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doi:10.6534/jtotrp.2010.6(1).37
臺灣職能治療研究與實務雜誌, 6(1), 2010
Journal of Taiwan Occupational Therapy Research and Practice, 6(1), 2010
作者/Author: 羅敏文(Min-Wen Lo);黃淑桂(Shu-Kuei Huang);林克忠(Keh-Chung Lin);吳菁宜(Ching-Yi Wu)
頁數/Page: 37-49
出版日期/Publication Date:2010/06
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鏡像治療的臨床應用及腦部機制探討之文獻回顧
目的:鏡像治療為近期一種新的臨床復健治療方法,可用在疼痛減緩、感覺、知覺、
與動作回復。本篇目的在分析歸納鏡像治療療效之實證研究,以供臨床研究之參考。方法:
經由 PubMed、Medline 及 Scopus 等文獻搜尋引擎,從 1996 年至 2009 年 3 月,關鍵字為:
mirror therapy、stroke、rehabilitation,篩選條件為(1)以鏡像治療為介入方案(2)排除只用動作
想像或是心像想像、無使用鏡子介入之文章。結果:鏡像治療主要療效適用於損傷層級,
在感覺缺失方面,應用在截肢、中風及手部手術病人上,有減緩疼痛、回復手部觸覺、深
壓覺及區辨覺之療效;減輕中風病人知覺缺失的情況;動作方面,關節活動度、抓握力量、
動作時間、日常生活活動表現及動作功能皆有所進步。在腦部活化實驗中,研究證實,看
鏡中影像確實比其他觀看情況的腦部活化量較大,活化區較多。結論:鏡像治療是個節省
經費及醫療人力的輔助療法,應用範圍廣,從不同類型的病人到不同症狀缺損都可能應用。
鏡像治療能協助臨床上訓練治療難度高的病人,如疼痛或感覺知覺缺失。對初期沒有上肢
遠端動作的中風病人,鏡像治療是個有效的治療方法。鏡像治療所提供的良好動作視覺刺
激,徵召了前動作皮質區、主動作皮質區及體感覺皮質區,可達到改善病患感覺、知覺和
動作的進步。
關鍵詞:鏡像治療,中風,神經復健,上肢
長庚大學職能治療學系 1 臺灣大學職能治療學系 2
通訊作者地址:吳菁宜,桃園縣龜山鄉文化一路 259 號長庚大學職能治療學系。電話:03-2118800 分機 5761;傳真:03-2118800 分
機 3163;電子信箱:cywu@mail.cug.edu.tw
重疊於患肢上,因而建立一種視幻覺,來促進患 方 法
肢動作能力。例如觀察鏡中健側手移動的反射幻
像(鏡子所反射的幻覺手)、如同患側/幻側手 經由 PubMed、Medline 及 Scopus 等文獻搜
感受正確的移動感覺,可以取代已減少或喪失的 尋 引 擎,關 鍵 字 為:mirror therapy、stroke、
本體覺輸入(Altschuler et al., 1999),藉由協助徵 rehabilitation,篩選條件為(1)以鏡像治療為介入
召前動作皮質區(premotor area)來促進動作復 方案;(2)排除只用動作想像(motor imagery)或是
健,而復健的成效在於視覺輸入及前動作皮質區 心像想像、無使用鏡子介入之文章。搜尋文獻年
緊密的連結。另外,在健側手施行感覺刺激,觀 代為 1996 年至 2009 年 3 月。本篇分別摘錄各篇
察鏡子反射的幻覺手,好似患側手接收感覺刺 研究中的實驗設計、受試者人數與特徵、治療介
激,可活化體感覺皮質區(somatosensoy area)來 入、療效評量工具和療效評量結果進行回顧。
改善感覺或感覺動作的損傷(Rosen & Lundborg,
2005)。故 視 幻 覺 能 活 化 腦 中 主 動 作 皮 質 區 結 果
(primary motor area)(Garry, Loftus, & Summers,
2005)、前動作皮質區(premotor area)及體感覺皮 研究目的
質區(somatosensoy area)的神經活性,來促進復 相關文獻中包含下列研究目的:(1)探究鏡
健,而 在 這 些 區 域 皆 有 鏡 像 神 經 元 存 在 像治療在截肢病人及有區域疼痛症候群的中風病
(Pomeroy, Clark, Miller, Baron, Markus, & Tallis, 人患肢/幻肢感覺之效應,(2)探究鏡像治療在
2005; Rosen & Lundborg, 2005),雖然鏡像神經 有半側忽略的中風病人之效應,(3)探究鏡像治
元 也 分 佈 於 其 它 區 域 如:腹 前 動 作 皮 質 區 療在手部手術及中風半側偏癱病人動作之效應,
(ventral premotor area)、布 洛 卡 區(Broca's 及(4)探究在不同觀看情況下,鏡像誘發的視覺
Area)、後頂葉(posterior parietal lobe)及在上顳葉 幻象對於腦部的活化現象。
溝(superior temporal sulcus)的一個視覺延伸區
(visual extension area)(Matthys et al., 2009)。然而 研究設計
鏡像治療的神經機制仍不清楚,一般推測鏡像治 共收錄 12 篇研究報告,前實驗設計 6 篇、
療有鏡像神經元的介入(Rosen & Lundborg, 2005; 準實驗設計 2 篇、真實驗設計 4 篇。兩篇研究探
Sutbeyaz et al., 2007),或者鏡像治療的效應大部 究鏡像治療在截肢病人幻肢感覺、及有第一型區
分可歸功於鏡像神經元(mirror neurons)(Dohle, 域性疼痛症候群(complex regional pain syndrome,
Pullen, Nakaten, Kust, Rietz, & Karbe, 2009)。 CRPS, type 1)的中風病人之效應(McCabe et al.,
鏡像神經元為視覺動作雙模式的神經元 2003; Ramachandran & Rogers-Ramachandran,
