PDF Ejemplos de Preguntas de Juicio Situacional Compress

Hbhjpans fh prhguetds fh Bukikn Yktudikneda
Hbhjpan pdrd ads pruhods oäskids.
Hbh Vhjätkin. Dprhefkzdbh ditkvn.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin. Vëiekin.

4- Idsn.
Ad hetkfdf fnefh usthf trdodbd hstä kethrhsdfd he rhdakzdr
r hdakzdr idjokns he ans sksthjds
fh injuekidikùe kethred. \drd hstn, dfqukhrh ue dpakidtkvn hahitrùekin quh phrjkth
hevkdr jhesdbhs hetrh mueiknedrkns, prngrdjdr vkfhn-aadjdfds y `dihr grupns hetrh
ans injpdôhrns fh trdodbn. Ha prnvhhfnr kefkid quh ha snmtwdrh tkheh jui`ds jäs
mueiknedakfdfhs y quh he ad jhfkfd he quh sh prhshethe ehihskfdfhs fh
injuekidikùe, sh puhfhe kr hxpanrdefn ads fkmhrheths `hrrdjkhetds fkspnekoahs. Yu
suphrknr kejhfkdtn ah kemnrjd quh ah `d dskgedfn tdrhds d trdvës fha dpakidtkvn, ske
quh d ad mhi`d usthf ads `dyd rhdakzdfn.
Heueikdfn.
Mrheth d ad noshrvdikùe fh su suphrknr y pdrd hvktdr quh hstn vuhavd d niurrkr,
usthf
Npiknehs fh rhspuhstd.
D. Inanid ad quhbd deth ads fkrhitkvds, yd quh ad utkakfdf fha dpakidtkvn en hs su
rhspnesdokakfdf.
O. Ah dtrkouyh ad rhspnesdokakfdf fh hstd sktudikùe d ad mdatd fh idpdiktdikùe pnr
pdrth fha prnvhhfnr.
I. Hxpanrd ads utkakfdfhs fha dpakidtkvn `dstd iudefn fhsiuorh iùjn fhoh vhr y
rhspnefhr ans jhjns.
Iadvh.
I
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd D.
Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh ads diiknehs fh ads nphrdiknehs dsnikdfds da dprhefkzdbh
ditkvn kjpakide ad rhadikùe inestruitkvd ine ha nobhtn fh dprhefkzdbh. Ad mdatd fh
diikùe mrheth d ad tdrhd en phrjkth ad dpakidikùe fh ans prnihsns pskinaùgkins
ehihsdrkns pdrd fhsdrrnaadr
ad tdrhd (Gdaahgn Odfkaan, 4;0=)3 (_nsds & Yhodstkäe, ?<<4).
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd O.

Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh ha dprhefkzdbh ditkvn kjpakid dprnpkdr fh mnrjd pdrtkikpdtkvd

he ha prnihsn fh fhsdrrnaan fh hsquhjds euhvns y ad dinjnfdikùe fh ad `kstnrkd he
ads tdrhds euhvds quh sh prhshetde. Hs pnr hsth jntkvn quh dtrkoukr ad tdrhd d
hxthrens en phrjkth ha fhsdrrnaan fha dprhefkzdbh (Gdaahgn Odfkaan, 4;0=).
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd iadvh.
Hs inrrhitd, he
rhprhshetdfn pnrquh sh hvkfheikd
ad diikùe ad injphtheikd
fh inestrukr sus prnpkdsfhhstrdthgkds
dprhefkzdbh ditkvn,
ingektkvds
(hsquhjds) y injpnrtdjhetdahs he ha fhsdrrnaan fh ued nphrdikùe odsdfd he
prnpkhfdfhs aùgkids mnrjdahs fha prnoahjd d rhsnavhr (\kdght, 4;04).
Hbhjpan pdrd ads pruhods mueiknedahs
Hbh Vhjätkin.
\rkjhrns Duxkakns.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin.
Dskstheikda.
?- Idsn.
Furdeth su `nrd fh dajuhrzn he ad idmhthrêd, ue injpdôhrn fh trdodbn quh hstä
dtrdgdetdfn, y tnskhefn kethesdjheth, pkfh su dyufd. D ans fns jkeutns fh hstdr
dthefkhefn ad sktudikùe usthf sh phridtd quh su injpdôhrn hxpuasd pnr ad onid ue
ùhsn phquhôn. Furdeth ad sktudikùe ah dsksth y pnsthrknrjheth ah hxpakid quë pufn
`dohr pdsdfn he idsn fh en angrdr ued hxpuaskùe d tkhjpn.
Heueikdfn.
He ad dskstheikd quh orkefd d su injpdôhrn, usthf fhikfh
D. Dinstdran y rhdakzdrah ued shrkh fh injprhsknehs tnräikids.

O. \nehran fh pkh y dekjdran d quh inetkeòh tnskhefn.
I. Kekikdrah jdsdbh tnräxkin y ditkvdr idfhed fh sninrrn.
Iadvh. O
B us tkmki
tkm ki dik
dikùe
ùe rhs puhs td fk
fkss trditnr
trditnrdd D.
Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh ad rhdakzdikùe fh injprhsknehs tnräikids dethrknrhs snan hstä
fhsirktd he ha inethxtn fh ad rhdekjdikùe idrfknpuajnedr ine ha pdikheth
keinesikheth he pdrn idrfknrrhspkrdtnrkn3 hsth tkpn fh injprhsknehs en sh
heiuhetrde fhsirktds he ads ditudiknehs fh prkjhrns duxkakns he idsns fh

nostruiikùe fh ad vêd dërhd ahvh, shgòe ha Jdeuda fh \rkjhrns Duxkakns fh ad Iruz

_nbd.
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd O iadvh.
Hs inrrhitd, pnrquh he ha idsn sh hemrhetd d ued nostruiikùe fh ad vêd dërhd ahvh,
pnr an quh ha pdikheth pnfêd rhspkrdr, tnshr y pkfkù dyufd. He hsh prkjhr jnjhetn,
sh fhoêd hemdtkzdr
ha Jdeuda he pnehr
fh \rkjhrns da pdikheth
Duxkakns fh_nbd.
fh ad Iruz pkh y dekjdran d shgukr tnskhefn, shgòe
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd I.
Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh snan sh fhoh ditkvdr ad idfhed fh sninrrn h kekikdr ad
rhdekjdikùe idrfknpuajnedr iudefn ha pdikheth en jhbnrd ine ads jdeknords
kekikdahs y pkhrfh ha hstdfn fh inesikheikd, shgòe ha Jdeuda fh \rkjhrns
\r kjhrns Duxkakns fh
ad Iruz _nbd.
Hbhjpan pdrd ads pruhods injpnrtdjhetdahs

Hbh Vhjätkin.
Injuekidikùe hmhitkvd.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin.
\rnmhskneda
9- Idsn.
He ad nmkiked fnefh usthf trdodbd sh vh noakgdfn d injpdrtkr ha hspdikn he fnefh
fhsdrrnaad sus adonrhs intkfkdeds ine ha rhstn fh sus injpdôhrns. Ans puhstns sne
dokhrtns y en iuhetde ine shpdrdiknehs, pnr an quh tnfns sh vhe y tkhehe quh
injpdrtkr ad jhsd fh trdodbn, ha thaëmnen, ad mntninpkdfnrd y ha odôn. Hstd sktudikùe
`d ghehrdfn fkmkiuatdfhs he ha iakjd adonrda y inemakitns nidsknedfns pnr ads
fkmhrheikds he ans `äoktns fh trdodbn. Xen fh sus injpdôhrns hsiui`d jòskid d
datn vnaujhe jkhetrds adonrd, rhikoh aadjdfds phrsnedahs y ads rhspnefh
rhspnef h ine grktns,
y dfkiknedajheth fhbd odsurd he ha pksn y he ans darhfhfnrhs fh su puhstn fh
f h trdodbn.
Yus injpdôhrns an fhskgede d usthf pdrd rhtrndakjhetdr ad sktudikùe h kemnrjdr d
su injpdôhrn snorh ad jnahstkd quh prnvnid su prnihfhr.
6- Heueikdfn.
Iudefn sh fkspneh d `doadr ine su injpdôhrn h kemnrjdrah dihrid fh ad jnahstkd
quh hstä phrikokhefn tnfn ha hqukpn fh trdodbn, usthf
D . Ah injhetd
mrheth iùjn hsskjkadrhs.
d ikriuestdeikds phrikokfn he ad nmkiked y ah kevktd d phesdr iùjn ditudrêd

O. Yh juhstrd jnahstn y bustkmkid su shetkr dmkrjdefn quh su inefuitd hvkfheikd

mdatd fh rhsphtn y fkspakiheikd.
I. Ah kemnrjd quh vd d pdsdr
p dsdr ue rhpnrth fh su in
inefuitd
efuitd y quh an hevkdrä d tnfds ads
ad s
phrsneds y heths injphtheths.
Iadvh. D
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd iadvh.

Hs inrrhitd pnrquh, ad injphtheikd fh injuekidikùe hmhitkvd kjpakid rhdakzdr
diiknehs fh injprheskùe kefkvkfuda y inahitkvd fh ue jhesdbh odsäefnsh he
irkthrkns fh dshrtkvkfdf, hjpdtêd y ineskstheikd hetrh ha fksiursn, ad ditktuf y ad
inefuitd (Ohbdrden y \kedzn ?<<4), an iuda sh rhadikned fkrhitdjheth ine an
hstdoahikfn he ha Fhirhtn 048 fh ?<40,
?<40 , ha iuda fhmkeh ad injphtheikd he mueikùe fh
‑Hstdoahihr injuekidikùe hmhitkvd y pnsktkvd ine suphrknrhs bhrärqukins, pdrhs y
ikufdfdens, tdetn he ad hxprhskùe hsirktd, injn vhroda y ghstuda‚.
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd O.
Hs keinrrhitd pnrquh da jnstrdr jnahstkd ine su injpdôhrn, en sh hvkfheikd ued
inefuitd fh injuekidikùe hmhitkvd, ad iuda kjpakid ad oòsquhfd fh ued rhdiikùe quh
shd hmkikheth he ha quh hsiui`d ske phrjktkr quh sh kevnauirhe inefkiknehs
hjniknedahs n rhspuhstds kjpuaskvds. (Gdriêd Fnjêeguhz, 4;;8). Injn an
hstdoahih ha Fhirhtn 048 fh ?<40, he ad inefuitd dsnikdfd d ad injphtheikd, he ad
quh ha mueiknedrkn ‑Xtkakzd idedahs fh injuekidikùe, he su fkvhrsd hxprhskùe, ine
iadrkfdf, prhikskùe y tnen dgrdfdoah pdrd ha rhihptnr‚, skhefn hstn muefdjhetda he
ha jnjhetn fh rhdakzdr ue prnihsn fh rhtrndakjhetdikùe.
Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd I.
Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh ad injuekidikùe hmhitkvd kjpakid ha fhsdrrnaan fh präitkids
hetrh kefkvkfuns ske jhfkdfnrhs hxthrens, rhfuikhefn ad pnskokakfdf fh hxthefhr
inefkiknehs inemakitkvds n kevnauirdr rhspuhstds en phrtkeheths da inethekfn fh ad
injuekidikùe (Jnrdgds, 4;04), an iuda sh rhadikned ine an hstdoahikfn he ha Fhirhtn
048 fh ?<40, he fnefh ha mueiknedrkn quh jdetkheh ued injuekidikùe hmhitkvd
‑Xtkakzd idedahs fh injuekidikùe, he su fkvhrsd hxprhskùe, ine iadrkfdf, prhikskùe y
tnen dgrdfdoah pdrd ha rhihptnr‚, an iuda kjpakid rhdakzdr ue prnihsn phrsneda fh
injuekidikùe ske rhiurrkr d thrihrns n jhfkfds en fkdaëitkids pdrd ad snauikùe fh
prnoahjds.
HBHJ\ANY FH \_HGXEVDY FH BXKIKN YKVXDIKNEDA
Hbhjpans fh ads \ruhods fh Injphtheikds Oäskids y Mueiknedahs
Idsn 4
Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Injphtheikds oäskids

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Dskstheikda

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 @dokakfdf
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Ahiturd irêtkid
8- He ad hetkfdf he ad quh usthf adonrd, sh hstä aahvdefn d idon ad uekmkidikùe fh
irkthrkns fh ad kjdghe kestktuikneda he iudetn d fniujhetns y prhshetdiknehs. \nr
an dethrknr, su suphrknr kejhfkdtn ah hevêd ue inrrhn hahitrùekin he ha quh ah snakiktd
an skgukheth2
Dprhikdfn dskstheth2
He drds fh aahvdr d ouhe tërjken ad uekmkidikùe fh irkthrkns mrheth d ad kjdghe
kestktuikneda, hs muefdjhetda quh trdodbh inebuetdjheth ine ans fkshôdfnrhs
grämkins pdrd fhmkekr ad kjdghe, angn y inanrhs kestktuiknedahs pdrd ads pkhzds
grämkids. Yke ntrn pdrtkiuadr, Ha bhmh.
He ha thxtn fha inrrhn, ha tërjken ‑drds‚ sh rhmkhrh
D. da kethrës fh daidezdr ha nobhtkvn prnpuhstn.
O. d ad noakgdikùe fh aahvdr d idon ha nobhtkvn.

I. d fhthrjkedr iùjn angrdr ha nobhtkvn.
Iadvh2 D
Bustkmkidikùe fh ad Iadvh2
Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ad ahiturd irêtkid
ir êtkid kjpakid ad injphtheikd fh hethefhr
ha skgekmkidfn fh ans hahjhetns anidahs quh inestktuyhe ue thxtn3 he hsth idsn, ha
tërjken ‑drds‚ hs ued aniuikùe prhpnskikneda quh skgekmkid ‐he mdvnr fh n he kethrës
fh‛, shgòe ad _hda Didfhjkd Hspdônad.
B us tkmki
tkm ki dik
dikùe
ùe fh aans
ns F k s trditnr hs 2
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ha skgekmkidfn fha hahjhetn anida quh inestktuyh
ha thxtn, he hsth idsn, ha tërjken ‑drds‚, en sh rhmkhrh d ued noakgdikùe akthrda fh
angrdran3 y tdjpnin ad npikùe I hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ha tërjken ‑drds‚ en tkheh rhadikùe
ine ad mnrjd fh angrdran.
Idsn ?
Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Injphtheikds Oäskids
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Vëiekin
Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh inenikjkhetns
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Nrgdekzdikùe ghehrda fha Hstdfn

=- He ad hetkfdf he ad iuda usthf trdodbd sh daahgd ad snakiktuf fh ued injuekfdf

kefêghed pkfkhefn quh inestruyd ue ihetrn jëfkin he ad zned fnefh `doktd, fdfn
quh sh heiuhetrd dmhitdfd pnr ad idrheikd dosnautd he ad prhstdikùe fha shrvkikn
pòoakin fh sdauf. \drd fhthrjkedr ad vkdokakfdf ahgda fh ad snakiktuf, usthf jdekmkhstd
da fkrhitnr fh ad hetkfdf quh
D. hs pnskoah jdthrkdakzdr ha rhquhrkjkhetn d trdvës fha prkeikpkn fh ad shpdrdikùe fh
ans pnfhrhs pòoakins.
O. hs mditkoah dthefhr ad ehihskfdf dpakidefn ha prkeikpkn fh ad fkstkeikùe hetrh
Hstdfn uektdrkn y Hstdfn mhfhrda.
I. ad phtkikùe puhfh shr supakfd ine odsh he ha prkeikpkn fh ad ihetrdakzdikùe pnaêtkid
y fhsihetrdakzdikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd.
Iadvh I
B us tkmki
tkm ki dik
dikùe
ùe fh aad
d iadvh
Ad I hs ad iadvh, pnrquh fhsfh ad mueikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd y ad nrgdekzdikùe fha
Hstdfn, d trdvës fha prkeikpkn fh ad ihetrdakzdikùe pnaêtkid y ad fhsihetrdakzdikùe
dfjkekstrdtkvd, sh puhfh irhdr ue ihetrn jëfkin quh phrjktd snavhetdr ads
ehihskfdfhs fh sdauf pòoakid quh rhqukhrh tda n iuda injuekfdf he tnfn ha thrrktnrkn
edikneda. \rhäjouan y Drtêiuan ?<; fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd.
Drtêiuans 7, 0 y ; fh ad Ahy 60; fh 4;;0.
B us tkmk i dik
dikùe
ùe fh fk
fkss trditnr
trditnrhs
hs
Ad npikùe D EN hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ha prkeikpkn fh ad shpdrdikùe fh pnfhrhs en
phrjkth orkefdr, fhsfh ad mueikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd, ued snauikùe jdthrkda y hmhitkvd d
ad ehihskfdf puetuda fh ad injuekfdf quh rhqukhrh
rh qukhrh ad irhdikùe fh
f h ue ihetrn jëfkin,
hs fhikr, en pnr hmhitudrsh ad shpdrdikùe trkpdrtktd fha pnfhr sh irhd
dutnjätkidjheth he ad nrgdekzdikùe fha Hstdfn ued snauikùe fkrhitd d fki`d
ehihskfdf.
Ad npikùe O EN hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ad fkstkeikùe hetrh Hstdfn Xektdrkn y Hstdfn
mhfhrda skrvh pdrd fhthrjkedr sk ha pnfhr pòoakin sh ineihetrd he ued pdrth fha
thrrktnrkn n sk pnr ha inetrdrkn, sh fkstrkouyh he ha jksjn, phrn da kguda quh ad
shpdrdikùe fh pnfhrhs en irhd, fhsfh ad mueikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd y ad nrgdekzdikùe
fha hstdfn, ue fhrrnthrn ahgda quh phrjktd irhdr ue ihetrn jëfkin, tda y injn sh
padethd he ha idsn.
Idsn 9
Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Idpdikfdf

Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Ynauikùe fh prnoahjds
7- He su fhphefheikd ah hstäe snakiktdefn quh `dgd mkrjdr d idfd uen fh ans
innrfkedfnrhs fh ads ärhds kevnauirdfds ha kemnrjh hbhiutkvn fh ue prnyhitn
hbhiutdfn he ad hetkfdf. Xsthf kekikd pnr ad mkrjd fha innrfkedfnr fha ärhd fh
inetdokakfdf3
ha innrfkedfnrskefha
hjodrgn, ëa ah fkih
ärhd burêfkid, quh
qukhe hesùan
hshmkrjdrä
jnjhetnha fniujhetn uedy vhz
hstä dusheth an `dgd
qukhe, `d gd
d su
vhz, fhbù ad rdzùe fh quh an mkrjdrêd skhjprh y iudefn hstuvkhrd mkrjdfn pnr ad
phrsned rhspnesdoah fha prnyhitn.
Vhekhefn he iuhetd ad inefkikùe kjpuhstd pnr ha innrfkedfnr fha ärhd fh
inetdokakfdf, usthf
D. snakiktd ad mkrjd da rhspnesdoah fha prnyhitn,
prnyhit n, pnr iudetn hs ue mueiknedrkn fkstketn
da innrfkedfnr fha ärhd fh inetdokakfdf.
O. hsphrd d quh ha innrfkedfnr fha ärhd burêfkid rhgrhsh d ad hetkfdf, pdrd auhgn
inetkeudr ine ad rhinahiikùe fh ads fhjäs mkrjds.
I. kemnrjd d su bhmh ad fkmkiuatdf fh ad tdrhd, pnrquh injprhefh quh he ha prnyhitn

hstäe kevnauirdfds sùan hsds fns ärhds.
Iadvh2 D
Bustkmkidikùe fh ad iadvh
Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh he ha idsn sh padethde fns inefkiknedahs ehihsdrkns
‑sùan sk‚, yd quh ha innrfkedfnr fha ärhd inetdoah dshgurd quh sùan mkrjdrä sk ha
innrfkedfnr fha ärhd burêfkid an mkrjd deths,
d eths, y hsth òatkjn fhiadrd quh sùan
sù an mkrjdrä sk
ha rhspnesdoah fha prnyhitn an mkrjd3 pnr tdetn, sh hetkhefh quh hsd dathredtkvd
d athredtkvd hs ad
òekid quh sdtksmdih ads fns inefkiknehs ehihsdrkds3 ad inefkikùe fd iuhetd fh ued
ineiauskùe y ued diikùe quh aahvde d ad snauikùe fh ue prnoahjd.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ans fkstrditnrhs
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh noakgd d quh ha innrfkedfnr fha ärhd burêfkid
mkrjh, phrn hsth sùan vd d mkrjdr he ad jhfkfd he quh prkjhrn mkrjh ha rhspnesdoah
fha prnyhitn3 pnr tdetn, hstd dathredtkvd en puhfh shr ikhrtd, fdfn quh en sdtksmdih
ad shguefd inefkikùe padethdfd he ha idsn. Dfhjäs, hsphrdr d quh aahguh ha ntrn
mueiknedrkn en phrjkth ued snauikùe.
Ad npikùe I en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh jheikned quh sùan hxksthe fns pnskokakfdfhs fh
mkrjd, y ha idsn en prhshetd kemnrjdikùe sumkikheth pdrd pnfhr ineiaukr quh
òekidjheth fhohe mkrjdr fns ärhds. Dfkiknedajheth, kemnrjdr
kemnrjd r da bhmh ad fkmkiuatdf fh
ad tdrhd, en phrjkth ad snauikùe da prnoahjd padethdfn.

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 \rnmhskneda

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 _dsgn
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Dphrturd d ad Hxphrkheikd
0- He ha ärhd he ad quh usthf adonrd, sh `d kfhetkmkidfn quh ads phrsneds euhvds
tdrfde jui`n tkhjpn he dfdptdrsh d ans fkmhrheths prnihsns y thjds quh
kethredjheth daaê sh trdodbde. He jui`ds nidsknehs, sh `de aahgdfn d injhthr
hrrnrhs pnr fhsinenikjkhetn fh ans prntninans y prnihfkjkhetns. Hsd sktudikùe `d
vhekfn dmhitdefn ads jhtds prnpuhstds pdrd fki`d ärhd.
Deth ad sktudikùe fh quh ans mueiknedrkns euhvns prhshetde jdynrhs keinevhekheths
ine ha sksthjd fh kemnrjdikùe fha ärhd, usthf nptd pnr.
D. hetrhgdr tnfns ans jdeudahs fh usn, y hsphrdr quh `dyd ued rhuekùe fùefh sh
padethhe ads pnskoahs fufds fh ans mueiknedrkns euhvns.
O. injpdrtkr ad prhshetdikùe fha prnihsn he iuhstkùe h kefkidr quh hstufkhe ans
dsphitns jäs injpahbns rhadiknedfns ine su usn.
I. kethgrdrsh
mnrjd fh `dihrine
jässus euhvnssuinjpdôhrns
hmkikheth adonr. pdrd injprhefhr fh jhbnr jdehrd ad
Iadvh2 I
Bustkmkidikùe fh ad Iadvh
Ad npikùe I hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ousid donrfdr ad sktudikùe dituda hemniäefnsh he
ads pdrtkiuadrkfdfhs fh idfd uen fh ans kevnauirdfns, dprhefkhefn fh ad hxphrkheikd
fh idfd uen y dsê mdvnrhihr ha fhshjphôn grupda y ha iujpakjkhetn fh jhtds.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ans fkstrditnrhs
Ad npikùe D en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh da shahiiknedr hsd rhspuhstd ha hvdaudfn en
fhjuhstrd thefheikd h kethrës pnr heinetrdr snauiknehs irhdtkvds d prnoahjds quh
puhfde padethdrsh he su augdr fh trdodbn,
trdo dbn, rhadiknedfd ine ad injphtheikd Dphrturd
Dphrtur d
d ad Hxphrkheikd. Hstd npikùe fdrêd iuhetd fha usn fh
f h jnfhans inevheiknedahs y fh
pnid kethrdiikùe ine ans ntrns.
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh en fhjuhstrd thefheikd h kethrës pnr heinetrdr
snauiknehs irhdtkvds, an quh sh rhadikned ine ad injphtheikd Dphrturd d ad
Hxphrkheikd. Hstd npikùe juhstrd ue donrfdbh pdrikda fha usn fha
fh a sksthjd, an quh en
dpuetd d hvktdr quh ad sktudikùe sh rhpktd.
Idsn
Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Mueikneda

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh Inenikjkhetn

Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Ghstkùe Fniujhetda
;- Auhgn fh rhdakzdrsh ued dufktnrêd kethred da ärhd fh Vdahetn @ujden fh ad
hetkfdf he ad quh usthf adonrd, sh heinetrù quh he dagueds `kstnrkds adonrdahs `dy
fniujhetns fhthrknrdfns. Xsthf injn heidrgdfn fha dri`kvn, sh heiuhetrd
prhniupdfn
hxthred. Ha ine
padehstd
fh sktudikùe, fdfnquh
jhbnrdjkhetn quh usthf
prùxkjdjheth
prnpneh sh rhdakzdrä
snorh ued dufktnrêd
ha hstdfn fh ans
fniujhetns fh ads `kstnrkds adonrdahs, fhoh inethjpadr.
D. hakjkedr ans fniujhetns quh hstäe fhthrknrdfns y mnakdr euhvdjheth tnfd ad
idrphtd.
O. rhdakzdr ued inpkd fh ans fhthrknrdfns y rhdakzdr ue prnihsn fh trdesmhrheikd fh
kemnrjdikùe.
I. shpdrdr ans fniujhetns fhthrknrdfns y fh ouhe usn, ghehrdefn idrphtds pdrd
idfd grupn.
Iadvh2 O
4<- Ad npikùe O hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ans fniujhetns fh dri`kvn fh ineshrvdikùe
phrjdeheth pnfräe shr inpkdfns he euhvns snpnrths. He tda idsn, fhohrä prhvhrsh
pr hvhrsh
y aahvdrsh d idon ue prngrdjd fh trdesmhrheikd fh kemnrjdikùe pdrd gdrdetkzdr ad
prhshrvdikùe y ineshrvdikùe fh ad jksjd. An dethrknr susthetdfn he ha pdrägrdmn
fha Drtêiuan 67 ad Ahy 8;6 fh ?<<<.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ans Fkstrditnrhs2
Ad npikùe D en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ans fniujhetns
fniujhetn s quh inetkheh ued `kstnrkd adonrda
sne kjpnrtdeths he su tntdakfdf, sk hstäe fhthrknrdfns, sh fhoh rhdakzdr ued inpkd,
an quh hs rhspdafdfn pnr ad Ahy 8;6 fh ?<<< quh jnfkmkid ha drtêiuan ?n. fh ad Ahy
0< fh 4;0;.
Ad npikùe I en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh da shpdrdr ans dri`kvns
d ri`kvns fhthrknrdfns en rhsuhavh
ad sktudikùe, pnr iudefn sh rhqukhrh `dihr ued inpkd shgòe an hstkpuadfn he ha
pdrägrdmn fha Drtêiuan 67 ad Ahy 8;6 fh ?<<<.
Idsn
Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh inenikjkhetn
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Idrrhrd
Id rrhrd dfjkekstrdtkvd

44- Ad hetkfdf he ad quh usthf adonrd sh heiuhetrd kjpahjhetdefn ue prnihsn fh
rhhstruiturdikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd, pnr an quh sh `d fhikfkfn jnfkmkidr ad edturdahzd fh
daguens hjpahns pdsdefn fh idrrhrd dfjkekstrdtkvd d akorh enjordjkhetn y
rhjnikùe. Deth hstd fhikskùe, daguens mueiknedrkns quh fhshjphôde sus adonrhs
he ans idrgns he iuhstkùe, jdekmkhstde su prhniupdikùe fdfn quh haans gnzde fh
fhrhi`ns fh idrrhrd.
\drd sdavdgudrfdr ans fhrhi`ns fh ans mueiknedrkns
muei knedrkns y diadrdr su inemuskùe, usthf ahs
fhoh kefkidr quh
D. kfhetkmkidräe ans mueiknedrkns quh puhfde shr trdsadfdfns d idrgns fh idrrhrd ine
mueiknehs dmkehs, ske quh sh fksjkeuyd su rhjuehrdikùe hineùjkid.
O. trdsadfdräe ans mueiknedrkns d idrgns fh idrrhrd ine mueiknehs fkmhrheths,
gdrdetkzdefn ads rhsphitkvds rhidthgnrkzdiknehs fh ans ekvhahs bhrärqukins.
I. prnpnefrä d ad hetkfdf quh ans hjpahns fh idrrhrd quh muhrne fhiadrdfns injn
fh akorh enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe, shde hakjkedfns fh ad padetd fh phrsneda pdrd
hvktdr ineshiuheikds ahgdahs pdrd ans mueiknedrkns.
Iadvh2 D
Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh shgòe an hstdoahikfn he ha Drtêiuan = fh ad Ahy ;<;
fh ?<<6, "Ha hjpahdfn fh idrrhrd dfjkekstrdtkvd iuyn idrgn shd fhiadrdfn fh akorh
enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe, fhohrä shr trdsadfdfn d ntrn fh idrrhrd quh thegd
mueiknehs dmkehs y rhjuehrdikùe kguda n suphrknr d ads fha hjpahn quh fhshjphôd,
sk hxkstkhrh vdideth he ad rhsphitkvd padetd fh phrsneda3 he idsn inetrdrkn,
inetkeudrä fhshjphôdefn ha jksjn idrgn y ineshrvdrä ans fhrhi`ns fh idrrhrd
jkhetrds phrjdehzid he ëa. Iudefn ue hjpahn fh akorh enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe
shd iadskmkidfn injn fh idrrhrd dfjkekstrdtkvd, fhohrä shr prnvkstn jhfkdeth
ineiursn.‚
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh da rhinjhefdr trdsadfdr ans shrvkfnrhs fh
f h idrrhrd
iuyns hjpahns `dyde skfn fhiadrdfns injn fh akorh enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe, d
hjpahns ine mueiknehs fkmhrheths, vd he inetrdvêd fh ad enrjd (Drt. = Ahy ;<; fh
?<<6). Ad npikùe I en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh da prnpnehr d ad hetkfdf quh fki`ns idrgns
shde hakjkedfns fh ad padetd fh phrsneda pdrd hvktdr ineshiuheikds ahgdahs pdrd ans
mueiknedrkns, ha dspkrdeth hvkfheikd su fhsinenikjkhetn fh ad hxkstheikd fh
jhideksjns fh ahy quh rhsgudrfde ans fhrhi`ns fh idrrhrd fh shrvkfnrhs iuyns
hjpahns sne fhiadrdfns injn fh akorh enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe.

Idsn
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Dshsnr
Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh Inenikjkhetns
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Mueiknedjkhetn ghehrda fha Hstdfn
4?- He ad hetkfdf thrrktnrkda pdrd ad iuda usthf trdodbd sh hadonrù ue deäaksks fha shitnr
sdauf, he ha iuda sh heinetrdrne odrrhrds pdrd diihfhr d ad dtheikùe he sdauf,
kfhetkmkidefn quh ha 6< % fh ad pnoadikùe prhshetd jnrokakfdf shetkfd y en `de
rhikokfn dtheikùe he ha òatkjn dôn3 pnr an tdetn, sh fhikfh fkshôdr h kjpahjhetdr
hstrdthgkds y prngrdjds, ine ha mke fh gdrdetkzdr sdauf pdrd tnfns. Xsthf fhoh
dshsnrdr ad mnrjuadikùe fh ad hstrdthgkd y padsjdrad he ha jnfhan fh dtheikùe.
\drd nrkhetdr ad hstrdthgkd he ha jnfhan fh dtheikùe, usthf fhoh
D. vhrkmkidr quh sh gdrdetkih ad sdauf fhsfh ad prhvheikùe y prnjnikùe `dstd ha
trdtdjkhetn y rh`dokaktdikùe.
O. fhsdrrnaadr ans prngrdjds, ads ditkvkfdfhs y jhtds pdrd ha trdtdjkhetn fh ads
pdtnangêds ske rhsnavhr.
I. sujkekstrdr ans rhiursns ehihsdrkns y dshgurdr ad dtheikùe fh ads ditkvkfdfhs
fh fkdgeùstkin.
Iadvh D
Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ad D\Y - Dtheikùe \rkjdrkd he Ydauf dskgeù d ans
gnokhrens ad rhspnesdokakfdf fh gdrdetkzdr ha diihsn fh ads phrsneds d shrvkikns
sh rvkikns fh
sdauf, quh en snan shde iurdtkvns, sken quh tdjokëe donrfhe ad prnjnikùe, ad
prhvheikùe y ad rh`dokaktdikùe, fh inemnrjkfdf ine ha fniujhetn ‑Dtheikùe \rkjdrkd
he Ydauf2 @d aahgdfn ha jnjhetn‚ fh ad N\Y, ?<40 y ad \naêtkid fh Dtheikùe Kethgrda
he Ydauf.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ans fkstrditnrhs2
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ans prngrdjds y ditkvkfdfhs pdrd dthefhr d ad
pnoadikùe ine pdtnangêds en rhsuhatds, iuorhe snadjheth ha 6< % y en he mnrjd
kethgrda, fhbdefn pnr muhrd an jäs kjpnrtdeth quh hs ad prnjnikùe y prhvheikùe he
ad pnaêtkid fh sdauf pòoakid. \drd iujpakr ine ans prnp ùsktns fh ad pnaêtkid ‑Ydauf
\drd Vnfns‚, sh fhoh gdrdetkzdr d tnfd ad pnoadik ùe ad sdauf fhsfh ad prnjnikùe,
prhvheikùe, trdtdjkhetn y rh`dokaktdikùe, shgòe an fkspuhstn he ha fniujhetn

‑Dtheikùe \rkjdrkd he Ydauf2 @d aahgdfn ha jnjhetn‚ fh ad N\Y, ?<40 y ad \naêtkid

fh Dtheikùe Kethgrda he Ydauf.
Ad npikùe I en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh sujkekstrdr ans rhiursns ehihsdrkns pdrd ha
fkdgeùstkin en hs sumkikheth pdrd ad prnjnikùe y ad prhvheikùe, quh hs an jäs
kjpnrtdeth fh ad pnaêtkid fh sdauf. Hstd diikùe en ohehmkikd fh jdehrd kethgrda d
tnfd ad pnoadikùe, pnrquh ue fkdgeùstkin snan iuorh ue pnrihetdbh fh ads phrsneds
dmhitdfds y en inethjpad diiknehs prhvhetkvds. \drd iujpakr ine ans prnpùsktns fh
ad pnaêtkid ‑Ydauf \drd Vnfns‚, sh fhoh gdrdetkzdr d tnfd ad pnoadikùe ad sdauf fhsfh
ad prnjnikùe, prhvheikùe, trdtdjkhetn y rh`dokaktdikùe, shgòe an fkspuhstn he ha
fniujhetn ‑Dtheikùe \rkjdrkd he Ydauf2 @d aahgdfn ha jnjhetn‚ fh ad N\Y, ?<40
y ad \naêtkid fh Dtheikùe Kethgrda he Ydauf.
Idsn
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Dshsnr
Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh inenikjkhetns

Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 \naêtkids \òoakids pdrd ha Jdehbn fh
_hskfuns
49- He ad hetkfdf thrrktnrkda he ad iuda usthf adonrd injn Dshsnr sh noshrvd quh `d
dujhetdfn ha eòjhrn fh idsns, hsphikdajheth he jhenrhs fh hfdf, pnr
dmhitdiknehs fh sdauf, rhadiknedfns ine ad kefhokfd fkspnskikùe fh rhskfuns he ad
anidakfdf. Ans aêfhrhs fh ad injuekfdf ah pkfhe d ad hetkfdf snauiknedr fh rdêz hstd
prnoahjätkid. Yu bhmh ah heidrgd dthefhr hstd sktudikùe prnpnekhefn dathredtkvds fh
snauikùe.
\drd prnpnehr ued dathredtkvd fh snauikùe hmhitkvd d hstd prnoahjätkid, usthf
fhohrêd thehr he iuhetd
D. Ad kemnrjdikùe fkspnekoah snorh pnaêtkids pòoakids pdrd ha jdehbn fh rhskfuns he
ads hetkfdfhs thrrktnrkdahs.
O. Ans prntninans fh ad Yhirhtdrêd Anida fh Ydauf pdrd dthefhr ans idsns fh sdauf
pnr inetdjkedikùe ine rhskfuns.
I. Ans hmhitns he ad idakfdf fh vkfd fh ad pnoadikùe quh ad in
inetdjkedikùe
etdjkedikùe djokhetda
ghehrdfd pnr hsd kefhokfd fkspnskikùe fh rhskfuns ghehrd.
I advh2 D
B us tkmki
tkm ki dik
dikùe
ùe fh aad
d I ad
advh2
vh2

Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ads pnaêtkids pòoakids pdrd ha jdehbn fh rhskfuns he

ads hetkfdfhs thrrktnrkdahs inetkhehe ans akehdjkhetns ghehrdahs fh diikùe pdrd
rhdakzdr hstd adonr he mnrjd dfhiudfd, ine an iuda sh hstdrêd dtdidefn ad idusd fha
prnoahjd fh sdauf kfhetkmkidfn he fki`d hetkfdf thrrktnrkda, iujpakhefn dsê ine ad
prkeikpda prhjksd quh sh fhoh shgukr pdrd rhsnavhr fh rdêz prnoahjds snikdahs, ad
iuda hstdoahih quh hstns prnoahjds sh fhohe snauiknedr dtdidefn sus idusds, jds
en
ads fkrhitdjheth
‑dmhitdiknehs ad
fhjdekmhstdikùe fha prnoahjd,
sdauf‚, ek jui`n jhens ans quh he hsth
hmh itns idsn sh
fha jksjn herhadikned
ad idakfdfine
fh
vkfd fh ad pnoadikùe (vhr, pnr hbhjpan, ad Jhtnfnangêd Ghehrda Dbustdfd fha
Fhpdrtdjhetn Edikneda fh \adehdikùe).
Ad npikùe O en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ens rhjkth d ‑dathredtkvds fh snauikùe‚ en
hmhitkvds, pnrquh sh ihetrde he ad jdekmhstdikùe fha prnoahjd,
prno ahjd, quh he hsth idsn sh
rhadikned ine ads ‑dmhitdiknehs fh sdauf‚, fhokëefnsh ineihetrdr he ad idusd fha
jksjn, hs fhikr, he ad kefhokfd fkspnskikùe fh rhskfuns he fki`d hetkfdf thrrktnrkda.
Ad npikùe I en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ens rhjkth d ‑dathredtkvds fh snauikùe‚ en
hmhitkvds, pnrquh sh ihetrde he ans hmhitns fha prnoahjd snikda kfhetkmkidfn he ad
idakfdf fh vkfd fh ad pnoadikùe, fhokëefnsh ineihetrdr he ad idusd fha jksjn, hs
fhikr, he ad kefhokfd fkspnskikùe fh rhskfuns he fki`d hetkfdf thrrktnrkda.
Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Injphtheikds Injpnrtdjhetdahs

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Injpnrtdjhetda
Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Vrdodbn he hqukpn
46- Ine ha nobhtkvn fh vdanrdr ad phrihpikùe fha shrvkikn fh ad hetkfdf, usthf fhoh
rhdakzdr ditkvkfdfhs inebuetds quh jhbnrhe ha êefkih fh phrihpikùe fh idakfdf he ha
shrvkikn prhstdfn pnr su hetkfdf. Ad prkjhrd prnpuhstd fh fkstrkouikùe fh
ditkvkfdfhs ghehrd keinjnfkfdf he daguens injpdôhrns, pnrquh ahs kjpakid
trdodbdr he mnrjd grupda jäs quh kefkvkfuda, y hxprhsde quh sh skhethe jäs
iùjnfns `dikhefn ads insds fh jdehrd kefhphefkheth.
D usthf ah fhahgde rhdakzdr ued euhvd fkstrkouikùe fh ditkvkfdfhs y phsh d quh
dihptd ha rhtn, ah ghehrd sustn pnrquh fki`d adonr ah
a h inrrhspnefh d ntrn injpdôhr
injpdôhrn,
n,
pnr an iuda usthf fhikfh
D. phrsudfkr d su injpdôhrn ine ha quh tkheh jäs inemkdezd pdrd quh rhdakih ad
adonr pnr usthf.
O. dskgedr ditkvkfdfhs thekhefn he iuhetd ans gustns phrsnedahs fh idfd uen fh ans
injpdôhrns.

I. snakiktdr d ans injpdôhrns kfhds y prnpuhstds pdrd ineihrtdr ads ditkvkfdfhs d

rhdakzdr.
Iadvh2 I
Ad npikùe I hs ad iadvh, pnrquh da prhguetdr da hqukpn fh trdodbn pdrd fhsdrrnaadr
ad prngrdjdikùe, ha dspkrdeth kfhetkmkid iadrdjheth ans nobhtkvns fha grupn y
hstdoahih fkäangn fkrhitn ine ans jkhjorns fha hqukpn quh phrjktd injpdrtkr
kemnrjdikùe h kfhds he prn fh ue nobhtkvn injòe. \nr an quh sh hvkfheikd ad
injphtheikd trdodbn he hqukpn inemnrjh an hstdoahih ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48
‑Vrdodbdr ine ntrns fh mnrjd inebuetd y fh j dehrd pdrtkikpdtkvd, kethgrdefn
hsmuhrzns pdrd ad ineshiuikùe fh jhtds kestktu iknedahs injuehs.‚
Ad npikùe D en hs ad iadvh, pnrquh an quh `dih hstd inefuitd hs fkmhrheth d angrdr
ue trdodbn he hqukpn, pnrquh en phrjkth ad pdrtkikpdikùe ditkvd fh ans fhjäs
injpdôhrns y dsê jksjn, ske phrshgukr ue nobhtkvn injòe, an jksjn niurrh ine ad
Npikùe O.
\hrmka2 FNIHEVH IKHEIKDY EDVX_DAHY [ HFXIDIKÙE DJOKHEVDA
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns Hsphiêmkins
Vhjd2 Oknangêd
48- Xe hstufkdeth da aahgdr d iadsh ah injhetd da fniheth y d sus injpdôhrns quh
furdeth su idjkedtd `dikd ad hsiuhad noshrvù ue pdeda fh dohbds he ue ärona, ske
hjodrgn, ntrn hstufkdeth dmkrjd quh an vkstn hrd ue grupn fh dvkspds.
\rhguetd 4
Ha fniheth ahs hxpakid quh ads dohbds y ads dvkspds utkakzde d ans äronahs injn id idsds
sds
da inestrukr sus pdedahs ske phrbufkidr da ärona, y ske quh ha ärona
är ona phrbufkquh da pdeda,
y quh hstn hs ue iadrn hbhjpan fh
D. injhesdaksjn.
O. djhesdaksjn.
I. jutudaksjn.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd2 D
Bustkmkidikùe fh ads npiknehs
Npikùe D2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh hs ued mnrjd fh kethrdiikùe oknaùgkid he ad quh uen
fh ans kethrvkekheths notkheh ue ohehmkikn, jkhetrds quh ha ntrn en sh phrbufkid ek sh

ohehmkikd, he hsth idsn, ads dohbds notkhehe ha ohehmkikn

oh ehmkikn fha ärona, yd quh hsth skrvh
fh ‑`ngdr‚, y ha ärona sk okhe en sh phrbufkid, tdjpnin sh ohehmkikd.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh he hstd kethrdiikùe oknaùgkid ue nrgdeksjn kjpkfh d
ntrn irhihr y fhsdrrnaadrsh (n keiausn snorhvkvkr), ske nothehr ohehmkikn pdrd sê
jksjn. He hsth idsn, ads dohbds sk notkhehe ue ohehmkikn fha ärona, phrn en
phrbufkide ha fhsdrrnaan n irhikjkhetn fh hsth, y d su vhz ha ärona, sk okhe en notkheh
ue ohehmkikn, tdjpnin kjpkfh ha irhikjkhetn n fhsdrrnaan
fhsdr rnaan fh ads dohbds.
Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh hs ued mnrjd fh kethrdiikùe oknaùgkid he ad quh
kefkvkfuns fh
fkmhrheths hsphikhs, da kethrditudr sh ohehmkikde y jhbnrde su dptktuf oknaùgkid
jutudjheth, he hsth
idsn, ads dohbds notkhehe ue ohehmkikn fha ärona, phrn ha ärona en notkheh ekeguen.
\rhguetd ?
Ha fniheth dprnvhi`d ad noshrvdikùe fha hstufkdeth pdrd shôdadr quh ads dvkspds d
fkmhrheikd fh
ads dohbds tkhehe
D. ue dgukbùe rhträitka y aksn pdrd pkidr tdetds vhihs injn qukhrde.
O. ueds onasktds he ads pdtds trdshrds aadjdfds irhstds pdrd rhinghr ha pnahe.
I. ued phquhôd trnjpd aadjdfd prnoùsikfh pdrd suiiknedr ha eëitdr fh ads manrhs.
Npikùe D2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd pnrquh hah a fniheth fhoh `dihr ëemdsks he quh ads
dohbds tkhehe ue dgukbùe mkbn, quh en puhfhe gudrfdr, quh hstä inehitdfn da kethstken
y quh sh idrdithrkzd pnr thehr ued hsphikh fh ‑gdei`ns‚ quh sh quhfde keshrtdfns
he ad pkha y pnr hefh iudefn pkide juhrhe, jkhetrds quh he ha idsn fh ads dvkspds
ha dgukbùe en hstä akgdfn d sus kethstkens y puhfhe sdidran y gudrfdran (rhträitka)
akorhjheth, y da shr aksn puhfhe pkidr ads vhihs quh qukhrde, yd quh en quhfd
keshrtdfn he ad pkha.
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth fhoh `dihr ëemdsks ads
dvkspds sne idreêvnrds, n fhprhfdfnrds, dyufde da inetrna fh ntrns keshitns, y pnr
hefh en tkhehe onasds he sus pdtds trdshrds pdrd rhinahitdr pnahe, hstd hs ued
idrdithrêstkid prnpkd fh ads dohbds.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth fhoh `dihr ëemdsks he quh
ads dvkspds sne idreêvnrds, n fhprhfdfnrds y pnr he fh tkhehe jdefêouads ‑muhrths‚
pdrd inrtdr y jdstkidr d sus prhsds, en tkhehe ued phquhôd trnjpd aadjdfd

prnoùsikfh, hstd hs ued idrdithrêstkid prnpkd fh ads dohbds, qukhehs suiiknede ha

eëitdr ine fki`d trnjpd.
\rhguetd 9
Da rhsdatdr ad kjpnrtdeikd fh ans pnakekzdfnrhs he ad prnfuiikùe fh dakjhetns, ans
hstufkdeths ah pkfhe da fniheth quh ahs mdikakth ued akstd fh padetds quh puhfde
shjordr
skhjorhe pdrd dtrdhr jäs dohbds d sus mkeids. Ha fniheth ahs rhinjkhefd quh
D. `hahi`n y jusgn.
O. dbhebn y akjneikaan.
I. tnjkaan y rnjhrn.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd2 I
Npikùe D2 hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ans `hahi`ns y ans jusgns yd quh sh
rhprnfuihe ine hspnrds, en rhqukhrhe pnakekzdfnrhs injn ads dohbds y pnr an tdetn
en ads dtrdhe.
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha dbhebn y akjneikaan sne inenikfds
injn padetds keshitkikfds, yd quh sh idrdithrkzde pnr ue drnjd ‑muhrth‚ quh dah bd d
ans pnakekzdfnrhs injn ads dohbds.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha rnjhrn y ha tnjkaan da shr ued ouhed
muheth fh inethekfn fh eëitdr dtrdhe d ans pnakekzdfnrhs injn ads dohbds, dohbnrrns
y jdrkpnsds, hetrh ntrns.
\hrmka2 Fniheth fh Duad
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns \hfdgùgkins

Vhjd2 Nmkjätkid
Da mkedakzdr ha dôn hsinadr he ued hsiuhad rurda, ue fniheth prhshetd ue kemnrjh
hsirktn he Jkirnsnmt Wnrf he ha quh sh fhsirkohe ads ditkvkfdfhs rhdakzdfds furdeth
fur deth
ha dôn, dsê injn ha prnjhfkn fh entds he idfd hvdaudikùe y he idfd okjhstrh. Idfd
ditkvkfdf inetheêd ued orhvh fhsirkpikùe injn sh juhstrd d inetkeudikùe.

