7 Integration - 230727 - 205506

INTEGRATION
(ANTIDERIVATIVES)
Dr. Gabriel Obed Fosu

Department of Mathematics
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZJfCMyQAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao
ResearchGate ID: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gabriel_Fosu2
Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 1 / 42

Lecture Outline
1 Indefinite Integrals
2 Definite Integrals
3 Techniques of Integration
Integration by Substitution
Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration by Parts
4 Reduction formula
5 Improper Integrals

Indefinite Integrals
Anti-derivative or Indefinite Integral

Antiderivative is the reverse of derivative.
Definition
Let F and f be two functions such that
dF (x)
= f (x) for all x ∈ I .
dx
☛ f is the derivative of F.
☛ F is an anti-derivative of f (x) on the interval I = [a, b].
We write Z
F (x) = f (x)dx
and read indefinite integral of f . The function f (x) is then called the integrand.

Example
1
The function F (x) = x 6 is an antiderivative of f (x) = x 5 since F ′ (x) = f (x).
6
Remark
If F (x) is an antiderivative of f (x), then all functions F (x) + c where c is a constant
is an antiderivative of f (x).

Summary of Some Indefinite Integral (+ c for each case)

R R
1 kd x = kx 1 sin xd x = − cos x
x n+1
R
sec2 xd x = tan x
R 2
2 xnd x =
n +1 R
R 1
3 sec x tan xd x = sec x
3 d x = ln |x| R
R x 4 csc x cot xd x = − csc x
1 1 R
4 d x = ln |ax + b| 5 csc2 xd x = − cot x
R ax + b a R
5 ln xd x = x ln x − x 6 tan xd x = ln | sec x|
R
R R e kx 7 sec xd x = ln | sec x + tan x|
6 e x = e x and e kx =
k
R
R x
8 cot xd x = ln | sin x|
7 a x = lna a R
R 9 csc xd x = ln | csc x − cot x|
8 cos xd x = sin x
R R
1 1 −1 x 1 1 −1 x
³ ´ ³ ´
1 d x = tan 1 d x = tanh
a2 + x2 a a a2 − x2 a a
R 1 ³ x´
R 1 ³ x´
2 p d x = sin−1 ; |a| > |x| 2 p d x = sinh−1
a2 − x2 a x2 + a2 a
R −1 ³x ´ R 1 ³x ´
3 p d x = cos −1 3 p d x = cosh−1
a2 − x2 a x2 − a2 a
R 1 1 ³x ´ R 1 1 ³x ´
4 p dx = sec−1 4 p d x = − sech−1
x x2 − a2 a a x a2 − x2 a a
sech2 xd x = tanh x
R R
5 sinh xd x = cosh x 5
csch2 xd x = − coth x
R R
6 cosh xd x = sinh x 6
R R
7 tanh xd x = ln(cosh x) 7 sechx tanh xd x = −sechx
R R
8 coth xd x = ln(sinh x) 8 cschx coth xd x = −cschx
Properties of antiderivatives
Given the function f and g , and any constant k
Z
1 kdx = kx + c
Z Z Z
¡ ¢
2 f (x) ± g (x) dx = f (x)dx ± g (x)dx
Z Z
3 k f (x)dx = k f (x)dx
Example
Find f (x) given that
f ′ (x) = 4x 3 − 9 + 2 sin x + 7e x , f (0) = 15

Z
f (x) = f ′ (x)d x (1)
Z
= (4x 3 − 9 + 2 sin x + 7e x )d x (2)
= x 4 − 9x − 2 cos x + 7e x + c (3)
Now we plug in x = 0 to determine the value of the constant c .
f (0) = −2 + 7 + c (4)
15 = 5 + c (5)
10 = c (6)
Therefore
f (x) = x 4 − 9x − 2 cos x + 7e x + 10 (7)
Definite Integrals
Definite Integral
Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (1))

Z b ¯b
f (x)dx = F (x)¯ = F (b) − F (a) is the definite integral from a to b of f (x) with
¯
a a
respect to x.
Theorem (Integrability of continuous function)

If f is a continuous function over an interval [a, b], or if Zf has at most finitely many
x
jump discontinuities there, then the definite integral f (u) du, x ∈ [a, b], exists
a
and f is said to be integrable over [a, b].