(bimodal visuomotor neurons)(Matthys et al., 1996);一篇探究鏡像治療在半側忽略症之中風
2009),當觀察動作、心中演練(imagery)動作或 病人之效應(Dohle et al., 2009);七篇探究鏡像治
執 行 動 作 時 皆 會 被 活 化(Ertelt et al., 2007; 療在手部手術及中風半側偏癱病人動作之效應
Iacoboni & Mazziotta, 2007)。因此,觀察動作能 (Altschuler et al., 1999; Rosen & Lundborg, 2005;
藉由活化鏡像神經元,來幫助執行動作。也有研 Sathian, Greenspan, & Wolf, 2000; Stevens &
究顯示,觀察自己的動作比觀察他人的動作,鏡 Stoykov, 2003, 2004; Sutbeyaz et al., 2007;
像 神 經 元 的 反 應 較 強 烈(Fadiga, Craighero, & Yavuzer et al., 2008);兩篇探究在不同觀看情況
Olivier, 2005)。 下,鏡像誘發的視覺幻像對於腦部的活化現象
(Garry et al., 2005; Matthys et al., 2009)。
Sathian To examine the effects One stroke patient * Pre-experiment * To attempt to perform * Motor: *Motor:
2000 of MT on motor and (6 mos post-stroke; * Pretest and post- synchronous bimanual - ROM, strength ↑developed pincer grasp,
daily activity function right arm affected and test design (3 mos movements while looking at and hand release coordination and grip
right-sided neglect) later) the reflection * ADL: strength
* With eyes closed to focus on - speed of doing ↓dystonia,
somatosensory cues from the ADL * ADL: ↓time of doing
intact limb and residual cues ADL
from the affected limb
McCabe To examine the * 8 patients onset time * Pre-experiment * Each patient did these three * Pain * Immediate effect:
2003 effectiveness of using from 3 wks to 3 yrs * Three phases: rest, phases: - VAS ↓pain (stiffness) in early
mirror visual feedback * divided into 3 non-reflection -rest (visualized both limbs) * Temperature and intermediate patients
in stroke patients with groups: surface, and -non-reflection surface - IRT, compare * 6 wks follow up:
CRPS (type 1) -early (≦8 wks) mirror (move both limbs for 5 mins) the temperature normalization of function
鏡像治療的臨床應用及腦部機制探討之文獻回顧
-intermediate (5 * Pre-, post- test and -mirror (move both limbs < difference and thermal differences in
mos to 1 yr) follow up tests 10 mins) between two early and intermediate
-chronic (≧2 yrs) (6 wks) limbs stage patients
*No change in chronic
patients
表 1. 研究目的、設計、研究評量內容與結果(續)
Study Purpose Subjects, IC Design Intervention or training Measurement Results
Stevens and To examine the Two stroke patients * Quasi-experiment * Each patient did these two * Motor * Motor
Stoykov effectiveness of using * Case 1: 6.2 yrs after * Two tasks: tasks: -grip strength; -↑grip strength (case 1)
2003 motor imagery stroke computer- -Task one: Watch video, then -ROM of wrist -↑ROM (case 2)
combine mirror * Case 2: 14 mos after facilitated imagine wrist extension, -FMA upper -↑FMA (case 1, and
therapy training in the stroke imagery and MT pronation/supination and limb maintain to 3 mos) (case