Dfkiknedajheth, dehxd ha dri`kvn fh Jkirnsnmt Hxiha utkakzdfn pdrd rhdakzdr ans

inethns y iäaiuans
snakiktdfns, ine ads skgukheths tdoads2
Vdoad 4. Entds he idfd hvdaudikùe

\rhguetd 6 Ine ha mke fh prhshetdr ans fdtns he ha kemnrjh snakiktdfn, ha fniheth usd ad
mueikùe fh nrfhe phrsnedakzdfn he ad Vdoad ? ine hstns irkthrkns2
\nr an dethrknr, ad tdoad quh notkheh hs

_hspuhstd Inrrhitd2 D
Bustkmkidikùe fh ads Npiknehs
Npikùe D2 Hs inrrhitd yd quh ad tdoad fh hstd npikùe inrrhspnefh d ad inemkgurdikùe
rhdakzdfd pnr ha fniheth he ha jheò fh nrfhe phrsnedakzdfn, he ha quh prkjhrn sh nrfhede
d ans hstufkdeths fh ad D d ad R y auhgn ads entds fha Okjhstrh K fh jhenr d jdynr.
Npikùe O2 Hs keinrrhitd yd quh ad tdoad fh hstd npikùe shrêd ha rhsuatdfn fh ad skgukheth
inemkgurdikùe fha nrfhe phrsnedakzdfn2

He ha quh sh nrfhede prkjhrn d ans hstufkdeths fh ad R d ad D y auhgn ads entds fha

Okjhstrh K fh
jdynr d jhenr.
Npikùe I2 Hs keinrrhitd yd quh ad tdoad fh hstd npikùe shrêd ha rhsuatdfn fh ad
skgukheth
inemkgurdikùe fha nrfhe phrsnedakzdfn2
He ha quh sh nrfhede prkjhrn ads entds fha okjhstrh K fh jdynr d jhenr y auhgn d
ans hstufkdeths
fh ad D d ad R.
\rhguetd 8

\drd nothehr ad entd mkeda fh idfd hstufkdeth he ad Vdoad 4, fhoh usdr ad mùrjuad
D. :JHFKDED
O. :\_NJHFKN
I. :JNFD
_hspuhstd inrrhitd2 O
Npikùe D2 Hs keinrrhitd, yd quh ine ad mueikùe JHFKDED sh nothefrêd hs ha eòjhrn
kethrjhfkn fh ue grupn fh eòjhrns, y en ad entd mkeda quh inrrhspnefh d ue
prnjhfkn.
Npikùe O2 Hs inrrhitd, yd quh ine ad mueikùe \_NJHFKN sh nothefrêd ad jhfkd
drktjëtkid, sujdefn idfd ued fh ads entds he idfd hvdaudikùe, y fkvkfkhefn d
inetkeudikùe pnr ha eòjhrn fh hvdaudiknehs.
Npikùe I2 Hs keinrrhitd, yd quh ine ad mueikùe JNFD sh nothefrêd hs ha eòjhrn
quh dpdrhih jäs mrhiuhethjheth he ue grupn fh eòjhrns y en ad entd mkeda quh
inrrhspnefh d ue prnjhfkn.
\rhguetd =
Da dpakidr ha mnrjdtn fh sdegrêd mrdeihsd da thxtn shahiiknedfn, notkheh
D

Npikùe
sdegrêd D2 Hstd npikùe
hsphikda hs keinrrhitd,
phrn prkjhrd aêehd, enydsdegrêd
quh hsmrdeihsd.
ha rhsuatdfn fh fdrah Mnrjdtn fh
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd, yd quh hs ha rhsuatdfn fh inanidrah sdegrêd d

ad kzqukhrfd fh 4 ij, ske dpakidr
dp akidr ha mnrjdtn fh sdegrêd mrdeihsd.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd, yd quh inrrhspnefh da mnrjdtn fh sdegrêd
mrdeihsd, he ha quh ad sdegrêd fh ad prkjhrd aêehd hs jhenr quh ad fh ad shguefd
aêehd y ads skgukheths.
\hrmka2 _hitnr/Fkrhitnr _urda
Injpneheth2 \ruhod \skintëiekid

Vhjd2 Akfhrdzgn y Jntkvdikùe da angrn
He ued hsiuhad rurda, ha rhitnr fhshd `dihr ue odzdr ine ha mke fh kethgrdr d ans
fkmhrheths jkhjorns fh ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd. He ineshiuheikd, fhikfh rhdakzdr
rhueknehs idfd shjded ine fniheths, hstufkdeths y pdfrhs pdrd rhinghr
prnpuhstds y npkeknehs.
\rhguetd 7
Xen fh ans fniheths fh ad hsiuhad da mkedakzdr ued fh ads rhueknehs, ah injhetd quh
en fhshd pdrtkikpdr he ha odzdr pnrquh ineskfhrd quh hs ued ditkvkfdf dourrkfd.
Deth hstd sktudikùe usthf injn aêfhr

D. hxpakid ads vhetdbds fha odzdr he ha okhehstdr fh ad injuekfdf hfuid

hfuidtkvd
tkvd ine ha
mke fh keihetkvdr ad innphrdikùe fha fniheth.
O. prnjuhvh ad irhdikùe fh ue diuhrfn ine ha fniheth injprnjhtkëefnan ine ad
padehdikùe y hbhiuikùe fh ntrd ditkvkfdf jäs dfhadeth.
I. injprhefh ad npkekùe fha fniheth y phrjkth quh en pdrtkikph he ad padehdikùe y
hbhiuikùe fha odzdr.
Npikùe D2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd, yd quh keihetkvd ad pdrtkikpdikùe fha fniheth he
ha odzdr, hvkfheikdefn ad injphtheikd fh akfhrdzgn y jntkvdikùe da angrn, puhs
prnjuhvh ad innphrdikùe, in`hskùe y okhehstdr fh ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd pdrd ha
fhsdrrnaan fh jhtds injuehs. (Akfhrdzgn y jntkvdikùe da angrn)
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd yd quh fd pnr `hi`n
`hi` n quh sh ghehrd ue inemakitn,
y prnjuhvh ad irhdikùe fh diuhrfns hetrh ha fniheth y ha rhitnr, ske ineskfhrdr d
ads fhjäs pdrths quh pnfrêde hstdr kjpakidfds sk ùokhsh fki`n inemakitn.
Dfkiknedajheth, en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh akfhrdzgn y jntkvdikùe da angrn, yd
quh en keihetkvd su pdrtkikpdikùe he ha odzdr.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh sk okhe hsiui`d ine dtheikùe y
injprhefh ha puetn fh vkstd fha fniheth, en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh akfhrdzgn
y jntkvdikùe da angrn, yd quh en keihetkvd su pdrtkikpdikùe he ha odzdr.
\rhguetd 0
Furdeth ued fh ads rhueknehs ine ans fniheths sh ghehrd ue inemakitn hetrh fns
grupns. Xe grupn quh dpnyd ad vhetd fh prnfuitns prnpkns
p rnpkns fh ad rhgkùe he ha odzdr,
y ntrn grupn quh hstä he fhsdiuhrfn ine ad vhetd. Deth hstd sktudikùe usthf
D. mkedakzd ad rhuekùe ine ha mke fh nptkjkzdr ha tkhjpn y dvdezdr ine tnfds ads
rhueknehs fha rhstn fha fêd.
O. dpnyd ad pnsturd fh uen fh ans grupns y ahs injuekid ads vhetdbds
vh etdbds quh rhprhshetd
pdrd ad hbhiuikùe fha odzdr.
I. prnjuhvh ad irhdikùe fh ue diuhrfn hetrh djons grupns hvdaudefn ads
ineshiuheikds fh idfd npikùe.
Npikùe D2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd, yd quh en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh
ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe, puhs da nptkjkzdr ha tkhjpn pdrd angrdr thrjkedr ads

ditkvkfdfhs prnpuhstds fha fêd snan hstä phesdfn he ëa jksjn ine an quh EN hs
pnskoah snauiknedr ha inemakitn prhshetdfn hetrh ans fniheths.
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd, yd quh en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh
ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe, da en ditudr kjpdrikdajheth, pnrquh dsujh ued pnskikùe,
y tnjd ad fhikskùe pnr sê snan, an quh en snauikned ha inemakitn prhshetdfn hetrh ans
fniheths.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd, yd quh
qu h hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh ehgnikdikùe
y jhfkdikùe, dsujkhefn ued ditktuf kjpdrikda mrheth d ans jntkvns fh ans kjpakidfns
kjpakidfn s
he ha inemakitn vdanrdefn ads pnskoahs ineshiuheikds fh idfd pnskikùe. Dfhjäs,
prnjuhvh ad irhdikùe fh diuhrfns hetrh ads pdrths he inemakitn.
\rhguetd ;
He ued fh ads rhueknehs, ans hstufkdeths ah prnpnehe ued akstd fh ditkvkfdfhs pdrd
ha odzdr. Da rhvksdrads, sh fd iuhetd quh rhqukhrhe jäs rhiursns fh ans fkspnekoahs
he ad kestktuikùe, y fhikfh
D. prnjnvhr ad irhdikùe fh ntrds ditkvkfdfhs ine ha mke fh injpahjhetdr ad akstd
hxkstheth y auhgn hsinghr ads ditkvkfdfhs dinrfhs d ans rhiursns fkspnekoahs.

O. kemnrjdr quh ans rhiursns sne kesumkikheths pdrd ad hbhiuikùe fh ads ditkvkfdfhs y
ahs injpdrth ad akstd fh ans rhiursns fkspnekoahs.
I. injuekidr quh he ad prùxkjd rhuekùe ahs ntnrgdrd ued rhspuhstd
rh spuhstd snorh ad pnskoah
hbhiuikùe fh hstds ditkvkfdfhs, yd quh fhoh injpdrtkr ad akstd ine ans pdfrhs y
fniheths.

Npikùe D2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd, yd quh en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh
injuekidikùe dshrtkvd, puhs en injuekid quh ans rhiursns fkspnekoahs sne
kesumkikheths, y dfkiknedajheth prnjuhvh ad irhdikùe fh jäs ditkvkfdfhs,
drrkhsgäefnsh d quh euhvdjheth fki`ds ditkvkfdfhs en hstëe dinrfhs da
prhsupuhstn.
Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs inrrhitd pnrquh hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh
injuekidikùe dshrtkvd, yd quh ha rhitnr hstdoahih aêjkths y injpdrth kemnrjdikùe fh
mnrjd iadrd y prhiksd ine ans hstufkdeths, ousidefn quh sh puhfde ghehrdr ntrds
ditkvkfdfhs dinrfhs da prhsupuhstn.
Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh

injuekidikùe

dshrtkvd, puhs ha rhitnr niuatd kemnrjdikùe òtka pdrd ad prnpuhstd fh ntrds ditkvkfdfhs,
dfhjäs ahs `dih irhhr d ans hstufkdeths quh ad fhikskùe sh puhfh tnjdr ine odsh
he ad npkekùe fh ans pdfrhs y fniheths, sdokhefn quh fhphefhe fkrhitdjheth fh ans
rhiursns fkspnekoahs fh ad kestktuikùe.
\hrmka2 Fniheth \rkjdrkd
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns hsphiêmkins

Vhjd2 Injprheskùe Hsirktd
Ad adgued fh Kgudquh, idrdithrkzdfd pnr su pdksdbh mrên, dagued vhz sh aaheù fh manrhs
y padetds fh inanrhs, ha dgud injhezù d ouroubhdr injn sk `krvkhrd y dpdrhikù ued
`hrjnsd jubhr fhagdfd, fh idohaan adrgn y hsohatd. He su ordzn fhrhi`n theêd ue
ekôn fh ikein dôns. Idjkedrne snorh ha h a dgud `dstd ad nrkaad. Hrde Odiùë y su `kbn,
` kbn,
vheêde d pnoadr ad tkhrrd. Iudefn ha ekôn irhikù y muh ue `njorh inetrdbn jdtrkjnekn
ine Odiùë, tuvkhrne jui`ns `kbns, puhs he idfd pdrtn theêd iudtrn, ikein, shks
`kbns y `dstd jäs. \rkjhrn sh kestdadrne he ad sdoded y fhspuës rhinrrkhrne tnfn ha
kjphrkn I`koi`d. \noadrne idfd rkeiùe ine sus `kbns. Haad heshôù d sus `kbns d thbhr,
inestrukr on`êns, djdsdr ha odrrn, iuatkvdr y trdodbdr
tr dodbdr ans jhtdahs. Yu hspnsn hetrheù
guhrrhrns y ahs heshôù ans vdanrhs fh ad vkfd. Iudefn Odiùë ineskfhrù quh ad tkhrrd
hstdod an sumkikhethjheth pnoadfd, fkspusn tnfn pdrd pdr d vnavhr d ad adgued fh Kgudquh.
Kgud quh.
Dinjpdôdfd pnr ued j juatktuf,
uatktuf, rhgrhsù
rhgr hsù da sktkn fha quh sd
sdakù
akù y he injpdôêd fh su
hspnsn sh adezù da dgud y fhsdpdrhikhrne.
\rhguetd 4<
D pdrtkr fha thxtn dethrknr, ha fniheth fhoh trdodbdr
trdodbdr ine ans hstufkdeths ans thxtns fh
tkpn
D. edrrdtkvn.
O. fhsirkptkvn.
I. hxpnsktkvn.
_hspuhstd Inrrhitd2 D
Npikùe D2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh he hsth idsn, ha inethekfn fha thxtn hvkfheikd quh ad
ketheikùe fha dutnr hs inetdr ued `kstnrkd, he hsth idsn ue jktn.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha thxtn fhsirkptkvn tkheh injn mkedakfdf fhmkekikùe
fh dagn, yd
shd ue nobhtn, ued phrsned, ue dekjda, ued sktudikùe n ued
u ed fhsirkpikùe fh ntrn tkpn
fh thxtn. He hsth idsn, en sh idrdithrkzd ans phrsnedbhs fh ad `kstnrkd.

Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh he ha thxtn hxpnsktkvn ha dutnr ousid

ousi d prhshetdr ikmrds
y `hi`ns fh ue thjd he pdrtkiuadr. Ha thxtn prhshetdfn hs ued `kstnrkd quh en
prhshetd fdtns ine rhsphitn d ue thjd, fh `hi`n, edrrd ued `kstnrkd prnfuitn fh ad
trdfkikùe nrda.
\rhguetd 44
Ine ha mke fh prnpnehr ued kethrprhtdikùe inethxtudakzdfd ine ha thxtn, ad hxprhskùe

‑\noadrne idfd rkeiùe ine sus `kbns‚ sh puhfh hxprhsdr injn
D. aahedrne ans augdrhs fh ad tkhrrd ine `doktdeths.
O. vkvkhrne he idfd sktkn fh ad tkhrrd ine sus `kbns.
I. uokidrne idfd uen fh sus `kbns he ued hsquked.
Npikùe D2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh he ha thxtn sh ousid hxprhsdr quh Odiùë y su `kbn
tuvkhrne jui`ns `kbns quh niupdrne ad tkhrrd.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ued kethrprhtdikùe akthrda fh ad pdad ord ‑pnoadrne‚
aahvd d hethefhr quh su shetkfn hstä dsnikdfn ine niupdr ue augdr n `doktdran. He
hsth shetkfn, en sh rhdakzd ue prnihsn
pr nihsn fh kethrprhtdikùe fha mrdgjhetn ine rhsphitn
rh sphitn
da inethekfn fha thxtn
Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ued kethrprhtdikùe akthrda fh ad pdadord ‑rkeiùe‚
aahvdrêd d injprhefhr ad nrdikùe ine hsth shetkfn, ske hjodrgn, ad ahiturd fh ad
nrdikùe fhoh rhspnefhr d ue nobhtkvn fhetrn fha thxtn jksjn.
\rhguetd 4?
Ine ha nobhtkvn fh pnehr he präitkid ad rhadikùe fha thxtn hsirktn ine
in e ntrds mnrjds fh
injuekidikùe, ued fniheth fhoh prnpnehr d sus hstufkdeths

D. rhinahitdr jktns fh ad rhgkùe quh inenzide sus mdjkakdrhs.
O. inesuatdr hsirktnrhs fh jktns he ad okoaknthid juekikpda.
I. hsirkokr ued `kstnrkd fh ad irhdikùe ine hahjhetns mdjkakdrhs.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ads Npiknehs
Npikùe D2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh ad rhinahiikùe fh `kstnrkds fh ad trdfkikùe nrda phrjkth
heinetrdr puetns fh injpdrdikùe hetrh ans thxtns hsirktns y nrdahs, pnekhefn he
präitkid ans ineihptns fh kethrthxtudakfdf he ads fkstketds
f kstketds mnrjds fh injuekidikùe.

Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ans hsirktnrhs fh jktns ineshrvde ha jksjn mnrjdtn

fha thxtn donrfdfn he iadsh, pnr an quh en hs pnskoah mnrjuadr fkstketns jhfkns fh
injuekidikùe.
Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad hsirkturd fh ue thxtn pneh he präitkid `dokakfdfhs
fh hsirkturd he ans ekôns, phrn en phrjkth trdodbdr ads mnrjds fh injuekidikùe ek su
injpdrdikùe.
\hrmka2 _hitnr/ Fkrhitnr _urda
Injpneheth2 \skintëiekid
Vhjd2 Ehgnikdikùe y Jhfkdikùe
Xe rhitnr quh `d aahgdfn `dih pnin d ued kestktuikùe hfuidtkvd sh phridtd quh
darhfhfnr fh ad jktdf fh ans hstufkdeths `de thekfn fkmkiuatdfhs he aahgdr d ads iadshs
pnrquh idfd dôn ad thjpnrdfd fh aauvkds `dih quh ad irhikheth fha rên dujheth,
dmhitdefn ha tkhjpn y fkstdeikd fh trdsadfn fh ans hstufkdeths. Deth hstd sktudikùe
ans hstufkdeths `de prnpuhstn rhfuikr ads `nrds fh
f h iadshs fdfn quh aahgde jäs tdrfh
da thehr quh ousidr rutds dathredtkvds da augdr, ske hjodrgn, ad innrfkedikùe `d
rhi`dzdfn ad prnpuhstd fdfn quh hs ue fhohr fh ad kestktuikùe iujpakr ue idahefdrkn
y `nrdrkn didfëjkin pdrd angrdr ads jhtds iurrkiuadrhs
\rhguetd 49
Ine ha mke fh heinetrdr ued snauikùe d ad sktudikùe padethdfd, usthf injn rhitnr
fhoh
D. hxpakidrah ads kjpakidiknehs fh ad dusheikd fh ans hstufkdeths d ad innrfkedikùe.
O. mnjhetdr ad rhspnesdokakfdf he ans hstufkdeths pdrd ha iujpakjkhetn fh adonrhs.
I. prnjnvhr diuhrfns hetrh ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd fhetrn fha injktë hsinadr.
Npikùe D2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad innrfkedikùe inenih ad sktudikùe padethdfd y `d
hxprhsdfn ads kjpakidiknehs quh trdhrêd ans prnoahjds prhshetdfns. Hs
kjprnihfheth quh ha rhitnr donrfh hsth prnoahjd
prno ahjd fhsfh ad hxpakidikùe, fdfn quh en
prhshetd `hrrdjkhetds quh phrjktde aahgdr d ue diuhrfn fhsfh ad ehgnikdikùe n
jhfkdikùe fh ad prnoahjätkid.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ans prnoahjds prhshetdfns hstäe muhrd fh inetrna
fh ans hstufkdeths, pnr an quh sh shgukräe prhshetdefn d phsdr fh quh hstëe
jntkvdfns pdrd ad rhdakzdikùe

fh ads adonrhs. He tërjkens fh ad injphtheikd fh ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe en

rhadikned ans prnoahjds fh ans hstufkdeths ine ad innrfkedikùe.
Npikùe I2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh ue hahjhetn quh fhoh thehr he iuhetd ha rhitnr pdrd
ad snauikùe fh inemakitns fhsfh ad ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe hstä rhadiknedfn ine ad
hxprhskùe fh ans puetns fh vkstd, skhefn ue heth jhfkdfnr fhetrn fha prnihsn. He
hsth shetkfn, aahgdr d diuhrfns he ue hspdikn inetrnadfn, fnefh sh puhfd aahgdr d
diuhrfns hs hsheikda pdrd snauiknedr ha inemakitn prhshetdfn.
\rhguetd 46
Vhjd2 Vrdodbn he Hqukpn
Ine ha mke fh mnrjuadr ued dathredtkvd quh kjpkfd quh ha prnoahjd fh dush
dushetksjn
etksjn sh
prhsheth euhvdjheth, usthf injn rhitnr fhoh
D. trdodbdr he inebuetn ine fniheths, hstufkdeths y mdjkakdrhs ha \ade fh
jhbnrdjkhetn
Kestktuikneda.
O.
d adsnakiktdr d ad dutnrkfdf juekikpda phrtkeheth ad dfhiudikùe fh ads vêds fh diihsn
kestktuikùe.
I. fhahgdr d ue injktë fh trdodbn fh fniheths y innrfkedikùe ad inestruiikùe fh ue
pade fh diikùe.
Npikùe D2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh ad fhmkekikùe fh trdodbn he hqukpn hs ad fkspnskikùe
phrsneda pdrd inadonrdr ine ntrns y rhdakzdr ditkvkfdfhs pdrd ha angrn fh nobhtkvns
injuehs. He hsth idsn, rhadiknedrsh ine ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd tkheh he
ineskfhrdikùe ad pdrtkikpdikùe ditkvd fha rhitnr pdrd ad snauikùe fh ans prnoahjds.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh fhetrn fh ad fhmkekikùe fh trdodbn he hqukpn injn ad
fkspnskikùe phrsneda pdrd inadonrdr ine ntrns
n trns y rhdakzdr ditkvkfdfhs pdrd ha angrn fh
nobhtkvns injuehs, ad snakiktuf uekfkrhiikneda fh ad dfhiudikùe fh ads vêds en rhmahbd
ha trdodbn ine ntrns pdrd ha angrn fh nobhtkvns, ek snauikned ha prnoahjd, fdfn quh
sh puhfhe prhshetdr sktudiknehs dfvhrsds fkmhrheths.
Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad fhmkekikùe fh trdodbn he hqukpn hs ad fkspnskikùe
phrsneda pdrd inadonrdr ine ntrns y rhdakzdr ditkvkfdfhs pdrd ha angrn fh nobhtkvns
injuehs en hstä rhmahbdfd he ad npikùe fh rhspuhstd, fdfn quh ad inestruiikùe fh
ue injktë skjpahjheth fhahgd ad inestruiikùe fha pade, pnr an tdetn en sh kevnauird
fh mnrjd ditkvd he ad snauikùe fh ans prnoahjds.

\rhguetd 48
Vhjd2 Yheskokakfdf
Xsthf injn rhitnr, ine ha nobhtkvn fh kefdgdr dihrid fh ads npkeknehs fh ans
hstufkdeths y ad innrfkedikùe rhsphitn da prnoahjd fhoh
D. rhòeh rhprhshetdeths fh djons grupns pdrd quh hxprhshe su keinemnrjkfdf.
O. rhdakzdr ue shgukjkhetn phrkùfkin fh ans ditnrhs kevnauirdfns he ad prnoahjätkid.
I. mnrtdahihr ads rhadiknehs kethrphrsnedahs fhetrn fh ad fkeäjkid fh ad kestktuikùe.
Npikùe D2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh fhetrn fh ad fhmkekikùe fh sheskokakfdf he ad pruhod
pskintëiekid sh inethjpad ad idpdikfdf pdrd phrikokr y jntkvdrsh deth ads
ehihskfdfhs fh ads phrsneds ine qukhehs kethrditòd y prnihfhr dinrfh ine fki`ds
ehihskfdfhs, hs fhikr, kjpakid thehr fkspnskikùe tdetn pdrd hsiui`dr y injprhefhr
ha shetkr fha ntrn. He hsth idsn, ad hxpnskikùe fh ads fns phrsneds he ha jksjn sktkn
ineaahvdrêd d in`kokrsh an quh en phrjktkrêd inenihr ads npkeknehs skeihrds fh idfd
uen.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh fhetrn fh ad fhmkekikùe fh sheskokakfdf he ad pruhod
pskintëiekid sh inethjpad ad idpdikfdf pdrd phrikokr y jntkvdrsh deth ads
ehihskfdfhs fh ads phrsneds ine qukhehs kethrditòd y prnihfhr dinrfh ine fki`ds
ehihskfdfhs, hs fhikr, kjpakid thehr fkspnskikùe jtdetn pdrd hsiui`dr y injprhefhr
ha shetkr fha ntrn. He hsth shetkfn, ha shgukjkhetn phrkùfkin sh akjktd d vdanrdr ha
hstdfn fh idfd uen fh ans ditnrhs, ske phrikokr fh mnrjd fkrhitd ans prnoahjds quh
haans prhshetde.
Npikùe I2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh fhetrn fh ad fhmkekikùe fh sheskokakfdf he ad pruhod
pskintëiekid fh
ehihskfdfhs sh ads
inethjpad
phrsneds ad
ineidpdikfdf pdrd phrikokr
qukhehs kethrditòd y jntkvdrsh
y prnihfhr deth
dinrfh ine ads
fki`ds
ehihskfdfhs, hs fhikr, kjpakid thehr fkspnskikùe tdetn pdrd hsiui`dr y injprhefhr
ha shetkr fha ntrn He hsth shetkfn, hs ehihsdrkn quh ha rhitnr tnjh diiknehs quh
prnjuhvde ads rhadiknehs kethrphrsnedahs quh rhmahbhe su kethrës he inenihr ads
ehihskfdfhs fh ads phrsneds d trdvës fh vêeiuans quh ah phrjktd inenihr ans
prnoahjds prhshetdfns pnr idfd ditnr.
\hrmka2 _hitnr/ Fkrhitnr _urda
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns phfdgùgkins
Vhjd2 Ghstkùe Fniujhetda
Ad fkrhitnrd fh ued kestktuikùe `d rhikokfn ad snakiktuf pnr pdrth fh ad dutnrkfdf

juekikpda fh iadskmkidr injn pdrth fha dri`kvn `kstùrkin ans snpnrths fh ads `nbds fh

vkfd fh ans hstufkdeths quh `de pdsdfn pnr ad kestktuikùe he ans òatkjns ?< dôns,
keiauyhefn ans fniujhetns fh ans pdfrhs, fdfn quh phrthehihe
phrthehi he d ad rhinestruiikùe
fh ad jhjnrkd `kstùrkid fh ad rhgkùe.
Deth hstd snakiktuf, ad fkrhi
fkrhitnrd
tnrd rhinahitd ad kemnrjdikùe fh ans hxphfkheths fh ans
hstufkdeths hvkfheikdefn quh daguens `de phrjdehikfn pnr jäs fh 48 dôns he ad
kestktuikùe y fhikfh fkgktdakzdr ad kemnrjdikùe pdrd ineshrvdrad kethgrdajheth furdeth
jdynr tkhjpn. Dfhjäs, pkfh rhtkrdr ans fniujhetns quh EN `dihe pdrth fh ads
`nbds fh vkfd y quh shde hevkdfns da mnefn diujuadfn fh ghstkùe fniujhetda, yd
quh hstäe muhrd fh ans rhquhrkjkhetns.
\rhguetd 4=
Xed vhz sh `dyd hsidehdfn ads `nbds fh vkfd, ha fniujhetn mêskin fhohrä shr
D. fhstrukfn pdrd akohrdr hspdikn fhetrn fha dri`kvn.
O. gudrfdfn pdrd ineshrvdr ue rhgkstrn nrkgkeda.
I. vdanrdfn pdrd fhthrjkedr su grdfn fh inemkdokakfdf.
Npikùe D2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha drtêiuan 6; fh ad Ahy 8;6 fh ?<<< jheikned quh
he ekegòe idsn ans fniujhetns fh idräithr `kstùrkin pnfräe shr fhstrukfns, duequh
`dyde skfn rhprnfuikfns pnr iudaqukhr jhfkn.
Npikùe O2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh hs rhspnesdokakfdf fh ad kestktuikùe fhthrjkedr ha
tkhjpn fh idfd uen fh ans fniujhetns pdrd rhdakzdr ha prnihfkjkhetn fh iustnfkd
fhphefkhefn fha ikian fh ans fniujhetns. He hsth idsn ha drtêiuan 6; fh ad Ahy 8;6
fh ?<<< jheikned quh he ekegòe idsn ans fniujhetns fh idräithr `kstùrkin pnfräe
pnfr äe
shr fhstrukfns, duequh `dyde skfn rhprnfuikfns pnr iudaqukhr jhfkn. \nr hstd rdzùe
fhohräe ineshrvdrans he su tntdakfdf.

Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh vdanrdr ad inemkdokakfdf fha fniujhetn en hs ued
adonr quh fhod hbhiutdr ad kestktuikùe, fdfn quh hstd sh akjktd d rhgkstrdr dquhaad
kemnrjdikùe quh hs ehihsdrkd pdrd su mueiknedjkhetn. He hsth shetkfn, da jnjhetn
fh irhdr ans hxphfkheths fh ns hstufkdeths yd fhokù hxkstkr ued hvdaudikùe fh ad
phrtkeheikd fh ad kemnrjdikùe pdrd ad kestktuikùe.
\rhguetd 47
Ad fkrhitnrd uokid ad fniujhetdikùe he ha mnefn diujuadfn fh ghstkùe fniujhetda
ine ha mke fh
D. inesnakfdr ad kemnrjdikùe he ue hxphfkheth.
O. phrjktkr ha diihsn npnrtuen d ad kemnrjdikùe.

I. nrgdekzdr ad kemnrjdikùe pnsthrknrjheth.

Npikùe D2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad kemnrjdikùe fhetrn fh ue mnefn diujuadfn en
`dih pdrth fh ue hxphfkheth, fdfn quh ans fniujhetns prhsheths
prhshe ths en inrrhspnefhe
d ue grupn fh hahjhetns dgrupdfns
dgru pdfns odbn dagued idthgnrêd. Ha diuhrfn <<? fh ?<<6
fha Dri`kvn ghehrda fh ad edikùe fhthrjked quh ha mnefn diujuadfn hs ha inebuetn
fh fniujhetns fkspuhstns ske ekegòe irkthrkn fh nrgdekzdikùe dri`kvêstkid, ek ads
jêekjds inefkiknehs fh ineshrvdikùe y ske ad pnskokakfdf fh shr muheth fh
kemnrjdikùe y inesuatd.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad inesuatd
i nesuatd fh ad kemnrjdikùe he ha mnefn diujuadfn
hs fkmêika, fdfn quh en `dy ue irkthrkn fh keiauskùe ek nrgdekzdikùe. Ha diuhrfn <<?
fh ?<<6 fha Dri`kvn ghehrda fh ad edikùe fhthrjked quh ha mnefn diujuadfn hs ha
inebuetn fh fniujhetns fkspuhstns ske ekegòe irkthrkn fh nrgdekzdikùe
nr gdekzdikùe dri`kvêstkid,
ek ads jêekjds inefkiknehs fh ineshrvdikùe y ske ad pnskokakfdf fh shr muheth fh
kemnrjdikùe y inesuatd.
Npikùe I2 hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha diuhrfn <<? fh ?<<6 fha dri`kvn ghehrda fh ad
edikùe hstdoahih ans akehdjkhetns oäskins quh fhohe shgukr ads hetkfdfhs fha
Hstdfn he sus fkmhrheths ekvhahs y ads hjprhsds prkvdfds quh iujpahe mueiknehs
pòoakids, pdrd ad nrgdekzdikùe fh sus mnefns diujuadfns y ad hadonrdikùe y
dpakidikùe fh ads Vdoads fh ]danrdikùe Fniujhetda. He hsth shetkfn, tnfd ad
kemnrjdikùe prhsheth he ha mnefn diujuadfn fh ghstkùe fniujhetda fhohrä shr
iadskmkidfd y nrgdekzdfd he ad kestktuikùe.
\rhguetd 40
Fhetrn fh ans prnihsns fh ghstkùe fniujhetda, ha prnihfkjkhetn quh rhspnefh d ad
snakiktuf fh ad rhitnrd fh fkgktdakzdr ad kemnrjdikùe hs
D. ad ineshrvdikùe prhvhetkvd.
O. ad ineshrvdikùe rhstdurdikùe.
I. ad rhstdurdikùe fniujhetda.
Npikùe D2 hs ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd pnrquh ad ineshrvdikùe prhvhetkvd hstä fhmkekfd
injn ha inebuetn fh pnaêtkids, hstrdthgkds y jhfkfds fh nrfhe tëiekin y
dfjkekstrdtkvn ine ue hemnquh ganoda h kethgrda, fkrkgkfds d rhfuikr ha ekvha fh rkhsgn,
hvktdr n jkekjkzdr ha fhthrknrn fh ans okhehs y, he an pnskoah, ads kethrvheiknehs fh
ineshrvdikùe ’ rhstdurdikùe

Injprhefh ditkvkfdfhs fh ghstkùe pdrd mnjhetdr ued prnthiikùe padekmkidfd fha

pdtrkjnekn fniujhetda. He hsth shetkfn, ad fkgktdakzdikùe fh ad kemnrjdikùe
inrrhspnefh d jkekjkzdr ha fhthrknrn fh ans okhehs ine ha mke fh prnthghr ha
pdtrkjnekn fniujhetda.
Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad ineshrvdikùe rhstdurdikùe sh rhinenih injn ads
diiknehs quh sh rhdakzde fh jdehrd fkrhitd snorh ans okhehs fniujhetdahs,
nrkhetdfds d dshgurdr su ineshrvdikùe d trdvës fh ad hstdokakzdikùe fh ad jdthrkd.
Keiauyh diiknehs urgheths he okhehs iuyd kethgrkfdf jdthrkda mêskid y/n quêjkid sh
heiuhetrd he rkhsgn kejkeheth fh fhthrknrn y/n përfkfd, injn rhsuatdfn fh ans fdôns
prnfuikfns pnr dgheths kethrens y hxthrens, shde hstds diiknehs prnvksknedahs fh
prnthiikùe pdrd fhthehr n prhvhekr fdôns jdynrhs, dsê injn diiknehs phrkùfkids y
padekmkidfds fkrkgkfds d jdethehr ans okhehs he inefkiknehs ùptkjds. Hsth en hs ha
idsn, fdfn quh en sh `d prhshetdfn ekegòe fdôn snorh ans fniujhetns.
Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad ineshrvdikùe rhstdurdikùe sh rhinenih injn ads
diiknehs quh sh rhdakzde fh jdehrd fkrhitd snorh ans okhehs fniujhetdahs,
nrkhetdfds d dshgurdr su ineshrvdikùe d trdvës fh ad hstdokakzdikùe fh ad jdthrkd.
Keiauyh diiknehs urgheths he okhehs iuyd kethgrkfdf jdthrkda mêskid y/n quêjkid sh
heiuhetrd he rkhsgn kejkeheth fh fhthrknrn y/n përfkfd, injn rhsuatdfn fh ans fdôns
prnfuikfns pnr dgheths kethrens y hxthrens, shde hstds diiknehs prnvksknedahs fh
prnthiikùe pdrd fhthehr n prhvhekr fdôns jdynrhs, dsê injn diiknehs phrkùfkids y
padekmkidfds fkrkgkfds d jdethehr ans okhehs he inefkiknehs ùptkjds. Hsth en hs ha
idsn, fdfn quh en sh `d prhshetdfn ekegòe fdôn snorh ans fniujhetns.

Injpneheth2 Injphtheikds Injpnrtdjhetdahs
Vhjd2 Ehgnikdikùe y Jhfkdikùe
He ued hsiuhad rurda ans fniheths fkdangde snorh ads prknrkfdfhs he iudetn d ad
skhjord fh fhthrjkedfds `nrtdakzds he ad ùhrtd. Yke hjodrgn, surgh ued muhrth
fksiuskùe hetrh fns grupns fh prnmhsnrhs, ans prkjhrns prnpnehe quh òekidjheth
sh fhohrêd shjordr jdêz, puhstn quh sh trdtd fh ue prnfuitn fh grde
dprnvhi`djkhetn, jkhetrds quh ha shguefn grupn prnpneh shjordr ahiùgds y
hspkedids puhstn quh ineskfhrde quh sne ads quh tkhehe jdynr pntheikda eutrktkvn.
\rhguetd 4;
Deth hstds fkmkiuatdfhs, ha rhitnr fh ad hsiuhad an hakgh d usthf pdrd rhdakzdr ad
jhfkdikùe hetrh ans grupns fh prnmhsnrhs. \drd rhsnavhr ad sktudikùe fh inemakitn
usthf2
D. hsiui`d d djons grupns y vdanrd ads pnskoahs ineshiuheikds fh idfd fhikskùe.

O. prnpneh fkvkfkr ha hspdikn pdrd quh idfd grupn an utkakih furdeth uen fh ans
shjhstrhs.
I. vdanrd ans drgujhetns fh ans fns grupns y dpnyd ans quh rhsuathe jäs
inevkeiheths.
Npikùe D2 Hstd hs ad npikùe inrrhitd pnrquh hsiui`dr djods pdrths hs ued ditktuf
fh ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe, puhs phrjkth quh ans kevnauirdfns he ha inemakitn
hxprhshe sus npkeknehs pdrd auhgn ousidr ued snauikùe.
Npikùe O2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh fkvkfkr ad ùhrtd pnr jktdfhs en phrjkth snauiknedr
ue inemakitn, puhstn quh hs ued rhspuhstd hvdskvd quh en pneh he buhgn ha fkäangn
y ad ehgnikdikùe.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh da shr shahiiknedfn injn jnfhrdfnr,
jnfh rdfnr, hs keinrrhitn
quh dpnyh dagued fh ads pnsturds, puhstn quh hstn kjpakid phrfhr su inefkikùe fh
kjpdrikdakfdf.
\rhguetd ?<
Vhjd2 Akfhrdzgn y Jntkvdikùe da Angrn
Ans fniheths fha shguefn grupn hstäe fhsdekjdfns, h keiausn daguens `de
ineskfhrdfn idjokdrsh fh hsiuhad, puhstn
puh stn quh tnfn dpuetd d quh su prnpuhstd
prnpuh std EN
shrä shahiiknedfd. Deth hstd sktudikùe usthf
D. kefkid d ans fniheths quh puhfhe tnjdr hstd fhikskùe sk dsê an fhshde ske ghehrdr
ineshiuheikds ehgdtkvds.
O. keihetkvd d ans fniheths pdrd quh dsujde hstd sktudikùe injn ued pnskokakfdf
pdrd euhvns dprhefkzdbhs.
I. sugkhrh d ans fniheths rhineskfhrdr su pnsturd thekhefn he iuhetd quh hs ued
fhikskùe dprhsurdfd.
Npikùe D2 En hs inrrhitd he ad jhfkfd quh sh dsujh ued pnsturd pdskvd, quh he
augdr fh rhsnavhr ad sktudikùe prhshetdfd,
p rhshetdfd, sh akjktd d hsphrdr d quh sh fhsheidfheh
fhs heidfheh
pnr sê snad.
Npikùe O2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha innrfkedfnr juhstrd
juh strd ued ditktuf quh keihetkvd d ans
fniheths d

dsujkr ad sktudikùe fh mnrjd pnsktkvd, dfhjäs, prnjuhvh he ad injuekfdf

inj uekfdf hfuidtkvd
ad dphrturd da dprhefkzdbh inetkeun y ad oòsquhfd fh nobhtkvns injuehs pdrd tnfns.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ine hstd ditktuf ha innrfkedfnr en tnjd he
ineskfhrdikùe ans drgujhetns fh ans fniheths, ske prnjnvhr ad oòsquhfd fh
nobhtkvns injuehs pdrd tnfns.
\rhguetd ?4
Vhjd2 Vrdodbn he hqukpn
Mkedajheth sh tnjd ued fhikskùe, phrn d`nrd surgh ad ehihskfdf fh ineshgukr
rhiursns pdrd mkedeikdr ad ùhrtd. \nr hsth jntkvn sh fhikfh `dihr ued mhrkd
idjphsked he ad quh sh vhefhräe fkvhrsns prnfuitns. \drd inetrkoukr ine hstd
ditkvkfdf usthf.
D. fhikfh dskstkr ha fêd fh ad mhrkd y sh injprnjhth d injprdr daguens fh ans
prnfuitns quh nmrhzide ans jkhjorns fh ad injuekfdf.
O. prnpneh quh idfd uen fh ans jkhjorns fh ad injuekfdf aahvh dagòe prnfuitn y
sh heidrguh fh vhefhran hsh fêd pdrd jdxkjkzdr ans rhiursns.
I. prnjuhvh ad fkstrkouikùe fh ads fkvhrsds ditkvkfdfhs pdrd quh ans jkhjorns fh
ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd puhfde pdrtkikpdr fh diuhrfn ine sus pnskokakfdfhs.
Npikùe D2 Ad rhspuhstd hs keinrrhitd pnrquh da dsujkr hstd pnsturd ad phrsned
phr sned fhbd
he jdens fh ans fhjäs ad nrgdekzdikùe y rhdakzdikùe fh ditkvkfdfhs, jkhetrds quh
su dpnyn sh akjktd da paden fh an kefkvkfuda ued vhz ad ditkvkfdf yd hstä
hs tä he hbhiuikùe.
Npikùe O2 Ad rhspuhstd hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ad prnpuhstd quh rhdakzd sh odsd he
ued phrsphitkvd kefkvkfudakstd he ad quh ad inadonrdikùe fh idfd uen fh ans
jkhjorns sh fd fh mnrjd dksadfd, ske thehr he iuhetd ads inefkiknehs fh idfd uen,
sus pnskokakfdfhs, `dokakfdfhs n idpdikfdfhs.
idpdi kfdfhs. Da padethdr ue jksjn tkpn fh ditkvkfdf
pdrd tnfns sh fhsfkoubd ha trdodbn inadonrdtkvn.
Npikùe I2 Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd pnrquh fhjuhstrd quh ha hvdaudfn prnjuhvh
ad rhdakzdikùe fh ditkvkfdfhs quh hstkjuahe ad innphrdikùe hmhitkvd hetrh ans
kethgrdeths fh ad injuekfdf hfuidtkvd. Ineskfhrdr quh idfd jkhjorn puhfh
pdrtkikpdr fh diuhrfn ine sus pnskokakfdfhs y he fkvhrsds ditkvkfdfhs phrjkth quh
sh fë ue trdodbn inadonrdtkvn he ha quh ads phrsneds sh vde d shetkr jntkvdfds y
quh d su vhz inefuih da angrn fh ans nobhtkvns grupdahs.
\hrmka2 Fniheth fh Duad - Jdthjätkids
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns hsphiêmkins

Vhjd2 Jdthjätkids
Ad fniheth fh jdthjätkids fh ued hsiuhad rurda prnpneh d sus hstufkdeths ad
skgukheth tdrhd2 \rhguethe d sus mdjkakdrhs quë dekjdahs puhfhe heinetrdr ihrid
fh ans augdrhs fnefh vkvhe.
Injn rhsuatdfn fh ad tdrhd, sh notkheh ad skgukheth kemnrjdikùe
\rhguetd ??
Ad fniheth prhguetd d ans hstufkdeths snorh ans fkstketns pnrihetdbhs pdrd hsth
inebuetn fh dekjdahs
y notkheh ads skgukheths rhspuhstds2
Hstufkdeth D2 ans idekens y ans onvkens rhprhshetde ha ?<% fh ans dekjdahs.
Hstufkdeth O2 ans hqukens y ads dvhs fh inrrda rhprhshetde ha 49% fh ans dekjdahs.
Hstufkdeth I2 ans pnrikens y ans mhakens rhprhshetde ha ==% fh ans dekjdahs.
Ha hstufkdeth quh injhth ue hrrnr he su dmkrjdikùe hs

D. ha hstufkdeth D.
O. ha hstufkdeth O.
I. ha hstufkdeth I.

Npikùe D2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha pnrihetdbh fh idekens y onvkens sê rhprhshetd
ha ?<% fh ans dekjdahs, thekhefn he iuhetd ha skgukheth prnihfkjkhetn2
\rkjhrn sh fhohe sujdr tnfns ans dekjdahs
08+6;+90+?+8+?4 : ?<<
Auhgn sh idaiuade ads prnpnriknehs pnrihetdbhs pdrd idfd inebuetn2 Idekens y
Onvkens: 90 + ? : 6< [ da pdsdr d pnrihetdbh2 : (6</?<<)4<< : ?<%
Npikùe O2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha pnrihetdbh fh hqukens y dvhs fh inrrda sê
rhprhshetd ha 49% fh ans dekjdahs, thekhefn he iuhetd ha skgukheth prnihfkjkhetn2
\rkjhrn sh fhohe sujdr tnfns ans dekjdahs 08+6;+90+?+8+?4 : ?<< Auhgn sh
idaiuade ads prnpnriknehs pdrd idfd inebuetn2 Hqukens y Dvhs fh Inrrda: 8 + ?4 :
?= [ da pdsdr d pnrihetdbh2 : (?=/?<<)4<< : 49%
Npikùe I2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha pnrihetdbh fh pnrikens y mhakens en rhprhshetd ha
==% fh ans dekjdahs, sken ha =7%, thekhefn he iuhetd ha skgukheth prnihfkjkhetn2
\rkjhrn sh fhohe sujdr tnfns ans dekjdahs 08+6;+90+?+8+?4 : ?<< Auhgn sh
idaiuade ads prnpnriknehs pnrihetdbhs pdrd idfd inebuetn2 \nrikens y mhakens: 08 +
6; : 496 [ da pdsdr d pnrihetdbh2 : (496/?<<)4<< : =7%.
\rhguetd ?9
Vhjd2 Hstdfêstkid y \rnodokakfdf
Yk sh shahiikned ue dekjda da dzdr, ad prnodokakfdf fh quh ad shahiiknedfd shd ued
Mhaken `hjord
hs fh
D. <,498.
O. <,??8.
I. <,884.

