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Acta Psychologica Sinica DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2014.00165
时间感知差异对跨期选择倾向的影响作用*
索 涛1 张 锋1 赵国祥 1 李 红2
(1 河南大学教育科学学院, 心理与行为研究所, 开封 475004)
(2 辽宁师范大学心理学院, 大连 116029)
摘 要 本研究从人格特质差异角度出发, 采用简单跨期选择任务考察了由时距复制任务筛选的两类时距
估计倾向不同的群体(时间高估者和时间低估者)在跨期选择中行为倾向的差异, 旨在探讨时间感知在跨期
决策中的影响作用。结果发现:(1)无论任务难易, 与时间低估者相比, 时间高估者在跨期选择时更倾向于选
择即时兑现的较小奖赏。(2)时间高估者和低估者的跨期选择反应时没有明显的差异, 但二者的反应时受任
务难度的影响程度明显不同, 时间高估者的跨期选择反应时不受任务难度的影响, 而时间低估者在任务困
难时的反应时比任务容易时明显增长。这些结果表明, 在跨期选择过程中, 时间感知倾向差异明显地影响了
个体的选择倾向。时间高估倾向个体对时距的高估可能会导致其在跨期选择权衡中对收益成本的高估, 进而
做出冲动的选择行为。
关键词 跨期选择; 时间感知; 时间高估倾向; 时间低估倾向
分类号 B842
但这些模型和理论都未能完全解释延迟折扣中各
1 问题的提出
种不同的反常现象。最近, Kim 和 Zauberman (2009a)
跨期选择(intertemporal choice)是指人们对发 提出时间感知模型(perceived-time-based model)试
生在不同时间点的成本和收益进行权衡, 进而做出 图来解释跨期决策中的延迟折扣现象。他们认为,
各 种 判 断 和 选 择 (Frederick, Loewenstein, & 以前的大多研究主要从价值的角度考察主观价值
Donoghue, 2002; 梁竹苑, 刘欢, 2011; 孙彦, 2011)。 随时间的变化来解释时间折扣的现象, 而忽视了问
心理学家和行为经济学家研究这种决策的最常用 题的另一方面, 即时间感知对延迟的价值加工的影
范式是跨期选择任务, 即让参与者在两个价值和兑 响作用。例如, 跨期选择中动态不一致性可能并不
现时间都不同的备择选项中做出选择, 例如, “你想 是因为折扣率降低引起的, 很可能是因为对时间间
现在得到 10 元还是一周后获得 20 元?”。在这个 隔的敏感性降低造成的结果。因此, 时间感知在跨
选择过程中, 兑现时间作为一种权衡收益的成本明 期选择中可能起着至关重要的作用。时间感知(time
显地影响着个体的选择倾向。随着兑现时间增长收 perception), 也就是我们常说的时间感, 是指在不
益延迟, 个体收益的主观价值随之降低(此现象被 使用任何计时工具的情况下个体对时间的长短、快
称之为延迟折扣或时间贴现), 进而个体会更倾向 慢等变化的感受与判断(黄希庭, 1993)。时间感知能
选择能更快兑现的收益选项。尽管大量的研究 力是在人的实践活动中逐渐发展起来的, 并存在着
(Kalenscher & Pennartz, 2008)已经考察了主观价值 个体人格特质差异, 同时也受个体当前内外状态和
随时间的变化趋势, 提出不同的数学模型来描述这 环境因素的影响。时间维度是跨期决策中一个不可
一现象, 同时提出不同的理论来试图解释这种现象, 或缺的权衡因素, 所以考察时间感知在跨期决策中
收稿日期: 2013-06-24
* 教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(10YJCXLX056)、河南省教育厅人文社科重点项目(2013-ZD-090)、河南大学科学研究基
金项目(2012YBRW019)和河南大学教育科学学院青年科研基金(2012-JKJJ-03)资助。
通讯作者: 赵国祥, E-mail: zhaogx@henu.edu.cn; 李红, E-mail: lihong@lnnu.edu.cn
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166 心 理 学 报 46 卷
表3 时间高、低估计者在不同水平条件下选择即时选项百分比的平均值和标准差
今天/3 天-困难任务 今天/3 天-容易任务 今天/1 周-困难任务 今天/1 周-容易任务
被试类型 M SD M SD M SD M SD (%)
时间低估者 61.67 35.17 9.33 14.55 70.66 32.97 18.50 19.88
时间高估者 82.83 20.91 27.67 27.08 86.50 18.49 32.83 24.10
2期 索 涛 等: 时间感知差异对跨期选择倾向的影响作用 169
表4 时间高、低估计者在不同水平条件下行为反应时的平均值和标准差
今天/3 天-困难任务 今天/3 天-容易任务 今天/1 周-困难任务 今天/1 周-容易任务
被试类型 M SD M SD M SD M SD (ms)
时间低估者 1461.36 441.94 1288.76 280.02 1437.47 482.77 1290.20 309.26
时间高估者 1401.21 413.00 1395.28 348.90 1348.39 404.28 1447.77 398.03
图3 时间高估者和低估者在不同类型跨期选择任务中选择即时奖赏选项的百分比
170 心 理 学 报 46 卷
图4 时间高估者和低估者在不同类型跨期选择任务中的行为反应时
Abstract
Intertemporal choice refers to decisions involving tradeoffs among costs and benefits occurring at different
points in time. Despite a large number of studies have shown that impulsive behavior is closely related to
subjective experience of time, but the relationship between impulsive behavior and perception of time is still
controversial in intertemporal choices. From the perspective of personality differences, using a simple
intertemporal choice task, this study investigated the differences in behavioral responses between two groups
who had different tendencies of time perception (those who tended to overestimate time or underestimate time)
in intertemporal choice to explore the role of time perception on intertemporal choice.
In the present study, 32 participants who overestimated time (18 males and 14 females, average age =
20.36±1.25 years) and 32 participants who underestimate time (15 male and 17 females, average age = 20.64±1.98
years) were selected by using a time-production task from 120 volunteers recruited from some universities in China.
They were asked to engage in a simple intertemporal choice task, in which, they were forced to make choices
between two amounts of money attained in different delay time, and moreover, the difficulty of the intertemporal
choice task was also manipulated through different amounts of money in options. The participants in the experiment
were all right-hand, had normal or corrected-to-normal vision and had no neurological or psychological disorders.
Each participant signed a consent form prior to the experiments and was paid after the experiment, according to their
performance. The study was approved by the local academic committee.
The results indicated that, (1) regardless difficulty of choice task, compared to the group who tended to
underestimate time, the group who tended to overestimate time prefered to smaller-immediate rewards. (2) there
is no significant difference in reaction time of intertemporal choice between the group who tended to
overestimate time and the group who tended to underestimate time; and the reaction time of the group who
tended to overestimate time was not affected by difficulty of choice task, while the reaction time of the group
who tended to overestimate time in easy choice task was significantly longer than that in difficult task.
In conclusion, the present study suggested that time perception plays an important role in intertemporal
decision-making. Individuals who tend to overestimation of time may lead to overestimation of the cost of
revenue, which would result in his/her impulsive choices in intertemporal choices
Key words intertemporal choice; time perception; tendency to overestimate time; tendency to underestimate time