rehabilitation of * Pre-, post- and reaching -movement time 2)
hemiparesis follow-up (1 and 3 -Task two: Use mirror box, * Physical - ↓ movement time (case
mos) tests then 'imagine that the impairment 1 and 2)
reflected limb is in fact your - CSA - ↑CSA (case 2)
limb moving about
羅敏文 黃淑桂 林克忠
physically in space'
* 30 min/task, 3 hrs/wk, 4 wks
(12 sessions)
吳菁宜
Stevens 2004 To examine the One stroke patient, 1 * Pre-experiment * Followed the 3 steps in each * Movement time: * Jebsen Test:
effectiveness of using yr 3 mos after stroke * Pretest and post- intervention session: - Jebsen Hand ↑card turning and
mirror as a bilateral test design 1)watched movies on Test of Function weighted objects
training on chronic computer for 20 mins; 2) # turning cards -significant interaction in
stroke patient. Then imagine the movement # moving empty card turning and
in the movies; 3) using cans unweighted object
mirror box for 35 mins and # moving -significantly improved
moving the affected arm weighted cans greater in affected limb
* Training * Upper extremity than unaffected limb
1) Week one: identify the performance: * FMA: ↑4-point at wks 3
reflected hand; 2) The FMA
following wks: manipulated
objects.
* 3 hrs/wk, 3 wks
鏡像治療的臨床應用及腦部機制探討之文獻回顧
Sutbeyaz To examine the effect * 40 inpatients (20 for * True experiment * EG: additional 30 mins MT. * Motor recovery: EG (vs CG), significantly
2007 of MT on lower limb each group), < 12 * Pre-, post- and Saw the reflection of the - Brunnstrom improved:
in stroke patients mos onset follow-up (6 mos) nonparetic leg did flextion/ stage - ↑Brunnstrom stage and
tests extention ankle at self- * Spasticity: MAS FIM (motor) at follow up
selected speed. - No MAS nor FAC
* CG: conventional program * Walking ability: change
* 30 min/day, 5 day/wk, 4 wks FAC
* ADL: FIM
Yavuzer To examine the effect * 36 inpatients, < 12 * True experiment * EG: additional 30 mins MT. * Motor recovery: EG significantly improved:
2008 of MT on upper limb mos onset * Pre-, post- and Saw the reflection of the -Brunnstrom - ↑Brunnstrom stage and ↑
in stroke patients follow-up (6 mos) nonparetic hand and the stage FIM (motor)
tests paretic did the same * Spasticity: MAS - No MAS significant
movement as possible. 30 * ADL: FIM change
min/day, 5 day/wk, 4 wks
鏡像治療的臨床應用及腦部機制探討之文獻回顧
2009 evaluate brain handed adults * Analysis 2 subjects were instructed to scanner using a experiment than the no-
activation with and conditions focus visually on the mirror dedicated 8- mirror in:
without mirror reflection of the moving right channel receiver - right superior temporal
吳菁宜
前動作皮質區,此區域具備下述幾項特質,使其 償的技巧,使得日常生活功能的表現解釋較為複