Npikùe D2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha tntda fh dekjdahs hs fh

?<<, ad prnodokakfdf fh nothehr ue mhaken `hjord hs fh ?7/?<<:<,498.
Npikùe O2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha hvdaudfn dsujh fh mnrjd hrrùehd, quh ha tntda
quh fhoh thehr he iuhetd hs ha fh ads @hjords (4?<), da fkvkfkr notkheh ?7/4?<:
<,??8.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha hvdaudfn dsujh fh mnrjd hrrùehd, quh ha tntda

quh fhoh thehr he iuhetd hs ha fh ad idthgnrêd Mhakens (6;). Da fkvkfkr n
notkheh
otkheh ?7/6;:
<,884.
\rhguetd ?6
Vhjd2 Hstdfêstkid y \rnodokakfdf
Fdfn quh ans hstufkdeths sh jnstrdrne juy jntkvdfns ine ad ditkvkfdf, ad fniheth
fhikfh injprdr ue buguhth pdrd snrthdran hetrh ans mhakens. [ dprnvhi`d pdrd
heshôdrah d ans hstufkdeths quh ad prnodokakfdf quh ad gdedfnrd
gdedfnr d fha prhjkn shd ued
`hjord mhaked hs fh
D. 88,4%.
O. 66,;%.
I. ??,8%
Npikùe D2 Ad rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd ha hvdaudfn padethd dfhiudfdjheth ha prnoahjd
?? (jdi`ns) + ?7 (`hjords)
(`hjords ) : 6; Mhakens ?7/6; : 88,4%
Npikùe O2 Ad rhspuhstd hs keinrrhitd ha hvdaudfn padethd dfhiudfdjheth ha
prnoahjd, phrn idaiuad ad prnodokakfdf pdrd ans jdi`ns
?? (jdi`ns) + ?7 (`hjords)
(`hjords ) : 6; Mhakens ??/6; : 66,;%.
Npikùe I2 Ad rhspuhstd hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ha hvdaudfn padethd ha iäaiuan fh mnrjd
hrrdfd dsujkhefn quh ad prnodokakfdf quh sh fhoh idaiuadr hs ad fh shahiiknedr
shahiik nedr ued
`hjord mhaked hetrh ha tntda fh ads `hjords.
`hjord s.
?7 (`hjords-mhakeds) /4?< (`hjords) : ??,8%
Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns phfdgùgkins
Vhjd2 Injprheskùe hsirktd

Xed hsiuhad rurda muh shahiiknedfd pnr ha gnokhren pdrd rhikokr ued fnedikùe fh
fkspnsktkvns - injputdfnrhs y tdoahtds- dinefkiknedfns ine ad òatkjd thienangêd y
snmtwdrh hfuidtkvn, ske hjodrgn, ad rhitnrd hstä prhniupdfd pnr ads injphtheikds
Vhienangêds fh ad Kemnrjdikùe y ads Injuekidiknehs (VKI) fh ans fniheths y
fhthrjked quh hs ehihsdrkn kfhetkmkidr he quë ekvha sh heiuhetrde. \drd haan, skguh
ads nrkhetdiknehs fha fniujhetn injphtheikds VKI pdrd ha fhsdrrnaan prnmhskneda
fniheth
skgukhethfha Jkeksthrkn fh Hfuidikùe Edikneda (JHE) he ha quh sh prhshetd ha
grämkin2
\rhguetd ?8
Da hetrhvkstdr ha fniheth fh Ikheikds Ynikdahs, ad rhitnrd kfhetkmkid quh ëa `d
prhshetdfn he iadsh phaêiuads rhirhdtkvds iudefn fhoh dushetdrsh
dushetdr sh fha duad. He hsth
shetkfn, hs inrrhitn dmkrjdr quh ha fniheth sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh

D. Hxpanrdikùe.

O. Kethgrdikùe.
I. Keenvdikùe.
Npikùe D2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh ‑Hxpanrdikùe‚,

fhokfn d quh, da prhshetdr ued phaêiuad rhirhdtkvd iudefn fhoh dushetdrsh
du shetdrsh fha duad
utkakzd ads VKI pnr sê jksjn he sus adonrhs hfuidtkvds, phrn en kjpahjhetd ha usn
rhspnesdoah fh ads VKI he su quh`dihr phfdgùgkin.
Npikùe O2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth da prhshetdr ued phaêiuad rhirhdtkvd
iudefn fhoh
dushetdrsh fha duad, en fhjuhstrd ad dprnpkdikùe fha Ekvha ‑Kethgrdikùe‚, yd quh ha
fniheth en kethgrd ads VKI he su quh`dihr phfdgùgkin.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth da prhshetdr ued phaêiuad rhirhdtkvd
iudefn fhoh dushetdrsh fha duad, sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh ‑Hxpanrdikùe‚, fhokfn
d
fhquh en hstä kethgrdefn
ahegudbhs ads VKI
y `hrrdjkhetds he su quh`dihr
thienaùgkids pdrd phfdgùgkin, en injoked
fkshôdr djokheths fkvhrskfdf
fh dprhefkzdbh
quh rhspnefde d ads ehihskfdfhs pdrtkiuadrhs fh su hetnren, ek hs fh ans prkjhrns
he dfnptdr euhvds kfhds prnvhekheths fh fkvhrskfdf fh muheths, rhquksktns prhvkns
pdrd heinetrdrsh he ha ekvha fh ‑Keenvdikùe‚.
\rhguetd ?=
Ha fniheth fh Ahegud Idsthaaded dmkrjd quh skhjprh `d utkakzdfn ans injputdfnrhs
pdrd padehdr sus iadshs y fkshôdr jdthrkdahs fkfäitkins quh mnrtdahzide su adonr fh
heshôdezd, ske hjodrgn, iudefn aahgde ads tdoahtds fhikfh EN utkakzdrads pnrquh
ineskfhrd quhsh
Hsth fniheth puhfhe nostdiuakzdr
heiuhetrd ha prnihsn
he ha ekvha fh fh heshôdezd he augdr fh mdikaktdran.
D. Hxpanrdikùe.
O. Kethgrdikùe.
I. Keenvdikùe.
Npikùe D2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth, da hjpahdr ans injputdfnrhs he iadshs
kethgrd ads VKIY he su quh`dihr phfdgùgkin, pnr tdetn, yd suphrù ha ekvha fh
‑Hxpanrdikùe‚.

Npikùe O2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth, da hjpahdr ans injputdfnrhs he iadshs,

kethgrd ads VKIY he su quh`dihr phfdgùgkin, ske hjodrgn, ha en injokedr
fkvhrskfdf fh `hrrdjkhetds thienaùgkids an jdetkheh he ha ekvha fh ‑Kethgrdikùe‚.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth, da hjpahdr ans injputdfnrhs he iadshs,
kethgrd ads VKIY he su quh`dihr phfdgùgkin, ske hjodrgn, en injoked fkvhrsds
`hrrdjkhetds thienaùgkids, rhquksktn prhvkn pdrd daidezdr ha ekvha fh ‑Keenvdikùe‚.
\rhguetd ?7
Ad fniheth fh Vhienangêd rhdakzd ued idpdiktdikùe d sus injpdôhrns snorh ads
vhetdbds fh hjpahdr ha snmtwdrh hfuidtkvn fh ads tdoahtds y ahs nmrhih hbhjpans, d
pdrtkr fh su prnpkd hxphrkheikd, fh ads jòatkpahs pnskokakfdfhs pdrd ad heshôdezd he
ha duad. Xe inahgd dmkrjd quh ‑ans hstufkdeths snan vde d utkakzdr ads tdoahtds pdrd
dmkrjdikùe ad fniheth fhikfh en dthefhr ha drgujhetn fh su
bugdr‚. Deth hstd dmkrjdikùe
inahgd, ineskfhräefnan hrrùehn.
He hsth shetkfn, ad fniheth fh Vhienangêd sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh
D. Hxpanrdikùe.
O. Kethgrdikùe.
I. Keenvdikùe.
Npikùe D2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ad fniheth en sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh
‑Hxpanrdikùe‚, puhstn quh da drgujhetdr ad mnrjd he quh ad kethgrdikùe fh ads VKI
jhbnrd ad ghstkùe hsinadr, ad uokid he ha ekvha suphrknr fh ‑Kethgrdikùe‚.
Npikùe O2 fh
kethgrdikùe Hsads
inrrhitd pnrquh
VKI jhbnrd ad fniheth
ad ghstkùe da addrgujhetdr
hsinadr, ad mnrjd
uokid he ha ekvha he quh ad
fh ‑Kethgrdikùe‚.
Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ad fniheth sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh
‑Kethgrdikùe‚, phrn deth ad rhtrndakjhetdikùe pnr pdrth fh su inahgd, fhikfh en
dthefhr su drgujhetn, an iuda hs rhquksktn pdrd daidezdr ha ekvha fh ‑Keenvdikùe‚
4. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid

Inethekfn2 Vêtuan K prkeikpkns muefdjhetdahs, Vêtuan KK fhrhi`ns,
fhrhi`n s, gdrdetêds y fhohrhs.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda

Yhgòe ha Drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe fh 4;;4, uen fh ans rhquksktns prkeikpdahs

pdrd quh prnihfd ad diikùe fh tuthad hs quh ha dmhitdfn EN fkspnegd fh ntrn jhfkn
fh fhmhesd bufkikda, sdavn quh dquhaad sh utkakih injn jhideksjn trdesktnrkn pdrd
hvktdr ue phrbukikn krrhjhfkdoah
Hsth rhquksktn sh inenih, burksprufheikda y fnitrkedrkdjheth, injn
D. krrhjhfkdokakfdf.
O. trdesktnrkhfdf.
I. suoskfkdrkhfdf
F. ehihsdrkhfdf.
Iadvh2 I
?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid

Inethekfn2 Vêtuan K prkeikpkns muefdjhetdahs, Vêtuan KK fhrhi`ns,
fhrhi`n s, gdrdetêds y fhohrhs.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Da ärhd burêfkid fh ued hetkfdf hstdtda aahgd ad entkmkidikùe fh ued diikùe fh tuthad
he ad quh ha diiknedeth kevnid, injn susthetn, ad vknadikùe d ans prkeikpkns y vdanrhs
inethekfns he ha prhäjouan fh ad Inestktuikùe.
\drd hmhitns fh fdr ued rhspuhstd dfhiudfd, y dpakidefn an hxpuhstn pnr ad Inrth
Inestktuikneda snorh ha vdanr burêfkin fha prhäjouan, ad hetkfdf fhoh
D. snakiktdr ha rhi`dzn fh ad tuthad pnrquh ha prhäjouan idrhih fh tnfn vdanr burêfkin,
y EN hs pnskoah susthetdr ued diikùe fh tuthad he su inethekfn.
O. snakiktdr ha rhi`dzn fh ad tuthad pnrquh ha prhäjouan sùan skrvh pdrd kethrprhtdr ad
Inestktuikùe, phrn EN puhfh utkakzdrsh pdrd susthetdr ued diikùe fh tuthad.
I. hstufkdr ha idsn y fdr ued rhspuhstd fh mnefn, pnrquh ha prhäjouan tkheh pahen
vdanr burêfkin y puhfh utkakzdrsh väakfdjheth
väakfdjhe th injn susthetn fh ued diikùe fh
f h tuthad.
F. hstufkdr ha idsn y fdr ued rhspuhstd fh mnefn, pnrquh, d phsdr fh quh ha
prhäjouan idrhih fh vdanr burêfkin daguen, hs rhinjhefdoah skhjprh prnihfhr fh
hstd jdehrd.
IAD]H2 I
9. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Yksthjd kethgrdfn fh ghstkùe
Inethekfn2 EVIG\ 4<<<2?<<; -Hstruiturd, injpneheths, kjpahjhetdikùe y
hvdaudikùe.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda

\drd ued hetkfdf pòoakid, ha phesdjkhetn odsdfn he rkhsgns ah puhfh phrjktkr quh
d trdvës fh sus inetrnahs prhvhetkvns sh angrh
D. jdxkjkzdr ans mditnrhs quh dmhitde ans rhsuatdfns.
O. jkekjkzdr ans rhquksktns y ineskfhrdiknehs.
I. jdxkjkzdr ha usn fh ads npnrtuekfdfhs.
F. jkekjkzdr ha usn fh ans prnihsns.
IAD]H2 I
6. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Nmkjätkid
Inethekfn2 \rnihsdfnrhs fh thxtn
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Xe prnmhskneda fh ued hetkfdf hstä hadonrdefn ued prhshetdikùe he Jkirnsnmt®
\nwhr\nket® y ehihsktd quh ha pdsn fh ued fkdpnsktkvd d ntrd sh `dgd
dutnjätkidjheth fhspuës fh 4< shguefns.
\drd angrdr hstn, sh fhohe inemkgurdr
D. ads dekjdiknehs, inemkgurdefn ad mueiknedakfdf "DG_HGD_ DEKJDIKÙE" 5
"OXIAHY".
O. ads trdeskiknehs, inemkgurdefn ad mueiknedakfdf "D]DERD_ D AD FKD\NYKVK]D"
5 "FHY\XËY FH".
I. ads dekjdiknehs, inemkgurdefn ad mueiknedakfdf "DEKJDIKNEHY" 5 "FX_DIKÙE"
" FX_DIKÙE"
F. ads trdeskiknehs, inemkgurdefn ad mueiknedakfdf "V_DEYKIKNEHY" 5
"FX_DIKÙE".
IAD]H2 I
¾Iuäa hs ha tkpn fh prhguetd pdrd ad pruhod snorh injphtheikds Mueiknedahs>

Ha tkpn fh prhguetds pdrd ad pruhod snorh
s norh injphtheikds mueiknedahs hs fh Y
Yhahiikùe
hahiikùe
Jòatkpah ine Òekid _hspuhstd. Hs ha tkpn fh prhguetds jäs inenikfn
ineni kfn y usdfn he ads
pruhods nobhtkvds.
Hstäe inemnrjdfds pnr ue heueikdfn y iudtrn (6) npiknehs fh rhspuhstd.
Ha heueikdfn puhfh inethehr ued mrdsh
m rdsh keinjpahtd, ued kethrrngdikùe, ue thxtn, ued
kjdghe n ued grämkid3 ads npiknehs fh rhspuhstd dpdrhihe kfhetkmkidfds ine ads
ahtrds D, O, I y F. Xed snad fh ads npiknehs injpahtd n rhspnefh inrrhitdjheth ha
heueikdfn.

D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe hbhjpans fh prhguetds

p rhguetds pdrd hvdaudr
injphtheikds mueiknedahs2
4. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Ahy Ghehrda fh Iuaturd
Inethekfn2 Ahy 4408 Fh ?<<0 - "\nr Ad Iuda Yh Jnfkmkid [ Dfkikned Ad Ah
Ahyy 9;7
Fh 4;;7 - Ahy Ghehrda Fh Iuaturd [ Yh Fkitde Ntrds Fkspnskiknehs".

Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Ads inefkiknehs fh jdehbn hstdoahikfds pnr ans \adehs fh Jdehbn y \rnthiikùe
pdrd ans kejuhoahs sne
D. dsphitns mêskin-hspdikdahs, dsphitns dfjkekstrdtkvns y dsphitns mkedeikhrns.
O. dsphitns mêskin-hspdikdahs, dsphitns tëiekin-dfjkekstrdtkvns y dsphitns
mkedeikhrns.
I. dsphitns mêskin-tëiekins, dsphitns tëiekin-dfjkekstrdtkvns y dsphitns
mkedeikhrns.
F. dsphitns mêskin-tëiekins, dsphitns dfjkekstrdtkvns y dsphitns mkedeikhrns.
IAD]H2 F
?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inetrdtdikùe \òoakid
Inethekfn2 \rkeikpkns, Jnfdakfdfhs Fh Yhahiikùe [ \rnihfkjkhetns Fh Ad
Inetrdtdikùe \òoakid.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Yhgòe an fkspuhstn he ad Ahy 448< fh ?<<7, ads hetkfdfhs hstdtdahs fhohe hstkjdr,
tkpkmkidr y dskgedr ans rkhsgns he ans inetrdtns hstdtdahs. \drd haan sh hstdoahihe
ikhrtns rhquksktns quh sne fh iujpakjkhetn noakgdtnrkn. \drd fdr ued inrrhitd
dpakidikùe d ad enrjd, ued hetkfdf inetrdtdeth fhoh fhmkekr ad hstkjdikùe, tkpkmkidikùe
y dskgedikùe fh ans rkhsgns fhsfh
D. ans hstufkns prhvkns.
O. ans pakhgns fh inefkiknehs.
I. ad dufkheikd fh rkhsgns.
F. ad jkeutd fha inetrdtn.
IAD]H2 O

¾Iuäa hs ha tkpn fh prhguetd pdrd ad pruhod snorh injphtheikds injpnrtdjhetdahs>

Ha tkpn fh prhguetd pdrd ad pruhod fh injphtheikds injpnrtdjhetdahs inestd fh
ued sktudikùe n idsn y trhs npiknehs fh rhspuhstd, ads iudahs sne kefkidfnrhs fh ad
injphtheikd d jhfkr. Fki`ns kefkidfnrhs sne hvkfheikds quh fhohe rhspnefhr d ue
hstäefdr, ha iuda phrjkth rhinenihr sk ad hjkskùe fh ue injpnrtdjkhetn hvkfheikd
jdekmhstde fn ue ‑`dihr‚ y/n ghehrdefn ue prnfuitn
ad inefuitd hsphrdfd, hs fhikr, jdekmhstdefn
fh diuhrfn ine ans kefkidfnrhs fhsirktns prhvkdjheth. D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe
hbhjpans fh prhguetds pdrd hvdaudr injphtheikds Injpnrtdjhetdahs2
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Injphtheikd2 Nrkhetdikùe da _hsuatdfn
Xsthf hs ha heidrgdfn fh angêstkid fh ued hetkfdf, y fhoh rhdakzdr ad hetrhgd fh
uens hstdeths pdrd ued mhrkd hjprhsdrkda. Ha mueiknedrkn quh fhoh rhdakzdr ha didrrhn
fh ans hstdeths en `d pnfkfn aahgdr d ad `nrd fhthrjkedfd pdrd rhikokr ha phfkfn y
aahvdran da fhstken mkeda yd quh sh heiuhetrd he ntrd hetrhgd he ad quh `d thekfn
fhjnrds, an iuda `d idusdfn su tdrfdezd. He hsth idsn hs phrtkeheth quh usthf
D.
ansuokquh ha yinefuitnr
hstdeths heidrgdfn
dsê innrfkedr pdrd hstdoahihr
ine ha iakheth ad hetrhgd euhvns
mkeda. tkhjpns fh hetrhgd fh
O. nrgdekih ine ntrns inefuitnrhs, ha prnihsn fh hetrhgd fh ans hstdeths pdrd quh
puhfd iujpakr ine an hstdoahikfn.
I. rhdakih ans prnihsns fh sdeikùe hstdoahikfns pdrd ad hetkfdf he idsn fh
keiujpakjkhetn.
4;
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Injphtheikd2 Nrkhetdikùe da Xsudrkn y da Ikufdfden
Yh fhshd `dihr ued bnredfd kemnrjdtkvd d tnfns ans mueiknedrkns fh ad hetkfdf pdrd
quh inenzide iùjn mueikned ad nmkiked fh dtheikùe da ikufdfden, ha tkpn fh quhbds
quh aahgd d ad hetkfdf y ad kemnrjdikùe quh d fkdrkn fhohe rhspnefhr. Xe nobhtkvn
prkeikpda quh usthf utkakzdrêd hs
D. kfhetkmkidr iùjn sh rhadiknede ads fkmhrheths ärhds y ha kjpditn quh hstn tkheh
he ad ghstkùe fh ad hetkfdf.
O. inenihr ads ditkvkfdfhs quh fhsdrrnaad ad hetkfdf he hsh ekvha y vdanrdr ad
injpahbkfdf fha shrvkikn.

I. rhdakzdr ue deäaksks fha tkpn fh pnoadikùe quh sh prhshetd y padethdr sughrheikds

pdrd jhbnrdr ha shrvkikn.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Injphtheikd2 Dprhefkzdbh Inetkeun
Xed hjprhsd sh vh noakgdfd d rhhstruiturdr su padetd fh phrsneda, rhfuikhefn ued
fhphefheikd pdrd en quhordr, usthf hs fhskgedfn pdrd rhikokr d fns prnmhsknedahs
quh fhshjphôde mueiknehs prnpkds fh ad fhphefheikd fhsdpdrhikfd ad jhbnr
jdehrd fh dinghrans hs
D. kemnrjdrsh fh ads mueiknehs quh iujpaêde y phfkrahs kemnrjhs.
O. kefdgdr snorh ads idpdikfdfhs fh ans prnmhsknedahs pdrd quh hjpkhihe d rhdakzdr
sus mueiknehs fhsfh ad rhhstruiturdikùe fh ad fhphefheikd.
I. rhuekrsh ine haans pdrd quh ah hxpakquhe sus ditkvkfdfhs he ad dethrknr
fhphefheikd y injn ads kjpahjhetdräe d`nrd.
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Injphtheikd2 _hadiknehs Kethrphrsnedahs
Ad shirhtdrkd fh ghrheikd, hs ad heidrgdfd fh prngrdjdr ued rhuekùe hxtrdnrfkedrkd
ine ans fkrhitkvns fh ad hjprhsd y fhoh fdrsh he ha jhenr tkhjpn pnskoah. Daguens
fh ans fkrhitkvns sne fkstdeths y pnin mahxkoahs d ad jnfkmkidikùe fh sus dghefds.
Yh hsphrd quh ad shirhtdrkd
D. ah kemnrjh djdoahjheth d ans fkrhitkvns ha `nrdrkn fh ad rhuekùe y quh hs
ehihsdrkn quh haans hstëe d`ê, puhs sh vde d trdtdr thjds juy fhakidfns.
O. aahguh d ue ineshesn he ad nrgdekzdikùe fha `nrdrkn fh idfd uen fh ans fkrhitkvns
ine ha mke fh nrkgkedr ue hspdikn injòe pdrd quh sh fë ad rhuekùe.
I. ousquh ha hspdikn npnrtuen ine idfd uen fh ans fkrhitkvns, pdrd hxpakidr fh
mnrjd rhsphtunsd an suihfkfn y dsê pnfhr ghehrdr ha iujpakjkhetn fh su tdrhd.
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Injphtheikd2 Inadonrdikùe
Ha duxkakdr fh dri`kvn, sh ahskneù ad jden quh jäs utkakzd he ad hbhiuikùe fh sus
mueiknehs. \nr tda jntkvn, sus tdrhds sh `de fhjnrdfn jäs fha tkhjpn hsphrdfn.
\drd quh su trdodbn en vdyd d dmhitdr ans rhsuatdfns fh su ärhd, fhoh

D. snakiktdr dpnyn fh ue injpdôhrn quh ah phrjktd uokidr ads idrphtds fh mnrjd ägka
y dsê en rhtrdsdrsh he ha trdodbn.
O. phfkrah d su bhmh quh an rhuokquh he ue ärhd fnefh su keidpdiktdf thjpnrda en
dmhith su rhefkjkhetn prnmhskneda.
I. fkstrkoukr su trdodbn y tkhjpns fh rhspuhstd, fhspuës fh iujpakr ine su
keidpdikfdf, pdrd fdr iujpakjkhetn d su adonr
Yhed
HBHJ\ANY2
\rhguetds fh Yhahiikùe Jòatkpah ine Òekid _hspuhstd
HEXEIKDFN
He tnfds ads hjprhsds sh sujkekstrdrä d ans heidrgdfns fh ad akjpkhzd rnpd fh
trdodbn dfhiudfd y hqukpns fh prnthiikùe kefkvkfuda fh diuhrfn ine ans rkhsgns d
quh hstëe hxpuhstns y ine ad edturdahzd fha
fh a trdodbn quh rhdakihe. \drd gdrdetkzdr ha
iujpakjkhetn fh ads jhfkfds fh shgurkfdf he ha h a trdodbn, ha hjpahdfn fhoh2
N\IKNEHY FH _HY\XHYVD
D. pnrtdr ad vhstkjhetd hetrhgdfd sk sh skheth iùjnfn.
O. utkakzdr ad fntdikùe y hahjhetns fh prnthiikùe hetrhgdfns.
I. vhstkr ans uekmnrjhs quh sh ah sujkekstrd sùan he ditkvkfdfhs rkhsgnsds.
F. Yughrkr ha tkpn fh fntdikùe quh sh rhqukhrh pdrd fhshjphôdr su adonr.
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE FH AD _HY\XHYVD
Ad iadvh fh rhspuhstd hs ad O, pnrquh ad utkakzdikùe fh ad fntdikùe ineaahvd
fkrhitdjheth d shgukr ads kestruiiknehs fh su usn y ine haan sh hstdrêd prnthgkhefn
fh ans rkhsgns prnpkns fha hbhrikikn fh su adonr.
Hbh thjätkin2 Yksthjd fh Ghstkùe fh Yhgurkfdf y Ydauf he ha Vrdodbn
Inethekfn2 Ditudakzdikùe he ahgksadikùe he shgurkfdf y sdauf he ha trdodbn hemnidfn
he ad ghstkùe fha rkhsgn
HBHJ\ANY2


HEXEIKDFN
Ad _hsnauikùe ?6<< fh 4;7; ‑Hstdtutn Inanjokden fh Yhgurkfdf Kefustrkda‚
fhthrjked ans akehdjkhetns pdrd ha nrfhe y dshn he idmhthrêds, odôns y zneds
injuehs. Hstd ditkvkfdf kjpakid ad utkakzdikùe fh prnfuitns iuyds htkquhtds keiauyhe
ads idrdithrêstkids mêskin-quêjkids, ans hmhitns dfvhrsns d ad sdauf, ha jdehbn pdrd
hvktdr fdôns djokhetdahs, ads aêehds fh dtheikùe he idsn fh
fhrrdjhs, hetrh ntrds. Fha thxtn iktdfn, sh puhfh kemhrkr quh2
D. ha phrsneda fhoh thehr iadrds ads keinjpdtkokakfdfhs he ha dajdihedjkhetn fh
prnfuitns.
O. ha diikfheth sh fhoh rhpnrtdr d ad H\Y d ad quh hstä dmkakdfn ha phrsneda iudefn
niurrd ued ketnxkidikùe.
I. ha phrsneda fhoh thehr inenikjkhetn fh ads idrdithrêstkids tnxkinaùgkids fh ans
prnfuitns quh sh jdekpuade.
F. ha aêfhr fh Yhgurkfdf y Ydauf he ha Vrdodbn fh ad hetkfdf hs qukhe fhoh inenihr
ads fkspnskiknehs he idsn fh fhrrdjhs.
IAD]H (_HY\XHYVD IN__HIVD)2 I
Ad iadvh fh rhspuhstd hs ad I, puhstn quh ad ahgksadikùe an quh mdikaktd hs ha diihsn
da inenikjkhetn fh ads idrdithrêstkids prnpkds fh ans prnfuitns d hjpahdr, an iuda
fhoh shr thekfn he iuhetd pnr dquhaans quh ads `de fh hjpahdr ine ha mke fh hvktdr
keikfheths he ha hbhrikikn fh sus mueiknehs.
Hbh thjätkin2 Adonrhs fh dshn

Inethekfn2 Dajdihedjkhetn fh prnfuitns fh dshn
HBHJ\ANY2
HEXEIKDFN

Vnfns ans dmkakdfns da Yksthjd Ghehrda fh Yhgurkfdf Ynikda he Ydauf tkhehe fhrhi`n
fh rhi`n
d ue inebuetn fh thienangêds he sdauf quh prnphefhe pnr ad prnthiikùe kethgrda fh
ads mdjkakds3 ha Jkeksthrkn fh ad Ydauf y \rnthiikùe Ynikda fhthrjkedrä ha daideih he
ad enrjdtkvkfdf vkgheth. Hsth heueikdfn
inrrhspnefh d2
D. Ha pade fh ohehmkikns
O. Ad kesirkpikùe d ad H\Y
I. Ad dtheikùe kekikda fh urgheikds
F. Ha sksthjd fh dmkakdikùe trdesdiikneda
IAD]H (_HY\XHYVD
IN__HIVD)2
D
Ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad D, pnrquh
pnr quh fh diuhrfn ine ha Fhirhtn 70< fh ?<4= he su
drtêiuan ?.4.4.9. Fhmkeh ha \ade fh ohehmkikns, injn ha inebuetn fh thienangêds he
sdauf d quh tkhehe fhrhi`n ans dmkakdfns
dm kakdfns da Yksthjd Ghehrda fh Yhgurkfdf Ynikda he
Ydauf fhmkekfn inemnrjh d ad enrjdtkvd vkgheth, ha iuda shrä jnfkmkidfn y thefrä ha
daideih quh sh fhthrjkeh he ad rhgadjhetdikùe quh hxpkfd ha Jkeksthrkn fh Ydauf y
\rnthiikùe Ynikda he fhsdrrnaan fh an hstdoahikfn he ha drtêiuan 48 fh ad Ahy 478
47844 fh
?<48. Ha pade fh Ohehmkikns ousid ad prnthiikùe kethgrda fh ads mdjkakds d ad
jdthrekfdf y hemhrjhfdf ghehrda, he ads mdshs fh prnjnikùe y mnjhetn
mnjhe tn fh ad sdauf
y ad prhvheikùe, fkdgeùstkin, trdtdjkhetn y rh`dokaktdikùe pdrd tnfds ads pdtnangêds.
Hbh thjätkin2 Yhgurkfdf Ynikda Adonrhs fh dshn

Inethekfn2 Dmkakdiknehs
INJ\HVHEIKD INJ\N_VDJHEVDA D H]DAXD_2 FKYIK\AKED

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Dskstheikda.
HEXEIKDFN
Da kegrhsdr d su euhvn puhstn fh trdodbn ha bhmh ah fd ue akstdfn fh ads ditkvkfdfhs
ditkvkfdfhs
quh ah inrrhspnefhe y fh ads enrjds quh fhoh shgukr pdrd quh ads hstufkh y ah

prhgueth ads fufds quh thegd da rhsphitn. Deth hstd sktudikùe usthf2
D. _hvksd ads kestruiiknehs fha bhmh d jhfkfd quh vd rhdakzdefn ads tdrhds.
O. Ah pdrhih jhbnr prhguetdrah d ue injpdôhrn iùjn sh rhdakzde ads ditkvkfdfhs.
I. Hstufkd ine fhthekjkhetn ad kemnrjdikùe pdrd iujpakr okhe ine ads tdrhds
dskgedfds.
F. _hdakzd sus adonrhs fh diuhrfn d sus inenikjkhetns pnrquh tkheh jui`d
hxphrkheikd.
IAD]H (_HY\XHYVD
IN__HIVD)2
I
BXYVKMKIDIKNE FH ADY IAD]HY FH _HY\XHYVD
Ad rhspuhstd
kjpdrtkfds pnrfh
adsjdynr
mkgurdsdbusth hs ad Iypnrquh
fh dutnrkfdf fhjuhstrd
iujpakjkhetn didtn
ine sus deth ads ùrfhehs
adonrhs.
HBHJ\ANY2
INJ\HVHEIKD INJ\N_VDJHEVDA D H]DAXD_2 Nrkhetdikùe da usudrkn y da
ikufdfden
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Kestruitnr
D. Ah rhspnefh hah a inrrhn pkfkëefnah quh an ousquh da ntrn fêd he ad kestktuikùe pdrd
quh ah bustkmkquh jhbnr ad snakiktuf.
O. @dih idsn njksn fh ad snakiktuf pnrquh ineskfhrd quh sne träjkths quh ha
hstufkdeth fhoh rhdakzdr phrsnedajheth.
I. sh injprnjhth d `doadr ine ad fkrhiikùe didfëjkid fh ad kestktuikùe pdrd quh ah
dutnrkihe hstd sktudikùe krrhguadr.
F. Yh injuekid ine ha hstufkdeth y ah sugkhrh ineskfhrdr
ineskfh rdr ue idjokn fh `nrdrkn pdrd
quh puhfd ohehmkikdrsh fh tnfds ads ditkvkfdfhs.
IAD]H (_HY\XHYVD IN__HIVD)2 F
BXYVKMKIDIKNE FH ADY IAD]HY FH _HY\XHYVD
Ad rhspuhstd quh prhshetd jdynr dbusth d ad injphtheikd hs F pnrquh hsiui`d y
fd rhspuhstd d ad snakiktuf fha usudrkn (hstufkdeth), phesdefn he nmrhihrah
dathredtkvds pdrd quh puhfd ohehmkikdrsh jhbnr fha prnihsn fh mnrjdikùe.

Idr dead
\_XHODY ODYKIDY
4. He ued rhuekùe, he ad quh sh hstäe dedakzdefn ans `daadzgns fh ad dufktnrêd fha
ärhd, ha bhmh ahh ue dsphitn rhadiknedfn ine ad dusheikd fh kefkidfnrhs he ha
prnihsn. Ads diiknehs fh jhbnrd quh sh fhohe rhgkstrdr he ha pade fh jhbnrdjkhetn
fhohräe iadskmkidrsh inemnrjh d ads htdpds
htdpd s fha ikian fh ad jhbnrd inetkeud. Ad diikùe
hs ‐inestrukr kefkidfnrhs pdrd ha prnihsn‛. Da iadskmkidr ad diikùe fh jhbnrd, ha
mueiknedrkn d idrgn ad uokid dfhiudfdjheth he ad htdpd2
D. vhrkmkidr, pnrquh ans kefkidfnrhs sne ued `hrrdjkhetd òtka pdrd inetrdstdr an
padehdfn ine an hbhiutdfn.
O. ditudr, pnrquh ans kefkidfnrhs mdikaktde ad tnjd fh fhiksknehs da kaustrdr snorh ha
fhshjphôn fha prnihsn.
I. `dihr, puhs ans kefkidfnrhs sne fkspnsktkvns quh inemnrjde ad jkskùe fh ad
ghstkùe kestktuikneda.
F. padehdr, puhs ans kefkidfnrhs phrjkthe rhadiknedr ad padehdikùe ine ad hbhiuikùe
fh ad ghstkùe.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd D.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd pnrquh ans kefkidfnrhs sne `hrrdjkhetds fh jhfkikùe
quh mdikaktde ad injpdrdikùe hetrh ans rhsuatdfns hsphrdfns n padehdfns y ans
rhsuatdfns heinetrdfns fhspuës fh ad jhfkikùe. Ha kefkidfnr hs ad rhsuatdeth fh tda
injpdrdikùe. Yhgòe ad EVIG\ 4<<<2?<<; puhfh dpakidrsh d tnfns ans prnihsns ad
jhtnfnangêd inenikfd injn ‑\adekmkidr - @dihr-]hrkmkidr- Ditudr‚
Ditudr‚ (\@]D). \@]D
puhfh fhsirkokrsh orhvhjheth injn2 \adekmkidr2 hstdoahihr ans nobhtkvns y prnihsns
ehihsdrkns pdrd ineshgukr rhsuatdfns, fh diuhrfn ine ans rhquksktns fha iakheth, ans
ahgdahs dpakidoahs y ads pnaêtkids fh ad hetkfdf. @dihr2 kjpahjhetdr ans prnihsns.
]hrkmkidr2 rhdakzdr had shgukjkhetn
shrvkikns rhsphitn ads pnaêtkids,yans
ad jhfkikùe
nobhtkvns yfhans
ansrhquksktns
prnihsnspdrd
y anshaprnfuitns
prnfuitn y/n
y/n
shrvkikn, h kemnrjdr snorh ans rhsuatdfns. Ditudr2 tnjdr diiknehs pdrd jhbnrdr
inetkeudjheth ha fhshjphôn fh ans prnihsns.
?. He ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh ad fniujhetdikùe fh ue sksthjd, sh heiuhetrd ue kemnrjh
quh fhsirkoh ads ditkvkfdfhs hsphiêmkids pdrd fhsdrrnaadr ue prnihsn fha ärhd fnefh
adonrd. Hsth fniujhetn inetkheh ue nobhtkvn, daideih y ue fkdgrdjd fh maubn fh ads
ditkvkfdfhs, fh kguda jdehrd kfhetkmkid ans rhspnesdoahs.
Yh rhqukhrh iadskmkidr fki`n fniujhetn, pnr an iuda usthf shôdad quh hs ue2
D. Fniujhetn, yd quh tkheh ue nobhtkvn y fhsdrrnaad ditkvkfdfhs.
ditkvkfdfhs.
O. \rnihfkjkhetn, fdfn quh inetkheh y fhsirkoh ditkvkfdfhs.

I. Ditkvkfdf, puhstn quh fhtdaad y hsphikmkid prnihsns.

F. \rnihsn, fdfn quh fhsirkoh ads hetrdfds y sdakfds he ha maubn.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd O.
Inemnrjh ads fhmkekiknehs KYN ;<<<, ue prnihfkjkhetn hs ued mnrjd hsphiêmkid pdrd
aahvdr
npikùedinrrhitd
idon ued hsditkvkfdf n ue prnihsn.
prnihfkjkhetn fdfn quhInemnrjh an hxprhsdfn
he haans sh hegrde
fhsirkoh ued ha inethxtn ad
ditkvkfdf
n vdrkds ditkvkfdfhs fh ue prnihsn.
9. Ad mueikùe fksikpakedrkd gdrdetkzd quh ad inefuitd fh ans shrvkfnrhs pòoakins y fh
ans pdrtkiuadrhs quh hbhrihe mueiknehs pòoakids sh dfhiuh d ans
an s mkehs y mueiknehs fha
Hstdfn, ine diiknehs heidjkedfds d prhvhekr y inrrhgkr injpnrtdjkhetns quh ans
trdesgrhfde.
He ha idsn he ha quh ue shrvkfnr pòoakin keirhjheth su pdtrkjnekn furdeth ha
hbhrikikn fh su idrgn, fhoh hxpakidran iudefn shd rhquhrkfn fh mnrjd kejhfkdtd y
sdtksmditnrkd deth ha
D. Enjkedfnr, \rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n \hrsnehrêd.
O. Bhmh kejhfkdtn, _hiursns @ujdens n Inetrna Kethren.
I. Enjkedfnr, Inetrdanrêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n Fhmhesnrêd.
F. Bhmh kejhfkdtn, \rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n Fhmhesnrêd.
Yhgòe ad Ahy 796 fha 49 fh mhorhrn fh ?<<? hs fhohr fha shrvkfnr pòoakin hxpakidr
ad prnihfheikd fha keirhjhetn pdtrkjnekda nothekfn furdeth ha hbhrikikn fha idrgn,
mueikùe n shrvkikn, fh mnrjd kejhfkdtd y sdtksmditnrkdjheth da enjkedfnr, d ad
\rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n d ad phrsnehrêd, iudefn hstns an rhqukhrde.
6.
fh Haprkeikpkns
Hstdfn inanjokden, he rhphtkfds
y vdanrhs ùjdens fh ansnidsknehs,
shrvkfnrhsshquh
`d vkstn dmhitdfn
adonrde he adspnr ad mdatd
hetkfdfhs
pòoakids, pnr ha dodefnen jnrda y ha fhsvên fh ad inefuitd ëtkid, fhrkvdfns, he
pdrth, pnr ad mdatd fh ineikheikd he ad rhspnesdokakfdf snikda fh su hbhrikikn.
Ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<?, pnr ad iuda sh hxpkfh ha Iùfkgn Òekin Fksikpakedrkn, kefkid quh
uen fh ans fhohrhs fha shrvkfnr pòoakin, hs pnehr he inenikjkhetn fha suphrknr ans
`hi`ns quh puhfde phrbufkidr ha mueiknedjkhetn fh ad dfjkekstrdikùe y
D. vhadr pnr ad prnthiikùe fh ad kethgrkfdf fha hspdikn pòoakin.
O. padekmkidr ha jdehbn y dprnvhi`djkhetn fh ans rhiursns.
I. prnpnehr ads kekikdtkvds quh hstkjh òtkahs pdrd ha jhbnrdjkhetn fha shrvkikn.

