 1.5.

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Differentiation

(g) Find the displacement of the particle in the first 5 seconds.

(h) Sketch the speed time graph on the figure below.

(i) Hence, find the maximum speed of the particle and the distance
travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds.

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Differentiation

2.
The position of the particle against time is shown in the figure below.

(a) Write down the initial position of the particle.

(b) Find the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 2.

(c) Find the speed of the particle at 𝑡 = 2.

(d) Find the acceleration at 𝑡 = 6.

(e) Find the displacement of the particle in the first 8 seconds.

(f) Find the total distance travelled in the first 8 seconds.

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Differentiation

3. [GDC]
A particle R moves in a straight line so that its velocity, 𝑣 ms , after
𝑡 seconds, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5.5, is given by the graph below. The point A,
B, C and D are the 𝑥-intercepts of the graph.

𝑡
A B C D

(a) Write down the number of times R is momentarily at rest.

(b) Write down the number of times R changes direction.

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Differentiation

Assume that the velocity-time graph can be modelled by the

function 𝑣 = 1.5𝑡 + 2 sin 2𝑡 − 1.27, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 5.5. The initial
displacement of R from a fixed point O is −3 metres.

(c) Find the displacement of R from O after 3 seconds.

(d) Find when R is at rest for the first time.

(e) Find the acceleration of R after 3.2 seconds.

(f) Determine if R is speeding up at 𝑡 = 3.2.

(g) Find the maximum speed of R.

(h) Find the time at which the acceleration of R is 0 for the third
time.

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Differentiation

Further practice and pastpaper practice:

1. [C]
The displacement 𝑠 metres at time 𝑡 seconds is given by

𝑠 = 3 sin 2𝑡 + 5𝑡 + 1, for 𝑡 ≥ 0

(a) Write down the minimum value of 𝑠.

(b) Find the acceleration 𝑎 at time 𝑡.

(c) Find the value of 𝑡 when the maximum value of 𝑎 first occurs.

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Differentiation

2. [C]
The velocity 𝑣 ms of a particle after 𝑡 seconds is given by

𝑣(𝑡) = (5 − 2𝑡) − 1, for 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2.5.

The following diagram shows the graph of 𝑣.

(a) Find the value(s) of 𝑡 when the particle is at rest.

(b) Find the value(s) of 𝑡 when the acceleration of the particle is

0.
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Differentiation

3. [C]
A particle R moves in a straight line so that its velocity, 𝑣 ms ,
after 𝑡 seconds, is given by 𝑣 = 2 sin 2𝑡 − 2 cos 1.5𝑡 − 0.5, for 0 ≤
𝑡 ≤ 7.5. The initial displacement of R from a fixed point O is 5
metres.

(a) Find the displacement of R from O after 6 seconds.

The following graph shows the graph of 𝑣 against 𝑡.

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Differentiation

(b) Find when R is at rest.

(c) Write down the number of times R changes direction.

(d) Find the acceleration of R after 4 seconds.

(e) Find the maximum speed of R.

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