Definite Integrals
Properties of Definite Integrals

If f and
Z a g are integrable over the interval [a, c], then
1 f (x) dx = 0
Zab Z c Z c
2 f (x) dx + f (x) dx = f (x) dx; b ∈ [a, c].
Z aa bZ
b
a
3 f (x) dx = − f (x) dx
Zbb Za b
4 k f (x) dx = k f (x) dx
a
Z b a Z b Z b
¡ ¢
5 f (x)±g (x) dx = f (x) dx ± g (x) dx
a a Z b a Z b
6 If f (x) ≤ g (x), ∀x ∈ [a, b], then f (x) dx ≤ g (x) dx
a a
1
R b
7 If m ≤ f (x) ≤ M , ∀x ∈ [a, b] then m ≤ b−a a f (x) dx ≤ M
Definite Integrals
Theorem
Suppose f (x) is continuous on [−a, a] and
Z a Z a
1 f (x) is even, then f (x)dx = 2 f (x)dx
−a 0
Z a
2 f (x) is odd, then f (x)dx = 0
−a
Example
3 3 x 3 ¯¯3
Z Z ¯
2 2
1 x dx = 2 x d x = 2 · ¯ = 18
−3 0 3 0
Z 3
2 x 3d x = 0
−3
Z x2 Z x2 ¯x 2
cos t dt = cos t dt = sin t ¯ = sin x 2 − sin 1
3
¯
1 1 1
Definite Integrals
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (2))

Z x
If f is continuous on [a, b], then F (x) = f (t )dt is continuous on [a, b],
a
differentiable on (a, b), and
dF (x) d
Z x
= f (t )dt = f (x).
dx dx a

Definite Integrals
Example
d
Z 2x−1
Find 3t sin t dt .
dx 5
Z 2x−1 Z u
If F (x) = 3t sin t dt , then for u = 2x − 1, F (u) = 3t sin t dt and
5 5
dF (u) dF (u) du
= (8)
dx du dx
dF (x)
= (3u sin u) (2) (9)
dx
= 6(2x − 1) sin(2x − 1) (10)

Techniques of Integration
Techniques of integration.
Sometimes it is not easy to guess F (x). Then some integration techniques could
be employed to find F (x).
The following techniques are discussed:
1 Integration by substitution
2 Integration by Parts
3 Integration by Partial fraction

Techniques of Integration Integration by Substitution
Integration by substitution
Here we introduce a new variable to transform the original problem into one that
can be easily solved.
Example
Z p
Evaluate 2x 1 + x 2 dx .
du du
Let u = 1 + x 2 . Then = 2x and so d x = .
dx 2x
Making the substitution gives
p du
Z p Z
2x 1 + x 2 dx = 2x u ·
2x
p
Z
= udu
2 3/2 2
u + c = (1 + x 2 ) /2 + c
3
=
3 3
Techniques of Integration Integration by Substitution
Example
7(2x − 1)(x 2 − x + 3)4 dx.
R
Find
1 Let f (x) = 7(2x − 1)(x 2 − x + 3)4 and u(x) = x 2 − x + 3.
du
2 u is differentiable and = 2x − 1 =⇒ (2x − 1)d x = d u
dx
3 Then, f (x) = 7u 4 d u and
4
Z Z
f (x)dx = 7 u4d u (11)
µ ¶
1 4+1
=7 u (12)
4+1
7
= (x 2 − x + 3)5 (13)
5

Techniques of Integration Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration using partial fractions

1 Note that
2 5 7x + 3
+ =
x − 1 x + 4 (x − 1)(x + 4)
2 Partial fraction decomposition is the reverse process of the addition carried

out here.
7x + 3
3 That is given , by partial fractions we obtain the decomposition
(x − 1)(x + 4)
7x + 3 2 5
= + .
(x − 1)(x + 4) x − 1 x + 4
4 Partial fraction decomposition can sometimes be used to simplify integrands
to make integrations easy to carry out.

ax + b
Recall that a rational function of the form f (x) = decomposes by
(px + q)(r x + s)
ax + b A B
= +
(px + q)(r x + s) (px + q) (r x + s)

Example
7x + 3
Z
Evaluate dx .
(x − 1)(x + 4)
7x + 3 2 5
Z Z
dx = + dx
(x − 1)(x + 4) x −1 x +4
2 5
Z Z
= dx + dx
x −1 x +4
= 2 ln |x − 1| + 5 ln |x + 4| + c

ax + b
Also a rational function of the form f (x) = decomposes into
(px + q)2
ax + b A B
2
= +
(px + q) (px + q) (px + q)2
Example
10x + 18
Z
Evaluate dx .
(2x + 3)2

10x + 18 A B A(2x + 3) + B
1 We have that = + =
(2x + 3)2 (2x + 3) (2x + 3)2 (2x + 3)2
2 by comparison we get that A = 5 and B = 3
3 Hence
10x + 18 5 3
2
= +
(2x + 3) (2x + 3) (2x + 3)2
4 Therefore
10x + 18 5 3
Z Z
dx = + dx
(2x + 3)2 (2x + 3) (2x + 3)2
5 3
Z Z
= dx + dx
(2x + 3) (2x + 3)2
5 3
= ln |2x + 3| − +c
2 2(2x + 3)

Techniques of Integration Integration by Parts
Integration by parts
Theorem (Integration by Parts)
If u and v are two continuous functions on the interval [a, b], then
Z Z Z Z
′ ′ ′
u vdx = (uv) dx − uv dx = uv − uv ′ dx (14)
or
Z b Z b Z b ¯b Z b
′ ′ ′
u vdx = (uv) dx − uv dx = uv ¯ − uv ′ dx (15)
¯
a a a a a
Proof.
Indeed, the product rule (uv)′ = u ′ v + uv ′ implies u ′ v = (uv)′ − uv ′ .
Rb ¯b R
b
That is u ′ v(x)dx = uv ¯ − a uv ′ dx.
¯
a a
Example
R
Evaluate x cos xdx
1 Let u ′ (x) = cos x and v(x) = x.