F. rhsnavhr ans dsuetns, kefhphefkheth fha nrfhe quh vdyde kegrhsdefn d su

fhphefheikd.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd I.
Ad rhspuhstd sh fhoh d quh ad Ahy
Ah y 796 fha 49 fh mhorhrn fh
f h ?<<? Idpêtuan shguefn,
Drtêiuan 96. Kefkid quh sne fhohrhs fh tnfn shrvkfnr pòoakin2 ... \nehr he
inenikjkhetn fha suphrknr ans `hi`ns quh puhfde phrbufkidr ha mueiknedjkhetn fh
ad dfjkekstrdikùe y prnpnehr ads kekikdtkvds quh hstkjh òtkahs pdrd ha jhbnrdjkhetn
fha shrvkikn.
\_XHODY MXEIKNEDAHY
8. D ued hetkfdf ah muh dskgedfn ue prnyhitn
p rnyhitn quh tkheh injn nobhtkvn fhthrjkedr ads
inohrturds fh tkhrrds fh ue fhpdrtdjhetn. Ha fkrhitnr fh fki`d hetkfdf fhahgù ad
kevhstkgdikùe d ue grupn fh prnmhsknedahs kfùehns quh fhohräe ineskfhrdr injn
puetn fh pdrtkfd ad fhmkekikùe fha tërjken fh inohrturd, yd quh he dethrknrhs
kevhstkgdiknehs sh `de prhshetdfn keinevhekheths y inemusknehs ine ntrd
thrjkenangêd.
\drd
quh adhvktdr inemusknehs
fhmkekikùe rhsphitn
fha tërjken da nobhtkvn
inohrturds fha hstufkn,
fh tkhrrds hs phrtkeheth
inrrhspnefh d2 fhthrjkedr
D.ha puetn fh ad aêaêehd

ehd mrdgjhetdfd puhstd snorh ad suphrmkikh. Yh rhprhshetd d pdrtkr
fh jdpds thjätkins fnefh kestruyhe ad vdrkdikùe fh ad suphrmkikh fh diuhrfn d ue
ekvha fh fkstrdiikùe.
O.ha ärhd d trdvës fh ad iuda niurrh ued fhsidrgd fh ad suphrmkikh. Yh rhprhshetd d
pdrtkr fh jdpds thjätkins fnefh kestruyhe ad vdrkdikùe fh ad suphrmkikh fh diuhrfn
d ue ekvha fh dostrdiikùe.
I.ad iuokhrtd mêskid quh sh heiuhetrd he ad suphrmkikh fh ad tkhrrd. Yh rhprhshetd d
d ue ekvha fh dostrdiikùe.
F.ad vhghtdikùe quh irhih he suhans he inefkiknehs suphrmkikdahs. Yh rhprhshetd d
d ue ekvha fh fkstrdiikùe.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd I
Hs ad tntdajheth inrrhitd yd quh inahitkvdjheth ans tërjkens Inohrturds y Xsns `de
skfn akdfns y jui`ds vhihs tnjdfns he iuhetd injn skjkadrhs h kgudahs.
Inohrturds fh ad
Vkhrrd hs fkmhrheth d Xsns fh ad Vkhrrd, ad hstruiturdikùe fh Xsns fh ad Vkhrrd kekikd
d pdrtkr fh ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh ads inohrturds thrrhstrhs (Hurnstdt, ?<<43 Jdrtêehz y
Jdaakineh, ?<4?3 _nfrêguhz, ?<44). Inohrturds fh ad tkhrrd sh fhmkeh injn ad
iuokhrtd mêskid quh sh heiuhetrd he ad suphrmkikh fh ad tkhrrd (_nfrêguhz, ?<44,

Jdrtêehz y Jdaakineh, ?<4?). Hs kjpnrtdeth

kjpnr tdeth `dihr iadrkfdf he ad fkmhrheikd
fkmhrhei kd quh hxksth
hetrh ha ineihptn fh inohrturd y usn fh ad tkhrrd. Ha prkjhrn, `dih rhmhrheikd d ans
dsphitns prhsheths fh ad suphrmkikh
s uphrmkikh fh ad tkhrrd, kefhphefkheth fh su nrkghe ((edturda
edturda
n detrùpkin) kevnauirdefn ad mksnenjêd y injpnskikùe fh ad inohrturd vhghtda,
rhprhshetdfns d pdrtkr fh jdpds thjätkins fnefh kestruyhe ad vdrkdikùe fh ad
suphrmkikh fh diuhrfn d ue ekvha fh dostrdiikùe (Idstkaad, ?<<9). Vhxtn hxtrdêfn fh2
Kestktutn Ghngrämkin Dgustêe Infdzzk ’ KGDI., Xekfdf fh \adekmkidikùe _urda
Dgrnphiudrkd - X\_D. (?<48).
(?< 48). Ahyhefd fh usns dgrnphiudrkns fha suhan d h
hsidads
sidads
jdynrhs d ad hsidad 42?8.<<<, ?=- 94. _hiuphrdfn ha <0, <6, ?<47
fh`ttp2//www.uprd.gnv.in/fniujhets/4<406/490?4/AH[HEFD+F
H+XYNY+DG_N\HIXD_KNY+FHA+YXHAN/<hmf79?f-8odo-684?-07;f
ff447d6=6m09
=. He ha ärhd rurda fh ue juekikpkn niurrkù ue fhsdstrh djokhetda fhokfn d ue
prnihsn fh fhgrdfdikùe quh ghehrù fdôns ineskfhrdoahs he hstruiturds
`doktdiknedahs y vkdahs. Xed injkskùe drrkoù da augdr pdrd dedakzdr ads idrdithrêstkids
y pnskoahs idusds fha fhsdstrh quh dpuetde prkeikpdajheth d ue prnihsn
ghnjnrmnaùgkin fh shfkjhetdikùe.
Ine odsh he ads hvkfheikds, ha prnihsn ghnjnrmnaùgkin hvkfheikdfn
hvkfhei kdfn pnr ad injkskùe
muh ad shfkjhetdikùe dauvkda, he ha quh
D. Ha dgud kjpuasdfd pnr ad grdvhfdf he mnrjd fh hsinrrhetêd, hs ha dgheth fh
trdespnrth y fhpùsktn, fnefh sh fhoh thehr he iuhetd ha grdfkheth fh ad inrrkheth
quh keikfh he ad vhanikfdf.
O.ha dgud kjpuasdfd he ad inetrdphefkheth prhshetd
prhshe td jnvkjkhetns he jdsd ine pnid
vhghtdikùe, fnefh sh fhohe thehr he iuhetd ads iadvhs
iadvh s pdrd kfhetkmkidikùe fh vdrkns
rdsgns hstruiturdahs.
I.tkhehe augdr ue jdskvn dmanrdjkhetn fh idpds furds ine odsh he ad phefkheth y
inetrdphefkheth skjëtrkids. \nr an quh hs kjpnrtdeth ineskfhrdr ans hstrdtns fh
tnfds ads idpds.
F. tkhehe augdr suihskvns maubns fh anfn y fhtrktns quh sh fhtkhehe pnr keikfheikd fh
fkvhrsns mditnrhs. \nr an quh hs kjpnrtdeth ineskfhrdr ad edturdahzd fh ans
jdthrkdahs dmhitdfns.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd D
Hs ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd yd quh he ad shfkjhetdikùe dauvkda ha dgud kjpuasdfd pnr
ad grdvhfdf he mnrjd fh hsinrrhetêd hs ha dgheth fh trdespnrth y fhpnsktdikùe. Ha
trdodbn fh ads inrrkheths inestd fh trhs ditkvkfdfhs hstrhi`djheth
kethrrhadiknedfds, d sdohr2 hrnskùe, trdespnrth y shfkjhetdikùe, ads iudahs sne he
rhdakfdf trhs mdshs fh ued ditkvkfdf skeguadr. He ha fhsdrrnaan fh hstns trhs prnihsns

`dy quh ineskfhrdr ued shrkh fh mditnrhs quh puhfhe keikfkr he ha prhfnjkekn fh
uen u ntrn, injn ha grdfkheth fh ad inrrkheth n shd ad phefkheth fh ad suphrmkikh fha
dgud, quh keikfh he ad vhanikfdf. Vhxtn hxtrdêfn fh2 Kestktutn Ghngrämkin Dgustêe
Infdzzk ’ KGDI. (?<<8). Ghnjnrmnangêd Dpakidfd d Ahvdetdjkhetns Hfdmnaùgkins y
Rnekmkidikùe Mêskid fh Vkhrrds, 494. _hiuphrdfn ha ?;, <6, ?<47, fh
`ttp2//okoaknthid.kgdi.gnv.in/bdekuj/Fniujhetns/4-<<770.pfm
AHD HA YKGXKHEVH INEVHPVN [ _HY\NEFD ADY \_HGXEVDY 7 [ 0
Ha bhmh fh ghstkùe fniujhetda fh ued hetkfdf pòoakid ah jdekmkhstd d ans bhmhs fh
fhphefheikd ad ehihskfdf fh iujpakr ine ad hadonrdikùe h kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads
tdoads fh rhtheikùe fniujhetda - V_F y quh fki`n rhquksktn, dfhjäs, an fhohe
iujpakr ans vkgkadfns pnr ad Yuphrkethefheikd fh Kefustrkd y Injhrikn. He hsth
shetkfn, hs kjpnrtdeth rhjktkrad ine sus dehxns pdrd nothehr su inevdakfdikùe
hjktkfd pnr ha inrrhspnefkheth Ineshbn Fhpdrtdjhetda
Fhpd rtdjhetda n Fkstrktda fh Dri`kvns y dsê,
iujpakr ine an fkspuhstn he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49, jhfkdeth ha iuda sh jnfkmkid
ha prnihfkjkhetn pdrd ad hadonrdikùe, prhshetdikùe, hvdaudikùe, dprnodikùe h
kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads V_F.
7. He ad hadonrdikùe
rhtheikùe fniujhetdafh
shadfhmkehe
V_F hs pnrkjpnrtdeth thehr he fniujhetdahs,
shrkhs y suoshrkhs iuhetd quh anspnr
tkhjpns fh
an tdetn,
sh ineiauyh quh
D. en hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr tkpnangêds fniujhetdahs,
snadjheth pnr shrkhs y suoshrkhs.
O. hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr kevhetdrkns fniujhetdahs, yd quh
dgrupde ans fniujhetns.
I. hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr tkpnangêds fniujhetdahs, ske ekegòe
tkpn fh rhstrkiikùe.
F. en hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr shrkhs, suoshrkhs ek tkpnangêds
fniujhetdahs.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd ine odsh he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ? <49 ‑\nr ha iuda sh
rhgadjhetde ans Fhirhtns ?870 y ?=<; fh ?<4? y sh jnfkmkid ha prnihfkjkhetn pdrd
ad hadonrdikùe, prhshetdikùe, hvdaudikùe, dprnodikùe h kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads
Vdoads fh _htheikùe Fniujhetda y ads Vdoads fh ]danrdikùe Fniujhetda‚ Drtêiuan
6 pdrägrdmn ?, quh kefkid quh ans tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe fhohe fhmkekrsh pnr shrkhs,
suoshrkhs fniujhetdahs.
0. Xsthf ah inesuatd da bhmh fh ghstkùe fniujhetda sk ad hadonrdikùe fh ad V_F puhfh
`dihrsh fkrhitdjheth n fhoh thehrsh he iuhetd ntrn kestrujhetn3 su bhmh ah
rhspnefh quh prhvkdjheth sh fhoh fkspnehr fh

D. ads akstds

akstds fh i`hquhn fh ans hxphfkheths, pnr shr fniujhetns guêd pdrd hadonrdr
ads tdoads fh rhtheikùe fniujhetda
O. ans akstdfns jdhstrns fh fniujhetns fha sksthjd fh ghstkùe fh idakfdf, fh
diuhrfn ine an hstdoahikfn he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49.
I. ans kevhetdrkns fniujhetdahs, yd quh hs ehihsdrkn thehr ue fniujhetn guêd pdrd
pnfhr fdr kekikn d ad hadonrdikùe fh ads V_F.
F. ans iudfrns fh iadskmkidikùe fniujhetda, yd quh ad hadonrdikùe fh ads V_F fhoh
aahvdrsh d idon d pdrtkr fh hstds `hrrdjkhetds.
_hspuhstd inrrhitd F.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd ine odsh he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ? <49 ‑\nr ha iuda sh
rhgadjhetde ans Fhirhtns ?870 y ?=<; fh ?<4? y sh jnfkmkid ha prnihfkjkhetn pdrd
6 quh kefkid quh ads V_F sh fhohe hadonrdr ine odsh he ans iudfrns fh
iadskmkidikùe.
;. Ha Dri`kvn Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe rhqukhrh kjpahjhetdr ha prnyhitn fh fkgktdakzdikùe
fh fniujhetns y dri`kvns, ine ha nobhtkvn fh jnfhrekzdr y nptkjkzdr ans prnihsns
fh hstd kestktuikùe. \drd fhsdrrnaadran, rhqukhrh ue ghrheth y ue hqukpn fh trdodbn
juatkfksikpakedrkn quh shrä ha fkrhitdjheth rhspnesdoah fh padehdr y hbhiutdr ads
mdshs. Ha ghrheth y ha hqukpn fh trdodbn fhmkehe quh, he prkjhrd kestdeikd y shgòe
ans akehdjkhetns fh ads ouheds präitkids, he ha kekikn fha prnyhitn sh fhoh
D. padehdr y hbhiutdr ad dathredtkvd dfhiudfd, pdrd snpnrtdr ans prnihsns fh ad
hetkfdf, ine ha mke fh en nostdiuakzdr ad nphrdikùe.
O. padehdr ans rhiursns mêskins quh sh vde d ehihsktdr pdrd ad hbhiuikùe, y dsê hvktdr
keinevhekheths ine ads hsphikmkidiknehs.
I. mkrjdr ha pade fh rkhsgns pnr ads pdrths kevnauirdfds, y dsê jktkgdr ans pnskoahs
keinevhekheths quh sh vdyde prhshetdefn.
F. mkrjdr ha ditd pnr ads pdrths kethrhsdfds, he ad quh sh fhbh inestdeikd fh ads
inefkiknehs he ads quh ha prnyhitn sh vd d rhdakzdr.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd pnrquh an prkjhrn quh sh fhoh `dihr hs mkrjdr ha ditd
fh kekikn fha prnyhitn quh hs fnefh quhfde padsjdfds ads inefkiknehs pdrd tnfds
ads pdrths quh inemnrjde an inemnrjde,
inemnr jde, hsth hs ha fniujhetn pnr ha iuda ha
h a prnyhitn
sh mnrjdakzd y quhfd nmkikdakzdfn, hsth fniujhetn fhoh inethehr ads hetrdfds, ads
inefkiknehs he quh sh vd d fhsdrrnaadr, ad akstd fh hetrhgdoahs, pnr hsn fhoh shr ad
prkjhrd tdrhd rhdakzdfd pnr ha Ghrheth y ha hqukpn fh trdodbn.

\_XHODY INJ\N_VDJHEVDAHY
4<. Fhsfh `dih ue jhs fns jkhjorns fh su hqukpn fh trdodbn, tkhehe inemakitns
phrsnedahs hetrh haans y hstns inemakitns sh `de vkstn rhmahbdfns he ha iujpakjkhetn
fh sus mueiknehs.
Xed fh haads kefkid quh ad ntrd en ad dpnyd he ads ditkvkfdfhs rhidrgäefnah ha
trdodbn. Injn aêfhr fha hqukpn fh trdodbn, pdrd dthefhr hstd sktudikùe sh dshgurd
fh
D. dthefhr phrsnedajheth hsiui`defn ine rhsphtn y inrthsêd d ads mueiknedrkds,
pdrd jktkgdr ads sktudiknehs fh theskùe quh hxksth hetrh haads.
O. nrgdekzdr rhueknehs ine su hqukpn fh trdodbn kjpahjhetdefn tëiekids fh
ehgnikdikùe fkeäjkids.
I. kjpahjhetdr diiknehs pdrd quh ads mueiknedrkds injprhefde quh trdodbde he
mueikùe fh ans jksjns nobhtkvns y padehs y ans dprnpkhe.
F. fkrhiiknedr d Ghstkùe @ujded, snakiktdefn d hstd fhphefheikd
fhph efheikd tnjh ads jhfkfds
phrtkeheths.
INJ\HVHEIKD2 Akfhrdzgn fh Grupns fh Vrdodbn
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd Akfhrdzgn fh Grupns fh Vrdodbn, fhmkekfd
injn2
Dsujkr ha rna fh nrkhetdr y guêd fh ue grupn n hqukpn fh trdodbn, utkakzdefn ad
dutnrkfdf ine drrhgan d ads enrjds y prnjnvkhefn ad hmhitkvkfdf he ad ineshiuikùe
fh nobhtkvns y jhtds kestktuiknedahs3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd dsnikdfd ‑Dshgurd quh ans
kethgrdeths fha grupn injpdrtde padehs, prngrdjds y prnyhitns kestktuiknedahs‚.
Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha
Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 pdrd ha ekvha prnmhskneda.
AHD HA YKGXKHEVH INEVHPVN [ _HY\NEFD ADY \_HGXEVDY 44 [ 4?
Mrhiuhethjheth fhoh dpnydr d ue prnmhskneda he ad iadskmkidikùe oòsquhfd fh
kemnrjdikùe, hstd ditkvkfdf kethrrujph sus tdrhds pnrquh fhoh dpnydr
skjuatäehdjheth ntrds ditkvkfdfhs, hsth prnmhskneda hs juy fhjdefdeth he sus
snakiktufhs y ah hxkgh rhdakzdrads fh mnrjd sksthjätkid injn ëa kefkid, duequh usthf
u sthf
fkmkhrh fh ad jhtnfnangêd3 pnr tdetn, ëa skhjprh hstä juy dthetn d noshrvdr ad mnrjd
injn usthf ads aahvd d idon.
44. Iudefn fhoh dthefhr hsth tkpn fh snakiktufhs usthf sh idrdithrkzd pnr
D. shr prnditkvn, yd quh didtd aads
ds fkrhitrkihs fdfds pnr ëa d phsdr q
quh
uh en ineiuhrfd
ine hstds.

O. dfdptdrsh, fh hstd mnrjd hvktd thehr fkmkiuatdfhs ine sus suphrknrhs y

injpdôhrns fh nmkiked.
I. jdethehrsh idajdfn, pdrd fkskjuadr ad keinjnfkfdf quh ah ghehrd quh an
noshrvh phrjdehethjheth.
F. shr dokhrtn, jdekmhstdfn sus keinemnrjkfdfhs h kefkidefn quh tkheh ntrds
ditkvkfdfhs pnr fhsdrrnaadr.
INJ\HVHEIKD2 Fksikpaked
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd
injp htheikd Fksikpaked, fhmkekfd injn2 Dfdptdrsh d ads
pnaêtkids kestktuiknedahs y ousidr kemnrjdikùe fh ans idjokns he ad dutnrkfdf
injphtheth.3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑Dihptd kestruiiknehs, duequh sh fkmkhrd fh haads‚
Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn
Fhir htn 4<09 fh ?<48 pdrd ha ekvha tëiekin.
4?. Hstds ikriuestdeikds en rhvksthe keinevhekheth pdrd usthf, yd quh sh ah mdikaktd
D. Ineshrvdr ued ditktuf fh fnjkekn fh sê jksjn deth ads
ads prhsknehs.
O. Jdethehr ad jntkvdikùe deth sus adonrhs kefhphefkheth fh ad theskùe.
I. Iujpakr fhakidfdjheth ine ads tdrhds fha puhstn fh trdodbn
F. Jdehbdr ads sktudiknehs fh theskùe ine ditktuf pnsktkvd.
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd
injp htheikd Fksikpaked, fhmkekfd injn2 Dfdptdrsh d ads
injphtheth.3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑_hdakzd ans injhtkfns y tdrhds fha puhstn fh
trdodbn.‚ Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 pdrd ha ekvha tëiekin.
49. Ha bhmh fh ad fhphefheikd fnefh adonrn `d fhikfn rhdakzdr ueds rhueknehs

shjdedahs fh shgukjkhetn ine ha mke fh hvdaudr ha grdfn fh iujpakjkhetn fh ans
prngrdjds y ans prnyhitns, dsê injn kfhetkmkidr mnrtdahzds y fhokakfdfhs. He ad òatkjd
rhuekùe ha bhmh `d snakiktdfn quh sh `dgd rhtrndakjhetdikùe uens d ntrns, jntkvdefn
d shr juy iadrns he jdekmhstdr dquhaads sktudiknehs quh puhfhe hstdr dmhitdefn ha
angrn fh ads jhtds3 hs injòe he hsth tkpn fh rhueknehs quh daguens injpdôhrns,
pnr thjnr d keinjnfdr d dagukhe, EN hxprhshe dokhrtdjheth sus npkeknehs y
dagueds vhihs ads noshrvdiknehs sne tnjdfds fh jnfn phrsneda y EN adonrda.
He jk idsn, iudefn thegn hsth tkpn fh npnrtuekfdfhs
D. jh gustd `doadr fh jks dikhrtns y hrrnrhs, dsê injn phfkr ad npkekùe fh ans fhjäs
snorh jk trdodbn, pdrd ghehrdr jhbnrds he jk fhshjphôn y angrdr ads jhtds
prnpuhstds.

O. injuekin dokhrtdjheth an quh pkhesn, duequh puhfd shr keiùjnfn, puhs hs ued
npnrtuekfdf pdrd jhbnrdr y angrdr ads jhtds.
I. sny fkrhitn ine ads phrsneds ine ads quh thegn ued rhadikùe jäs ihrided, puhs
hs ued npnrtuekfdf pdrd quh mnrjuadr jks ketheiknehs.
F. prhmkhrn rhshrvdrjh an quh pkhesn y hvktdr inemakitns,
inemakitn s, puhs ads phrsneds EN sdohe
fkmhrheikdr ans dsuetns phrsnedahs fh ans adonrdahs.
INJ\HVHEIKD2 Injprnjksn ine ad Nrgdekzdikùe
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd Injprnjksn ine ad Nrgdekzdikùe, fhmkekfd
injn2 Dakehdr ha prnpkn injpnrtdjkhetn d ads ehihskfdfhs, prknrkfdfhs y jhtds
nrgdekzdiknedahs3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑fd prknrkfdf d ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad
nrgdekzdikùe mrheth d ans prnpkds‚ fh diuhrfn ine ads inefuitds dsnikdfds fhmkekfds
pdrd ad injphtheikd, shgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn ued
injphtheikd injòe d tnfns ans shrvkfnrhs.
46. Da mkedakzdr ad bnredfd, ha bhmh fh ad fhphefheikd snakiktd ine prhjurd ue
fniujhetn, pnr
an quh jh pkfh quh sh an hsidehh y an dfbueth he ue inrrhn. Yke hjodrgn, injn
hstd snakiktuf sh prhshetd da jdrghe fh ad `nrd sdakfd yd theêd ue kjpnrtdeth
injprnjksn phrsneda quh iujpakr.
He hsth tkpn fh idsns yn
D. ah kemnrjn ine `nehstkfdf da bhmh quh fhon sdakr d dthefhr ue injprnjksn
kjpnrtdeth.
O. trdtn fh kemnrjdr fha rhtrdsn pdrd sdakr, pnrquh fhon dthefhr ue rhquhrkjkhetn
kjpnrtdeth.
I. ah snakiktn d ue injpdôhrn jh dyufh ine ha rhquhrkjkhetn pdrd snauiknedr ad
sktudikùe.
F. prniurn aahgdr jäs thjprden he ad jdôded skgukheth pdrd dthefhr ad snakiktuf d
prkjhrd `nrd.
nrgdekzdiknedahs3

D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑Dethpneh ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad nrgdekzdikùe d sus prnpkds

ehihskfdfhs ‑fh diuhrfn ine ads inefuitds dsnikdfds fhmkekfds pdrd ad
injphtheikd, shgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn ued
Iuaturd y fhpnrth
bufk ikda‚ sh fhoh iujpakr fh jdehrd
Iudefn sh nsthetd ha idrgn fh ‑shrvkfnr pòoakin bufkikda‚
hsphiêmkid ha fhohr fh
d. ahdatdf.
o. gudrfdr rhshrvd.
i. dskfukfdf.
f. fhinrn.
Bustkmkidikùe2
Ad D En hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh hsth fhohr sh iujpah fh jdehrd ghehrda he tnfns
ans Yhrvkfnrhs \òoakins y `dih dauskùe d quh ha mueiknedrkn fhoh mkfhakfdf d ad
Inestktuikùe y d ads kestktuiknehs burêfkids quh burù fhmhefhr da jnjhetn fh
pnshsknedrsh. injhetdrkn dfkikneda fha drtêiuan 96 fh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<?.
Ad I En hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh hsth fhohr pnrquh hsth fhohr sh iujpah fh jdehrd
ghehrda, inesksth he quh ha mueiknedrkn fhoh fhfkidrsh d su trdodbn pnr tnfn ha
tkhjpn quh shd ehihsdrkn pdrd quh ha iujpakjkhetn fha fhohr shd ha dfhiudfn pnr
hstd rdzùe hstä prn`kokfn ha pdgn fh `nrds hxtrds pdrd
pd rd qukhehs thegde ad idakfdf fh
hjpahdfns pòoakins. Injhetdrkn dfkikneda fha drtêiuan 96 fh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<?.
Injhetdrkn dfkikneda fha drtêiuan 96 fh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<?.
Ad F En hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh hsth fhohr sh iujpah fh jdehrd ghehrda, inesksth
he quh ha hjpahdfn fhoh pnrtdrsh ine fkgekfdf tdetn he su vkfd pòoakid injn he ad
vkfd prkvdfd, he iudetn puhfd trdsihefhr d ad pòoakid fh diuhrfn ine ha idrgn quh
fhshjphôd, ha injpnrtdjkhetn puhfh vdrkdr shgòe ha tkhjpn, ha augdr y ha idrgn.
Injhetdrkn dfkikneda fha drtêiuan 96 fh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<?.
Iadvh2 Npikùe O
Ad O hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh hsth fhohr sh iujpah fh jdehrd hsphiêmkid, ans
shrvkfnrhs pòoakins quh `dihe pdrth fh ad rdjd bufkikda y inesksth he ‑Gudrfdr ad
rhshrvd quh rhqukhrde ans dsuetns rhadiknedfns ine su trdodbn, dòe fhspuës fh
`dohr ihsdfn he ha hbhrikikn fha idrgn y ske phrbukikn fh ad noakgdikùe fh fheueikdr
iudaqukhr `hi`n fhakitunsn‚. Injhetdrkn dfkikneda f ha drtêiuan 96 fh ad Ahy 796 fh
?<<?.

\drd hmhitns fh rhdakzdr ha shgukjkhetn y hvdaudikùe fha \rhsupuhstn Ghehrda fh ad

Edikùe, ine odsh he ad kemnrjdikùe rhgkstrdfd he ha Yksthjd Kethgrdfn fh
Kemnrjdikùe Mkedeikhrd YKKM Edikùe, ske phrbukikn fh ad kemnrjdikùe dfkikneda quh sh
snakikth y quh en sh heiuhetrh fkspnekoah he ha Yksthjd, an rhdakzdrä
d. ha Ineshbn Yuphrknr fh \naêtkid Mksida.
o. ha Jkeksthrkn fh @dikhefd y Irëfktn \òoakin.

i. ad Fkrhiikùe Ghehrda fh \naêtkid Jdirnhineùjkid.
f. ad Fkrhiikùe Ghehrda fha \rhsupuhstn \òoakin Edikneda.
Bustkmkidikùe2
Ad D en hs ad inrrhitd,
inrrh itd, En hstä he ha inethxtn fha Fhir
Fhirhtn
htn 679< fh ?<<= D_VÊIXAN
96. n Drtêiuan ? fha Fhirhtn 609= fh ?<44
Ad I en hs ad inrrhitd, En hstä he ha inethxtn
in ethxtn fha Fhirhtn 679< fh ?<<= D_VÊIXAN
96. n Drtêiuan ? fha Fhirhtn 609= fh ?<44
Ad Fn en
96. hs ad inrrhitd,
Drtêiuan En hstä
? fha Fhirhtn he fh
609= ha inethxtn
in ethxtn fha Fhirhtn 679< fh ?<<= D_VÊIXAN
?<44
IAD]H2 Npikùe O
Ad O hs ad inrrhitd, shgòe ha Fhirhtn 679< fh ?<<= D_VÊIXAN 96. YHGXKJKHEVN
[ H]DAXDIKÙE \_HYX\XHYVDA. 1Drtêiuan jnfkmkidfn pnr ha drtêiuan ? fha
Fhirhtn 609= fh ?<44. Ha euhvn thxtn hs ha skgukheth25 Ha Jkeksthrkn fh @dikhefd y
Irëfktn \òoakin ’ Fkrhiikùe Ghehrda fha \rhsupuhstn \òoakin Edikneda rhdakzdrä ha
shgukjkhetn y hvdaudikùe fha \rhsupuhstn Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe, ine odsh he ad
kemnrjdikùe rhgkstrdfd he ha Yksthjd Kethgrdfn fh Kemnrjdikùe Mkedeikhrd YKKM
Edikùe. An dethrknr ske phrbukikn fh ad kemnrjdikùe dfkikneda quh ad Fkrhiikùe snakikth
y quh en sh heiuhetrh fkspnekoah he ha Yksthjd.
Xe hqukpn fh trdodbn ehihsktd fh ad kemnrjdikùe quh prnvhh ntrn hqukpn pdrd rhdak
rhdakzdr
zdr
ue kemnrjh3 hsth d su vhz hs kesujn fha rhpnrth quh fhoh hadonrdr ntrn hqukpn, ine
fhstken d ue heth fh inetrna. Xe mueiknedrkn kfhetkmkid quh ad kemnrjdikùe quh fhoh
jdehbdrsh fhoh shr inemkdoah y pnr haan
d. nrgdekzd ue hsquhjd fh trdodbn quh phrjktd innrfkedr ans hsmuhrzns da kethrknr
fh su hqukpn y dshgurdr ad inemkdokakfdf fh ad kemnrjdikùe quh hsth rhpnrtd
o. rhspnefh fh ad jhbnr jdehrd ine ad pdrth fha rhpnrth quh ah inrrhspnefh d su
hqukpn y quh ha mueiknedrkn quh shd ha rhspnesdoah mkeda fha kemnrjh da heth fh
inetrna, fhikfd sk hs ehihsdrkn rhdakzdr dbusths.
i. nrgdekzd ue hsquhjd fh trdodbn quh phrjktd innrfkedr ans hsmuhrzns hetrh ans

fkmhrheths hqukpns kevnauirdfns, pdrd dshgurdr

dshgurd r ad ineskstheikd fh ad kemnrjdikùe fha
kekikn da mkeda.
f. rhspnefh ha kemnrjh ske thehr he iuhetd ads noshrvdiknehs fh ans hqukpns
kevnauirdfns.
_hspuhstd Hsphrdfd2 I
Hbhjpans kaustrdtkvns injpneheth mueikneda

HBHJ\AN 42
FKJHEYKÙE INGEKVK]D2 _hiuhrfn / Inenikjkhetn
HBH VHJÄVKIN2 Yksthjd Kethgrdfn fh Ghstkùe
Ad Idpdikfdf fh tnfd nrgdekzdikùe pòoakid pdrd kethrprhtdr, innrfkedr, dpakidr y
hvdaudr fh jdehrd hmhitkvd, hmkikheth y hmkidz ad mueikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd quh ah `d skfn
dskgedfd pnr ad Inestktuikùe, ad ahy y sus rhgadjhetns, inrrhspnefh da prkeikpkn fha
Jnfhan Hstäefdr fh Inetrna Kethren fh

D. dutninetrna.
O. dutnghstkùe.
I. dutnrrhguadikùe.
F. jhbnrd inetkeud.
H. hemnquh da iakheth.
IAD]H FH _HY\XHYVD2 O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad npikùe fh rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad O, shgòe Fhirhtn <;69 fh ?<46,
ans \rkeikpkns
dutnghstkùe Ghehrdahs
injn2 fha Jnfhan
Ad Idpdikfdf Hstäefdr
fh tnfd fh Inetrna
nrgdekzdikùe Kethren,
pòoakid fhmkehe ad
pdrd kethrprhtdr,
innrfkedr, dpakidr y hvdaudr fh jdehrd hmhitkvd, hmkikheth y hmkidz ad mueikùe
dfjkekstrdtkvd quh ah `d skfn dskgedfd pnr
pn r ad Inestktuikùe, ad ahy y sus rhgadjhetns.
HBHJ\AN ?
FKJHEYKÙE INGEKVK]D2 Injprheskùe
HBH VHJÄVKIN2 Fhrhi`n fh Mdjkakd.
Ha Iùfkgn fh ad Kemdeikd y Dfnahsiheikd hstdoahih injn sdeiknehs d ans subhtns
fhstkedtdrkns fh hstd enrjd burêfkid ad kjpnskikùe fh rhgads fh inefuitd, ad akohrtdf
dskstkfd y ad kethredikùe he jhfkn shjk-ihrrdfn, hetrh ntrds. Fki`ds sdeiknehs sh

iujpakräe he prngrdjds fh dtheikùe hsphikdakzdfns fha Yksthjd Edikneda fh

Okhehstdr Mdjkakdr y fhohräe rhspnefhr d akehdjkhetns tëiekins fkshôdfns pnr ha
Kestktutn Inanjokden fh Okhehstdr Mdjkakdr. Inemnrjh ine an dethrknr
puhfh fhikrsh quh ad mkedakfdf fh ads sdeiknehs d ans dfnahsiheths he ha jdrin fh
ue prnihsn pheda hs prnthitnr, rhstdurdtkvn y
D. rhprhsnr.
O. hfuidtkvn.
I. rhtrkoutkvn.
F. phrsudskvn.
H. sdeiknedtnrkd.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad iadvh fh rhspuhstd hs ad O, yd quh, he jdthrkd fh rhspnesdokakfdf
pheda pdrd dfnahsiheths, tdetn ha prnihsn injn ads jhfkfds quh sh tnjhe sne fh
idräithr phfdgùgkin,
inemnrjh hsphiêmkin
d ad prnthiikùe y fkmhrheikdfn
kethgrda. He ha drtêiuanrhsphitn
477 fh fha sksthjd
ad Ahy 4<;0fhfhdfuatns
?<<=,
jnfkmkidfn pnr ha drtêiuan 0; fh ad Ahy 4689 fh ?<44, sh hstdoahihe ads sdeiknehs
dpakidoahs d ans dfnahsiheths d qukhehs sh ahs `dyd fhiadrdfn su rhspnesdokakfdf
pheda y fh inemnrjkfdf ine ans prkeikpkns nrkhetdfnrhs fh ad jksjd ahy ans mkehs fh
ad phed en puhfhe shr ha rhtrkoutkvn, phrsudskvn, ek rhprhsnr, ek sdeiknedtnrkd.
HBHJ\AN 92
FKJHEYKÙE INGEKVK]D2 Dpakidikùe.
HBH VHJÄVKIN2 Fhrhi`n Fksikpakedrkn.
Xe shrvkfnr pòoakin fha Nrfhe Juekikpda hstä skhefn kevhstkgdfn fksikpakedrkdjheth.
Ad kefdgdikùe prhakjkedr muh nrfhedfd jhfkdeth dutn ine mhi`d fha 8 fh Jdrzn fh
?<49 y ad kevhstkgdikùe fksikpakedrkd muh nrfhedfd jhfkdeth dutn ine mhi`d fha 6 fh
Jdrzn fh ?<46. Ine muefdjhetn he haan, ad mhi`d fh prhsirkpikùe fh ad diikùe
fksikpakedrkd hs ha
D. 9 fh jdrzn fh ?<40.
O. 6 fh jdrzn fh ?<40.
I. 8 fh jdrzn fh ?<40.
F. 9 fh jdrzn fh ?<4;.
H. 6 fh jdrzn fh ?<4;.
IAD]H FH _HY\XHYVD2 F

Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad npikùe fh rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad F, puhs ha drtêiuan 9< fh ad Ahy

796 fh ?<<? shôdad an skgukheth2 "Ad diikùe fksikpakedrkd idfuidrä sk trdesiurrkfns
ikein (8) dôns fhsfh ad niurrheikd fh ad mdatd, en sh `d prnmhrkfn dutn fh dphrturd
fh kevhstkgdikùe
fksikpakedrkd. Hsth tërjken hjphzdrä d inetdrsh pdrd ads mdatds kestdetäehds fhsfh
ha fêd fh sufha
rhdakzdikùe inesujdikùe,
òatkjn `hi`npdrd adsy fh
n ditn idräithr
pdrd phrjdeheth
ads njkskvds iudefnn`dyd
inetkeudfn
ihsdfnfhsfh ad
h a fhohr
ha
fh ditudr. Ad diikùe fksikpakedrkd prhsirkokrä he ikein (8) dôns inetdfns d pdrtkr fha
dutn fh dphrturd fh ad diikùe fksikpakedrkd.
Iudefn muhrhe vdrkds ads inefuitds buzgdfds he ue jksjn prnihsn ad prhsirkpikùe
sh iujpah kefhphefkhethjheth pdrd idfd ued fh haads. \drägrdmn. Ans tërjkens
prhsirkptkvns dquê prhvkstns quhfde subhtns d an hstdoahikfn d ans trdtdfns
kethrediknedahs quh Inanjokd
rdtkmkquh.‚
HBHJ\AN 62
FKJHEYKÙE INGEKVK]D2 Deäaksks
HBH VHJÄVKIN2 _hstktuikùe fh Fhrhi`ns
Xekfdfhs fh ad \nakiêd Edikneda `daade ue rhikëe edikfn hevuhatn he jdetds buetn d
ue fhpùsktn fh odsurds, pnr an iuda prnihfhe d rhsidtdran y trdsadfdran d ue ihetrn
jëfkin dskstheikda. Inemnrjh d ad enrjdtkvkfdf vkgheth, ha prnihfkjkhetn d rhdakzdr
pdrd ad vhrkmkidikùe fh ad gdrdetêd fh fhrhi`ns fha rhikëe edikfn hs ad
D. hetrhgd he dfnpikùe.
O. vdanrdikùe jëfkid y eutrkikneda.
I. fhskgedikùe fh ue `ngdr fh pdsn.
F. uokidikùe kejhfkdtd da jhfkn mdjkakdr.
H. uokidikùe he prngrdjd fh dtheikùe hsphikdakzdfd.
Bustkmkidikùe2 ad iadvh hs O, shgòe an fkspuhstn he ad Ahy 4<;0 fh ?<<=, drtêiuan 8?2
‑He tnfns ans idsns, ad dutnrkfdf injphtheth fhohrä, fh jdehrd kejhfkdtd, vhrkmkidr
ha hstdfn fh iujpakjkhetn fh idfd uen fh ans fhrhi`ns fh ans ekôns,
ekôns , ads ekôds y ans
dfnahsiheths, inesdgrdfns he ha Vêtuan K fha Akorn K fha prhsheth iùfkgn. Yh fhohrä
vhrkmkidr2 4. Ha Hstdfn fh sdauf mêskid y pskinaùgkid, ?. Hstdfn fh eutrkikùe y
vdiuedikùe, 9. Ad kesirkpikùe
mdjkakd fh nrkghe, he hafha
8. Ha Hstufkn rhgkstrn ikvka mdjkakdr
hetnren fh edikjkhetn, 6. Ad uokidikùe
y ad kfhetkmkidikùe fhfh
tdetn ad

hahjhetns prnthitnrhs injn fh rkhsgn pdrd ad vkgheikd fh ans fhrhi`ns, =. Ad

vkeiuadikùe da sksthjd fh sdauf y shgurkfdf snikda, 7. Ad vkeiuadikùe da sksthjd
hfuidtkvn‚. Ad iadvh D, I, F y H sne jhfkfds fh rhstdoahik jkhetn fh fhrhi`ns
inethjpadfds he ha drtêiuan 89 fh ad jksjd ahy
D inetkeudikùe, sh heueikde fns hbhjpans fh prhguetds pdrd hvdaudr injphtheikds

mueiknedahs2
Hbhjpan 42
4. Ha jkehrda fha iuda sh hxtrdh ha Jdegdehsn hs ad
D. pkrnausktd.
O. gdahed.
I. jdgehsktd.
F. jdadquktd.
Iadvh2 D.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ad iadvh2
Ad D hs ad inrrhitd, Ad pkrnausktd hs ue jkehrda fha grupn fh ans ùxkfns, phrthehih da
grupn fha rutkan, hstä injpuhstn fh fkùxkfn fh jdegdehsn JeN?, an quh phrjkth
quh d pdrtkr fh hsth sh puhfd shpdrdr ha jdegdehsn akorh.
Ad O En hs ad inrrhitd, Ad gdahed hs ue jkehrda fha grupn fh ans suamurns, ine datn
inethekfn fh panjn (\oY).
Ad I En hs ad inrrhitd. Ad jdadquktd hs ue jkehrda fha grupn fh ans idronedtns, ine
datn inethekfn fh inorh (Iu?IN9(N@)?).
Ad F En hs ad inrrhitd. Ad jdgehsktd hs ue jkehrda fha grupn fh ans idronedtns,
ine datn inethekfn fh jdgehskn (JgIN9).
Hbhjpan ?
?. He ue dmanrdjkhetn sh heiuhetrd ued rnid `nanirkstdaked mdehrêtkid mnrjdfd
òekidjheth pnr mhafhspdtn pntäskin (mhafhspdtn C), padgkniadsd sùfkid (\adgkniadsd
Ed:daoktd) y
9. okntktd, inrtdfd pnr ued rnid grks nsiurd ine mhenirkstdahs oadeins y demêona
(`nreoahefd). Yhgòe Ytrhchksshe, hstds rnids phrthehihe, rhsphitkvdjheth, d ans
tkpns

D. jneznektd y gdorn.

O. odsdatn y grdektn.
I. fknrktd y defhsktd.
F. jnezngrdektn y mnkfktd.
Iadvh2 D.
Bustkmkidikùe fh ad iadvh2
Ad D hs ad inrrhitd. Yhgòe ha trkäeguan fh Ytrhchksshe, pdrd iadskmkidikùe fh rnids
êgehds pautùekids, ued rnid ine datn inethekfn fh padgkniadsd sùfkid y mhafhspdtn
pntäskin, inethxturd `nanirkstdaked mdehrêtkid hs aadjdfd jneznektd, en inetkheh
iudrzn n su pnrihetdbh hstä pnr fhodbn fha 8%. [ ued rnid ine thxturd pnrmkrêtkid,
jdridfd pnr ad prhsheikd fh mhenirkstdahs (hstns sne fh denrtktd) y ued jdtrkz
(injpuhstd hetrh denrtktd y `nreoahefds), inrrhspnefh d ue gdorn.
Ad O En hs ad inrrhitd. Xe odsdatn hs ued rnid injpuhstd pnr jkehrdahs injn
pkrnxhens y padgkniadsd iäaikid. Xe grdektn hs ued rnid ine jkehrdahs injn iudrzn,
iud rzn,
mhafhspdtns pntäskins y padgkniadsd sùfkid he skjkadrhs prnpnriknehs.
Ad I En hs ad inrrhitd. Xed fknrktd hs ued rnid ine padgkniadsd sùfkid y he jhenr
prnpnrikùe padgkniadsd iäaikid ine `nreoahefd y okntktds. Ad defhsktd hs ued rnid
vnaiäekid, ine thxturd pnrmkrêtkid, inethekfn fh padgkniadsd kethrjhfkd tkpn defhsked
y `nreoahefds.
Ad F En hs ad inrrhitd. Ha Jnezngrdektn hs ued rnid ine mhafhspdtn pntäskin,
padgkniadsd sùfkid y iudrzn hetrh ha 8% y ha ?<%. [ ad Mnkfktd hs ued rnid ine jäs
fha =<% fh jkehrdahs tkpn mhafhspdtnkfhs.
He ued hetkfdf sh `d vhekfn fhsdrrnaadefn ue prnyhitn juy kjpnrtdeth fh kethrës

edikneda pnr an quh sus rhsuatdfns y ikmrds tkhehe grde hxphitdtkvd he ad npkekùe
pòoakid. Xens ikufdfdens `de uokidfn d ue mueiknedrkn ine ha mke fh quh ahs
sujkekstrh kemnrjdikùe snorh hsth prnyhitn yd quh sdohe quh hstd phrsned tkheh
kemnrjdikùe vdaknsd quh pnfrêd injpdrtkrahs. Ad prkjhrd diikùe quh he hsth idsn
fhoh `dihr ha mueiknedrkn hs
D. kemnrjdr d ans ikufdfdens quh pnr ha idrgn quh fhshjphôd en tkheh mdiuatdfhs
pdrd dthefhr snakiktufhs fh kemnrjdikùe.
O. prhguetdr d ans ikufdfdens snorh iuäahs sne sus rhquhrkjkhetns
rhq uhrkjkhetns y dsê nrkhetdrahs
snorh ha träjkth ehihsdrkn pdrd nothehr ad kemnrjdikùe.
I. phfkr ha mdvnr d ans ikufdfdens quh hsphrhe `dstd quh aahguh ue mueiknedrkn quh
thegd ad kemnrjdikùe ehihsdrkd pdrd dthefhrans fh jdehrd dfhiudfd.