被認為是聯繫鏡像治療與促進動作復健的連結因 雜。因此,鏡像治療在改善日常生活活動的療效
子:在下行的皮質脊髓路徑中扮演重要角色,其 還需做更進一步的探討。
次,較主動作皮質區提供更多的雙側動作控制, 增加腦部活化
以及與視覺輸入有緊密的連結(Altschuler et al., 評估不同觀看情況下的腦部活化程度,在
1999)。利用鏡子反射的幻覺手提供了一個正 TMS 的實驗中(Garry et al., 2005),最重要的發現
確、無受損的視覺輸入,也有助於產生一個好的 為鏡像觀察可誘發同側大腦主動作皮質區活化。
協調動作(Rosen & Lundborg, 2005)。 雖然看鏡像時,測得的動作誘發電位最高,但與
鏡像治療應可歸類成ㄧ個雙側動作訓練,鏡 看動作手(action observation)的狀況並無達顯著
子反射的幻覺手可以引起單側腦部活化。例如, 差異,猜測無論同側(動作手)或是對側手(鏡
右手在使用、但被接收成左手在動(鏡像),這 像幻覺手)被觀察,都會在同側的主動作皮質區
會 導 致 額 外 的 右 大 腦 半 球 活 化(Dohle et al., 有少許的誘發。過去研究提出在健常人中,同時
2009)。雙側訓練提供腦部多處的雙側互動、促 執行一個與觀察起來有矛盾的動作時(例如:執
使功能性的進步,在雙側動作訓練時,健側腦會 行手往上舉,同時觀察面對面的另一個人手往前
增加對患側肢體之同側動作脊髓路徑的興奮,促 伸)(Garry et al., 2005),會對執行出來的動作表
進患側功能的回復(Yavuzer et al., 2008)。雙側大 現造成衝突,而這樣的衝突反映出ㄧ個同樣的重
腦活化,一般可改善近端肢體的動作,然而在 疊神經路徑。既然在中風病人中,健側手的動作
Dohle 等人(2009)的鏡像治療研究中改善的是遠 總是比患側手平順,類似的重疊(觀察鏡中幻像
端肢體動作,推論鏡像治療可誘發單側的遠端肢 良好的動作、及患手真正執行出的有限動作)效
體動作呈現,因而 MT 適用於初期沒有遠端動作 應可能會發生。同樣的重疊神經路徑,加上鏡像
功能的中風病人(Dohle et al., 2009; McCabe et al., 觀察的效應、及與肢體動作同側之主動作皮質區
2003)。Sutbeyaz 等人(2007)的研究發現鏡像治療 的興奮,可藉由練習引發的神經重塑達到最佳
並無法改善行走能力,可能的解釋為,研究中的 化。研究顯示,動作觀察能減少兩大腦皮質之間
訓練時間太短,且介入並非提供功能性的正常步 的抑制(intracortical inhibitory, ICI)作用,造成動
態訓練,因此在下肢訓練時,我們應提供功能性 作誘發電位振幅的增加,可推測鏡像治療是用來
的訓練。鏡像治療對慢性的中風病人在 FMA 上 減 少 ICI、誘 導 神 經 重 塑。在 fMRI 實 驗 中
的得分不明顯,顯示中風時間較久者,較不易從 (Matthys et al., 2009),右手做動作、左手不動的
鏡像治療獲得效益(Stevens & Stoykov, 2004)。 情況下,看著鏡子中活動的手(鏡像)與看著動
改善日常生活活動表現 作的手(右手)比較,額外引起了右上顳葉回
鏡像治療在日常生活活動的改善仍有所爭 (right superior temporal gyrus, STG)及右上枕葉回
議,有研究顯示個案在處理日常生活事務的速度 (right superior occipital gyrus)(visual area V2)兩個
增快、動作較為協調(Sathian et al., 2000),且療 視覺區的活化,再次說明 MT 療效確實與視覺區
效可維持六個月(Sutbeyaz et al., 2007)。然而, 域有緊密連結。上顳葉回是ㄧ個高層次指令的視
在 Dohle 等人(2009)的研究發現實驗組及對照組 覺區域,可經由分析生物性刺激和觀察生物動作
的日常生活功能在治療前後並沒有差異,推測可 而 活 化。而 上 枕 葉 回 在 背 側 視 覺 路 徑(dorsal
能原因為:ㄧ、在基準線時的日常生活功能,實 visual stream),則連結了後頂葉皮質(posterior
驗組就比控制組好,二、此研究都挑選重度偏癱 parietal cortex, PPC),後頂葉皮質推測是動作系
的病患,患側肢體的動作功能原本即很少,因而 統的ㄧ部分,且在視覺動作傳遞上扮演重要角
在日常生活活動回復的初期,可能會利用很多代 色,可自動轉換視覺訊息進入動作指令。基於此
鏡像治療的研究,也許可以指出因鏡像誘發的視 效時,應優先選用隨機控制試驗研究。此外,雖
覺幻覺可能會影響後頂葉皮質。此研究並沒發現 然大部份都支持鏡像治療與鏡像神經元可能有
以前動作想像研究中所指出的ㄧ些活化區域,因 關,但鏡像神經元系統所牽涉的範圍大,未來宜
此可推測鏡像治療的腦部機制是不同於動作想像 針對特定的腦部活化區域深入探究塑性改變的機
的。但須注意的是,此研究並沒有要求受試者想 制。
像鏡子後面肢體(左手)的動作,自然不會活化
動作想像所誘發的大腦區域。由於鏡像治療在腦 致 謝
部活化的研究正起步,未來應設計更嚴謹的研究
以探討更精確的問題。 行政院國家科學委員會(97-2314-B-182-004-
MY3)以及國家衛生研究院(NHRI-EX98-9742PI)
結 論 補助本研究,謹此致謝。
鏡像治療是一個相當節省經費及醫療人力的 參考資料
輔助療法,更重要的,它是一個病患導向的治
療。可應用的病患範圍廣大,從上肢截肢病患、 Altschuler, E. L., Wisdom, S. B., Stone, L., et al.
手部手術病人、到中風病人皆可適用於恢復感 (1999). Rehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke
覺、減緩疼痛、減少半側忽略情況、改善上肢動 with a mirror. Lancet, 353(9169), 2035-2036.
作功能、甚至可改善日常生活活動表現。治療成 Dohle, C., Pullen, J., Nakaten, A., Kust, J., Rietz, C.,