2 We have u(x) = sin x and v ′ (x) = 1.
3 Since Z Z
′
u vdx = uv − uv ′ dx (16)
Z Z
x cos xdx = x sin x − sin xdx (17)
= x sin x + cos x + c (18)
Remark
Note that we can also let u ′ (x) = x and v(x) = cos x; however, this will make the task
more difficult than before.
The choice depends on which function you can easily integrate or differentiate.
Example
Z 1
Evaluate xe x dx
0
1 Let u ′ (x) = e x and v(x) = x

2 imply u(x) = e x , v ′ (x) = 1
3 Therefore
Z 1 Z 1
x x
xe dx = xe − e x dx (19)
0 0
= (xe x − e ) x
(20)
£ ¤ ¯1
x ¯
= (x − 1)e ¯ (21)
0
= −1 (22)

Example
e x cos xdx
R
Evaluate
Let F (x) = e x cos xdx.

R
1
2 For u ′ (x) = e x and v(x) = cos x,

3 Implying u(x) = e x , and v ′ (x) = − sin x
4 Therefore
Z
x
F (x) = e cos x + e x sin xdx (23)
µ Z ¶
x x x
F (x) = e cos x + e sin x − e cos xdx (24)
F (x) = e x (cos x + sin x) − F (x) + c (25)

x
2F (x) = e (cos x + sin x) + c (26)
1
F (x) = e x (cos x + sin x) + c (27)
2
Reduction formula
Reduction formula
Sometimes in the process of integration by parts, one has to perform the process
severally to arrive at the desired solution. This often can be shortened by
identifying some patterns which can be used to derive formulae to complete the
computation. For example that given that
Z
Rn = x n e x dx
then by integration by parts we have

Z
R n = x e − n x n−1 e x dx
n x
= x n e x − nR n−1
Notice that R n−1 follows the same procedure as done for R n . Thus we have
derived a reduction formula R n = x n e x − nR n−1 which holds for all n .
Reduction formula
Example
Z
Evaluate x 3 e x dx .
We have that
Z Z
x 3 e x dx = x 3 e x − 3 x 2 e x dx
µ Z ¶
3 x 2 x x
= x e − 3 x e − 2 xe dx
µ · Z ¸¶
3 x 2 x x x
= x e − 3 x e − 2 xe − e dx
= x 3 e x − 3 x 2 e x − 2 xe x − e x + c
¡ £ ¤¢

Reduction formula
Let now turn to the reduction formula for the tan function. For example given that
Z
un = tann xdx (28)
for n ≥ 1., then we have

Z Z
n
tan xdx = tann−2 x tan2 xdx (29)
Z
= tann−2 x(tan2 x + 1 − 1)dx (30)
Z Z
n−2 2 n−2
= tan x(tan
| {zx + 1})dx − tan xdx (31)
d
dx tan x
1
Z
= tann−1 x − tann−2 xdx (32)
n −1
Therefore reduction formula is 1
un = tann−1 x − u n−2 (33)
n −1
Reduction formula
Example
tan5 xdx.
R
Evaluate
We now apply the formula to find u 5 = tan5 xdx . This is given by

R
1
1
u5 = tan5−1 x − u 5−2 (34)
5−1
1
= tan4 x − u 3 (35)
4
1
u 3 = tan2 x − u 1 (36)
Z2
u1 = tan xdx = − ln |cos x| + c (37)
This means
1 1
u5 = tan4 x − tan2 x − ln |cos x| + c (38)
4 2
Improper Integrals
Improper Integrals of Type I

Definition
Rb
Integrals a
with a = −∞ or b = +∞ are improper integrals of type I.
Theorem
Z +∞ Z b
1 f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx if f is continuous on [a, +∞).
a b→+∞ a
Z b Z b
2 f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx if f is continuous on (−∞, b].
a→−∞ a
Z−∞
+∞ Z c Z +∞
3 f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx if f is continuous on (−∞, +∞) and c is
−∞ −∞ c
any real number.