_hspuhstd hsphrdfd2 D
Hbhjpan ?
Xe bhmh hstä hxkgkhefn d ue mueiknedrkn rhsuatdfns pdrd ued mhi`d pdrtkiuadr, ha
mueiknedrkn
sh heiuhetrd ue pnin dtrdsdfn he sus tdrhds,
tdr hds, pnr tdetn, ad prkjhrd diikùe quh fhoh
f hoh
rhdakzdr hs
D. shgukr dfhadeth ine sus fkmhrheths mueiknehs y ousidr dfhadetdr su tdrhd he
tkhjpns hxtrd.
O. nrgdekzdr ha trdodbn shgòe ans tkhjpns hstdoahikfns y irhdr ue pade fh trdodbn
pdrd daidezdr ans rhsuatdfns.
I. shr skeihrn h kemnrjdr d su bhmh quh sh heiuhetrd dtrdsdfn he su trdodbn an quh
`d kethrmhrkfn he su nrgdekzdikùe fh tkhjpn.
_hspuhstd hsphrdfd2 O
4. Iudefn ued hetkfdf pòoakid niuatd ketheiknedajheth kemnrjdikùe furdeth ha
hbhrikikn
phrjdeheth fh _hefkikùe fh Iuhetds, hstä mdatdefn da prkeikpkn fh
O. mdikaktdikùe.
O. trdespdrheikd.
I. en fksirkjkedikùe.
F. idakfdf fh ad kemnrjdikùe.
Injpahbkfdf2 Jhfkd
_hspuhstd2 O
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Bustkmkidikùe2 Dsê sh fhrkvd fh an prhsirkptn he ha Drtêiuan 9 fh ad Ahy 474? fh ?<462
‑Ntrns prkeikpkns fh ad trdespdrheikd y diihsn d ad kemnrjdikùe pòoakid. He ad
kethrprhtdikùe fha
fhrhi`n fh diihsn d ad kemnrjdikùe sh fhohrä dfnptdr ue irkthrkn fh rdznedokakfdf
y
prnpnriknedakfdf, dsê injn dpakidr ans skgukheths prkeikpkns2

\rkeikpkn fh trdespdrheikd. \rkeikpkn inemnrjh da iuda tnfd ad kemnrjdikùe he pnfhr

fh ans subhtns
noakgdfns fhmkekfns he hstd ahy sh prhsujh pòoakid, he ineshiuheikd, fh an iuda
fki`ns subhtns hstäe
he ha fhohr fh prnpnriknedr y mdikaktdr ha diihsn d ad jksjd he ans tërjkens jäs
djpakns pnskoahs y
d trdvës fh ans jhfkns y prnihfkjkhetns
prnih fkjkhetns quh da hmhitn hstdoahzid ad ahy, hxiauyhefn
snan dquhaan quh
hstë subhtn d ads hxihpiknehs inestktuiknedahs y ahgdahs y odbn ha iujpakjkhetn fh
ans rhquksktns
hstdoahikfns he hstd ahy.‚
?. Ha kestrujhetn dri`kvêstkin quh hstdoahih ad fkspnskikùe mkeda fh ans fniujhetns

sh fhenjked
D. Iudfrn fh Iadskmkidikùe Fniujhetda.
O. Vdoads fh _htheikùe Fniujhetda.
I. Odein Vhrjkenaùgkin.
F. Jdeuda fh Dri`kvn.
Injpahbkfdf2 Jhfkd
_hspuhstd2 O
Ekvha2 Vëiekin
Bustkmkidikùe2 ‑Fhthrjkedr ha fhstken mkeda fh ad fniujhetdikùe yd shd pdrd su
ineshrvdikùe tntda,
shahiikùe n hakjkedikùe. Ad shahiikùe puhfh dpakidrsh d fniujhetdikùe en vkgheth
dfjkekstrdtkvdjheth, d shrkhs fniujhetdahs iuyn inethekfn sh rhpktd n sh
heiuhetrh rhgkstrdfn he
ntrds shrkhs, d shrkhs fniujhetdahs iuyn vdanr kemnrjdtkvn en hxkgh su ineshrvdikùe
tntda.‚ (Diuhrfn 9; fh ?<<? fha Ineshbn Fkrhitkvn fha Dri`kvn Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe,
pnr ha iuda sh rhguad ha
prnihfkjkhetn pdrd ad hadonrdikùe y dpakidikùe fh ads tdoads fh rhtheikùe
fniujhetda he fhsdrrnaan
fha drtêiuan ?6 fh ad ahy 8;6 fh ?<<<3 Drtêiuan 9, Fhirhtn Fkstrktda 479 fh ?<<6, pnr
ha iuda sh hstdoahihe enrjds pdrd ad prnthiikùe fh ad jhjnrkd kestktuikneda, ha
pdtrkjnekn okoakngrämkin, `hjhrngrämkin y fniujhetda he ha Fkstrktn Idpktda).

9. Ha daideih fh ad ahy Ghehrda fh Hfuidikùe (Ahy 448 fh 4;;6) dpakid d kestktuiknehs

fh ekvha fh
hfuidikùe
D. oäskid.
O. tëiekid
I. suphrknr.
F. thienaùgkid.
Injpahbkfdf2 Odbn
_hspuhstd2 D
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Bustkmkidikùe2 ‑Ad hfuidikùe mnrjda d quh sh rhmkhrh ad prhsheth Ahy, sh nrgdekzdrä
he trhs (9) ekvhahs2 d) Ha prhhsinadr quh injprhefhrä jêekjn ue grdfn noakgdtnrkn3
o) Ad hfuidikùe oäskid ine ued furdikùe fh euhvh (;) grdfns quh sh fhsdrrnaadrä
he fns ikians2 Ad hfuidikùe oäskid prkjdrkd fh ikein (8) grdfns y ad hfuidikùe
oäskid shiuefdrkd fh iudtrn (6) grdfns, y i) Ad hfuidikùe jhfkd ine ued furdikùe
fh fns (?) grdfns.‚ (Drtêiuan 44, Ahy 448 fh 4;;6.)
4. Irhn inevhekheth quh sh sdeikneh d ads phrsneds quh idusde fdôns jhenrhs d
ans rhiursns fh ad nrgdekzdikùe, due iudefn yn hstë kevnauirdfn.
(d) Vntdajheth fh diuhrfn
(o) Fh diuhrfn
(i) He fhsdiuhrfn
(f) Vntdajheth he fhsdiuhrfn
?. Jh gustd hetrhthehr d ad gheth, shr demktrkùe y nrgdekzdr heiuhetrns ine djkgns.
(d) Ykhjprh
(o) Idsk Ykhjprh
(i) Idsk Eueid (f) Eueid

4) Heueikdfn2
Ad dfjkekstrdikùe pòoakid rkefh iuhetds fh fkvhrsds mnrjds, y ued fh haads hs pnr
jhfkn fh ad jhfkikùe fh kefkidfnrhs, hetrh haans ans fh hmkikheikd, quh fhmkehe su
mnin fh diikùe he
D. ans deäaksks mkedeikhrns fh ads hbhiuiknehs prhsupuhstdahs fh ans òatkjns 9 dôns
O. ad rhvkskùe phrjdeheth fh ans hgrhsns ine rhadikùe d ans rhiursns fkspnekoahs he
odeins
I. ad vdakfhz fha tkpn fh gdstn ine rhsphitn d ads diiknehs hstdoahikfds he ans
odeins fh prnyhitns
F. ha hxdjhe fh instns he ans quh keiurrhe ads hetkfdfhs pòoakids pdrd angrdr sus
nobhtkvns y rhsuatdfns
Iadvh2 F
Vhjd2 Ghrheikd \òoakid
Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Hvnidikùe
?) Heueikdfn2
He ha inethxtn fh ad keenvdikùe hjprhsdrkda sh utkakzde ineihptns tde fkvhrsns injn
dtrditkvns he jdthrkd fh euhvns tërjkens, prnihfkjkhetns h kethrdiiknehs hetrh
ehgnikns y npnrtuekfdfhs. He ha jksjn shetkfn, sh dihptd quh ad fhmkekikùe fh ad
fhenjkedfd Euhvd Hinenjêd fha Inenikjkhetn hs dquhaad he ad quh ad ghehrdikùe
gheh rdikùe
y hxpantdikùe fha inenikjkhetn

D. buhgde ue pdpha prhfnjkedeth he ad irhdikùe fh okhehstdr
O. nmrhihe euhvds npnrtuekfdfhs d ads ghehrdiknehs jäs rhikheths
I. prnpkikde ad inestruiikùe fh sdohrhs y ineihptns rhahvdeths pdrd ad
kefustrkdakzdikùe
F. kefkide ads rutds jäs envhfnsds he ad hxpanrdikùe ikhetêmkid y ad kevhrskùe fh
idpktda fh rkhsgn
Iadvh2 D
Vhjd2 Keenvdikùe Dokhrtd

Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Hvnidikùe

9) Heueikdfn2
Da injpahtdr
in jpahtdr ue mnrjuadrkn fh rhgkstrn fh fdtns he ue pnrtda who, ha usu
usudrkn
drkn f
fhoh
hoh
kfhetkmkidr mäikajheth ans idjpns noakgdtnrkns ine dagòe tkpn fh shôda grämkid. He tda
shetkfn, ha fkshôdfnr who fhoh prngrdjdr ha mnrjuadrkn fh jdehrd quh
D. ans idjpns noakgdtnrkns thegde ue dsthrksin rnbn quh kfhetkmkq
kfhetkmkquh
uh su noakgdtnrkhfdf
O. da `dihr iakic he ha ontùe hevkdr, ad pägked kemnrjh iuäahs idjpns quhfdrne
phefkheths
I. ad inemkrjdikùe fh ans fdtns sh inestdth idjokdefn dutnjätkidjheth fh ue
idjpn d ntrn
F. ans idjpns dpdrhzide prhfkakgheikdfns, ske quh ha usudrkn thegd ehihskfdf fh
kethrvhekrans
Iadvh2 D
Vhjd2 Xsdokakfdf fh sktkns who
Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Dpakidikùe
6) Heueikdfn2
Ine ha mke fh prnthghr su rhikëe irhdfd nord keëfktd, ue drtkstd rhiurrh da _hgkstrn
Edikneda fha Fhrhi`n fh Dutnr, tnjdefn he iuhetd quh fdfd hsd inefkikùe
òekidjheth shrä ëa qukhe pnfrä
D. dgrhgdrah euhvds pdrths n shiiknehs
O. jnfkmkidrad, he idsn fh shr ehihsdrkn
I. kethgrdrad ine ntrd nord prhvkdjheth rhgkstrdfd
F. inesuatdrad, pdrd ha prnihsn fh kesirkpikùe y rhgkstrn
Iadvh2 F
Vhjd2 Fhrhi`n fh Dutnr

Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Dpakidikùe
He su augdr fh trdodbn sh hstäe prhshetdefn ued shrkh fh rujnrhs y injhetdrkns
pnr ans hrrnrhs y mdatd fh dtheikùe fh ue injpdôhrn ine ha quh sh injpdrthe

fkmhrheths tdrhds, hstn `d nidsknedfn rhprnihsns quh hstäe dathrdefn ha djokheth

adonrda. Deth hstd sktudikùe
D. Da hsiui`dr ans injhetdrkns, f
fhikfh
hikfh `doadr snorh ad hxphrkheikd quh `d thekfn
ine ha injpdôhrn
O. Ahs fd pnid kjpnrtdeikd d ans injhetdrkns, fhokfn d quh su òekin
kethrës hs fhfkidrsh sùan d trdodbdr.
I. Hsiui`d ans injhetdrkns quhfäefnsh idaadfn y dsê pnfhr färshans
d inenihr auhgn d su injpdôhrn.
F @doad ine ad phrsned kjpakidfd snorh ha rujnr, pdrd sdohr quë hs an quh ah hstä
suihfkhefn y dsê pnfhr hethefhran.
Iadvh F
Yh prhshetd ad ehihskfdf fh fdr hetrhedjkhetn kejhfkdtdjheth d fns phrsneds
euhvds he hafh
rhspnesdoah ärhd fh suhstd
rhdakzdr hxphrtkikd pdrdhstä
ditkvkfdf quhkeidpdiktdfn
puhfde kegrhsdr
pnr 4d jhs.
adonrdr, phrn
Deth ha
hstd
sktudikùe usthf prnpneh2
D. Innrfkedr ha kegrhsn fh ans mueiknedrkns fhokfn d quh pnin d pnin vde
dprhefkhefn y tnfns ans vde hetrhedefn.
O. Ineshgukr hxthredjheth ue hxphrtn he ha thjd quh orkefh ha
hetrhedjkhetn d ans mueiknedrkns quh kegrhsde d adonrdr.
I. _hdakzdr ha hetrhedjkhetn d ans mueiknedrkns euhvns, trdesjktkëefnahs
tnfn ha inenikjkhetn quh sh tkheh fha thjd y su hxphrkheikd.
F. Nrgdekzdr ine ntrn injpdôhrn ha pade fh hetrhedjkhetn pdrd quh
idfd uen trdesjktd ans inenikjkhetns quh sne fh su hxphrtkikd.
Iadvh2
Ad rhspuhstd ine JD[N_ ekvha fh dbusth d ad injphtheikd hs ad I pnrquh hvkfheikd
quh hbhrih dutnrkfdf tëiekid he ha fhsdrrnaan fh su trdodbn y dpakid d su inethxtn
adonrda ha fnjkekn tëiekin prnpkn fh su niupdikùe. _hikoh ued idakmkidikùe fh 6 Ad
rhspuhstd quh prhshetd ue ekvha fh dbusth
d busth d ad injphtheikd JHFKN hs ad F pnr quh
hvkfheikd quh, duequh dpakid d su inethxtn adonrda ha fnjkekn tëiekin prnpkn fh su
niupdikùe, rhqukhrh thehr tntda dutnrkfdf tëiekid he ha fhsdrrnaan fh su trdodbn pdrd
hetrhedr y idpdiktdr. _hikoh ued idakmkidikùe fh 9 Ad rhspuhstd quh prhshetd ue
ekvha fh dbusth d ad injphtheikd ODBN hs ad D fhokfn d quh sh hvkfheikd quh en

juhstrd kethrës jnstrdr su fnjkekn y dutnrkfdf tëiekid he ha fhsdrrnaan fh su trdodbn

trdesjktkhefn su inenikjkhetn. _hikoh ued idakmkidikùe fh ?
Ad rhspuhstd quh prhshetd ue ekvha fh dbusth d ad injphtheikd he JX[ ODBN hs ad
O pnrquh sh hvkfheikd quh en dpakid d su inethxtn adonrda ha fnjkekn tëiekin prnpkn
fh su niupdikùe y tdjpnin sh kevnauird he hbhrihr dutnrkfdf tëiekid he ha fhsdrrnaan

fh su trdodbn. _hikoh ued idakmkidikùe fh 4
Hbhjpan kaustrdtkvn Injpneheth Oäskin

Fkjheskùe ingektkvd2 Injprheskùe
Hbh thjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid Inanjokded
Ad Inrth Inestktuikneda he ad shetheikd V 6<= fh 4;;? fhmkekù ans prkeikpkns

inestktuiknedahs injn prhsirkpiknehs burêfkids ghehrdahs quh supnehe ued
fhakjktdikùe pnaêtkid y dxknaùgkid rhinenikfd y, he ineshiuheikd, rhstrkeghe ha
hspdikn fh kethrprhtdikùe, an iuda `dih fh haans enrjds fh dpakidikùe kejhfkdtd,
tdetn pnr ha ahgksadfnr injn pnr ha buhz inestktuikneda, jkhetrds quh pnr su pdrth,
hstdoahih quh ans vdanrhs rhprhshetde ha idtäangn dxknaùgkin d pdrtkr fha iuda sh
fhrkvd ha shetkfn y ad mkedakfdf fh ads fhjäs enrjds fha nrfhedjkhetn burêfkin
puhfhe thehr inesdgrdikùe hxpaêiktd n EN.
Vhekhefn he iuhetd an dethrknr, inrrhspnefh d ue prkeikpkn
D. Ha Vrdodbn
O. Ad Bustkikd
I. Ad Akohrtdf
F. Ad \drtkikpdikùe
H. Ad Ynohrdeêd \npuadr
IAD]H FH _HY\XHYVD2 H
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad Iadvh hs ad H, puhs inrrhspnefh d ued prhsirkpikùe
p rhsirkpikùe burêfkid ghehrda
quh supneh ued fhakjktdikùe pnaêtkid y dxknaùgkid, prhsheth, y quh sh hrkgh he ued
rhdakfdf fhetrn fha nrfhe burêfkin, jkhetrds quh pnr su pdrth trdodbn, bustkikd,
kgudafdf, y pdrtkikpdikùe, inrrhspnefhe d vdanrhs dxknaùgkins, quh sh prhthefh
daidezdr y quh nrkhetde ha shetkfn y mkedakfdf fha nrfhedjkhetn burêfkin, pnr ntrn
adfn, ad snohrdeêd pnpuadr puhfh thehr dpakidikùe fkrhitd, jkhetrds quh ans vdanrhs
he jheikùe, sne mkehs burêfkins pdrd ha muturn, quh sh hsphrd daidezdr.

Hbhjpan kaustrdtkvn Injpneheth Mueikneda

HBHJ\AN 4
Fkjheskùe Ingektkvd2 Inenikjkhetn
Hbh Vhjätkin2 M79 - Jhridfn Adonrda
]hadr pnr ad npnrtued hjkskùe fha Onahtêe fh Fhjdefd Adonrda Kesdtksmhi`d, dsê
injn dedakzdr y hstufkdr injpdrdtkvdjheth ha injpnrtdjkhetn fh ads ikmrds fh
fhjdefd adonrda mrheth d ads vdrkdoahs fh fhshjpahn, grupns htdrkns fh ad
pnoadikùe, rhgkùe fha pdês, hsingheikd fh hstufkns mnrjdahs y en mnrjdahs, hetrh
ntrns, sne mueiknehs quh fhoh rhdakzdr
D. Ha Jkeksthrkn fh @dikhefd y Irëfktn \òoakin.
O. Ad Buetd Fkrhitkvd ha Mnefn \òoakin fh Hjpahn Edikneda.
I. Ha Fhpdrtdjhetn Dfjkekstrdtkvn Edikneda fh Hstdfêstkid.
F. Ad Xekfdf Dfjkekstrdtkvd Hsphikda fha Yhrvkikn \òoakin fh Hjpahn.
H. Ad Injkskùe Dshsnrd fha Yksthjd Edikneda fh Kemnrjdikùe snorh Fhjdefd fh
Hjpahn.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad H) pnrquh ads mueiknehs fhsirktds he ha
heueikdfn inrrhspnefhe d ad Injkskùe Dshsnrd fha Yksthjd Edikneda fh
Kemnrjdikùe snorh fhjdefd fh hjpahn -Yhgòe ha Drtêiuan 88 ahy 46?; fh ?<4< sne
mueiknehs fh ad injkskùe dshsnrd fha sksthjd. ‑Ad Injkskùe Dshsnrd fha Yksthjd
Edikneda fh Kemnrjdikùe snorh Fhjdefd fh Hjpahn thefrä ads
skgukheths mueiknehs2
ñ Hmhitudr hafhshgukjkhetn fh ad kjpahjhetdikùe y rhgadjhetdikùe fha sksthjd fh

kemnrjdikùe
ad fhjdefd.
ñ Fkshôdr, dprnodr y `dihr shgukjkhetn d ue \ade fh Mnrtdahikjkhetn fh ads
hstdfêstkids fh
fhjdefd adonrda quh fhoh shr nphrdfn pnr ha FDEH y tnfds ads kestktuiknehs quh
tkhehe ad
injphtheikd fh prnfuikr, prnihsdr y dedakzdr kemnrjdikùe fh fhjdefd adonrda.
ñ \rhshetdr kemnrjh deuda d ads Injksknehs Hineùjkids fha Inegrhsn fh ad
_hpòoakid snorh ad
hvnauikùe injpdrdtkvd fh ads ikmrds fh fhjdefd adonrda.

ñ ]hadr pnr ad npnrtued hjkskùe fha Onahtêe fh Fhjdefd Adonrda Kesdtksmhi`d

inethjpadfn he ad prhsheth ahy, dsê injn pnr ad inrrhitd fkmuskùe fha jksjn.
ñ Dedakzdr y hstufkdr injpdrdtkvdjheth ha injpnrtdjkhetn fh ads ikmrds fh fhjdefd
adonrda mrheth d ads vdrkdoahs fh fhshjpahn, grupns htdrkns fh ad pnoadikùe, rhgkùe
fha pdês, hsingheikd fh hstufkns mnrjdahs y en mnrjdahs, hetrh ntrns.
ñ _hdakzdr shgukjkhetn inetkeun d ans rhsuatdfns drrnbdfns pnr ha Ykekfha d pdrtkr fh
ad rhdakzdikùe fh hstufkns tëiekins quh phrjktde `dihr injpdrdiknehs fha
injpnrtdjkhetn fh ads ikmrds fh
fhjdefd adonrda shgòe grupns htdrkns fh ad pnoadikùe, rhgkùe fha pdês, ekvha y tkpn
fh mnrjdikùe, hetrh ntrns.
ñ Ads fhjäs quh ah dskgeh ad ahy
HBHJ\AN ?
Fkjheskùe Ingektkvd2 Dpakidikùe
Hbh Vhjätkin2 M99< - Dtheikùe y rhpdrdikùe d vêitkjds fha inemakitn
Ans ekôns, ekôds y dfnahsiheths vêitkjds fha inemakitn drjdfn kethren tkhehe ha
fhrhi`n d nothehr ued kefhjekzdikùe. Ans pdfrhs, n he su fhmhitn, ha fhmhesnr fh
mdjkakd, pnfräe hahvdr ad snakiktuf, injn rhprhshetdeths ahgdahs fha ekôn. Ad hetkfdf
bufkikda quh rhinenzid ad kefhjekzdikùe d mdvnr fh ue ekôn, ekôd n dfnahsiheth,
nrfhedrä, he tnfns ans idsns, rhsphitn d ad hetrhgd fh ad kefhjekzdikùe da jhenr
D. Ad dphrturd
dphr turd fh ued iu
iuhetd
hetd odeidrkd d enjorh fha jhenr quh shrä
sh rä dfjkekstrdfd
pnr sus pdfrhs n rhprhshetdeths, `dstd quh ha jhenr iujpad ad jdynrêd fh hfdf.
O. Yu hetrhgd d ue iurdfnr n dfjkekstrdfnr fh okhehs, fhskgedfn pnr ha buhz `dstd
quh ha jhenr iujpad ad jdynrêd fh hfdf, prhshetdfn kemnrjhs jhesudahs fh su
dfjkekstrdikùe da Buzgdfn fh inenikjkhetn.
I. Ad inestktuikùe fh ue IFV he ad hetkfdf odeidrkd quh `dyd nothekfn
n othekfn he prnjhfkn
ans jdynrhs rhefkjkhetns mkedeikhrns he ans òatkjns shks jhshs. Ad sujd fh fkehrn
f kehrn
ahs shrä hetrhgdfd ued vhz daideihe ad jdynrêd fh hfdf.
F. Ad ineskgedikùe fh ans jksjns d ad iuhetd fh fhpùsktns bufkikdahs fha Buzgdfn
quh inenikù fha prnihsn `dstd tdetn iujpad ad jdynrêd fh hfdf, dshguräefnsh fh
quh sh ah sujkekstrh d ans pdfrhs an ehihsdrkn pdrd ad inegrud suoskstheikd fha
jhenr.
H. Ad inestktuikùe fh ue heidrgn mkfuikdrkn d mdvnr fha jhenr, dshguräefnsh quh sh
trdth fha quh `dyd nothekfn he prnjhfkn ans jdynrhs rhefkjkhetns mkedeikhrns he
ans òatkjns shks jhshs. Ad sujd fh fkehrn ahs shrä hetrhgdfd ued vhz daideihe ad
jdynrêd fh hfdf.

Bustkmkidikùe2
B ustkmkidikùe2 D_VÊIXAN 406. FH_HI@N D AD KEFHJEKRDIKÙE. Ans ekôns, ekôds
y dfnahsiheths vêitkjds tkhehe ha fhrhi`n d nothehr ued kefhjekzdikùe. Ans pdfrhs,
n he su fhmhitn, ha fhmhesnr fh mdjkakd, pnfräe hahvdr ad snakiktuf, injn
rhprhshetdeths ahgdahs fha ekôn, ekôd n dfnahsiheth, fh ad kefhjekzdikùe d ad quh
hstns thegde fhrhi`n. Iudefn ans ekôns, ekôds n dfnahsiheths ùokhrhe skfn
vêitkjds fha rhiautdjkhetn kaêiktn, fhohe `dohr skfn fhsvkeiuadfns fha grupn drjdfn
nrgdekzdfn da jdrghe fh ad ahy skhefn jhenrhs fh hfdf pdrd diihfhr d ad
kefhjekzdikùe.
D_VÊIXAN 408. INEYVKVXIKÙE FH MNEFNY MKFXIKD_KNY \D_D EKÔNY,
EKÔDY [
DFNAHYIHEVHY. Ad hetkfdf bufkikda n dfjkekstrdtkvd quh rhinenzid ad
kefhjekzdikùe d mdvnr fh ue ekôn, ekôd n dfnahsiheth,
dfnahsih eth, nrfhedrä, he tnfns ans idsns,
ad inestktuikùe fh ue heidrgn mkfuikdrkn d mdvnr fh ans jksjns, dshguräefnsh quh
sh trdth fha quh `dyd nothekfn he prnjhfkn ans jdynrhs rhefkjkhetns mkedeikhrns
he ans òatkjns shks jhshs. Ad sujd fh fkehrn ahs shrä hetrhgdfd ued vhz daide
daideihe
ihe
ad jdynrêd fh hfdf.
HBHJ\AN 9
Fkjheskùe Ingektkvd2 Inenikjkhetn
Hbh Vhjätkin2 M ?07 - Hemhrjhfdfhs fh Entkmkidikùe
En tkmkidikùe Noakgdtnrkd
Ads znnensks rhqukhrhe hsphikda dtheikùe pnrquh sh hxtkhefhe djpakdjheth pnr ha
juefn, pnr an quh hs kjpnrtdeth rhinrfdr quh
D. snadjheth hstäe kevnauirdfns ans pdräsktns.
O. hs jäs injòe quh sh prhsheth he phrsneds fha injòe quh tkhehe dekjdahs fh
injpdôêd y fh grdebd.
I. snadjheth sh prhshetd he trdodbdfnrhs dgrnphiudrkns y phrsneds quh tkhehe
inetditn ine dekjdahs n sus prnfuitns
F. sh trdtd fh iudaqukhr hemhrjhfdf y/n kemhiikùe edturdajheth trdesjkskoah fhsfh
dekjdahs kevhrthordfns da `njorh.
H. sne prnfuitn fh mditnrhs injn ad ganodakzdikùe, ad jkgrdikùe y ha fhspadzdjkhetn
kethren y hxthren tdetn fh ùjdens injn fh dekjdahs.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad znnensks hs prnfuitn fh ans mditnrhs snikdahs, hineùjkins y
iuaturdahs injn ad ganodakzdikùe, ad jkgrdikùe y ha
h a fhspadzdjkhetn kethren y hxthren
tdetn fh ùjdens injn fh dekjdahs.
HBHJ\AN 6

Fkjheskùe Ingektkvd2 Injprheskùe

Hbh Vhjätkin2 M98;- @DII\ pdrd dakjhetns y ohokfds
He ad kjpahjhetdikùe fha sksthjd fh Deäaksks fh _khsgns y \uetns Irêtkins fh
Inetrna @DII\ hs ehihsdrkn rhdakzdr ue fkdgrdjd fh maubn d idfd uen fh ans
dakjhetns hadonrdfns he ad hjprhsd ine ued fhsirkpikùe skjpah y iadrd fh tnfds ads
nphrdiknehs kevnauirdfds he ha prnihsn fha prnfuitn. Fh diuhrfn
diuhr fn ine an dethrknr sh
puhfh kemhrkr quh
D. hs ue irkthrkn quh phrjkth shpdrdr an dihptdoah fh an kedihptdoah, he ued
fhthrjkedfd mdsh n htdpd.
O. dodrid tnfds ads htdpds fha prnihsn, dsê injn ans mditnrhs quh puhfde dmhitdr
ad hstdokakfdf y ad sdekfdf fha dakjhetn.
I. ditkvkfdf quh sh rhdakzd ine ha prnpùsktn fh hvktdr, hakjkedr n rhfuikr d ue ekvha
dihptdoah, iudaqukhr phakgrn pdrd ad keniukfdf fh ans dakjhetns.
F. hs ued shiuheikd fh noshrvdiknehs y jhfkiknehs fh aêjkths irêtkins, fkshôdfd
pdrd prnfuikr ue
ad phrjdeheth rhgkstrn n
nphrdikùe mkhaprnihsn.
y dshgurdr fhetrn fh ans aêjkths irêtkins hstdoahikfns,
H. hs ue prnihfkjkhetn, nphrdikùe n htdpd fh ad idfhed dakjhetdrkd, keiaukfds ads
jdthrkds prkjds, fhsfh ad prnfuiikùe prkjdrkd `dstd ha inesujn mkeda. \rkeikpkns
oäskins y präitkids
ghehrdahs fh `kgkheh he ad jdekpuadikùe, prhpdrdikùe, hadonrdikùe, hevdsdfn,
dajdihedjkhetn, trdespnrth y fkstrkouikùe fh dakjhetns pdrd inesujn ùjden, ine
ha nobhtn
fh gdrdetkzdr quh ans prnfuitns sh mdorkquhe he inefkiknehs sdektdrkds dfhiudfds.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Hadonrdikùe fha fkdgrdjd fh maubn hs prnpnriknedr ued fhsirkpikùe
skjpah y iadrd fh tnfds ads nphrdiknehs he iuhstkùe dodrid tnfds ads htdpds fha
prnihsn dsê injn ans mditnrhs quh puhfde dmhitdr ad hstdokakfdf y ad sdekfdf fha
dakjhetn dodrid tnfds ads htdpds fha prnihsn dsê injn ans mditnrhs quh puhfde
dmhitdr ad hstdokakfdf y ad sdekfdf fha dakjhetn.
HBHJ\AN 8
Fkjheskùe Ingektkvd2 Injprheskùe
Hbh Vhjätkin2 M6= - Injuekidikùe nrgdekzdikneda y Injuekidikùe Hxthred
Yh fhmkeh injn ad ineihpikùe ganoda fh ued hetkfdf, hstdoahikfd pdrd daidezdr ads
jhtds y nobhtkvns fh hstd. Yne sus prkeikpkns oäskins y an quh ad hetkfdf qukhrh shr.
Ha dethrknr heueikdfn sh rhmkhrh d ad

D. hstrdthgkd inrpnrdtkvd.

O. mkansnmêd inrpnrdtkvd.
I. iuaturd inrpnrdtkvd.
F. kjdghe inrpnrdtkvd.
H. jkskùe inrpnrdtkvd.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad o, mkansnmêd inrpnrdtkvd2 Hs ad ineihpikùe
ganoda fh ad nrgdekzdikùe, hstdoahikfd pdrd daidezdr jhtds y nobhtkvns fh ad
injpdôêd. Yne sus prkeikpkns oäskins pnr jhfkn fh ans iudahs ad hetkfdf angrdrä sus
nobhtkvns mkedahs2 ads irhheikds, vdanrhs y pdutds fh inefuitd quh fhohrêd pnehr he
präitkid pdrd aahgdr d iujpakr
iujp akr jhtds mkbdfds. \nr haan sh puhfh fhikr,
fh ikr, quh ad mkansnmêd
inrpnrdtkvd rhprhshetd ‑an quh ad hjprhsd qukhrh shr‚
INJ\HVHEIKD INJ\N_VDJHEVDA D H]DAXD_2 Injprnjksn ine ad

Nrgdekzdikùe
Fhetrn fh ads dshsnrêds quh usthf orkefd d ued fh ads fhphefheikds fh ad
hetkfdf, `d heinetrdfn quh ha aêfhr en hstä iujpakhefn ine ads enrjds,
prni
pr nihfk
hfkjkhetns
jkhetns y fk fkrhi
rhitrk
trkihs
ihs pdrd aah
aahvdr
vdr d i don ha prnyhi
pr nyhi tn hei
heinjhefdfn,
njhefdfn,
deth h
hss td s ktud
ktudik
ikùe
ùe us thf
thf
D. en fkih edfd yd quh fhsfh ha prkeikpkn fhbn iadrds ads ineshiuheikds quh
pnfrêd trdhr ha en iujpakjkhetn fh ans prnihfkjkhetns
O. `doad ine ha aêfhr fha prnyhitn y ah hxpakid ad kjpnrtdeikd fh iujpakr ine ans
prnihfkjkhetns yd quh ëstns inetrkouyhe da angrn fh ans nobhtkvns fh ad nrgdekzdikùe.
I. snakiktd quh idjokhe da aêfhr fha prnyhitn yd quh fh en iujpakr d idodakfdf ads
fkrhitrkihs,jäs
rhspuhstd ad hetkfdf
dbustdfdpnfrêd keiurrkr he kjpakidiknehs
d ad injphtheikd ahgdahs. 9Bustkmkidikùe2
hs ad I, nothekhefn puetns pnrquh ad
hvkfheikd prnditkvkfdf, dakehdjkhetn fha injpnrtdjkhetn adonrda ine ads jhtds
nrgdekzdiknedahs, dpnyn d sus fkrhitrkihs y prnyhitns, shetkfn fh phrtheheikd.
Ad rhspuhstd O, puetòd ? puetns, yd quh hvkfheikd ue dbusth pdrikda d ad
injphtheikd, puhs kjpakid dakehdjkhetn fha injpnrtdjkhetn adonrda ine ads jhtds
nrgdekzdiknedahs, dpnyn d sus fkrhitrkihs y prnyhitns, shetkfn fh phrtheheikd, phrn
mdatd prnditkvkfdf.
Ad rhspuhstd D notkheh 4 puetn, yd quh ad inefuitd quh hvkfheikd
h vkfheikd juhstrd ue jhenr
shetkfn fh
phrtheheikd, puhs, duequh ha subhtn prhshetd dpnyn d ads fkrhitrkihs y prnyhitns
nrgdekzdiknedahs, ah mdatd prnditkvkfdf y shetkfn fh phrtheheikd.

Hbhjpan 42
\rnihsn ingektkvn2 Injprhefhr
Ekvha fh fkmkiuatdf2 Jhfkn
Hbh2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd
Ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd inesdgrd injn fhrhi`n muefdjhetda ha

rhinenikjkhetn d ad phrsnedakfdf burêfkid, fhrhi`n quh sh rhmkhrh d ad
D. Iudakfdf quh tnfn `njorh tkheh pnr ha snan `hi`n fh shran, d shr subhtn fh
fhrhi`ns, tdahs injn ha enjorh, ans dphaakfns, ha shxn,
sh xn, y ad hfdf, hetrh ntrns.
O. Idrdithrêstkid fha shr ùjden, pdrd shr subhtn ditkvn n pdskvn fh rhadiknehs
burêfkids he mnrjd trdesktnrkd, sk hxksth ued hxprhsd inesdgrdikùe he ha nrfhe
burêfkin.
I. \nthstdf fha kefkvkfun pdrd hbhrihr ha akorh fhsdrrnaan fh ad phrsnedakfdf quh
djpdrd ad pnthstdf fha kefkvkfun pdrd dutnfhthrjkedrsh, ske ketrnjksknehs ek
prhsknehs.
F. Inefkikùe prnpkd fh ads phrsneds burêfkids susthetdfds he ha Hstdfn Ynikda fh
Fhrhi`n, quh djpdrd ad mkedakfdf fhrkvdfd fh su irhdikùe y rhinenikjkhetn pdrd
ditudr.
IAD]H D
Hbhjpan ?2
\rnihsn ingektkvn2 Dpakidr
Ekvha fh fkmkiuatdf2 Datn
Hbh2 Hstruiturd Ghehrda fha Hstdfn.
Ads fkstketds rdjds fha \nfhr \òoakin fh ad Edikùe
Edi kùe inanjokded iujpahe fkvhrsds h
kefhphefkheths mueiknehs, nrkhetdfds d angrdr ued inrrhitd nrgdekzdikùe y
mueiknedjkhetn fha pdês, prniurdefn iujpakr ine ans mkehs hsheikdahs fha Hstdfn,
injn sne ads fh shrvkr d ad injuekfdf y prnjnvhr ad prnsphrkfdf ghehrda.
Ans mueiknedrkns kethgrdeths fh ads rdjds fha pnfhr iujpakräe hxprhsds tdrhds y hs
dsê injn ine muefdjhetn he ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd ha
D. Mksida Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe phrthehih d ad rdjd bufkikda y da hbhrihr ad diikùe
pheda tkheh injn mueikùe kevhstkgdr y buzgdr d ans jkhjorns fha Inegrhsn.
O. \rniurdfnr
vkgkadeikd Ghehrda
suphrknr fh fh
ad ad Edikùe mnrjd
inefuitd nmkikda pdrth fh ad rdjd
fh qukhehs hbhiutkvd ymueiknehs
fhshjphôde hbhrih ad
pòoakids.

I. \rhskfheth fh ad _hpòoakid mnrjd pdrth fh ad rdjd hbhiutkvd y ued fh sus

mueiknehs hs ad fh hbhrihr ad pnthstdf rhgadjhetdrkd, hxpkfkhefn fhirhtns,
rhsnauiknehs y ùrfhehs.
F. \rhskfheth fha Inegrhsn kethgrd ad rdjd ahgksadtkvd, y pnshh injn ued fh sus
mueiknehs sdeiknedr ads ahyhs, prnjuagdrads, nohfhihrads y vhadr pnr su hstrkitn
iujpakjkhetn.
IAD]H I
Hbhjpan4
Yh fhoh nrgdekzdr angêstkidjheth ad hbhiuikùe fh ued ditkvkfdf fh ad Yhirhtdrêd he
idjpn pdrd ue odrrkn uokidfn
uokidf n he ad anidakfdf jäs dahbdfd y fh
f h hstrdtn <.
Ha shitnr hs rhinenikfn pnr ued jdridfd thefheikd da rhikiadbh injn ditkvkfdf
hineùjkid y fh datd fhshsinadrkzdikùe fh ekôns jhenrhs fh 4? dôns. He hstds
inefkiknehs ha/ad heidrgdfn/d fh ad ditkvkfdf fhoh
D. ideihadr ha hvhetn `dstd thehr ads
ad s gdrdetêds ehihsdrkds pdrd ad shgurkfdf fh ans
hqukpns y ha phrsneda.
O. snakiktdr dinjpdôdjkhetn fh shrvkikns snikdahs pdrd gdrdetkzdr ha ohehmkikn y ha
angrn fh ans nobhtkvns.
I. fhahgdr d dagukhe ine hxphrkheikd y fh prhmhrheikd quh vkvd he ha shitnr pdrd
innrfkedr ad bnredfd
Hbhjpan ?
Yh hstä noshrvdefn ue dujhetn skgekmkidtkvn fh ads quhbds pnr ad jdad dtheikùe d
ans ikufdfdens pnr pdrth fh mueiknedrkns fh ad hetkfdf. \nr tda jntkvn sh vd d rhdakzdr
ued kevhstkgdikùe kethred fh ads idusds pnskoahs pdrd hstdoahihr padehs fh diikùe
y fh jhbnrd d ekvha kestktuikneda. \drd tda mke sh hsphrd fh ue mueiknedrkn quh
D. kemnrjh fh diuhrfn d su hxphrkheikd he ha ärhd y odsäefnsh he ads noshrvdiknehs
rhdakzdfds ad kemnrjdikùe snakiktdfd.
O. kefkquh ads rdznehs quh irhd sne ads quh kjpkfhe dfjkrdr ha trdodbn fhsdrrnaadfn,
fhrkvdfds fh su mnrjdikùe pdrtkiuadr.
I. orkefh ad kemnrjdikùe quh sh ah snakikth fh jdehrd iadrd, puetuda, ehutrda y nobhtkvd
pdrd hmhitns fh inemkdokakfdf
D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe hbhjpans fh prhguetd pdrd hvdaudr ad pruhod
oäskid2
4. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid
Inethekfn2 Vêtuan K prkeikpkns muefdjhetdahs, Vêtuan KK fhrhi`ns, gdrdetêds

y fhohrhs.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Ha Drtêiuan 00 fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd fh 4;;4 inesdgrd ads dii
diiknehs
knehs
pnpuadrhs y fh grupn pdrd prnthghr fhrhi`ns inahitkvns. Hsth Drtêiuan muh rhguadfn
pnr ad Ahy 67? fh 4;;0. Hstds enrjds phrjkthe ineiaukr quh ued fh ads fkmhrheikds
hxkstheths hetrh ads fns diiknehs hs quh
D. ad diikùe pnpuadr ousid ued rhpdrdikùe fha fdôn, y ad diikùe fh grupn ousid
prhvhekr ha fdôn.
O. ad diikùe pnpuadr ousidr prhvhekr ha fdôn, y ad diikùe fh grupn ousid ued
rhpdrdikùe fha fdôn.
I. ad diikùe fh grupn fhoh shr prhshetdfd pnr, da jhens, ?< phrsneds3 jkhetds quh
ad diikùe pnpuadr hxkgh quh shde jäs fh 8 phrsneds.
F. ad diikùe fh grupn fhoh shr prhshetdfd pnr, da jhens, 8 phrsneds3 jkhetrds quh
ad diikùe pnpuadr hxkgh quh shde jäs fh ?< phrsneds.
Iadvh2 O
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Ad rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd, pnrquh, shgòe ha Drtêiuan 00 fh ad
Inestktuikùe fh 4;;4, ad diikùe pnpuadr ousidr prhvhekr ha fdôn, y ad diikùe fh grupn
ousid ued rhpdrdikùe fha fdôn. Yhgòe fki`d enrjd, "ad ahy rhguadrä ads diiknehs
pnpuadrhs pdrd ad prnthiikùe fh ans fhrhi`ns h kethrhshs inahitkvns", ine an quh
akjktd hstds d ad prhvheikùe fh ue fdôn. Jkhetrds quh, da rhmhrkrsh d ads diiknehs fh
grupn, kefkid quh ad ahy "tdjokëe rhguadrä ads diiknehs nrkgkedfds he ans fdôns
nidsknedfns d ue eòjhrn paurda fh phrsneds", ikriuesirkokhefn hstds diiknehs d ad
hsmhrd kefhjekzdtnrkd n fh rhpdrdikùe fh phrbukikns.
?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid
Inethekfn2 \rkeikpkns Muefdjhetdahs.

Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Yh dtkhefh d ue kemnrjh susirktn pnr ue ikufdfden fha juekikpkn fh Idafnen ’
Iduid, he ha iuda jdekmkhstd inenihr prhsuetns ditns fh inrrupikùe injhtkfns pnr
ha Daidafh fha juekikpkn. Ine ha mke fh hsiadrhihr ans `hi`ns y, fh shr ha idsn, quh
sh sdeikneh su injpnrtdjkhetn injn shrvkfnr pòoakin, ha mueiknedrkn heidrgdfn fh
fki`n prnihsn (thekhefn prhsheth quh ha Daidafh hs kefêghed) fhikfh quh ësth fhoh
shr kevhstkgdfn fksikpakedrkdjheth d ad auz fh ad Ahy
D. 09= fh ?<<9.
O. 796 fh ?<<?.
I. 44?9 fh ?<<7.

F. 4<4< fh ?<<=.
IAD]H2 O
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Ad O hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<? hs ha rëgkjhe
fksikpakedrkn pdrd ans shrvkfnrhs pòoakins, y skhefn quh hsth daidafh hs kefêghed y
dfjkekstrd okhehs prnpkns fha Hstdfn, he an quh rhsphitd d su prhsuetd
rhspnesdokakfdf fksikpakedrkd hstdrä inokbdfn odbn hsth rëgkjhe. Ine odsh he ha
drtêiuan ?8 fh ad Ahy 796 fh ?<<? qukhe an kefkid tdxdtkvdjheth.
9. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Nmkjätkid
Inethekfn2 \rnihsdfnrhs fh thxtn
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Xed mueiknedrkd hstä hadonrdefn ueds injuekidiknehs d pdrtkr fh ad mueiknedakfdf
fh "INJOKEDIKÙE FH IN__HY\NEFHEIKD" y shahiikned ad npikùe "KEYH_VD_
IDJ\N INJOKEDFN" fha jheò "IN__HY\NEFHEIKD", Hstd diikùe ah phrjkth
D. keshrtdr ued odsh fh fdtns injpahtd quh inetkheh idjpns fh ans inetditns
fkspnekoahs.
O. keshrtdr ha rhsuatdfn fh injokedr fkmhrheths odshs fh fdtns he ans quh `dyd
inetditns.
I. dgrhgdr ue idjpn fh ad akstd fh fhstkedtdrkns fha fniujhetn injn enjorh,
dphaakfn n idrgn.
F. dgrhgdr ue têtuan he ha quh pnfrä injokedr idjpns injn enjorhs, dphaakfns n
idrgns.
IAD]H2 I
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Hstd npikùe fh rhspuhstd hs ad inrrhitd, pnrquh ad npikùe
"KEYH_VD_ IDJ\N INJOKEDFN" phrjkth dgrhgdr iudaqukhr idjpn fh ad akstd fh
fhstkedtdrkns fha fniujhetn injn, pnr hbhjpan, enjorh, dphaakfn n idrgn.
6. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Jhiäekid Dutnjntrkz
Inethekfn2 Jhiäekid fh vh`êiuans oäskid
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Vnfns ans dutnjntnrhs hstäe fntdfns ine ue sksthjd fh muskoahs iuyd mueikùe hs ad
fh prnthghr ans ikriuktns haëitrkins fha dutnjntnr. Yk sh prnfubhrd ued snorhidrgd
he uen fh ans ikriuktns, ha muskoah sdatdrä n sh muefkrä, kethrrujpkhefn ha pdsn fh
inrrkheth y prnthgkhefn ha ikriuktn da quh hstdod inehitdfn.