效幾乎皆呈現正向反應,且無論哪種病患,越早 & Karbe, H. (2009). Mirror therapy promotes
介入治療效果越好。鏡像治療提供了一個栩栩如 recovery from severe hemiparesis: A randomized
生的鏡中反射幻覺,除了病人動作能力可以改善 controlled trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural
外,更能協助臨床上訓練有疼痛、感覺知覺缺失 Repair, 23(3), 209-217.
的這一群治療難度高的病人。腦部活化的實驗結 Ertelt, D., Small, S., Solodkin, A., et al. (2007).
果,看鏡中反射的動作影像,會活化腦部主動作 Action observation has a positive impact on
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Objective: Mirror therapy has become one of the innovative intervention approaches in
neurorehabilitation. It was applied for reducing pain and improving sensorimotor function. The objective
of this review was to summarize and analyze the effects of mirror therapy to provide the basis for
evidence-based mirror therapy practice. Methods: We searched the key words "mirror therapy", "
stroke", "rehabilitation" in PubMed, Medline and Scopus databases and retrieved the relevant articles
from January 1996 to March 2009. We included studies that used a mirror as a tool of intervention
and excluded studies that used only motor or mental imagery without mirror. Results: The
intervention gains were obtained primarily at the impairment level. Mirror therapy might reduce pain;
improve tactile, deep pressure and discrimination sensations in amputee, stroke and hand surgery
patients; diminish hemineglect in stroke patients; and improve range of motion, grip strength,
movement time, ADL performance and motor function. In some studies of brain activation, compared
to control conditions, the level of brain activation was increased and involving more brain regions after
interventions with a mirror. Conclusion: Mirror therapy is an intervention that is cost- and
manpower-efficient. It can be widely applied to various types of patients and deficits. Mirror therapy
showed beneficial effects in patients with sensory deficits for whom interventions are difficult to be
implemented. Mirror therapy is feasible for early-stage stroke patients without distal hand movements.
The motor-visual input from mirror therapy facilitates the activations in the premotor, primary motor,
and somatosensory areas, which may have in turn enhanced sensory, perception and motor abilities.
Department of Occupational Therapy, Chang Gung University1 School of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan
University2
Address Correspondence to: Ching-Yi Wu, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Rd., Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. Tel: 03-2118800 ext. 5761; Fax: 03-2118800
ext. 3163; e-mail: cywu@mail.cgu.edu.tw