Improper Integrals
Improper Integrals
Definition
If the limit exists and is finite, we say that the improper integral converges.
Otherwise, it diverges.
Example
Z +∞ 1
Does the improper integral dx converge or diverge?
1 x2
Z +∞ 1
Z b 1 −1 ¯¯b
µ
1
¶
dx = lim dx = lim ¯ = lim 1 − =1 (39)
1 x2 b→+∞ 1 x2 b→+∞ x 1 b→+∞ b
The limit exists and its finite, therefore the improper integral converges.
Improper Integrals
Improper Integrals of Type II

Definition
Z b
Integrals f (x)dx with f (a) = ∞ or f (b) = ∞ are improper integrals of type II.
a
Theorem
Z b Z b
1 f (x)dx = lim+ f (x)dx if f is right-discontinuous at a.
a c→a c
Z b Z c
2 f (x)dx = lim− f (x)dx if f is left-discontinuous at b.
a c→b a
Z b Z c Z b
3 f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx if f is discontinuous at c but continuous on
a a c
(a, c) ∪ (c, b).

Improper Integrals
Example
Z 1 1
Evaluate dx
0 1−x
Z 1 1 h ib
dx = lim− − ln |1 − x| (40)
0 1−x b→1 0
= +∞ (41)

Improper Integrals
Exercise
1 Find an anti-derivative of f if
sin u
1) f (x) = x 2 (x 3 − 1)8 2) f (x) = sin2 x cos x 3) f (u) = 4 cos 2u
2 2
4) f (y) = y cos y 2 5) f (x) = p3x −2x
3 2
6) f (x) = p 3x −2x
1+x −x 1−(x 3 −x 2 )2
2 2
s −3s+1 4
7) f (x) = x 3x +1
8) f (s) = s+1 9) f (x) = (x−2)(−x+4) .
R
2 Find the reduction formula of f n (x)dx if
(a) f n (x) = sinn x,
(b) f n (x) = cosn x
(c) f n (x) = lnn x

Improper Integrals
Exercise
R
1 Find the indefinite integral F (x) = f (x)dx that satisfies F (a) = A if
(a) f (x) = ln x, a = 1, A = 0
(b)) f (x) = x 2 e x , a = 1, A = e
(c) f (x) = (x 2 − 2x)e 2x
(d ) f (x) = x 3 ln x, a = 1, A = −2
(e) f (z) = asin z, a = 0, A = 1/2
R
2 Evaluate pf by using a substitution prior to integration by parts.
(a) f (s) = e ¡3s+9 ¢
(b) f (x) = ln ¡x + x¢2
(c) f (y) = sin ln y
(d ) f (z) = z(ln z)2

Improper Integrals
Exercise
1 Determine whether the following integrals converge or diverge.
R ln x
R +∞ 1
1) 2 dx 2) −∞ 1+x 2 dx
R −2x 2 R +∞
3) −∞ x 2 −1 dx 4) 2 x 22−x dx.
following ab f (x)dx
R
2 Evaluate the if
1) f (x) = p 1 , a = 0, b = 4 2) f (x) = p 1
, a = 0, b = 1
4−x 1−x 2
1 1
3) f (x) = x ln x
, a = 1, b = 2 4) f (x) = p
x+sin x
, a = 0, b = π.
9 − 9x
Z
3 Evaluate 1) dx .
(2x − 1)(x + 4)
4x 2
Z
2) dx .
(x − 1)(x − 2)2

END OF LECTURE
THANK YOU

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INTEGRATION

Dr. Gabriel Obed Fosu

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 1 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 2 / 42

Anti-derivative or Indefinite Integral

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 4 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 5 / 42

Summary of Some Indefinite Integral (+ c for each case)

f ′ (x) = 4x 3 − 9 + 2 sin x + 7e x , f (0) = 15

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 8 / 42

Now we plug in x = 0 to determine the value of the constant c .

Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (1))

Theorem (Integrability of continuous function)

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 11 / 42

Properties of Definite Integrals

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (2))

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 14 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 15 / 42

3 Integration by Partial fraction

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 17 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 19 / 42

Integration using partial fractions

2 Partial fraction decomposition is the reverse process of the addition carried

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 20 / 42

Integration using partial fractions

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 21 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 22 / 42

Integration using partial fractions

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 23 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 24 / 42

1 Let u ′ (x) = cos x and v(x) = x.

1 Let u ′ (x) = e x and v(x) = x

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 27 / 42

Let F (x) = e x cos xdx.

2 For u ′ (x) = e x and v(x) = cos x,

F (x) = e x (cos x + sin x) − F (x) + c (25)

then by integration by parts we have

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 31 / 42

for n ≥ 1., then we have

We now apply the formula to find u 5 = tan5 xdx . This is given by

Improper Integrals of Type I

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 35 / 42

Improper Integrals of Type II

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 37 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 38 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 39 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 40 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 41 / 42

Dr. Gabby (KNUST-Maths) Integration 42 / 42

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