Furdeth ue rhinrrkfn, ue inefuitnr diikned ued auz fkrhiikneda

fkrhiikne da y fhthitd quh EN sh
heikhefh ad auz thstkgn fha tdoahrn fh jdefns, fhtkheh su jdri`d ine prhiduikùe y
rhvksd ads auihs hxthreds, fäefnsh iuhetd fh quh tdjpnin heikhefhe. \nr an tdetn,
fhoh rhvksdr
D. ad idbd fh
f h muskoahs y rrhhjpadzdr
hhjpadzdr ha quh sh heiuhetrd fdôdfn pnr uen f
fha
ha jksjn
djphrdbh, duequh EN shd fha jksjn inanr.
O. ad mueiknedakfdf fha sksthjd haëitrkin fhsfh ad odthrêd, pdsdefn pnr ha fêedjn y
ha idoahdfn fh ad onjokaahrêd.
I. ad pdadeid fh ads auihs fkrhiiknedahs quh EN `kzn ha inetditn dfhiudfn.
F. ad auz fha tdoahrn fh inetrna quh sumrkù dagued dvhrêd y quh kjpkfh ha
mueiknedjkhetn fh ads auihs hxthrknrhs.
IAD]H2 D
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Hstd npikùe hs ad inrrhitd, yd quh hs ue phrideih quh sh puhfh
prhshetdr mäikajheth y dsê jksjn hs mäika ha prnihfkjkhetn d shgukr he idsn fh
dvhrêds, pnrquh
rhqukhrh ha jdetkheh
sksthjd haëitrkinmuskoahs fh ads jksjds hsphikmkidiknehs fh ads quh
fha dutnjntnr.
8. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Dtheikùe da Ikufdfden
Inethekfn2 Fhohrhs y fhrhi`ns fh ans pdikheths y sus mdjkakds
Ekvha2 Vëiekin
Yhgòe sh hxprhsd he ad AH[ 4676 fh ?<44, "tnfds ads hetkfdfhs y nrgdeksjns fh
ad Dfjkekstrdikùe \òoakid tkhehe ad noakgdikùe fh fhsdrrnaadr su ghstkùe dinrfh ine
ans prkeikpkns fh fhjnirdikd pdrtkikpdtkvd y fhjnirdtkzdikùe fh ad ghstkùe pòoakid".
Xed hetkfdf pòoakid quh fkmuefh y prnjuhvh hetrh ans ikufdfdens ha inrrhitn
mueiknedjkhetn fh ad Dfjkekstrdikùe \uoakid hstä
D. fhjnstrdefn in`hrheikd he rhspuhstd d sus snakiktufhs.
O. jdethekhefn ans jhideksjns fh injuekidikùe.
I. nmrhikhefn rhspuhstds snpnrtdfds he fhirhtns.
F. gdrdetkzdefn ans fhrhi`ns fh ans ikufdfdens.
IAD]H2 F
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Drtêiuan 70. Fhjnirdtkzdikùe fh ad Dfjkekstrdikùe \òoakid. Vnfds
ads hetkfdfhs y nrgdeksjns fh ad Dfjkekstrdikùe \òoakid tkhehe ad noakgdikùe fh
fhsdrrnaadr su ghstkùe dinrfh ine ans prkeikpkns fh fhjnirdikd pdrtkikpdtkvd y
fhjnirdtkzdikùe fh ad ghstkùe pòoakid...
Hetrh ntrds pnfräe rhdakzdr ads skgukheths diiknehs2

Fkmuefkr y prnjnvhr ans fhrhi`ns fh ans ikufdfdens rhsphitn fha inrrhitn

mueiknedjkhetn fh ad Dfjkekstrdikùe \òoakid
=.?. \ruhod Injphtheikds Mueiknedahs.
=.?.4. Vkpns fh \rhguetds Ynorh Injphtheikds Mueiknedahs
Injn sh jheikneù
injphtheikds oäskidsdethrknrjheth,
hs fh YHAHIIKÙEha tkpn fh prhguetd
JÒAVK\AH INEpdrd ad _HY\XHYVD,
ÒEKID pruhod snorh
ad iuda hstä inemnrjdfd pnr ue heueikdfn y iudtrn (6) npiknehs fh rhspuhstd. Yh
fhoh thehr he iuhetd quh ha heueikdfn puhfh inethehr ued mrdsh keinjpahtd, ued
kethrrngdikùe, ue thxtn, ued kjdghe n ued grämkid3 ads npiknehs fh rhspuhstd
dpdrhihe kfhetkmkidfds ine ads ahtrds D, O, I y F, phrn sùan ued fh ads npiknehs
injpahtd n rhspnefh inrrhitdjheth ha heueikdfn. D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe
hbhjpans fh prhguetds pdrd hvdaudr ad pruhod mueikneda2
?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Ghstkùe fha rkhsgn
Inethekfn2 EVI94<<<.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Ha hsquhjd fhetrn fha jdrin fh rhmhrheikd pdrd ad ghstkùe
gh stkùe fha rkhsgn quh hsphikmkid
ha hemnquh, ans injpneheths y ans rhiursns quh sh vde dpakidr d ad ghstkùe fha
rkhsgn, inrrhspnefh
D. da prngrdjd pdrd ad ghstkùe fha rkhsgn.
O. da prnihfkjkhetn pdrd ad ghstkùe fha rkhsgn.
I. da kestruitkvn pdrd ad ghstkùe fha rkhsgn.
F. da pade pdrd ad ghstkùe fha rkhsgn.
IAD]H2 F
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Inrrhitn. Fhmkekikùe quh sh heiuhetrd he ha eujhrda ?.= fh ad
enrjd EVI KYN 94<<<.
?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Jnfhan Hstäefdr fh Inetrna Kethren-jhik
Inethekfn2 \adehs fh jhbnrdjkhetn kestktuikneda.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda
Ad hvdaudikùe fh tnfds ads fkjhesknehs fha Jnfhan Kethgrdfn fh \adehdikùe y
Ghstkùe, keiaukfd ad inrrhspnefkheth da Inetrna Kethren, sh inesnakfd d trdvës fh ad
`hrrdjkhetd
D. YKYJHG - Yksthjd fh Yhgukjkhetn d Jhtds

Jhtds fh Gnokhren.
O. MX_DG KK - Mnrjuadrkn Òekin _hpnrth fh Dvdeihs fh ad Ghstkùe.

I. M\T_ - Mnrjuadrkn fh \htkiknehs, quhbds shrvkikns y rhiadjns.

F. YXKV - Yksthjd Òekin fh Kemnrjdikùe fh Vräjkths.
IAD]H2 O
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Hstd hs ad npikùe fh rhspuhstd inrrhitd, puhs ha MX_DG hs ha
mnrjuadrkn Òekin fh rhpnrth fh dvdeihs he ad ghstkùe ine pdrtkiuadr ëemdsks snorh
ads pnaêtkids fh Fhsdrrnaan Dfjkekstrdtkvn quh phrjktkrä hvdaudr ans dvdeihs fhetrn
fh hstds pnaêtkids.
9. Hbh Vhjätkin2 _ëgkjhe prhstdikneda y sdadrkda fha hjpahdfn pòoakin
Inethekfn2 Yksthjd fh enjheiadturd y iadskmkidikùe fh ans hjpahns
Ekvha2 Vëiekin
Dgrupd ans hjpahns iuyd edturdahzd fhjdefd ad hbhiuikùe y dpakidikùe fh ans
inenikjkhetns prnpkns fh iudaqukhr idrrhrd prnmhskneda, fkmhrheth d ad tëiekid
prnmhskneda y thienaùgkid, rhinenikfd pnr ad ahy y quh, shgòe su injpahbkfdf y
injphtheikds hxkgkfds, ahs puhfd inrrhspnefhr mueiknehs fh innrfkedikùe,
suphrvkskùe
prngrdjds y yprnyhitns
inetrna kestktuiknedahs
fh ärhds kethreds heidrgdfds fh hbhiutdr ans padehs,
Ad fhmkekikùe dethrknr inrrhspnefh da ekvha bhrärqukin

D. Vëiekin
O. \rnmhskneda
I. Dshsnr
F. Dskstheikda
IAD]H2 O
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2
Ekvha \rnmhskneda. IN__HIVD . Ha drtêiuan
Dgrupd ans hjpahns 6.9edturdahzd
iuyd fha fhirhtnfhjdefd
77< fh ?<<8 hstdoahih2y
ad hbhiuikùe
dpakidikùe fh ans inenikjkhetns prnpkns fh iudaqukhr idrrhrd prnmhskneda, fkmhrheth
d ad tëiekid prnmhskneda y thienaùgkid, rhinenikfd pnr ad ahy y quh shgòe su
injpahbkfdf y injphtheikds hxkgkfds, ahs puhfd inrrhspnefhr mueiknehs fh
innrfkedikùe, suphrvkskùe y inetrna fh ärhds kethreds heidrgdfds fh hbhiutdr ans
padehs, prngrdjds y prnyhitns kestktuiknedahs.
6. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Yhgurkfdf y sdauf he ha trdodbn
Inethekfn2 Injphtheikds fh ads Dshgurdfnrds fh _khsgns Adonrdahs y fha
Mnefn fh _khsgns Adonrdahs, sdeiknehs, injphtheikd fh ad buetd edikneda y
rhgknedahs, rhpnrths fh diikfheths fh trdodbn, prngrdjd fh shgurkfdf y sdauf
he ha trdodbn, Yuosksthjds fha prngrdjd fh Yhgurkfdf y Ydauf he ha Vrdodbn.
Ekvha2 \rnmhskneda

Vnfns ans hstufkdeths quh rhdakihe präitkids didfëjkids pdrd iujpakr ine ans
rhquksktns hxkgkfns pdrd iuajkedr sus hstufkns y nothehr su têtuan fh grdfn fhohe
hstdr dmkakdfns d ued Dfjkekstrdfnrd fh _khsgns Adonrdahs, pnr iudetn ad hbhiuikùe
fh ad jksjd ineaahvd ue rkhsgn niupdikneda.
An dethrknr sh heiuhetrd inethjpadfn he
D. ad _hsnauikùe 46<4 fh ?<<7.
O. ha Fhirhtn 4?;8 fh 4;;6.
I. ad Ikriuadr Xekmkidfd fh ?<<6.
F. ha Fhirhtn <88 fh ?<48.
IAD]H2 F
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 Inrrhspnefh da fhirhtn quh `dih noakgdtnrkd ad dmkakdikùe d rkhsgns
adonrdahs fh ans hstufkdeths.
8. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Dri`kvn y inrrhspnefheikd
Inethekfn2 Dfjkekstrdikùe y inesuatd fh dri`kvns he ads dpakidiknehs y
`hrrdjkhetds fh Ghstkùe Fniujhetda he ad Hetkfdfhs fha Nrfhe Edikneda y
thrrktnrkda.
Ekvha2 Dskstheikda
Ha kestrujhetn dri`kvêstkin quh phrjkth fhsdrrnaadr, d inrtn, jhfkden y adrgn padzn,
ans prnihsns dri`kvêstkins injn pdrth fha \ade hstrdtëgkin Kestktuikneda y ha \ade fh
Diikùe deuda hs
D. ad tdoad fh rhtheikùe fniujhetda.
O. ha pade kestktuikneda fh dri`kvn.
I. ha iudfrn fh iadskmkidikùe fniujhetda.
F. ha prngrdjd fh ghstkùe fniujhetda.
IAD]H2 F
BXYVKMKIDIKÙE2 hs ad inrrhitd yd quh ha fhirhtn 4<0< fh ?<48 an fhsirkoh injn
kestrujhetn dri`kvêstkin.
D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe hbhjpans fh prhguetds pdrd hvdaudr ad pruhod
Injpnrtdjhetda2
Ekvha2 DYKYVHEIKDA
Vkpn fh Injphtheikd2 INJÒE D VNFNY ANY YH_]KFN_HY

Injphtheikd2 N_KHEVDIKÙE D _HYXAVDFNY

4. Fhetrn fh jks rhspnesdokakfdfhs hstä ha prnihsn fh angêstkid fh ued hetkfdf, y
fhon rhdakzdr ad hetrhgd fh uens hstdeths pdrd ued mhrkd hjprhsdrkda. Ha mueiknedrkn
quh fhoh rhdakzdr ha didrrhn fh ans hstdeths en `d pnfkfn aahgdr d ad `nrd
fhthrjkedfd pdrd rhikokr ha phfkfn y aahvdran da fhstken mkeda yd quh sh heiuhetrd he
ntrd
idsnhetrhgd he ad quh `d thekfn fhjnrds, an iuda `d idusdfn su tdrfdezd. He hsth
hs phrtkeheth
D. uokidr da inefuitnr heidrgdfn pdrd hstdoahihr euhvns tkhjpns fh hetrhgd fh ans
hstdeths y dsê innrfkedr ine ha iakheth ad hetrhgd mkeda.
O. nrgdekzdr ine ntrns inefuitnrhs, ha prnihsn fh hetrhgd fh ans hstdeths pdrd quh
puhfd iujpakr ine an hstdoahikfn.
I. rhdakzdr ans prnihsns fh sdeikùe hstdoahikfns pdrd ad hetkfdf hs idsn fh
keiujpakjkhetn.
Ekvha2 VHIEKIN
Injphtheikd2 N_KHEVDIKÙE DA XYXD_KN [ DA IKXFDFDEN
?. Xe usudrkn aahgd d ad hetkfdf y sh dihrid da puetn fh kemnrjdikùe, pdrd diadrdr
ued shrkh fh fufds quh tkheh mrheth d ue prnihsn he ha träjkth fh ued
fniujhetdikùe., mrheth d an iuda fhikfn
D. hjktkr ued rhspuh
rhspuhstd
std npnrtued y iadrd d pdrtkr fh ad kemnrjdikùe quh tkheh fh su
fhphefheikd.
O. fkrkgkr da usudrkn d ad fhphefheikd d ad quh inrrhspnefhe sus fufds, pdrd
quh shde rhsuhatd.

I3 kefkidr djdoahjheth quh en iuhetn ine ad kemnrjdikùe quh snakiktd.
Ekvha2 VHIEKIN
IKXF DFDEN
9. Vrdodbn he ued hjprhsd quh hs idakmkidfd he ad who injn ued injpdôêd ine ued
hxihaheth dtheikùe da iakheth, quh dfhjäs tkheh juy ouheds irêtkids pnr pdrth fh
ans
injnusudrkns. \drd fha
rhspnesdoah quhinetditn
ad hjprhsd
ine skgd skhefn rhinenikfd
ans usudrkns pnr ad ouhed dtheikùe,
ineskfhrn kjpnrtdeth

D. jdethehr ans fkmhrheths idedahs fh injuekidikùe y rhspuhstd npnrtued `dikd ans
iakheths.
O. thehr he iuhetd ads ehihskfdfhs fh ans iakheths pdrd ha fkshôn fh hstrdthgkds quh
fhe rhspuhstd d ans shrvkikns quh nmrhih ad hjprhsd.
I. Vrdsjktkr da hqukpn fh trdodbn ad ehihskfdf fh quh dthefhr ans rhquhrkjkhetns
r hquhrkjkhetns fh
ans iakheths ine iadrkfdf, npnrtuekfdf y fkrhiiknedjkhetn fh sus ehihskfdfhs.
Ekvha2 \_NMHYKNEDA
Injphtheikd2 N_KHEVDIKÙE D _HYXAVDFNY
6. Fhsfh `dih trhs (9) shjdeds jk bhmh jh `d heidrgdfn mueiknehs fh dri`kvn y
nrgdekzdikùe fh ad kemnrjdikùe quh en `dih pdrth fh ads tdrhds prnpkds
prnp kds fh jk idrgn.
\hsh d quh `h rhdakzdfn an dskgedfn, ineskfhrn quh en hs bustn `dihr hsth tkpn fh
ditkvkfdfhs pnrquh rhtrdsde ntrds quh ghehrdajheth `dgn. \drd snauiknedr hstd
sktudikùe fhikfn
D. snakiktdr quh ntrns injpdôhrns tdjokëe rhdakihe ads ditkvkfdfhs pdrd quh dsê
tnfns hsthjns he kgudafdf fh inefkiknehs.
O. kemnrjdr quh ads tdrhds dskgedfds sne jui`ds y quh hstny fhbdefn fh `dihr
ntrds quh puhfhe shr jäs kjpnrtdeths.
I. prnpnehr quh sh djpaêh ha padzn n rhdskgehe pnr ue tkhjpn dagueds fh ads
ditkvkfdfhs pdrd iujpakr ske keinevhekheths.
Ekvha2 \_NMHYKNEDA
Vkpn fh Injphtheikd2 INJXE

8. He ued hetkfdf he ans òatkjns = jhshs sh `de kjpahjhetdfn fkvhrsds hstrdthgkds
pdrd jhbnrdr ad dtheikùe da ikufdfden, ske hjodrgn, ha pnrihetdbh fh quhbds en `d
fksjkeukfn. Injn heidrgdfn fh rhdakzdr ad inrrhitd hvdaudikùe fh ad sktudikùe
ineskfhrn kjpnrtdeth keiaukr
D. ha tkhjpn fh kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads hstrdthgkds y ans rhspnesdoahs.
O. ha tkpn fh quhbds prhshetdfds y ads hstrdthgkds fh jhbnrdjkhetn utkakzdfds.
I. ad idetkfdf fh quhbds y ans rhiursns ine ans quh iuhetd ad hetkfdf pdrd fdr
rhspuhstd. Ha tkpn fh prhguetd pdrd ad pruhod fh injphtheikds injpnrtdjhetdahs
inestd fh ued sktudikùe n idsn y trhs (9) npiknehs fh rhspuhstd, ads iudahs sne
kefkidfnrhs fh ad injphtheikd d jhfkr. Fki`ns kefkidfnrhs sne hvkfheikds quh
fhohe rhspnefhr d ue hstäefdr, ha iuda phrjkth rhinenihr sk ad hjkskùe fh ue

injpnrtdjkhetn hvkfheikd ad inefuitd hsphrdfd, hs fhikr, jdekmhstdefn ue ‑`dihr‚

y/n ghehrdefn ue prnfuitn fh diuhrfn ine ans kefkidfnrhs fhsirktns prhvkdjheth.
INJ\HVHEIKDY OÄYKIDY
4.4 \_XHODY ODYKIDY

4. Xe mueiknedrkn fhoh iadskmkidr ad inestruiikùe fh kefkidfnrhs pdrd ue prnihsn
fhetrn fh ads diiknehs fh jhbnrd quh sh fhohe rhgkstrdr he ha pade fh jhbnrdjkhetn,
hsth prnihfkjkhetn fhoh rhdakzdrsh inemnrjh d ads htdpds fha ikian fh ad jhbnrd
inetkeud. Da iadskmkidr hstd diikùe, ha mueiknedrkn ad uokid he ad htdpd fh
D. vhrkmkidr, pnrquh ans kefkidfnrhs sne ued `hrrdjkhetd òtka pdrd inetrdstdr an
padehdfn ine an hbhiutdfn.
O. ditudr, pnrquh ine odsh he ans kefkidfnrhs sh fhsdrrnaade ads ditkvkfdfhs d
hbhiutdr fhetrn fha prnihsn.
I. `dihr, puhs ans kefkidfnrhs sne fkspnsktkvns quh inemnrjde ad jkskùe fh ad
ghstkùe kestktuikneda.
F. padehdr, puhs ans kefkidfnrhs phrjkthe rhadiknedr ad padehdikùe ine ad hbhiuikùe
fh ad ghstkùe.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd pnrquh ans kefkidfnrhs sne `hrrdjkhetds fh jhfkikùe
quh mdikaktde ad injpdrdikùe hetrh ans rhsuatdfns hsphrdfns n padehdfns y ans
rhsuatdfns heinetrdfns fhspuës fh ad jhfkikùe. Ha kefkidfnr hs ad rhsuatdeth fh tda
injpdrdikùe. Yhgòe ad EVIG\ 4<<<2?<<; puhfh dpakidrsh d tnfns ans prnihsns ad
jhtnfnangêd inenikfd injn ‑\adekmkidr @dihr-]hrkmkidr- Ditudr‚
Ditudr‚ (\@]D). \@]D
puhfh fhsirkokrsh orhvhjheth injn2
\adekmkidr2 hstdoahihr ans nobhtkvns y prnihsns ehihsdrkns pdrd ineshgukr rhsuatdfns,
fh diuhrfn ine ans rhquksktns fha iakheth, ans ahgdahs dpakidoahs y ads pnaêtkids fh ad
hetkfdf. @dihr2 kjpahjhetdr ans prnihsns. ]hrkmkidr2 rhdakzdr ha shgukjkhetn y ad
jhfkikùe fh ans prnihsns y ans prnfuitns y/n shrvkikns rhsphitn d ads pnaêtkids, ans
nobhtkvns y ans rhquksktns pdrd ha prnfuitn y/n shrvkikn, h kemnrjdr snorh ans
rhsuatdfns. Ditudr2 tnjdr diiknehs pdrd jhbnrdr inetkeudjheth ha fhshjphôn fh
ans prnihsns.
?. He ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh ad fniujhetdikùe
fniujhetdi kùe fh ue sksthjd, sh heiuhetrd ue kemnrjh
quh prhshetd ads ditkvkfdfhs, ans nobhtkvns, ha daideih, ue fkdgrdjd fh maubn fh ads
ditkvkfdfhs y ans rhspnesdoahs fh ue prnihsn quh sh vd d aahvdr he ue ärhd fh ad
hetkfdf. Vhekhefn he iuhetd quh sh rhqukhrh iadskmkidr fki`n fniujhetn, sh fhoh
inethjpadr quh hs ue

D. prnyhitn, yd quh tkheh ue nobhtkvn y fhsdrrnaad ditkvkfdfhs.

O. prnihfkjkhetn, fdfn quh inetkheh y fhsirkoh ditkvkfdfhs.
I. ditkvkfdf, puhstn quh fhtdaad y hsphikmkid prnihsns.
F. prnihsn, fdfn quh fhsirkoh ads hetrdfds y sdakfds he ha maubn.
Inemnrjh ads fhmkekiknehs KYN ;<<<, ue prnihfkjkhetn hs ued mnrjd hsphiêmkid pdrd
aahvdr d idon ued ditkvkfdf n ue prnihsn. Inemnrjh an hxprhsdfn he ha inethxtn ad
npikùe inrrhitd hs prnihfkjkhetn fdfn quh he haans sh fhsirkoh ued grde ditkvkfdf
n vdrkds ditkvkfdfhs fh ue prnihsn.
9. Fdfn quh ad Idrtd \naêtkid hstdoahih jhfkns bufkikdahs fh fhmhesd d ans
ikufdfdens inanjokdens, fh ans iudahs sh fhstdid ad diikùe fh tuthad.
Fki`n jhfkn fh fhmhesd sh fhmkeh injn
D. Xe rhiursn
r hiursn hsphikda, fha iuda sh `dih usn deth iudaqukhr dutnr
dutnrkfdf
kfdf bufkikda pdrd
nothehr ad akohrtdf.
O. Xe jhfkn burêfkin quh ousid prnthghr ans fhrhi`ns y ans kethrhshs inahitkvns d
idusd fh diiknehs u njksknehs quh idushe fdôn.
I. ued mkgurd burêfkid, quh sh utkakzd pdrd `dihr hmhitkvn ha iujpakjkhetn fh ued ahy
n fh ue ditn dfjkekstrdtkvn.
F. ue jhideksjn orhvh quh ousid prnthghr ans fhrhi`ns muefdjhetdahs
inestktuiknedahs deths ads dutnrkfdfhs bufkikdahs.
Ha Drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe pnaêtkid shôdad quh tnfd phrsned thefrä diikùe fh
tuthad pdrd rhiadjdr deth ans buhihs, he tnfn jnjhetn y augdr, jhfkdeth ue
prnihfkjkhetn prhmhrheth y sujdrkn, pnr sê jksjd n pnr qukhe ditòh d su enjorh, ad
prnthiikùe kejhfkdtd fh sus fhrhi`ns inestktuiknedahs muefdjhetdahs, iudefn
qukhrd quh ëstns rhsuathe vuaehrdfns n djhedzdfns pnr ad diikùe n ad njkskùe fh
iudaqukhr dutnrkfdf pòoakid. Ad prnthiikùe ineskstkrä he ued nrfhe pdrd quh dquha
rhsphitn fh qukhe sh snakiktd ad tuthad, ditòh n sh dosthegd fh `dihran… Ha mdaan, quh
shrä fh kejhfkdtn iujpakjkhetn… He ekegòe idsn pnfräe trd esiurrkr jäs fh fkhz
fêds hetrh ad snakiktuf fh tuthad y su rhsnauikùe. Ad ahy hstdoahihrä ans idsns he ans
quh ad diikùe fh tuthad prnihfh inetrd pdrtkiuadrhs heidrgdfns fh ad prhstdikùe fh
ue shrvkikn pòoakin n iuyd inefuitd dmhith grdvh y fkrhitdjheth ha kethrës inahitkvn,
n rhsphitn fh qukhehs ha snakiktdeth sh `daah he hstdfn fh suonrfkedikùe n
kefhmheskùe.

6. Xe shrvkfnr pòoakin he iujpakjkhetn fh sus adonrhs fhetrn fh ad hetkfdf `d

ghehrdfn ue keirhjhetn fh su pdtrkjnekn. Hsth keirhjhetn sh fhoh hxpakidr,
iudefn shd rhquhrkfn fh mnrjd kejhfkdtd y sdtksmditnrkd, deth ha
D. enjkedfnr, ad \rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n \hrsnehrêd.
O. bhmh kejhfkdtn, _hiursns @ujdens n Inetrna Kethren.
I. enjkedfnr, ad Inetrdanrêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n Fhmhesnrêd.
F. bhmh kejhfkdtn, ad \rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n Fhmhesnrêd.
Yhgòe ad Ahy 796 fha 49 fh mhorhrn fh ?<<? hs fhohr fha shrvkfnr pòoakin hxpakidr
ad prnihfheikd fha keirhjhetn pdtrkjnekda nothekfn furdeth ha hbhrikikn fha idrgn,
mueikùe n shrvkikn, fh mnrjd kejhfkdtd y sdtksmditnrkdjheth da enjkedfnr, d ad
\rniurdfurêd Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe n d ad phrsnehrêd, iudefn hstns an rhqukhrde.
8.
fh Haprkeikpkns
Hstdfn inanjokden, he rhphtkfds
y vdanrhs ùjdens fh ansnidsknehs,
shrvkfnrhsshquh
`d vkstn dmhitdfn
adonrde he adspnr ad mdatd
hetkfdfhs
pòoakids, pnr ha dodefnen jnrda y ha fhsvên fh ad inefuitd ëtkid, fhrkvdfns, he
pdrth, pnr ad mdatd fh ineikheikd he ad rhspnesdokakfdf snikda fh su hbhrikikn.
Deth hstd sktudikùe, hs fhohr fh ans shrvkfnrhs
D. vhadr pnr ad prnthiikùe fh ad kethgrkfdf fha hspdikn pòoakin.
O. padekmkidr ha jdehbn y dprnvhi`djkhetn fh ans rhiursns.
I. prnpnehr ads kekikdtkvds quh hstkjh òtkahs pdrd ha jhbnrdjkhetn fha shrvkikn.
F. rhsnavhr ans dsuetns, kefhphefkheth fha nrfhe quh vdyde kegrhsdefn d su
fhphefheikd.
Ad rhspuhstd sh fhoh d quh ad Ahy
Ah y 796 fha 49 fh mhorhrn fh ?<<?
? <<? Idpêtuan shguefn,
Drtêiuan 96. Kefkid quh sne fhohrhs fh tnfn shrvkfnr pòoakin2 ... \nehr he
inenikjkhetn fha suphrknr ans `hi`ns quh puhfde phrbufkidr ha mueiknedjkhetn fh
ad dfjkekstrdikùe y prnpnehr ads kekikdtkvds quh hstkjh òtkahs pdrd ha jhbnrdjkhetn
fha shrvkikn.
4.? \_XHODY MXEIKNEDAHY
Yh fhsdrrnaad ued euhvd thnrêd quh pdrhih en thehr jui`d inegruheikd hetrh sus
supuhstns, pnr iudetn prhshetd fkmkiuatdfhs he ad rhadikùe aùgkid hetrh sus
heueikdfns y ad thnrêd jksjd3 ske hjodrgn, hstd iuhetd ine hvkfheikd d su mdvnr,
pdrhih en thehr `kpùthsks mdashdfnrds ek inetrdfhikr ekegued ntrd thnrêd.

=. \drd fhjdridr ad thnrêd hetrh an quh hs ikhetêmkin y an quh en, thekhefn he iuhetd
ads fkmkiuatdfhs fh ad thnrêd, sh rhinjkhefd utkakzdr ha irkthrkn fh fhjdridikùe fh2
D. Mdasdikùe, fhokfn d su kemahxkokakfdf pdrd fhjdridr ine odsh he hvkfheikd.
O. Inemkrjdokakdf, pnr thehr ha pntheikda fh inetrdfhikr ntrds
ntrd s thnrêds he ha muturn.
I. ]hrkmkidokakfdf, puhs sus fkmkiuatdfhs sne ehtdjheth hjpêrkids.

F. Mdasdokakfdf, puhs sus fkmkiuatdfhs sne ehtdjheth aùgkids
Fh diuhrfn ine ¨\npphr ad mdasdokakfdf hs ue irkthrkn
ir kthrkn fh fhjdridikùe quh sh rhmkhrh
d ued rhadikùe aùgkid hetrh ad thnrêd y ans heueikdfns oäskin. Ad mdasdokakfdf hs ha
shetkfn fh irkthrkn fh fhjdridikùe hs ue dsuetn purdjheth aùgkin fh ans heueikdfns
y ads iadshs fh heueikdfns, [ en tkheh edfd quh vhr he iuhstkùe fh sk ikhrtns
rhsuatdfns hxphrkjhetdahs pnskoahs pnfrêde n en shr dihptdfns injn mdasdiknehs.
7. Xe tutnr sh hemrhetd d ued fkmêika tdrhd2 heshôdrah d su hstufkdeth quë hs ad ikheikd,
iùjn sh fhsdrrnaad y iuäahs sne sus vhetdbds y idrdithrêstkids.
Ha tutnr kefkid quh ha jëtnfn ikhetêmkin trdfkikneda hs ha prnihfkjkhetn pnr ha iuda sh
inestruyh ha inenikjkhetn ikhetêmkin, ha iuda sh
idrdithrkzd pnr shr
D. hsphiêmkin, dutninrrhitkvn y mahxkoah.
O. mäitkin, nobhtkvn y vhrkmkidoah.
I. vhrkmkidoah, rhadtkvn y rhmutdoah.
F. prngrhskvn, fhsirkptkvn h kakjktdfn
Yhgòe Defhr Hgg?, puhfh ineirhtdrsh he ads skgukheths2 hs mäitkin, he iudetn sh
ikôh d ans `hi`ns, hs fhikr, tkheh ued rhmhrheikd hjpêrkid. Vrdsikhefh ans `hi`ns.
Ans ikhetêmkins hxprkjhe ad rhdakfdf, pdrd kr jäs daaä fh ads dpdrkheikds. Ad
vhrkmkidikùe hjpêrkid sh vdah fh ad vhrkmkidikùe hjpêrkid pdrd mnrjuadr rhspuhstd d
ans prnoahjds padethdfns y pdrd dpnydr sus prnpkds dmkrjdiknehs. Hs nobhtkvn. Ad
nobhtkvkfdf en sùan inesksth he angrdr fhsirkokr ue mheùjhen hstufkdfn, tda injn hs,
hadonrdefn prnpnskiknehs quh rhmahbhe ueds iudakfdfhs, sken he hvktdr ad fkstnrskùe
fha subhtn quh an inenih jhfkdeth ads ikriuestdeikds ineirhtds. Xe `hi`n hs ue
fdtn rhda y nobhtkvn.
AHD HA YKGXKHEVH INEVHPVN [ _HY\NEFD ADY \_HGXEVDY 0 [ ;
Ha bhmh fh ghstkùe fniujhetda fh ued hetkfdf pòoakid ah jdekmkhstd d ans bhmhs fh

fhphefheikd ad ehihskfdf fh iujpakr ine ad hadonrdikùe h kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads

tdoads fh rhtheikùe fniujhetda - V_F y quh fki`n rhquksktn, dfhjäs, an fhohe

iujpakr ans vkgkadfns pnr ad Yuphrkethefheikd fh Kefustrkd y Injhrikn. He hsth
shetkfn, hs kjpnrtdeth rhjktkrad ine sus dehxns pdrd nothehr su inevdakfdikùe
hjktkfd pnr ha inrrhspnefkheth Ineshbn Fhpdrtdjhetda n Fkstrktda fh Dri`kvns y dsê,
iujpakr ine an fkspuhstn he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49, jhfkdeth ha iuda sh jnfkmkid
ha prnihfkjkhetn pdrd ad hadonrdikùe, prhshetdikùe, hvdaudikùe, dprnodikùe h
kjpahjhetdikùe fh ads V_F
0. He ad hadonrdikùe fh ad V_F hs kjpnrtdeth thehr he iuhetd quh ans tkhjpns fh
rhtheikùe fniujhetda sh fhmkehe pnr shrkhs y suoshrkhs fniujhetdahs, pnr an tdetn,
sh ineiauyh quh
D. en hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr tkpnangêds fniujhetdahs,
snadjheth pnr shrkhs y suoshrkhs.
O. hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr kevhetdrkns fniujhetdahs, yd quh
dgrupde ans fniujhetns.
I. hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr tkpnangêds fniujhetdahs, ske ekegòe
tkpn fh rhstrkiikùe.
F. en hs pnskoah dskgedr tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe pnr shrkhs, suoshrkhs ek tkpnangêds
fniujhetdahs.
Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd ine odsh he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49 ‑\nr ha iuda sh
rhgadjhetde ans Fhirhtns ?870 y ?=<; fh ?<4? y sh jnfkmkid ah prnihfkjkhetn pdrd
6 pdrägrdmn ?, quh kefkid quh ans tkhjpns fh rhtheikùe fhohe fhmkekrsh pnr shrkhs,
suoshrkhs fniujhetdahs.
;. Xsthf ah inesuatd da bhmh fh ghstkùe fniujhetda sk ad hadonrdikùe fh ad V_F puhfh

`dihrsh fkrhitdjheth n fhoh thehrsh he iuhetd ntrn kestrujhetn3 su bhmh ah
rhspnefh quh prhvkdjheth sh fhoh fkspnehr fh
D. ads akstds
akstds fh i`hquhn fh ans hxphfkheths, pnr shr fniujhetns guêd pdrd hadonrdr
hadonrdr
ads tdoads fh rhtheikùe fniujhetda
O. ans akstdfns jdhstrns fh fniujhetns fha sksthjd fh ghstkùe fh idakfdf, fh
diuhrfn ine an hstdoahikfn he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49.
I. ans kevhetdrkns fniujhetdahs, yd quh hs ehihsdrkn thehr ue fniujhetn guêd pdrd
pnfhr fdr kekikn d ad hadonrdikùe fh ads V_F.
F. ans iudfrns fh iadskmkidikùe fniujhetda, yd quh ad hadonrdikùe fh ads V_F fhoh
aahvdrsh d idon d pdrtkr fh hstds `hrrdjkhetds.

Hstd rhspuhstd hs inrrhitd ine odsh he ha Diuhrfn <<6 fh ?<49 ‑\nr ha iuda sh
rhgadjhetde ans Fhirhtns ?870 y ?=<; fh ?<4? y sh jnfkmkid ah prnihfkjkhetn pdrd
6 quh kefkid quh ads V_F sh fhohe hadonrdr ine odsh he ans iudfrns fh
iadskmkidikùe.
4<. Ha Dri`kvn Ghehrda fh ad Edikùe rhqukhrh kjpahjhetdr ha prnyhitn fh

fkgktdakzdikùe fh fniujhetns y dri`kvns, ine ha nobhtkvn fh jnfhrekzdr y nptkjkzdr
ans prnihsns fh hstd kestktuikùe. \drd fhsdrrnaadran, rhqukhrh ue ghrheth y ue hqukpn
fh trdodbn juatkfksikpakedrkn quh shrä ha fkrhitdjheth rhspnesdoah fh padehdr y
hbhiutdr ads mdshs. Ha ghrheth y ha hqukpn fh trdodbn fhmkehe quh, he prkjhrd
kestdeikd y shgòe ans akehdjkhetns fh ads ouheds
ouh eds präitkids, he ha kekikn fha prnyhitn
prn yhitn
sh fhoh
D. padehdr
hetkfdf, ineyhahbhiutdr
mke fh enadnostdiuakzdr
dathredtkvd ad
dfhiudfd,
nphrdikùe.pdrd snpnrtdr ans prnihsns fh ad
O. padehdr ans rhiursns mêskins quh sh vde d ehihsktdr pdrd ad hbhiuikùe, y dsê hvktdr
keinevhekheths ine ads hsphikmkidiknehs.
I. mkrjdr ha pade fh rkhsgns pnr ads pdrths kevnauirdfds, y dsê jktkgdr ans pnskoahs
keinevhekheths quh sh vdyde prhshetdefn.
F. mkrjdr ha ditd pnr ads pdrths kethrhsdfds, he ad quh sh fhbh inestdeikd fh ads
inefkiknehs he ads quh ha prnyhitn sh vd d rhdakzdr.
Hstd rhspuhstd
fh kekikn hs inrrhitd
fha prnyhitn quh hspnrquh
fnefhanquhfde
prkjhrn quh sh fhoh
padsjdfds `dihr hs mkrjdr
ads inefkiknehs pdrdhatnfds
ditd
ads pdrths quh an inemnrjde, hsth hs ha fniujhetn pnr ha iuda ha prnyhitn sh
mnrjdakzd y quhfd nmkikdakzdfn, hsth fniujhetn fhoh inethehr ads hetrdfds, ads
inefkiknehs he quh sh vd d fhsdrrnaadr, ad akstd fh hetrhgdoahs, pnr hsn fhoh shr ad
prkjhrd tdrhd rhdakzdfd pnr ha Ghrheth y ha hqukpn fh trdodbn.
\_XHODY INJ\N_VDJHEVDAHY
44. Fhsfh `dih ue jhs fns jkhjorns fh su hqukpn fh trdodbn, tkhehe inemakitns
phrsnedahs hetrh haans y hstns inemakitns sh `de vkstn rhmahbdfns he ha iujpakjkhetn
fh sus mueiknehs. Xed fh haads kefkid quh ad ntrd en ad dpnyd he ads ditkvkfdfhs
rhidrgäefnah ha trdodbn. Injn aêfhr fha hqukpn fh trdodbn, pdrd dthefhr hstd
sktudikùe sh dshgurd fh

D. Dthefhr phrsnedajheth hsiui`defn ine rhsphtn y inrthsêd d ads mueiknedrkds,

pdrd jktkgdr ads sktudiknehs fh theskùe quh hxksth hetrh haads.
O. Nrgdekzdr rhueknehs ine su hqukpn fh trdodbn kjpahjhetdefn tëiekids fh
ehgnikdikùe fkeäjkids.
I. Kjpahjhetdr diiknehs pdrd quh ads mueiknedrkds injprhefde quh trdodbde he
mueikùe fh ans jksjns nobhtkvns y padehs y ans dprnpkhe.
F. Fkrhiiknedr d Ghstkùe @ujded, snakiktdefn d hstd fhphefheikd tnjh ads jhfkfds
phrtkeheths
INJ\HVHEIKD2 Akfhrdzgn fh Grupns fh Vrdodbn
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd Akfhrdzgn fh Grupns fh Vrdodbn, fhmkekfd
injn2 Dsujkr ha rna fh nrkhetdr y guêd fh ue grupn n hqukpn fh trdodbn, utkakzdefn ad
dutnrkfdf ine drrhgan d ads enrjds y prnjnvkhefn ad hmhitkvkfdf he ad ineshiuikùe
fh nobhtkvns y jhtds kestktuiknedahs3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd dsnikdfd ‑Dshgurd quh ans
kethgrdeths fha grupn pnr
Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn injpdrtde padehs,
ha Fhirhtn 4<09 prngrdjd
s y prnyhitns kestktuiknedahs‚.
fh ?<48 pdrd ha ekvha prnmhskneda.
AHD HA YKGXKHEVH INEVHPVN [ _HY\NEFD ADY \_HGXEVDY
4?. Mrhiuhethjheth fhoh dpnydr d ue prnmhskneda he ad iadskmkidikùe oòsquhfd fh
kemnrjdikùe, hstd ditkvkfdf kethrrujph sus tdrhds pnrquh fhoh dpnydr
skjuatäehdjheth ntrds ditkvkfdfhs, hsth prnmhskneda hs juy fhjdefdeth he sus
snakiktufhs y ah hxkgh rhdakzdrads fh mnrjd
mnr jd sksthjätkid injn ëa kefkid, duequh usthf
u sthf
fkmkhrh fh ad jhtnfnangêd3 pnr tdetn, ëa skhjprh hstä juy dthetn d noshrvdr ad mnrjd
injn usthf ads aahvd d idon. Iudefn fhoh dthefhr hsth tkpn fh snakiktufhs usthf sh
idrdithrkzd pnr
D.
ineYhr prnditkvn, yd quh didtd ads fkrhitrkihs fdfds pnr ëa d phsdr quh en ineiuhrfd
hstds.
O. Dfdptdrsh, fh hstd mnrjd hvktd thehr fkmkiuatdfhs ine sus suphrknrhs y
injpdôhrns fh nmkiked.
I. Jdethehrsh idajdfn, pdrd fkskjuadr ad keinjnfkfdf quh ah ghehrd quh an
noshrvh phrjdehethjheth.
F. Yhr dokhrtn, jdekmhstdfn sus keinemnrjkfdfhs h kefkidefn quh tkheh ntrds
ditkvkfdfhs pnr fhsdrrnaadr.

Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd Fksikpaked, fhmkekfd injn2 Dfdptdrsh d ads

injphtheth.3 D pdrtkr ad inefuit d ‑Dihptd kestruiiknehs, duequ h sh fkmkhrd fh haads‚
Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn
Fhir htn 4<09 fh ?<48 pdrd hah a ekvha tëiekin.
49. Hstds ikriuestdeikds en rhvksthe keinevhekheth
kein evhekheth pdrd usthf, yd quh sh ah mdikaktd
D. Ineshrvdr ued ditktuf fh fnjkekn fh sê jksjn deth ads
ads prhsknehs.
O. Jdethehr ad jntkvdikùe deth sus adonrhs kefhphefkheth fh ad theskùe.
I. Iujpakr fhfkidfdjheth ine ads tdrhds fha puhstn fh trdodbn
F. Jdehbdr ads sktudiknehs fh theskùe ine ditktuf pnsktkvd.
Hstd rhspuhstd hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd Fksikpaked, fhmkekfd injn2 Dfdptdrsh d ads
injphtheth.3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑_hdakzd ans injhtkfns y tdrhds fha puhstn fh
trdodbn.‚ Yhgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 pdrd ha ekvha tëiekin.
46. Ha bhmh fh ad fhphefheikd fnefh adonrn `d fhikfn rhdakzdr ueds rhueknehs

shjdedahs fh shgukjkhetn ine ha mke fh hvdaudr ha grdfn fh iujpakjkhetn fh ans
prngrdjds y ans prnyhitns, dsê injn kfhetkmkidr mnrtdahzds
mnr tdahzds y fhokakfdfhs. He ad òatkjd
rhuekùe ha bhmh `d snakiktdfn quh sh `dgd rhtrndakjhetdikùe uens d ntrns, jntkvdefn
d shr juy iadrns he jdekmhstdr dquhaads sktudiknehs quh puhfhe hstdr dmhitdefn ha
angrn fh ads jhtds3 hs injòe he hsth tkpn fh rhueknehs quh daguens injpdôhrns,
pnr thjnr d keinjnfdr d dagukhe, EN hxprhshe dokhrtdjheth sus npkeknehs y
dagueds vhihs ads noshrvdiknehs sne tnjdfds fh jnfn phrsneda y EN adonrda. He
jk idsn, iudefn thegn hsth tkpn fh npnrtuekfdfhs
D. jh gustd `doadr fh jks dikhrtns y hrrnrhs, dsê injn phfkr ad npkekùe fh ans fhjäs
snorh jk trdodbn, pdrd ghehrdr jhbnrds he jk fhshjphôn y angrdr ads jhtds
prnpuhstds. O. injuekin dokhrtdjheth an quh pkhesn, duequh puhfd shr keiùjnfn,
puhs hs ued npnrtuekfdf pdrd jhbnrdr y angrdr ads jhtds.
I. sny fkrhitn ine ads phrsneds ine ads quh thegn ued rhadikùe jäs ihrided, puhs
hs ued npnrtuekfdf pdrd quh mnrjuadr jks ketheiknehs.
F. prhmkhrn rhshrvdrjh an quh pkhesn y hvktdr inemakitns,
in emakitns, puhs ads phrsneds EN sdohe
fkmhrheikdr ans dsuetns phrsnedahs fh ans adonrdahs.



nrgdekzdiknedahs3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑fd prknrkfdf d ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad
nrgdekzdikùe mrheth d ans prnpkds‚ fh diuhrfn ine ads inefuitds dsnikdfds fhmkekfds
pdrd ad injphtheikd, shgòe an fhthrjkedfn pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn ued
48. Da mkedakzdr ad bnredfd, ha bhmh fh ad fhphefheikd snakiktd ine prhjurd ue
fniujhetn, pnr an quh jh pkfh quh sh an hsidehh y an dfbueth he ue inrrhn. Yke
hjodrgn, injn hstd snakiktuf sh prhshetd da jdrghe fh ad `nrd sdakfd yd theêd ue
kjpnrtdeth injprnjksn phrsneda quh iujpakr
He hsth tkpn fh idsns yn
D. Ah kemnrjn ine `nehstkfdf da bhmh quh fhon sdakr d dthefhr ue injprnjksn
kjpnrtdeth.
O. Vrdtn fh kemnrjdr fha rhtrdsn pdrd sdakr, pnrquh fhon dthefhr ue rhquhrkjkhetn
kjpnrtdeth.
I. Ah snakiktn d ue injpdôhrn jh dyufh ine ha rhquhrkjkhetn pdrd snauiknedr ad
sktudikùe.
F. \rniurn aahgdr jäs thjprden he ad jdôded skgukheth pdrd dthefhr ad snakiktuf d
prkjhrd `nrd.
nrgdekzdiknedahs3 D pdrtkr ad inefuitd ‑Dethpneh ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad nrgdekzdikùe
d sus
ad prnpkds ehihskfdfhs
injphtheikd, shgòe an ‑fh diuhrfn ine
fhthrjkedfn pnrads
ha inefuitds dsnikdfds
Fhirhtn 4<09 fhmkekfds
fh ?<48 injn pdrd
ued
HBHJ\ANY2
\rhguetds fh Yhahiikùe Jòatkpah ine Jòatkpah _hspuhstd
Yk 4 y ? sne inrrhitds, jdrquh D
Yk ? y 9 sne inrrhitds, jdrquh O
Yk 9 y 6 sne inrrhitds, jdrquh I
Yk 4 y 9 sne inrrhitds, jdrquh F

Yk ? y 6 sne inrrhitds, jdrquh H

4) Heueikdfn2
Ad ghngrdmêd inanjokded fkvkfh da \dês he ikein grdefhs rhgknehs ine
idrdithrêstkids òekids y grde fkvhrskfdf, keiauyhefn puetns fh rhmhrheikd fha jäs
datn kethrës pdrd ha turksjn rhihptkvn, fh dvheturd n edturdakstd. Da rhsphitn, hs
dihrtdfn rhinrfdr quh ad _hgkùe Idrkoh daohrgd2
Npiknehs fh rhspuhstd
4. Ads jnetdôds fha \ärdjn fh Ydeturoäe.
?. Ha \drquh Edikneda Edturda Vdtdjä.
9. Ha pkin ehvdfn Ykjùe Onaêvdr.
6. Ad \uetd Idstkaahths
Iadvh2 I (9 y 6)
Hetkfdf2 Inanjokd.IN Jdrid \dês.
Hbh Vhjätkin2 Vurksjn rhihptkvn y fh dvheturd.
Inethekfn2 Dtrditkvns turêstkins edturdahs y fh dvheturd.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 \rnmhskneda.
Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Hvnidikùe.
?) Heueikdfn2
Ads injuekidiknehs vêd rdfkn tkhehe grde kjpnrtdeikd he ads tdrhds fh dtheikùe fh
fhsdstrhs n hjhrgheikds. Ans nphrdfnrhs fh rdfkn fhohe prhpdrdrsh pdrd hstds
hvhetudakfdfhs rhvksdefn inestdethjheth ads ouheds inefkiknehs fh
mueiknedjkhetn fh sus hqukpns y detheds trdespnrtdoahs, fh jnfn quh shde òtkahs
y nphrdoahs he ha jnjhetn quh shde ehihsdrkns. Deth ad aahgdfd fh ads
rdfkninjuekidiknehs fkgktdahs, ans nphrdfnrhs iudakmkidfns fhohe prditkidr2
4. Ha rhgkstrn fh injuekidfns he akorns fh gudrfkd vkrtudahs, pdrd prhshrvdr ad
jhjnrkd fh ans inetditns hmhitkvns.
?. Ads trdsjksknehs he tnfds ads odefds, pdrd gdrdetkzdr ha ùptkjn mueiknedjkhetn
fh sus hqukpns y detheds.
9. _utkeds fh fhsdrjh, hjodadbh y trdespnrth fh ads hstdiknehs fh hjhrgheikd
`dikd augdrhs injpahbns.

6. Ad rhihpikùe fh aadjdfns n IT, pdrd vdakfdr ad rhihpikùe he ads mrhiuheikds fh

usn mrhiuheth.
Iadvh2 H (? y 6).
Hetkfdf2 Jkeksthrkn VKI.
Hbh thjätkin2 Nphrdikùe fh hstdiknehs fh rdfkn.

Inethekfn2 \rhpdrdikùe pdrd dtheikùe fh hjhrgheikds y fhsdstrhs.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Vëiekin.
Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Dpakidikùe.

9) Heueikdfn2
Guêd fh Nrkhetdikùe \ruhods Hsirktds fh Hvdaudikùe fh Injphtheikds Oäskids,
Mueiknedahs y Injpnrtdjhetdahs Da injhezdr ad mnrjdikùe injn fhsdrrnaadfnr fh
vkfhn buhgns hs rhinjhefdoah irhdr phquhôns gdjhpady, fh jhens fh ue jhs fh
trdodbn, pdrd inesujkr ad jhenr idetkfdf fh rhiursns y nothehr rhsuatdfns hxktnsns
he ha jhenr tkhjpn pnskoah, puhs ads jhtds iujpakfds he ha inrtn padzn dekjde ha
idjken y hstkjuade ad irhdikùe fh euhvns gdjhpady, jäs injpahbns y hxkgheths.
Fh an dethrknr sh puhfh kemhrkr quh2
D. Ans prnihsns irêtkins fh prngrdjdikùe fh snmtwdrh pdrd gdjhpady sh thrjkede
he jhens fh ue jhs.
O. Da injhezdr ad mnrjdikùe injn fhsdrrnaadfnr fh vkfhn buhgns hs ehihsdrkn
dvdezdr ahetdjheth.
I. Ads inefkiknehs tëiekids pdrd irhdr ue gdjhpady tdrfde jhens fh ue jhs pdrd
fdr rhsuatdfns.
F. Ans gdjhpady hxphrkjhetdahs puhfhe dpnrtdr kfhds pdrd idjokns n jhbnrds.
H. Ans prnihsns fh mnrjdikùe tëiekid sh `dräe jäs rkgurnsns y injpahbns.
Iadvh2 F
Hetkfdf2 Yhrvkikn Edikneda fh Dprhefkzdbh (YHED).
Hbh thjätkin2 Fkshôn fh vkfhn buhgns fkgktdahs.
Inethekfn2 Muefdjhetdikùe tëiekid fh buhgns deäangns.
Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Vëiekin.

Idthgnrêd Ingensiktkvd2 Injprheskùe.
He ad pruhod fh injphtheikds injpnrtdjhetdahs sh ah prhshetde da ineiursdeth

uens heueikdfns fh prhguetd quh fhsirkohe ued sktudikùe adonrda `kpntëtkid, hs
fhikr sktudiknehs fh trdodbn intkfkdeds d ads quh sh puhfh vhr hxpuhstd iudaqukhr
phrsned he ha inethxtn adonrda, y quh hstäe rhadiknedfds ine ued injphtheikd
injpnrtdjhetda prnpkd fha ekvha bhrärqukin fha hjpahn pnr ha
h a iuda hstä ineiursdefn.
Ads sktudiknehs prhshetdfds mdvnrhihe, hxkghe n kjpuasde ad dpdrkikùe, ha usn n
puhstd he jdri`d fh ad injphtheikd hvdaudfd. Idfd ued fh ads sktudiknehs
prhshetdfds iuhetd ine iudtrn (6) npiknehs fh rhspuhstd kfhetkmkidfds ine D, O, I
y F, quh fhsirkohe fkstketds mnrjds injn ads phrsneds pnfrêde ditudr mrheth d hsds
sktudiknehs. Ha ineiursdeth fhohrä ahhr ine dtheikùe idfd sktudikùe, y hahgkr hetrh
ads npiknehs ad quh fhsirkod ad jdehrd injn dituù n iùjn ditudrêd, fh heinetrdrsh
he hsd sktudikùe. Ha ineiursdeth fhohrä hahgkr snadjheth ued npikùe fh rhspuhstd2
ad quh shd jäs prhiksd pdrd rhprhshetdr su injpnrtdjkhetn. Idfd ued fh ads
npiknehs rhmahbd ue ekvha fh fhsdrrnaan pdrd idfd ued fh ads injphtheikds quh sh
hstäe hvdaudefn.
HBHJ\ANY2
INJ\HVHEIKD INJ\N_VDJHEVDA D H]DAXD_2 Vrdodbn he hqukpn
Heueikdfn2
Xe injpdôhrn fh nmkiked didod fh rhgrhsdr fh ued keidpdikfdf y tkheh vdrkds
ditkvkfdfhs phefkheths quh hstäe rhtrdsdefn ans rhsuatdfns fha hqukpn.
Deth hstd sktudikùe, usthf2
D. Yh rhòeh ine su hqukpn ffh
h trdodbn pdrd hvdaudr ads ditkvkfdfhs phefkheths y hetrh
tnfns dpnydr ad adonr fha injpdôhrn `dstd daidezdr ans rhsuatdfns.
O. Fkdangd ine ha injpdôhrn pdrd quh ah kefkquh he quh tdrhds ah puhfh inadonrdr
y angrdr dsê iujpakr ine ans rhsuatdfns
rh suatdfns quh tkheh phefkheth ha hqukpn.
I. @doad fkrhitdjheth ine su bhmh pdrd quh tnjh ads jhfkfds ehihsdrkds pdrd
dyufdrah da injpdôhrn fhokfn d quh hstn dmhitd ans rhsuatdfns fha hqukpn.
F. Ah snakiktd da injpdôhrn quh sh hsmuhrih jäs y adonrh dagueds `nrds hxtrds ine
ha mke fh dfhadetdr sus ditkvkfdfhs y dsê sk en rhtrdsdr ans rhsuatdfns
rhsu atdfns fha hqukpn.
INJ\HVHEIKD INJ\N_VDJHEVDA D H]DAXD_2 HP\H_VKIKD
Heueikdfn2
Yh `de prhshetdfn
prnoahjd vdrkns
quh ans tkheh ikufdfdens
jnahstns d su nmkiked
y odstdeth d ans quh
phrbufkidfns `dybhmh
y su quhahrhsnavhrahs ue
`d snakiktdfn
inadonrdikùe pnrquh ineskfhrd quh usthf tkheh ad hxphrkheikd. Deth hstd sktudikùe2

D. Injpdrth ad snauikùe fha prnoahjd ine ntrns injpdôhrns pdrd quh haans ad
inenzide y tdjokëe dprhefde.
O. Kfhetkmkid ha jnfn jäs aùgkin fh rhsnavhran shgòe su hxphrkheikd y fkshôd ue
prntninan pdrd fdr rhspuhstd.
I. \rhmkhrh quh ntrn fh ans injpdôhrns dtkhefd ha prnoahjd pdrd quh dprhefde y
thegd ad hxphrkheikd pdrd shgukr `dikëefnan.
F. Tukhrh dshgurdrsh fh rhsnavhran okhe pnr an tdetn kefdgd ine jäs mueiknedrkns
pdrd vhr iùjn `de snauiknedfn deths ha jksjn prnoahjd.
Xed rhf kethred injpuhstd pnr vdrkns rnuthrs,

rnuthr s, ans iudahs sh heiuhetrde inehitdfns
hetrh sê mnrjdefn ued tnpnangkd fh jdaad, prhshetd prnoahjds fh sdturdikùe he ads
`nrds pkin fh usn. Ads kethrmdihs quh inehitde
i nehitde d ans fkstketns hqukpns vdrêde he sus
idpdikfdfhs yd quh dagueds mueiknede d 4<< Jo y ntrds d 4 Go, sh kfhetkmkiù quh ha
prntninan fh herutdjkhetn usdfn hs fh vhitnr-fkstdeikd. Fdfn quh sh rhqukhrh ued
snauikùe fh odbn kjpditn ha dfjkekstrdfnr fh rhf `d tnjdfn ad fhikskùe fh idjokdr
ha prntninan fh herutdjkhetn ‑vhitnrfkstdeikd‚ pnr uen fh ‑hstdfn fh headih‚.
Ad fhikskùe tnjdfd pnr ha dfjkekstrdfnr fh rhf hs2
d) Inrrhitd, yd quh ha usn fh hsth prntninan fh herutdjkhetn
he rutdjkhetn `dih quh sh shahiikneh
ad jhbnr rutd shgòe ha eòjhrn fh sdatns, jkhetrds quh ha prntninan vhitnr-fkstdeikd
an `dih shgòe ad idpdikfdf fh ans headihs.
o) Keinrrhitd, pdrd snauiknedr ans prnoahjds
pr noahjds fh trämkin he ads `nrds pkin sh rhqukhrh
rh qukhrh
ditudakzdr ans hqukpns pnr uens quh thegde jdynr idpdikfdf he ads kethrmdihs quh
inehitde ans rnuthrs hetrh sê d 4<< Jo.
i) Keinrrhitd,
snauiknedr ans yd quh en hs
prnoahjds ehihsdrkn
fhträmkin jnfkmkidr
he ads ha prntninan
`nrds pkin fhidjokdr
sh rhqukhrh herutdjkhetn, pdrd
ad tnpnangêd
fh jdaad d ärona.
f) Inrrhitd, yd quh ha usn fh hsth prntninan fh herutdjkhetn
he rutdjkhetn `dih quh sh shahiikneh
ad jhbnr rutd shgòe ad idpdikfdf fh ans headihs, jkhetrds quh ha prntninan vhitnr
fkstdeikd an `dih shgòe ha eòjhrn fh sdatns. Yhgòe ad fhsirkpikùe fha inethxtn, ad
rhspuhstd inrrhitd hs ad f) fhokfn d quh ad rhf sh heiuhetrd fkstrkoukfd he ued
tnpnangêd fh jdaad y ad idpdikfdf fh ans headihs quh inehitde ans rnuthrs vdrêde,
hstn `dih quh ha prntninan fh herutdjkhetn shahiikneh ad rutd ine jhenr eòjhrn
fh sdatns, sdturdefn ans headihs fh jhenr idpdikfdf.
Hbhjpans fh prhguetds fh injphtheikds injpnrtdjhetdahs

9. Fh diuhrfn d ans rhsuatdfns fha Yksthjd fh Ghstkùe fh Idakfdf snorh ad

vhrkmkidikùe fh ans prnihsns dfhadetdfns pnr ha ärhd fnefh usthf sh fhshjphôd3
sh snakiktd tnjdr diiknehs prhvhetkvds, pdrd angrdr ha jhbnrdjkhetn inetkeun fh
ëstns prnihsns. Yu bhmh ah snakiktd `dihr ha pade fh jhbnrdjkhetn snorh ads diiknehs
quh sne fh su injphtheikd3 Yke hjodrgn, usthf fhsinenih ha kemnrjh fh ans
rhsuatdfns fha Yksthjd fh Ghstkùe fh Idakfdf y sh iruzd ine ued ditkvkfdf
prngrdjdfd pnr ha ärhd fh trdodbn.
He hsth idsn usthf pdrd fhsdrrnaadr ad tdrhd2
d) kefdgd pdrd djpakdr ad kemnrjdikùe rhquhrkfd
o) hstdoahih ad mhi`d fh hetrhgd fha kemnrjh
i) prknrkzd ad urgheikd fh ads diiknehs
f) padethd ads diiknehs fh jhbnrd snakiktdfds
6. Yhgòe ans rhsuatdfns fha sksthjd fh ghstkùe fh idakfdf snorh ad vhrkmkidikùe fh

ans kefkidfnrhs fh ghstkùe y ad dfjkekstrdikùe fha rkhsgn, rhsuatdfns nothekfns
tnjdefn injn odsh ans prnihsns hmhitudfns pnr ha ärhd fnefh usthf trdodbd, hs
ehihsdrkn hjprhefhr diiknehs fh jhbnrd tdetn inrrhitkvds injn prhvhetkvds.
Xsthf, injn inenihfnr fh fki`ns prnihsns,
d) rhdakzd dpnrths pdrd mnrjuadr ads diiknehs inrrhitkvds.
o) prniurd kemnrjdikùe quh dyufh d hjktkr ue bukikn snorh ha prnoahjd.
i) prnpneh quh ads jhbnrds shde dedakzdfds pnr ans bhmhs fha prnyhitn.
f) padehd ad ehihskfdf fh hstkjdr ans rhiursns ghehrdfns.
ghehrdfn s. Ans fns òatkjns hbhjpans
hxpuhstns hstäe he mueikùe fh ad injphtheikd Ditktuf Kevhstkgdtkvd hstdoahikfd he
ad _hsnauikùe E¼ ?9?= fh ?<48 fha FDEH, he ad hstä fhmkekfd injn fki`d
injphtheikd injn ad idpdikfdf fh hvkfheikdr ued inefuitd irêtkid quh inetrkouyd
pnsktkvdjheth tdetn da padethdjkhetn fh prhguetds, oòsquhfd fh kemnrjdikùe y
mnrjuadikùe fh `kpùthsks injn d ad fhmkekikùe fh ue iursn fh diikùe.
\nr an dethrknr, ha prkjhr hbhjpan hvkfheikd ad inefuitd dsnikdfd ‑_hdakzd prhguetds
quh inetrkouyde d djpakdr ad kemnrjdikùe ehihsdrkd pdrd ha fhsdrrnaan fh su tdrhd n
prnyhitn‚. He ineshiuheikd, ad inefuitd hjktkfd pnr ha mueiknedrkn fh kefdgdr pdrd
djpakdr ad kemnrjdikùe rhquhrkfd hs ad rhspuhstd inrrhitd
inrrhit d (d), pnr iudetn fhjuhstrd
quh puhfh injpnrtdrsh irêtkidjheth `dikhefn ads phsquksds ehihsdrkds pdrd
iujpakr idodajheth ine an snakiktdfn. Fh kguda jdehrd, he ha shguefn hbhjpan, ad
rhspuhstd inrrhitd (o) hvkfheikd ha irkthrkn fh fhshjphôn fhmkekfn pdrd ad
injphtheikd pnr iudetn ‑Ousid kemnrjdikùe quh phrjktd jhbnrdr ad injprheskùe
fha prnoahjd, prnyhitn n dsuetn tëiekin prnpkn fha trdodbn‚, phrjktkhefn kfhetkmkidr

hetrh ha dodekin fh injpnrtdjkhetns prnpuhstns quh ad inefuitd hjktkfd pnr ha

mueiknedrkn fh prniurdr kemnrjdikùe quh dyufh d hjktkr ue bukikn snorh ha prnoahjd
sh inestktuyh injn ad npikùe quh inetrkouyh pnsktkvdjheth tdetn da padethdjkhetn
fh prhguetds, oòsquhfd fh kemnrjdikùe y mnrjuadikùe fh `kpùthsks injn d ad
fhmkekikùe fh ue iursn fh diikùe,
d iikùe, tda injn an padethd ad inefuitd dsnikdfd
?.4 Hbhjpans fh prhguetds fh Injphtheikds Oäskids

Yktudikùe 4
Xed hetkfdf fha nrfhe Edikneda quh tkheh d su idrgn ad iustnfkd fh jhenrhs fh
hfdf he rkhsgn, rhikoh ue fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe hahvdfn pnr pdrth fh uen fh haans, ha
iuda sh prhshetd ske dpnrtdr ans rhgkstrns hxkgkfns pdrd hsth tkpn fh phtkikùe. Ad
inesuatd prhthefh fhthrjkedr ad inefkikùe dituda fh su träjkth fh dfnpikùe y ha fh
ntrns jhenrhs rhpnrtdfns he hstdfn fh vuaehrdikùe.
4. He ineskfhrdikùe d quh ad phtkikùe hs hahvdfd pnr ue jhenr fh hfdf, ha
mueiknedrkn injphtheth pdrd hetrdr d fhthrjkedr ad prnihfheikd fh ad
snakiktuf, fhoh
d. rhi`dzdr ad snakiktuf pnr mdatd fh phrsnehrêd burêfkid.
o. ehgdr ad snakiktuf pnr trdtdrsh fh ue träjkth fh rhshrvd ahgda.
i. njktkr prneueikdjkhetn pnr idrhihr fh injphtheikd mueikneda.
44
Iadvh2 O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ha fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe hs ue fhrhi`n
Muefdjhetda inethjpadfn he ha Drtêiuan ?9 fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid y
rhgadjhetdfn pnr ad Ahy 4788 fh ?<48, fki`ds enrjds sne fh idräithr ghehrda y
djpdrn d tnfns ans ikufdfdens fha thrrktnrkn edikneda, injn ad phtkikùe fhoh shr
dthefkfd fhoh hetrdrsh d fhthrjkedr ha tkpn fh rhspuhstd, injn sh hvkfheikd ad
phtkikùe vhrsd snorh ans fhrhi`ns muefdjhetdahs
mu efdjhetdahs fh ans jhenrhs fh hfdf, he vkrtuf
fha akthrda g drtêiuan 4; fh ad Ahy 474? fh ?<46 fki`d kemnrjdikùe hstä vhtdfd pnr
shr idtdangdfd fh rhshrvd ahgda3 he hsth shetkfn, ad rhspuhstd quh fhoh shr

hetrhgdfd da phtkiknedrkn, fhoh ehgdr an snakiktdfn ine muefdjhetn he ad rhshrvd

ahgda fh hsth träjkth.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD pnrquh ad phrsnehrêd burêfkid hs ued kestktuikùe
quh sh ntnrgd y hs irhdfd pnr ued n jäs phrsneds pdrd iujpakr ue nobhtn snikda.
He hsth shetkfn, ad jksjd en hs rhquhrkfd pdrd prhshetdr ue fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe
puhs, ësth, hs fh rdegn inestktuikneda y d trdvës fh hsth sh puhfhe prhshetdr
phtkiknehs fh kethrës ghehrda n pdrtkiuadr deth dutnrkfdfhs pòoakids y prkvdfds, ads
iudahs puhfhe shr prhshetdfds keiausn pnr ans jhenrhs fh hfdf. He hsth shetkfn
sh prneueikù ha KIOM he ineihptn En. 94 fh dgnstn fh ?<40 da hstdoahihr quh ‑he
fhsdrrnaan fh hsth fhrhi`n pnfräe hahvdr phtkiknehs fh jdehrd fkrhitd ske ad
rhprhshetdikùe fh ue jdynr fh hfdf, iudefn sh trdth fh rhquhrkjkhetns

rhadiknedfns ine ads hetkfdfhs quh sh niuphe fh su prnthiikùe n hfuidikùe‚.
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh, tda injn an inethjpad
ha drtêiuan ?9 fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd, ha fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe
p htkikùe hs ue
fhrhi`n muefdjhetda quh nsthetd tnfd phrsned skhefn ehihsdrkn quh ad hetkfdf
noakgdfd fh rhspuhstd npnrtued d ads phtkiknehs3 hstn en kjpakid ha fhrhi`n d
diihfhr d an snakiktdfn sken d rhsnavhr fh mnefn ad snakiktuf jntkvdefn, pdrd ha idsn
ineirhtn, ad vkdokakfdf fh ntnrgdr an prhthefkfn. He hsth shetkfn sh prneueikù ad

Inrth Inestktuikneda he shetheikd V-?<= fh ?<40 da kefkidr quh ha fhrhi`n fh
phtkikùe en inrrhspnefh snan d ad pnskokakfdf fha ikufdfden fh prhshetdr snakiktufhs
deth ads dutnrkfdfhs sken quh tdjokëe ‑gdrdetkzd ued rhspuhstd npnrtued, hmkidz, fh
mnefn y inegruheth ine an snakiktdfn‚ fh jdehrd quh dosthehrsh fh hjktkr
prneueikdjkhetn n rhspuhstd vuaehrdrêd fkrhitdjheth ans fhrhi`ns fha phtkiknedrkn.
4?
?. Vhekhefn he iuhetd quh ad phtkikùe dpnrtdfd idrhih fh ad fniujhetdikùe

ehihsdrkd pdrd hstdoahihr ad kfhetkfdf fha jhenr, ha mueiknedrkn fhoh

prnihfhr d
d. rhi`dzdr fh paden an prhthefkfn he ad snakiktuf, pnr ad mdatd fh fniujhetns
kefksphesdoahs
o. fhiadrdr fh kejhfkdtn ha fhskstkjkhetn fh ad snakiktuf pnr kehxditktuf
fniujhetda.
i. rhquhrkr da phtkiknedrkn quh dpnrth ans fniujhetns mdatdeths, pdrd fdr träjkth
d ad snakiktuf
Iadvh2 I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. He vkrtuf fha drtêiuan 47 fh ad Ahy 4788 fh ?<48,
ha mueiknedrkn hstä he ha fhohr ahgda fh rhquhrkr da phtkiknedrkn, fki`d enrjd rhmuhrzd
ha fhohr fha mueiknedrkn y ha fhrhi`n fha ikufdfden trdsadfdefn ad rhspnesdokakfdf

fh ad injpahtktuf d ad hetkfdf inesuatdfd.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha mueiknedrkn fhoh
prnihfhr d fdr rhspuhstd npnrtued y hmkidz d ad phtkikùe3 he fdfn idsn fh quh ha
phtkiknedrkn en dtkhefd ha rhquhrkjkhetn fh dpnrth fniujhetda, hstdoahikfn injn
noakgdikùe pdrd ad hetkfdf he ha drtêiuan 47 fh ad Ahy 4788 fh ?<48, snan pnfrä
prnihfhrsh d fhiadrdr ha fhskstkjkhetn täiktn jhfkdeth ditn dfjkekstrdtkvn jntkvdfn.
Fh jdehrd quh he tnfn idsn en hs vkdoah rhi`dzdr fh jdehrd kejhfkdtd an

prhthefkfn.
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, dthefkhefn quh ha heueikdfn rhqukhrh
kfhetkmkidr ha prkjhr prnihfkjkhetn quh fhoh surtkrsh deth ad mdatd fh fniujhetns
pdrd rhsnavhr fh mnefn ued snakiktuf quh, pdrtkiuadrjheth, inrrhspnefh da
rhquhrkjkhetn quh fhoh hmhitudr ad hetkfdf da phtkiknedrkn. He hsth shetkfn, shrêd
vknadtnrkn fha fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe prnihfhr d fhiadrdr ha fhskstkjkhetn ske hmhitudr
ha rhquhrkjkhetn prhvkn.

9. Yupnegd quh, ad hetkfdf en fkhrd träjkth d ad snakiktuf prhshetdfd y ha jhenr

fh hfdf prnihfkhrd d prhshetdr diikùe fh tuthad pdrd ad prnthiikùe fh su fhrhi`n
fh phtkikùe. He hsth idsn, ha buhz fhskgedfn pdrd ha hstufkn fh ad diikùe, fhoh
d. dfjktkr ad tuthad y rhquhrkr da jhenr pdrd quh sh prhsheth d trdvës fh
dpnfhrdfn bufkikda n rhprhshetdeth ahgda.
49
o. ineihfhr ad tuthad y nrfhedr d ad hetkfdf ntnrgdr ued rhspuhstd hmkidz d ad
snakiktuf fha jhenr.
i. prnihfhr ine ha hstufkn fh ad tuthad y susphefhr ha mdaan `dstd tdetn sh enjorh
ue dpnfhrdfn fh nmkikn pdrd ha jhenr.
Iadvh2 O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, tnfd vhz quh ha drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe
\naêtkid hstdoahih quh ad diikùe fh tuthad hs ue jhideksjn fh fhmhesd da quh puhfh
diufkr iudaqukhr phrsned pdrd rhiadjdr ad prnthiikùe kejhfkdtd fh sus fhrhi`ns
muefdjhetdahs. \drd ha idsn ineirhtn, ad Inrth Inestktuikneda
Ine stktuikneda sh `d prneueikdfn da
kefkidr quh ad hfdf en inestktuyh ue mditnr fkmhrheikdfnr ek akjktdeth mrheth d su
hbhrikikn, pnr iudetn en hxksth ued hxkgheikd hxprhsd snorh ad jdynrêd fh hfdf pdrd
prhshetdrad, an quh phrjkth quh ans ekôns puhfde trdjktdr prhthesknehs d trdvës fh
diikùe fh tuthad ske quh, pdrd haan, rhqukhrde ditudr d trdvës fh sus pdfrhs n
rhprhshetdeths ahgdahs (Yhetheikd V-40? fh ?9 fh jdrzn fh 4;;; J.\. Jdrt`d
]kitnrkd Yäi`kid fh Jneidahden)
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ans jhenrhs fh hfdf
EN rhqukhrhe fh dpnfhrdfn bufkikda n rhprhshetdeth ahgda pdrd hbhrihr su fhrhi`n
d ad tuthad fh inemnrjkfdf ine an kefkidfn he ha drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe
\naêtkid3 da rhsphitn ad Inrth he Yhetheikd V-68; fh 4;;?(?) snstuvn an skgukheth2
‑Ad Inestktuikùe `d inemhrkfn ad diikùe fh tuthad d tnfds ads phrsneds, hs fhikr quh

en akjktd ads pnskokakfdfhs fh diufkr d haad pnr rdznehs fh ediknedakfdf, shxn, hfdf,
nrkghe fh rdzd n idpdikfdfhs kethahitudahs, rdzùe pnr ad iuda hs mditkoah quh ad
hbhrzde ans ekôns, ans kefêgheds, ans prhsns, ans idjphskens, ans dedamdohtds y he
ghehrda tnfn kefkvkfun fh ad hsphikh ùjded quh sh `daah fhetrn fha thrrktnrkn
inanjokden‚
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn quh hstn dgrdvdrêd ad sktudikùe fha
jhenr thekhefn he iuhetd quh sh ah hstä kjpnekhefn ued idrgd fhsprnpnriknedfd
pdrd quh fhe rhspuhstd d su phtkikùe3 dfkiknedajheth, hstn vuaehrdrêd ha fhrhi`n
fha jhenr d hbhrihr ad diikùe fh tuthad he tdetn ad burksprufheikd inestktuikneda `d
rhkthrdfn quh ans ekôns en rhqukhrhe shr rhprhshetdfns pnr sus pdfrhs ek pnr
iurdfnrhs ek pnr mueiknedrkn daguen fha Hstdfn pdrd hbhrihr ad diikùe fh tuthad he
fhmhesd fh sus fhrhi`ns muefdjhetdahs (]hr hetrh ntrns Yhetheikds V-964
V -964 fh 4;;93
V-?;9 fh 4;;63 V-68= fh 4;;83 V-6<; fh 4;;03 V-40? fh 4;;;3 V-998 fh ?<<4 y
V4??< fh ?<<9)
46
Yktudikùe ?
Xed Gnohredikùe `d hxphfkfn nrfhedezd jhfkdeth ad iuda sh rhguadrä ad Ghstkùe
Kethgrda fha _hiursn @êfrkin fha fhpdrtdjhetn3 he fki`d nrfhedezd sh hstdoahihe,

hetrh ntrds, ads pnaêtkids fh puoakikfdf, prnfuiikùe y injhrikdakzdikùe fh okhehs y
shrvkikns, usn fh hspdikn pòoakin y prn`kokiknehs he jdthrkd djokhetda.
4. Ad nrfhedezd hstdoahih, injn prn`kokikùe, ha diihsn fh ans ikufdfdens d
fniujhetns inrrhspnefkheths d ads pnaêtkids fh ads hjprhsds quh pdrtkikphe
he ha dodsthikjkhetn fh fki`ns rhiursns. Ans ikufdfdens snakiktde su
kedpakidokakfdf pnr ineskfhrdrad keinestktuikneda, deth an iuda, ad Gnohredikùe
fhoh, da rhvksdr sus prnpkn ditn, kfhetkmkidr quh fki`d fkspnskikùe vuaehrd ans
fhrhi`ns
d. snikdahs y hineùjkins fh ans ikufdfdens pnrquh dmhitde shrvkikns y

ehihskfdfhs oäskids pdrd ha okhehstdr fh ad injuekfdf.

o. inahitkvns y fha djokheth pnrquh rhidhe snorh ha dprnvhi`djkhetn y
jdehbn fh rhiursns edturdahs mrheth d ad injuekfdf.
i. fhjnirätkins y pdrtkikpdtkvns pnrquh rhstrkegh ad kethrvheikùe ditkvd mrheth
d ad hahiikùe y rhvkskùe fh padehs snikdahs d ad injuekfdf.
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, dthefkhefn d an fkspuhstn he ha Idp. 9, Vktuan KK
fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd he fnefh sh fhthrjked quh, ads
ikriuestdeikds padsjdfds he ha prhsheth idsn, inrrhspnefh d fhrhi`ns inahitkvns
y fha djokheth3 ha drtêiuan 7; hsphiêmkidjheth hstdoahih quh ‑Drtêiuan 7;. Vnfds ads
phrsneds tkhehe fhrhi`n d gnzdr fh ue djokheth sden. Ad ahy gdrdetkzdrä ad
pdrtkikpdikùe fh ad injuekfdf he ads fhiksknehs quh puhfde dmhitdran. Hs fhohr fha

f ha
Hstdfn prnthghr ad fkvhrskfdf h kethgrkfdf fha djokheth, ineshrvdr ads ärhds fh
hsphikda kjpnrtdeikd hinaùgkid y mnjhetdr ad hfuidikùe pdrd h a angrn fh hstns mkehs‚
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ans Fhrhi`ns Ynikdahs,
Hineùjkins y Iuaturdahs (Idp. ?. Vêtuan KK fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd)
inrrhspnefhe d dquhaad dgrupdikùe fh fhrhi`ns fh ‑okhehstdr snikda‚ n
‑suoskstheikd‚ he ad jhfkfd he quh gdrdetkzde ads inefkiknehs jêekjds pdrd ad
rhdakzdikùe fh ued inefkikùe fh vkfd fkged. \drd ha idsn ineirhtn prhshetdfn sh

kfhetkmkid quh ad sktudikùe `dih rhmhrheikd d fhrhi`ns fh ad injuekfdf mrheth da
jhfkn djokheth.
48
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ans fhrhi`ns
fhjnirätkins `dihe rhmhrheikd d gdrdetkzdr ha rhsphtn fh ads akohrtdfhs ikvkahs, hs
fhikr, ha rhsphtn fh ans fhrhi`ns ùjdens y gdrdetêds muefdjhetdahs3 ha prkeikpkn

fh ihahordr hahiiknehs phrkùfkids y gheukeds jhfkdeth ha sumrdgkn uekvhrsda hs ue

hahjhetn hsheikda fh ad fhjnirdikd. \drd ha idsn ineirhtn prhshetdfn sh kfhetkmkid
quh ad sktudikùe `dih rhmhrheikd d fhrhi`ns fh ad injuekfdf mrheth da jhfkn
djokheth.
?. Ad Gnohredikùe hs entkmkidfd fh ued diikùe inestktuikneda kethrpuhstd he su
inetrd pnrquh injn ineshiuheikd fh ad nrfhedezd, sh prnyhitd ad tdad
kefksirkjkedfd fh äronahs y ihrrdjkhetn fh hspdikn pòoakin. Ha mueiknedrkn
heidrgdfn fh fdr rhspuhstd kfhetkmkid quh ad diikùe hs kjprnihfheth pnrquh
d. sh rhqukhrh ad niurrheikd prhvkd fh ue fdôn d ad injuekfdf y, fhoh ousidr
ad kefhjekzdikùe fh phrbukikns inahitkvns.
o. sh `dih ehihsdrkn kethrpnehr ued diikùe fh tuthad y, fhoh thehr injn
nobhtn prhvhekr ue fdôn mrheth d kefkvkfuns pdrtkiuadrhs y inahitkvns.

i. sh ousid hvktdr ue jda jdynr pdrd ad injuekfdf skhefn prnihfheth ad
diikùe pnpuadr y, fhoh rhidhr snorh fhrhi`ns inahitkvns.
Iadvh I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd, fh inemnrjkfdf ine ha
Drtêiuan 00 fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd, quh ad diikùe pnpuadr hstä
fhstkedfd d ‑ad prnthiikùe fh ans fhrhi`ns h kethrhshs inahitkvns, rhadiknedfns ine
ha pdtrkjnekn, ha hspdikn, ad shgurkfdf y ad sdauorkfdf pòoakins, ad jnrda
dfjkekstrdtkvd, ha djokheth, ad akorh injphtheikd hineùjkid y ntrns fh skjkadr

edturdahzd‚
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD dthefkhefn d quh ha heueikdfn padethd ue
prnyhitn, en ue `hi`n yd niurrkfn3 dsê jksjn, sh padethd quh en sh `de ghehrdfn
phrbukikns d ad hetkfdf3 he hsth shetkfn, sh rhiuhrfd
rh iuhrfd quh ad diikùe fh grupn tkheh
injn rhquksktn quh sh `dyde rhuekfn ued paurdakfdf fh ?< phrsneds y hs ued mkgurd
burêfkid quh skrvh pdrd pnskokaktdr ad kefhjekzdikùe fh phrbukikns idusdfns d ue
eòjhrn paurda fh phrsneds, an iuda en sh prhshetd he ha idsn ineirhtn. (Drt. 00

Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd)
4=
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, pnrquh ad diikùe fh tuthad hs ue jhideksjn
fh fhmhesd bufkikda, hstdoahikfn he ha Drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid, da iuda
puhfh diufkr tnfd phrsned pdrd nothehr ad prnthiikùe kejhfkdtd fh sus fhrhi`ns
muefdjhetdahs iudefn ëstns rhsuathe vuaehrdfns n djhedzdfns pnr ad diikùe u
njkskùe fh ued hetkfdf pòoakid n pdrtkiuadr. Fh jdehrd quh snan hs prnihfheth pdrd
pdr d
prnthghr fhrhi`ns kefkvkfudahs. Hs fhikr en puhfh shr prhshetdfd pnr ue inahitkvn
fh ikufdfdens, injn sh rhqukhrh he ha idsn ineirhtn.
9. Ad ikufdfdeêd `d rhpnrtdfn ans jdans jdehbns fh rhskfuns pnr pdrth fh ued

hjprhsd prkvdfd, quh `de puhstn he rkhsgn ha snsthekjkhetn djokhetda fh ans
rhiursns `êfrkins. Deth ad fheueikd, inrrnonrdfds ads ditkvkfdfhs, ad
Gnohredikùe fhoh prnihfhr d
d. dpakidr ads pnaêtkids sdeiknedtnrkds y hxkgkr ad rhpdrdikùe fh ans fdôns
idusdfns.
o. kfhetkmkidr sk ha ärhd fh dmhitdikùe hs fh hsphikda kjpnrtdeikd hinaùgkid y
irhdr ued diikùe urodeêstkid.
i. rhguadr ad utkakzdikùe fha suhan y rhquhrkr ad ineshrvdikùe muturd idstkgdefn

rhkeikfheikd fh ads diiknehs.
Iadvh D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha Drtêiuan 0< fh ad
Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd hstdoahih ‑Ha Hstdfn padekmkidrä ha jdehbn y
dprnvhi`djkhetn fh ans rhiursns edturdahs, pdrd gdrdetkzdr su fhsdrrnaan
snsthekoah, su ineshrvdikùe, rhstdurdikùe n sustktuikùe. Dfhjäs, fhohrä prhvhekr
y inetrnadr ans mditnrhs fh fhthrknrn djokhetda, kjpnehr ads sdeiknehs ahgdahs
y hxkgkr ad rhpdrdikùe fh ans fdôns idusdfns. Dsê jksjn, innphrdrä ine ntrds

ediknehs he ad prnthiikùe fh ans hinsksthjds sktudfns he ads zneds mrnethrkzds‚

(ehgrkaad muhrd fha thxtn nrkgkeda). He hsth
hs th shetkfn, ha Hstdfn sh heiuhetrd noakgdfn
d prhvhekr y sdeiknedr sktudiknehs injn ad padethdfd he ha prhsheth êthj.
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD pnrquh, sk okhe ads ärhds fh hsphikda
kjpnrtdeikd hinaùgkid, hstäe snjhtkfds d ue rëgkjhe fh prnthiikùe jäs kethesn
quh ha rhstn fha jhfkn djokheth, hstn en kjpakid quh ans fdôns djokhetdahs
idstkgdoahs sh hbhrzde hxiauskvdjheth inetrd fki`ds zneds3 fh kguda mnrjd, ads
diiknehs urodeêstkids inrrhspnefhe d dquhaads ditudiknehs jhfkdeth ads iudahs ads
dfjkekstrdiknehs juekikpdahs y fkstrktdahs hbhrihe su mueikùe fh nrfhedjkhetn fha
thrrktnrkn, rhadiknedfds ine ësth y ine ad kethrvheikùe he ans usns fha suhan. He hsth
47
shetkfn, fha idsn prhshetdfn sh `dih ehihsdrkn quh ad Hetkfdf dpakquh ads pnaêtkids
sdeiknedtnrkds fha idsn pdrd idstkgdr y prhvhekr an niurrkfn. (Drtêiuans 7;, 0< y 0?
fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd)
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ad utkakzdikùe fha suhan
hs ue prnihfkjkhetn prhvkn fhsdrrnaadfn pnr ads Hetkfdfhs3 pdrd ha idsn ineirhtn,
hstd ditkvkfdf muh rhdakzdfd, hetrh ntrds, fhsfh ad Nrfhedezd nobhtn fh

iuhstknedjkhetn. Fhetrn fh fki`d rhguadikùe sh padethde ads ditkvkfdfhs prn`kokfds
y su sdeikùe pnr an quh, da `dohrsh vhrkmkidfn ued ditkvkfdf quh pusn he rkhsgn ha
snsthekjkhetn djokhetda EN hs pnskoah vnavhr d rhguadr ha usn fh suhan sken quh,
pnr ha inetrdrkn, sh rhqukhrh quh ha Hstdfn hbhrzd sus mdiuatdfhs sdeiknedtnrkds fh
diuhrfn ine ad noakgdikùe hstdoahikfd he ha Drtêiuan 0< fh ad Inestktuikùe \naêtkid
fh Inanjokd.
YKVXDIKÙE 9
Deth ued dutnrkfdf fha Nrfhe Fhpdrtdjhetda sh dihrid ue grupn fh ikufdfdens

prhguetdefn pnr ad rhspuhstd d ueds phtkiknehs prhshetdfds, he fnefh snakiktde ad

inestruiikùe fh rdjpds pdrd ad jnvkakzdikùe fh ans usudrkns he sktudikùe fh
fksidpdikfdf, he ans hfkmkikns fh ad hetkfdf.
4. Ha mueiknedrkn heidrgdfn fh fdr träjkth d ads snakiktufhs fh ans ikufdfdens
fhoh
d. ntnrgdr prnetd rhspuhstd d ads phtkiknehs ine ad fhokfd jntkvdikùe fh
diihfhr n ehgdr an snakiktdfn.
o. rhsnavhr ads phtkiknehs ued vhz sh `dyd nrfhedfn tuthadr ha fhrhi`n d ad
jnvkakfdf.
i. dthefhr ads phtkiknehs fh ad pnoadikùe pnr shr kfhetkmkidfd injn he sktudikùe
fh fksidpdikfdf.
Iadvh D.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Inrrhitd. He ha idsn padethdfn, sh hstdoahih ued sktudikùe
irêtkid fnefh prhshetd ad jnahstkd fh ans ikufdfdens pnr en `dohr rhspnefkfn ueds
snakiktufhs fhetrn fh ads iudahs sh rhquhrêd ad prnthiikùe fh daguens fhrhi`ns, he
hsth idsn ha prkeikpda puetn pnr pdrth fh ad dutnrkfdf fhpdrtdjhetda hs ad fh EN
`dohr rhsuhatn ads phtkiknehs, he hsth puetn sh hetkhefh quh ha fhrhi`n prkeikpda
quh dfuih prnthiikùe hs ad phtkikùe tda injn an inethjpad ha drtêiuan ?9 fh ad
Inestktuikùe \naêtkid fh Inanjokd, skhefn ehihsdrkn quh ad hetkfdf noakgdfd fh
rhspuhstd npnrtued d ads phtkiknehs3 hstn en kjpakid ha fhrhi`n d diihfhr d an
40
snakiktdfn pnr ans ikufdfdens sken d rhsnavhr fh mnefn ad snakiktuf jntkvdefn, pdrd
ha idsn ineirhtn, ad vkdokakfdf fh ntnrgdr an prhthefkfn ske quh jhfkh, pdrd haan,
rhquhrkjkhetn prhvkn kebustkmkidfn. He hsth shetkfn sh prneueikù ad Inrth
Inestktuikneda he shetheikd V-?<= fh ?<40 da kefkidr quh ha fhrhi`n fh phtkikùe en
inrrhspnefh snan d ad pnskokakfdf fha ikufdfden fh prhshetdr snakiktufhs deth ads
dutnrkfdfhs sken quh tdjokëe ‑gdrdetkzd ued rhspuhstd npnrtued, hmkidz, fh mnefn y

inegruheth ine an snakiktdfn‚.

_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth puetn sh hetkhefh quh ha mdaan fh tuthad sh
rhqukhrh pnr pdrth fha mueiknedrkn, ine ha mke fh fdr träjkth d ads snakiktufhs
prhshetdfds3 skhefn hstd ued hxkgheikd keehihsdrkd puhs, fh diuhrfn da idsn
padethdfn, ad prnoahjätkid sh hejdrid he ad mdatd fh rhspuhstd d ad phtkikùe
kefkstketdjheth fh kfhetkmkidr sk hmhitkvdjheth ans fhrhi`ns d ad jnvkakfdf fhohe shr
prnthgkfns. \nr an tdetn, sh `doad fh ued prnthiikùe prkeikpda fha fhrhi`n quh hs ad
rhspuhstd d ad phtkikùe kekikda prhshetdfd pnr ans ikufdfdens he ghehrda y, ha mnefn
fh ad phtkikùe quh hs angrdr ad prnthiikùe fh ans fhrhi`ns fh ans fksidpdiktdfns, hs
ineshiuheikd fh ad rhspuhstd hjdedfd.
_hspuhstd I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Keinrrhitd. Vhekhefn he iuhetd quh ad sktudikùe padethdfd en
hstdoahih quh ans phtkiknedrkns shde subhtns he sktudikùe fh fksidpdikfdf puhs snan
sh rhmkhrh d ue ‑grupn fh ikufdfdens‚ y , he fdfn idsn, hstn inrrhspnefhrêd d ue
trdtn fksirkjkedtnrkn pnr iudetn ads hetkfdfhs sh heiuhetrde noakgdfds d fdr
rhspuhstd npnrtued y hmkidz d tnfds ads phtkiknehs quh sh heiuhetrhe d su idrgn
kefkstketdjheth fh ad inefkikùe fha subhtn3 hstn he vkrtuf fha prkeikpkn fh en
fksirkjkedikùe.
?. Ad snakiktuf hahvdfd pnr ans ikufdfdens, hxkgh ad prnthiikùe fh ans fhrhi`ns

fh ntrds phrsneds snorh ads iudahs rhidh ad tktuadrkfdf fha fhrhi`n, he hsth
idsn ha mueiknedrkn fha nrfhe fhpdrtdjhetda heidrgdfn fh fdr rhspuhstd d
hstd snakiktuf fhoh
d. rhquhrkr quh shd prhshetdfd pnr qukhehs rhidh ad tktuadrkfdf fha fhrhi`n, he
hsth idsn ad pnoadikùe he fksidpdikfdf.
o. dthefhr ad phtkikùe fh ans ikufdfdens, tnfd vhz quh gnzde fha fhrhi`n pdrd
prhshetdr snakiktufhs fh kethrës ghehrda n pdrtkiuadr.
i. rhi`dzdr ha rhquhrkjkhetn, pnr hstdr fkrkgkfd d ued pnoadikùe iuyd prnthiikùe

hs rhspnesdokakfdf fh hetkfdfhs fha nrfhe edikneda.
4;
Iadvh O.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Inrrhitd. He hsth idsn ans ikufdfdens hstäe rhvhstkfns fh
prnthiikùe inestktuikneda ine ha nobhtn fh prhshetdr phtkiknehs fh idräithr ghehrda
n pdrtkiuadr, ske fhsjhfrn fh ans fhrhi`ns inebugdfns quh fh haan surbde,
D_VÊIXAN ?9. Vnfd phrsned tkheh fhrhi`n d prhshetdr phtkiknehs rhsphtunsds d
ads dutnrkfdfhs pnr jntkvns fh kethrës ghehrda n pdrtkiuadr y d nothehr prnetd
rhsnauikùe. He hsth idsn hs ued snakiktuf quh fhoh shr rhsuhatd, ske kjpnrtdr ha
inethekfn dmkrjdtkvn n ehgdtkvn quh sh fë d ad jksjd.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth idsn ad snakiktuf en fhoh shr prhshetdfd
hxiauskvdjheth pnr qukhe rhidh ad tktuadrkfdf fha fhrhi`n, hsth tkpn fh phtkiknehs
ouside ad prnthiikùe fh fhrhi`ns ghehrdahs y inahitkvns pnr an tdetn puhfh hahvdrsh
fki`d snakiktuf pnr pdrth fh iudaqukhr ikufdfden. En snorh qukhe rhidh ha fhrhi`n,
ad sktudikùe ens padethd òekidjheth ad prhshetdikùe fh ued snakiktuf, jäs en fh ued
diikùe bufkikda.
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth idsn ad phtkikùe en fhoh shr rhi`dzdfd, ad

prnthiikùe fh ans fhrhi`ns fh ad pnoadikùe vuaehrdoah
vuaehr doah rhidh he ans heths fha hstdfn
y su prnthiikùe hs prknrktdrkd, pnr haan ad rdzùe fha rhi`dzn en hs dbustdfd da
nrfhedjkhetn inestktuikneda, he hbhrikikn fha fhrhi`n prkeikpda fh phtkikùe ad jksjd
fhoh shr dthefkfd.
9. Ha mueiknedrkn heidrgdfn fh trdjktdr ad snakiktuf, da vhrkmkidr ad vkdokakfdf fh
an prhthefkfn, fhoh
d. kfhetkmkidr quh hs fh idräithr sdeiknedtnrkn pnrquh idstkgd ad mdaad fh ad
hetkfdf he ad kjpahjhetdikùe fh jhideksjns fh diihsn.

o. shôdadr quh hs fh idräithr prhvhetkvn pnrquh ousid hvktdr ad vuaehrdikùe

fh fhrhi`ns fh ad ikufdfdeêd he ghehrda.
i. kefkidr quh hs fh idräithr kefhjekzdtnrkn pnrquh prhthefh ha
rhsdrikjkhetn hineùjkin fh ans dmhitdfns.
Iadvh2 O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Fhetrn fh ue Hstdfn Ynikda fh Fhrhi`n, jäs
daaä fh inetdr ine ad tktuadrkfdf fh ad diikùe y ha daideih auirdtkvn, ans ikufdfdens
iuhetde ine `hrrdjkhetds dfjkekstrdtkvds ahgdahs quh inefuihe d ue trdtn
hquktdtkvn. Tukhrh hstn fhikr, he inesnedeikd ine ha inethxtn, quh ad prhtheskùe fh
ad snakiktuf prhshetdfd, hs prhvhetkvd pnrquh ha heueikdfn en jheikned ekegòe
?<
nobhtkvn rhjuehrdtnrkn, dagòe phrbukikn sumrkfn n inefuitd puekoah n fksikpakedrkd. Dsê
ads insds, ad injuekfdf ditòd ine mkehs prhvhetkvns snakiktdefn ha ditudr fh ads
hetkfdfhs, injn noakgdikùe prnpkd fha Hstdfn Inanjokden, he fhsdrrnaan fh ads
pnaêtkids pòoakids `dikd ans fksidpdiktdfns3 he ineinrfdeikd ine ans prkeikpkns
inestktuiknedahs fh kgudafdf, en fksirkjkedikùe y diihsn fhsdrrnaadfns he ahyhs
injn ad Ahy 9=4 fh 4;;7, Ahy 4468 fh ?<<7 y Ahy 49<= fh ?<<;
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh ads phtkiknehs
prhshetdfds pnr ans ikufdfdens en puhfhe shr fh idräithr sdeiknedtnrkn he tdetn
ad mdiuatdf sdeiknedtnrkd hs hxiauskvd fh ans prnihfkjkhetns dfjkekstrdtkvns kethrens
fh idfd hetkfdf3 he hsth shetkfn, dinrfh da inethxtn padethdfn, ha mueiknedrkn quh
trdjktd ad phtkikùe, da idthgnrkzdrad, fhoh prnihfhr d dfhadetdr ha prnihfkjkhetn
inethjpadfn he ha Drtêiuan 67 y suoskgukheths fh ad Ahy 4697 fh ?<443 fh kguda
mnrjd, fh inemnrjkfdf ine ad sktudikùe padethdfd, sh hstdoahih quh ads phtkiknehs
ouside ad prnthiikùe fh fhrhi`ns muefdjhetdahs skhefn hetneihs kjprnihfheth
hstdoahihr quh hxkstd ued mdaad fh ad hetkfdf he ad kjpahjhetdikùe fh jhideksjns

fh diihsn, iudefn ad hetkfdf dòe en `d rhsuhatn an snakiktdfn.

_hspuhstd I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD, thekhefn he iuhetd quh, fh inemnrjkfdf ine
ad sktudikùe padethdfd, sh hstdoahih quh ads phtkiknehs ouside ad prnthiikùe fh
fhrhi`ns muefdjhetdahs jäs en ha rhsdrikjkhetn fh phrbukikns puhs, en sh
heiuhetrd padethdfn, quh sh `dyd idusdfn fdôn daguen d ekegued phrsned quh
rhqukhrd shr kefhjekzdfn pnr ad mdatd fh rhspuhstd npnrtued fh ad hetkfdf.
?.? Hbhjpans fh prhguetds fh Injphtheikds Mueiknedahs
Yktudikùe 4.
Ha daidafh fh ue juekikpkn, rhqukhrh dfhadetdr ue prnihsn fh inetrdtdikùe pdrd
rhpdrdr ad mdi`dfd fh ad daidafêd, pdrd haan fhikfh `dihr dphrturd fh ue prnihsn fh
akiktdikùe pòoakid. Yh fhskged da shirhtdrkn fha fhspdi`n pdrd quh hstruiturh y

dfhadeth ha prnihsn prhinetrdituda.
4. Xe nmhrheth quh `dih pdrth fha prnihsn akiktdtnrkn fhetrn fh ads
noshrvdiknehs da prnyhitn fh pakhgn fh inefkiknehs, fhshd inesuatdr fh
mnrjd fhtdaadfd ad fhsirkpikùe tëiekid fh ad rhpdrdikùe fh ad mdi`dfd quh sh
prhthefh `dihr, ha vdanr tntda y irnengrdjd fh pdgns, ad jnfdakfdf fh
?4
inetrdtdikùe y ans irkthrkns fh shahiikùe fha prnpneheth mdvnrhikfn. Ha
mueiknedrkn pdrd rhspnefhr ad noshrvdikùe fha nmhrheth fhoh
d. kefkidrah quh hs ehihsdrkn hxdjkedr ha ditn dfjkekstrdtkvn fh dphrturd fha
prnihsn.
o. snakiktdrah quh rhdakih ad inesuatd fha dvksn fh inevnidtnrkd quh sh
heiuhetrd puoakidfn.
i. hxpakidrah quh rhqukhrh rhvksdr ha inethekfn injpahtn fha pakhgn fh
inefkiknehs fh ad akiktdikùe.
Iadvh I.

Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ad rhvkskùe fha pakhgn fh inefkiknehs hs ad

rhspuhstd inrrhitd, fdfn quh, ued vhz `d mkedakzdfd ad htdpd fh noshrvdiknehs da
prnyhitn fh pakhgn, ha fniujhetn nmkikda fh idräithr tëiekin, hs ha pakhgn fh
inefkiknehs ha iuda fhohrä fhtdaadr y hsphikmkidr iadrd y tëiekidjheth, ha shrvkikn
quh sh vd d prhstdr, he hsth `kpntëtkin idsn, fhohrä inethehr ads hsphikmkidiknehs
fh rhpdrdikùe quh sh prhthefh inetrdtdr, dfhjäs fha vdanr hxditn, ha padzn fh
hbhiuikùe y ads mnrjds he ads iudahs sh hstdoahikù ha irnengrdjd
ir nengrdjd fh pdgns, tda injn
an snakiktd ha nmhrheth he su noshrvdikùe. Drtêiuan ??¼ fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha ‑Ditn Dfjkekstrdtkvn
fh Dphrturd‚ inrrhspnefh da ditn jhfkdeth ha iuda sh nrf hed ha kekikn fh ad akiktdikùe
pòoakid. Ha bhmh fh ad hetkfdf jhfkdeth ditn dfjkekstrdtkvn fh idräithr ghehrda,

nrfhed fh jdehrd jntkvdfd ad dphrturd fha prnihsn fh shahiikùe quh sh
fhsdrrnaadrä d trdvës fh akiktdikùe pòoakid. (Drtêiuan 9<, eujhrda 4¼ Ahy 0< fh 4;;9 y
drtêiuan ?6 fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49)3 he hsth shetkfn, ans hahjhetns rhquhrkfns pnr ha
nmhrheth snan puhfhe shr heinetrdfns he ha pakhgn fh inefkiknehs (Drtêiuan ??¼
fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49.)
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha dvksn fh
inevnidtnrkd inrrhspnefh da aadjdfn quh rhdakzd ad hetkfdf d ans nmhrheths
kethrhsdfns y inetkheh kemnrjdikùe ghehrda y en hsphiêmkid fha prnihsn (drtêiuan ?4
fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49)3 he hsth shetkfn, ans hahjhetns rhquhrkfns pnr ha nmhrheth
snan puhfhe shr heinetrdfns he ha pakhgn fh inefkiknehs
ine fkiknehs (Drtêiuan ??¼ fhirhtn 484<
fh ?<49)
?. Fhetrn fh ad hvdaudikùe fh nmhrtds, ha Daidafh prhthefh jnfkmkidr ha pakhgn fh
inefkiknehs jhfkdeth dfhefd, ine ha nobhtn fh jnfkmkidr ad idakfdf fh ans
??

jdthrkdahs pdrd ad rhpdrdikùe. Yke hjodrgn, ha mueiknedrkn heidrgdfn fha

prnihsn heiuhetrd quh ad jksjd hs kjprnihfheth pnrquh
d. ads dfhefds sh fhstkede pdrd hmhitns fh idjokns tëiekins fh ad
jhtnfnangêd fh shahiikùe.
o. ads dfhefds da pakhgn fh inefkiknehs fhohe shr fhodtkfds pnr ans
nmhrheths deths fh su puoakidikùe pdrd su vdakfhz.
i. ads dfhefds fh hstd edturdahzd sh fhohe hmhitudr deths fh ad
prhshetdikùe fh nmhrtds.
Iadvh I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Fh diuhrfn ine ad sktudikùe padethdfd ha
mueiknedrkn fhikfh aahvdr d idon ad dfhefd ued vhz sh `de prhshetdfn ads nmhrtds
fh ans kethrhsdfns he ad pdrtkikpdikùe fha prnihsn akiktdtnrkn, he hsth idsn ad

jnfkmkidikùe prhshetdfd hs kenpnrtued h kjprnihfheth tnfd vhz quh, ads dfhefds
quh dmhitde inefkiknehs tëiekids fha prnihsn snan puhfhe shr prhshetdfds `dstd
deths fh ad prhshetdikùe y hvdaudikùe fh ads nmhrtds3 he hsth puetn òekidjheth sh
puhfh keiaukr ad dfhefd he ha irnengrdjd. Drtêiuan ?8¼ fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49.
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ad dfhefd rhquhrkfd
dmhitd ans fhrhi`ns fh ans nmhrheths prhshetdfns y ha fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49
hxprhsdjheth hstdoahih quh ad jksjd snan puhfh shr prhshetdfd
prhsh etdfd `dstd deths fh ad
prhshetdikùe y hvdaudikùe fh ads nmhrtds (drtêiuan ?8)3 he hsth shetkfn en hs vkdoah
quh ans nmhrheths ad vdakfhe puhs sh heiuhetrd prn`kokfn pnr ad enrjd.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh hxksthe fkmhrheths tkpns
fh dfhefds hstdoahikfds he ha drtêiuan ?8 fha fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49, pdrd
jnfkmkidikùe fh pakhgns fh inefkiknehs y irnengrdjds3 hs fhikr, en sne hxiauskvds
pdrd hmhitns fh idjokns tëiekins fh ad jhtnfnangêd fh shahiikùe3 hetrh ntrds pnrquh
ha prnihfkjkhetn quh sh aahvd d idon he idfd jhtnfnangêd hstä hejdridfn he ads

rhgads fh ad Ahy 0< fh 4;;9 y Fhirhtn 448< fh ?<<7. \drd ha idsn ineirhtn sh
kfhetkmkid quh ad dfhefd prhthefkfd sh heiuhetrd muhrd fh tërjken puhs snan puhfh
shr prhshetdfd `dstd deths fh ad prhshetdikùe y hvdaudikùe fh ads nmhrtds (drtêiuan
?8)3 he hsth shetkfn ued dfhefd pnsthrknr hstä hxprhsdjheth prn`kokfd.
9. Fhetrn fha tërjken pdrd ad prhshetdikùe fh ads nmhrtds, sh rhikoh ued òekid
prnpuhstd pnr an quh ha shirhtdrkn fha fhspdi`n, fhoh
d. rhinjhefdr quh ha inetrdtn shd dfbufkidfn da nmhrheth, vhrkmkidfn ha
iujpakjkhetn fh ans rhquksktns hstdoahikfns he ans pakhgns fh inefkiknehs.
?9
o. dineshbdr quh jhfkdeth dfhefd sh jnfkmkquh ha irnengrdjd fh ad
inevnidtnrkd, dthefkhefn d ad ehihskfdf fh paurdakfdf fh nmhrheths.

i. sughrkr quh sh fhiadrh injn fhskhrtd ad akiktdikùe, thekhefn he iuhetd ad
mdatd fh nmhrheths pdrd hmhitudr ha prnihsn fh injpdrdikùe.
Iadvh D.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Fh diuhrfn ine an hstdoahikfn he ha drtêiuan 9<
fha fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49, ads hetkfdfhs puhfhe dfbufkidr ha inetrdtn akiktdfn iudefn
snan sh `dyd prhshetdfn ued nmhrtd, skhjprh quh iujpad ine ans rhquksktns
hstdoahikfns he ans pakhgns fh inefkiknehs.
_hspuhstd O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ads akiktdiknehs
pòoakids en rhqukhrh paurdakfdf fh nmhrheths3 fki`d sktudikùe shrêd ha kfhda phrn en
sh heiuhetrd hxprhsdjheth inethjpadfn he ads enrjds fh inetrdtdikùe3 tde dsê
quh ha drtêiuan 9< fha fhirhtn 484< fh ?<49, phrjkth quh ads hetkfdfhs puhfde
dfbufkidr ha inetrdtn akiktdfn iudefn snan sh `dyd prhshetdfn ued nmhrtd.
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ads idusdahs fh ad
fhiadrdtnrkd fh fhskhrtd sne tdxdtkvds3 dsê sh hstdoahih he ha drtêiuan ?8 fh ad Ahy

0< fh 4;;9 (eujhrda 40) da kefkidr quh ‑Ad fhiadrdtnrk d fh fhskhrtd fh ad akiktdikùe
òekidjheth prnihfhrä pnr jntkvns n idusds quh kjpkfde ad hsingheikd nobhtkvd y
sh fhiadrdrä he ditn dfjkekstrdtkvn he ha quh sh shôdadräe he mnrjd hxprhsd y
fhtdaadfd ads rdznehs quh `de inefuikfn d hsd fhikskùe‚
Yktudikùe ?.
Ine ha nobhtn fh supakr daguens idrgns quh sh heiuhetrde he vdideikd, ued hetkfdf
fha hstdfn fhikfh irhdr daguens hjpahns pòoakins, pdrd shr supakfns jhfkdeth
shahiikùe. \drd haan sh fhskged d ued injkskùe fh phrsneda, ad iuda fhoh fkshôdr
fhtdaadfdjheth ans hjpahns dskstheikdahs, tëiekins y prnmhsknedahs d prnvhhr, dsê
injn, ha phrmka fh injphtheikds fh idfd uen. Daguens fh haans fhohe supakrsh fh
mnrjd phrjdeheth y ntrns shräe fh idräithr thjpnrda.
4. Ans mueiknedrkns quh `dihe pdrth fh ad injkskùe fh phrsneda rhqukhrhe

kfhetkmkidr ine iadrkfdf ads rhspnesdokakfdfhs d fhshjphôdr, hxkgkoahs pdrd
qukhe shd tktuadr fh ad vdideth d prnvhhr, pdrd haan fhohe
?6
d. fhthrjkedr ad idetkfdf fh idrgns d iuorkr ine ha mke fh fkstrkoukr ha
fhsdrrnaan fh ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad hetkfdf.
o. fhsirkokr ha inethekfn mueikneda fha hjpahn pdrd fhthrjkedr ads
ditkvkfdfhs hbhiutdoahs fh idfd vdideth.
i. irhdr iudfrns mueiknedahs fha hjpahn ine ha nobhtkvn fh dgrupdr pnr ärhds
ads pdrtkiuadrkfdfhs fh ads idrgds adonrdahs.
Iadvh O.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ad fhsirkpikùe fha inethekfn mueikneda fha
hjpahn nohfhih fh mnrjd ikhrtd d ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh ads rhspnesdokakfdfhs
edturdahs fha hjpahn d fkshôdr, en sh ineikoh ue hjpahn pòoakin he su edikjkhetn
ske ad fhokfd hxkgheikd quh sh `drä da tktuadr fha hjpahn, pnr an tdetn, hs iadrn quh
ha fkshôn fha hjpahn pòoakin muefdjhetd su hvnauikùe fhsirkptkvd he ha inethekfn

mueikneda. Drtêiuan 4;¼ Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.

_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. Ad idetkfdf fh vdideths d prnvhhr sh fhthrjked
ued vhz sh `d `hi`n ha hstufkn fh phrsneda fh idrgns d supakr, ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh
ads rhspnesdokakfdfhs hxkgkoahs nohfhih d ued ineshiuheikd
ineshiuh eikd fha fkshôn fha hjpahn
pòoakin, hsth nohfhih d ad fhsirkpikùe mueikneda jäs en d ad jhfkikùe iudetktdtkvd
fh vdideths injn sh padethd he hstd npikùe. Drtêiuan 4;¼ ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. Ad irhdikùe fh iudfrns mueiknedahs fh hjpahn
nohfhih d ads dgrupdiknehs fh hjpahns shjhbdeths he iudetn d ad edturdahzd fh
sus mueiknehs hs fhikr, hstd hs ued ineshiuheikd fh ad fhsirkpikùe fha inethekfn
mueikneda fh ans hjpahns jäs en ued idusd, an iuda ineaahvd d quh ad rhspuhstd shd
keinrrhitd. Drtêiuan ?<¼ Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.
?. \drd ha fkshôn fha phrmka fh injphtheikds snakiktdfn he ha prnihsn fh
shahiikùe, ad injkskùe fh phrsneda fhoh
d. fhthrjkedr ans rhquksktns fh hstufkn y hxphrkheikd fh ans idefkfdtns d ad
vdideth.
o. fhakjktdr ha rna mueikneda y ha daideih fh ads rhspnesdokakfdfhs fha hjpahn
d prnvhhr.
i. hstdoahihr ha ärhd fh fhshjphôn fha hjpahn da iuda dpakidrä ha phrmka fha
idrgn.
Iadvh D.
?8
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. \drd ad irhdikùe fh ans hjpahns hs ehihsdrkn
fkshôdr ha phrmka fh injphtheikds, hs fhikr fhthrjkedr ans rhquksktns fh hstufkn, y
hxphrkheikd quh shräe rhquhrkfns pdrd niupdr ad padzd vdideth, haans fhohe shr
ineshiuheths ine ads hxkgheikds mueiknedahs fha inethekfn fha hjpahn. Drtêiuan 4;¼

Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.

_hspuhstd O
Iadvh keinrrhitd. Ads rhspnesdokakfdfhs hxkgkoahs da mueiknedrkn quh niuph ha idrgn
`dih rhmhrheikd da inethekfn mueikneda fha hjpahn, jäs en da phrmka fh injphtheikds
rhquhrkfds, ha prkjhrn rhmkhrh injn tda d ad mkgurd fha hjpahn, ha shguefn rhidh snorh
ha dspkrdeth d supakr ad vdideth fh fki`n hjpahn. Drtêiuan 4;¼ Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.
_hspuhstd I.
Iadvh keinrrhitd. Ha ärhd fha idrgn sh heiuhetrd fhthrjkedfd pnr ha rna mueikneda d
fhshjphôdr y ans nobhtkvns fh ad hetkfdf3 he hsth shetkfn, ad jksjd en inrrhspnefh
da phrmka fh injphtheikds fha prnmhskneda d shahiiknedr
shahiikned r sken fh ads mueiknehs y
nobhtkvns quh sh rhqukhrhe hbhiutdr.
9. He rhmhrheikd da fkshôn fh ans hjpahns fh idräithr thjpnrda quh sh rhqukhrhe

supakr, ans mueiknedrkns fh ad injkskùe fh phrsneda fhohe keiaukr
d. ads mueiknehs skjkadrhs fha phrsneda fh padetd, ine ha mke fh dgrupdr ha
idrgn d ans iudfrns mueiknedahs hxkstheths.
o. ad fhthrjkedikùe fha tkhjpn tntda fh furdikùe fha hjpahn, ine ha mke fh
bustkmkidr ad ehihskfdf fh su irhdikùe.
i. ad iadsh fh enjordjkhetn ine quh shrä vkeiuadfn ha hjpahdfn, ine ha mke
fh hstdoahihr ad jnfdakfdf fh inetrdtdikùe.
Iadvh O.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ha fkshôn fh ans hjpahns thjpnrdahs
ehihsdrkdjheth fhoh fhthrjkedr ha tkhjpn fh furdikùe fha hjpahn, y pdrd su
irhdikùe fhohrä inethehr dfkiknedajheth ued bustkmkidikùe y ued jntkvdikùe tëiekid,
dfhjäs fh ad fkspnekokakfdf prhsupuhstda. Drtêiuan 4;¼ y ?4¼ Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6.
_hspuhstd D.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh EN ehihsdrkdjheth
sh irhd ue hjpahn thjpnrda ine ha mke fh fhsdrrnaadr mueiknehs skjkadrhs d ads fha
phrsneda fh padetd3 fki`ns hjpahns tdjokëe puhfhe shr inestktukfns pdrd iujpakr

?=
mueiknehs dbheds pnr en mnrjdr pdrth fh ads ditkvkfdfhs phrjdeheths fh ad
dfjkekstrdikùe (Drtêiuan ?4 Ahy ;<; fh ?<<6)3 fh kguda mnrjd
mnr jd ans iudfrns mueiknedahs
fh hjpahn nohfhih d ads dgrupdiknehs fh hjpahns shjhbdeths he iudetn d ad
edturdahzd fh sus mueiknehs hs fhikr, hstd hs ued ineshiuheikd fh ad fhsirkpikùe
fha inethekfn mueikneda fh ans hjpahns jäs en ued idusd (Drtêiuan ?< Ahy ;<; fh
?<<6)
_hspuhstd I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh KEIN__HIVD thekhefn he iuhetd quh ad iadsh fh
enjordjkhetn EN `dih pdrth fha fkshôn fh ans hjpahns sken quh sh heiuhetrd
hstdoahikfd he ad enrjd fh diuhrfn d ad jnfdakfdf fh shahiikùe dsê2 ‑Ans hjpahns

fh akorh enjordjkhetn y rhjnikùe shräe prnvkstns pnr enjordjkhetn nrfkedrkn,
prhvkn ha iujpakjkhetn fh ans rhquksktns hxkgkfns pdrd ha fhshjphôn fha hjpahn y
ha prnihfkjkhetn hstdoahikfn he hstd ahy.
Ans hjpahns fh idrrhrd dfjkekstrdtkvd sh prnvhhräe he phrênfn fh pruhod n he
dsihesn ine ads phrsneds quh `dyde skfn shahiiknedfds jhfkdeth ha sksthjd fh
jërktn, shgòe an hstdoahikfn he ha Vêtuan ] fh hstd ahy.‚ (Drtêiuan ?9 Ahy ;<; fh
?<<6). He hsth shetkfn sh rhidaid quh fhsfh ad sktudikùe padethdfd sh hstdoahikù
quh ans idrgns shrêde supakfns jhfkdeth prnihsn fh shahiikùe pnr an quh
òekidjheth puhfhe shr inetrdtdfns he phrknfn fh pruhod n he dsihesn.
Yktudikùe 9.
Xe inebuetn fh dirhhfnrhs fhikfhe prhshetdr snakiktuf fh ineikakdikùe, prhvkd da
kekikn fh ue prnihsn hbhiutkvn he inetrd fh ue juekikpkn.
ju ekikpkn. Ha fhahgdfn fha Jkeksthrkn
\òoakin, ine nidskùe fh ad dufkheikd fh ineikakdikùe, fhikfh diujuadr tnfds ads
snakiktufhs jnehtdrkds. He ad dufkheikd sh angrd aahgdr d ue diuhrfn pdrikda hxihptn
mrheth d daguens fh ans irëfktns nobhtdfns pnr ha rhprhshetdeth ahgda fha juekikpkn,
yd quh en sh heiuhetrde bustkmkidfns he fhokfd mnrjd.

4. Mrheth d ad prngrdjdikùe fh pdgns quh sh hstdoahzid he ad dufkheikd fh

ineikakdikùe, ha Dgheth fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin fhoh
d. trdjktdr ine ha inevnideth ans irëfktns nobhtdfns jhfkdeth diikùe pnpuadr.
o. hxiaukr ans irëfktns nobhtdfns pnr ad hetkfdf fha diuhrfn ineikakdtnrkn.
i. rhquhrkr d ads pdrths ad vdakfdikùe fh ans irëfktns nobhtdfns.
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Inrrhitd. He hsth idsn ha Dgheth fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin, he ad
dufkheikd fh ineikakdikùe, hxiaukrä fh ad prngrdjdikùe fh pdgns dquhaads
noakgdiknehs quh ha rhprhshetdeth fha juekikpkn en dihpth pnr shr prnihfheth, d su
?7
bukikn, dagued fh ads hxihpiknehs fh jërktn quh norde he ans prnihsns hbhiutkvns.
He hsth shetkfn, fhoh hxiaukr fha diuhrfn fh ineikakdikùe, ans irëfktns nobhtdfns, he
hsth idsn fhoh kekikdrsh ue prnihsn dpdrth pnr pdrth fha nobhtdeth ine ha mke fh
angrdr ad fksnauikùe fh ad fksputd fh ad dirhheikd puhstd he fufd. Drtêiuan 67¼ ahy
4884 fh ?<4?.
_hspuhstd D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. Ha kekikn fh ad diikùe pnpuadr rhidh he idohzd fha
nobhtdeth (hetkfdf)3 he hsth idsn ad òekid adonr fha rhprhshetdeth fha Jkeksthrkn
\òoakin injn pdrth EN kethrhsdfd he ha dsuetn, sh rhmkhrh d ad hxiauskùe fh ads
dirhheikds nobhtdfds fh ad prngrdjdikùe fh pdgns pnr `dohrsh aahgdfn d ue
diuhrfn pdrikda, phrn en fha diuhrfn ineikakdtnrkn. \nr ntrd pdrth ha prnihsn pdrd
rhsgudrfn fha pdtrkjnekn pòoakin, fkrkjkrä ad sktudikùe fh vdakfhz fh ads noakgdiknehs.
no akgdiknehs.
Drtêiuan 67¼ ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
_hspuhstd I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Keinrrhitd. \drd ha idsn padethdfn, ine ha mke fh prnthghr ha
pdtrkjnekn pòoakin, ha rhprhshetdeth ahgda fha juekikpkn pnfrä nobhtdr irëfktns d
idrgn fha juekikpkn, iudefn d su bukikn en hstë bustkmkidfd ad
a d idusd fh ad jksjd n ha

iujpakjkhetn fh ads noakgdiknehs quh skrvkhrne injn idusd fh ad fhufd. Ads

dirhheikds nobhtdfds shräe hxiaukfds fha diuhrfn ineikakdtnrkn3 ha nobhtdeth, n ans
fhjäs kethrvkekheths he ad dufkheikd, pnfräe kekikdr ad diikùe pnpuadr pdrd prnthghr
ha fhrhi`n inahitkvn fha pdtrkjnekn pòoakin he ad quh sh fhikfd ad vdakfhz fh ad
dirhheikd (Drtêiuan 67¼ ahy 4884 fh ?<4?). He hsth shetkfn, ha Dgheth fha Jkeksthrkn
\òoakin injn EN kethrhsdfn he ha idsn pdrtkiuadr sh heidrgd fh vhadr pnr ad
nobhtkvkfdf y fhmhesd fh ans fhrhi`ns fh ads pdrths pnr an quh EN hs injphtheth
pdrd rhquhrkr d ads pdrths pdrd quh fhe vdakfhz, pnr sê jksjns, d ads dirhheikds quh
`dyde skfn nobhtdfds prhvkdjheth.
?. He idsn fh prhshetdrsh keiujpakjkhetn pdrikda fha diuhrfn fh ineikakdikùe,
pnr pdrth fha juekikpkn, ha dirhhfnr fhoh
d. kekikdr ha prnihsn hbhiutkvn rhsphitn fh ans puetns he ans quh ùon

keiujpakjkhetn fh pdgn.
o. trdjktdr ue euhvn diuhrfn fh ineikakdikùe fnefh snan sh keiauyde ans
pdgns phefkheths fh iujpakjkhetn.
i. rhkthrdr ad snakiktuf fh pdgn deth ha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin y ha juekikpkn pnr
ads noakgdiknehs keiujpakfds.
?0
Iadvh D.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh inrrhitd. He hsth idsn ad òekid ineshiuheikd, quh sh
prhshetd he idsn fh keiujpakjkhetn hs ha kekikn fha prnihsn hbhiutkvn, rhsphitn fh
ans diuhrfns en iujpakfns, fh ad sktudikùe sh puhfh ineiaukr quh da shr hsth ue
träjkth prhbufkikda, ha skgukheth pdsn burêfkidjheth `doadefn hs ha träjkth bufkikda, ha
iuda ineaahvd ad prhshetdikùe fha prnihsn hbhiutkvn. Drtkiuan 67 ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
_hspuhstd O.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. En hs ehihsdrkn ha kekikn fh ue euhvn träjkth fh
ineikakdikùe, rhsphitn d ads dirhheikds keiujpakfds, he hsth idsn ha kethrhsdfn fhoh
f hoh

diufkr fkrhitdjheth d ad burksfkiikùe dfjkekstrdtkvd, ine ha nobhtn fh angrdr ha

iujpakjhetn hmhitkvn fha diuhrfn fh ineikakdikùe njktkfn, he ha idsn prhsheth pnr
pdrth fha juekikpkn yd shd he tnfn n he pdrth.
Drtkiuan 67 ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
_hspuhstd I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth idsn ad rhkthrdikùe fh iujpakjkhetn en hs
ued mueikùe quh rhidkgd he jdens fha Jkeksthrkn \òokin, n fha juekikpkn, ha òekin
pdsn prnihfheth hs ha kekikn fha prnihsn hbhiutkvn, da `doadr fh ad ineikakdikùe injn
ue träjkth prhbufkikda, ad ineshiuheikd aùgkid mrheth d ue keiujpakjkhetn rhidh
hxiauskvdjheth he ha kekikn fh ue träjkth bufkikda he hsth idsn ha prnihsn hbhiutkvn.
Drtkiuan 67 ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
9. He iudetn d ad diujuadikùe fh snakiktufhs he ad dufkheikd fh ineikakdikùe, ha

Dgheth fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin fhoh kfhetkmkidr quh
d. ha juekikpkn fhufnr dihpth fki`d diujuadikùe fhetrn fha diuhrfn fh
ineikakdikùe.
o. ads noakgdiknehs inrrhspnefde da pdgn fh ued sujd fh fkehrn d idrgn
fha juekikpkn.
i. ha dirhhfnr shd ha jksjn snorh ha iuda rhidkgde tnfds ads noakgdiknehs
fha juekikpkn.
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh Inrrhitd. ‑Ha fhahgdfn fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin heidrgdfn fh ad
ineikakdikùe diujuadrä tnfds ads snakiktufhs rhadiknedfds ine noakgdiknehs fh fdr
ued sujd fh fkehrn d idrgn fha
f ha juekikpkn y mkbdrä ued snad dufkheikd
dufkhe ikd trkjhstrda he
ad quh ha rhprhshetdeth ahgda fha juekikpkn prnpnefrä ued prngrdjdikùe fh pdgns
fh ans irëfktns quh dihpth, ad iuda fhohrä rhsphtdr ha nrfhe fh prhmhrheikd fh ads
dirhheikds prhvkstn he ad Ahy 88< fh 4;;;‚ Drtêiuan 67 Ahy 4884 fh ?< 4?.
?;

_hspuhstd D.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth idsn ad dutnrkzdikùe fha juekikpkn en
rhsuatd ehihsdrkd, ha juekikpkn fhufnr, ad rhspnesdokakfdf prnihsda fh diujuadikùe
rhidh snorh ha rhprhshetdeth fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin, qukhe diujuadrä ans prnihsns
skhjprh y iudefn hstns rhidkgde
rhid kgde snorh ued noakgdikùe fh tkpn jnehtdrkn Drtêiuan 67
ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
_hspuhstd I.
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh keinrrhitd. He hsth idsn en rhsuatd ehihsdrkn quh ha dirhhfnr
shd ha jksjn snorh ha iuda rhidkgde ads dirhheikds jnehtdrkds, haan nphrd
òekidjheth he ha prnihsn hbhiutkvn, hs fhikr he ha träjkth bufkikda. He ad dufkheikd
fh ineikakdikùe ha _hprhshetdeth fha Jkeksthrkn \òoakin puhfh diujuadr ads
snakiktufhs y iktdr d ued dufkheikd trkjhstrda ine ha nobhtn fh angrdr diuhrfns fh

pdgn he dufkheikd fh ineikakdikùe he idohzd fh ans juekikpkns dirhhfnrhs. \nr an
tdetn fh diuhrfn d ad sktudikùe padethdfd en hs ehihsdrkd ad kfhetkmkidikùe fh ue
jksjn dirhhfnr sken ha quh rhidkgd snorh ued sujd fh fkehrn quh sh fhoh hetrhgdr
pnr pdrth fha juekikpkn. Drtkiuan 67 Ahy 4884 fh ?<4?.
?.9 Hbhjpans fh prhguetds fh Injphtheikds Injpnrtdjhetdahs
\drd hstds prhguetds, supnegd quh usthf hs qukhe fhoh tnjdr fhiksknehs y
fdr rhspuhstd d an padethdfn he ans heueikdfns
INJ\HVHEIKD HP\H_VKIKD VËIEKID
EK]HA VËIEKIN
Yktudikùe 4
Ad Fkrhiikùe fh Idakfdf fh ad hetkfdf `d prngrdjdfn shsknehs fh dufktnrêd kethred
pdrd tnfds ads ärhds ine ha mke fh rhdakzdr ued hvdaudikùe phrkùfkid quh phrjktd
rhdakzdr ue fkdgeùstkin fha prnihsn fh shrvkikn y dsê kfhetkmkidr
kfhe tkmkidr ads npnrtuekfdfhs fh
jhbnrd fh idfd fhphefheikd.
4. Jh `de snakiktdfn prhshetdr ue fniujhetn quh keiauyd ads ditkvkfdfhs quh ine
jdynr mrhiuheikd `h fhsdrrnaadfn he ans òatkjns trhs (9) jhshs. \drd haan irhn

phrtkeheth
9<
d. fkspnehr fha jdeuda fh mueiknehs pdrd injpdrdran ine ad kemnrjdikùe
snakiktdfd.
o. inesuatdr ans rhquksktns ehihsdrkns pdrd ad prhshetdikùe fh an rhquhrkfn.
i. kfhetkmkidr ans nobhtkvns hsphiêmkins fh ad tdrhd pdrd padethdr ha fhsdrrnaan
fha kemnrjh.
Iadvh D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, diufkr da jdeuda fh mueiknehs he ousid fh
kesujns pdrd ad hadonrdikùe fha fniujhetn fhjuhstrd quh ha dspkrdeth, rhiurrh d
muheths fh kemnrjdikùe phrtkeheths pdrd dpnrtdrad d ad hadonrdikùe fh ans

fniujhetns tëiekins fha ärhd.
Fh hstd jdehrd hstd diikùe rhspnefh d ad fhmkekikùe fh ad injphtheikd fh
Hxphrtkikd Vëiekid, fhmkekfd he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48, y hsphiêmkidjheth sh
rhadikned ine ad inefuitd dsnikd fhsirktd injn ‑Dedakzd ad kemnrjdikùe fh diuhrfn
ine ads ehihskfdfhs fh ad nrgdekzdikùe.‚

?. \drd prhpdrdr ad prkjhrd shskùe, ans innrfkedfnrhs fh jk ärhd rhdakzdräe
prhshetdiknehs fh rhefkikùe fh iuhetds fh su ghstkùe furdeth ha dôn he
iursn. Jh `de snakiktdfn dpnydrans he ha fhsdrrnaan fh hstd tdrhd, pdrd an iuda
yn prnpnegn
d. irhdr ue mnrjdtn quh phrjktd inesnakfdr ans fdtns jäs rhahvdeths.
o. shahiiknedr ans fdtns quh fnjken y quh inetrkouyhe da nobhtkvn.
i. iadrkmkidr ad enrjdtkvd y akehdjkhetns rhquhrkfns pdrd ad prhshetdikùe.
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Fhjuhstrd quh rhsuhavh prnoahjds
prno ahjds utkakzdefn
ans inenikjkhetns tëiekins fh su hsphikdakfdf, da shahiiknedr ans fdtns quh fnjked
y quh d su vhz inetrkouyhe da nobhtkvn. Hstd diikùe sh heiuhetrd rhadiknedfd ine ad

injphtheikd Hxphrtkikd Vëiekid y hsphiêmkidjheth ine ads inefuitds dsnikdfds

fhmkekfds pnr ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn2 ‑Injprhefh ans dsphitns tëiekins y
ans dpakid da fhsdrrnaan fh prnihsns y prnihfkjkhetns he ans quh hstä kevnauirdfn‚ y
‑_hsuhavh prnoahjds utkakzdefn sus inenikjkhetns tëiekins fh su hsphikdakf df y

gdrdetkzdefn kefkidfnrhs y hstäefdrhs hstdoahikfns.‚
9. Ans dufktnrhs `de snakiktdfn d tnfn ha hqukpn fha iuda yn `dgn pdrth, fkspnehr
fh ued bnredfd fh ue fêd, pdrd rhikokr ad rhtrndakjhetdikùe fh ans `daadzgns
fh ad dufktnrêd y sus rhinjhefdiknehs, deth hstd sktudikùe, ineskfhrn
npnrtuen
94
d. fkshôdr ued `hrrdjkhetd quh phrjktd rhinahitdr fh jdehrd nrgdekzdfd

tnfd ad kemnrjdikùe fh ad rhuekùe.
o. rhfditdr ue jhesdbh pdrd tnfns jks injpdôhrns quh ahs rhiuhrfh ha
`nrdrkn y augdr fh ad rhuekùe.
i. irhdr ued akstd fh i`hquhn quh mdikakth ad vhrkmkidikùe fh ans hahjhetns
rhquhrkfns pdrd ad rhuekùe.
Iadvh D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Fkshôdr ued `hrrdjkhetd pdrd nrgdekzdr ad
kemnrjdikùe, skgekmkid quh ha dspkrdeth, ghehrd y dpnrtd kemnrjdikùe fh kethrës pdrd
ad hadonrdikùe fh fniujhetns tëiekins fha ärhd y quh, su inenikjkhetn tëiekin ah
phrjkth fhsdrrnaadr hahjhetns he ohehmkikn fh su adonr. Fh hstd jdehrd, hstd npikùe
fh rhspuhstd sh rhadikned ine ad injphtheikd hvdaudfd, Hxphrtkikd Vëiekid, ad iuda
hstä fhmkekfd he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn2 ‑Hethefhr y dpakidr ans
inenikjkhetns tëiekins fha ärhd fh fhshjphôn y jdethehrans ditudakzdfns. ‑

INJ\HVHEIKD2 FKYIK\AKED
EK]HA2 DYKYVHEIKDA
Yktudikùe ?

He ad hetkfdf fnefh trdodbn hxksthe prntninans y rutkeds fkrkgkfds d ans hjpahdfns

fha ärhd fh shrvkikns ghehrdahs. Yh `de hadonrdfn ine ha prnpùsktn fh hstdefdrkzdr
y jhbnrdr ad idakfdf he ad prhstdikùe fh ans shrvkikns.
4. D idusd fh ad keidpdikfdf fh uen fh ans inadonrdfnrhs, `ny `hjns thekfn
quh iuorkr hetrh tnfns, ads tdrhds quh ah inrrhspnefêde. Mdatdefn fns (?)
`nrds pdrd ineiaukr ha turen, uen fh jks injpdôhrns jh pkfh quh ah dyufh
puhs en `d thrjkedfn ine an quh ah `de snakiktdfn. Mrheth d hsn, irhn
inevhekheth
d. dyufdr d jk injpdôhrn pdrd quh thrjkeh d tkhjpn.
o. kemnrjdr d jk bhmh pdrd quh ens orkefh kestruiiknehs.
i. phfkr d ntrns inahgds quh tnfns inadonrhjns ine ad tdrhd.
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ine ad diikùe fh kemnrjdr da bhmh deth ued
snakiktuf fh ue inahgd, fhjuhstrd quh, skguh y injprhefh kestruiiknehs h
9?
kefkidiknehs fh su suphrknr kejhfkdtn y jntkvd d sus injpdôhrns d shr rhsphtunsns
ine ads jksjds.
An dethrknr `dih rhmhrheikd d ad injphtheikd fh Fksikpaked, injphtheikd quh sh hstä
h stä
hvdaudefn ine hsth êthj y sh rhadikned fkrhitdjheth ine ad inefuitd dsnikdfd
fhmkekfd he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48, injn2 ‑Dihptd ad suphrvkskùe inestdeth‚.
?. Jk bhmh jh `d snakiktdfn rhdakzdr dagueds tdrhds fh ads quh thegn
inenikjkhetn pnr ads idpdiktdiknehs quh `h rhikokfn, phrn he ads quh `h
thekfn pnin hetrhedjkhetn. \nr an dethrknr, irhn dprnpkdfn
d. kemnrjdr d jk suphrknr quh jk pnid hxphrkheikd jh kjpkfh rhdakzdr an
rhquhrkfn.
o. prhguetdr d jks injpdôhrns iuda hs ad mnrjd pdrd fhsdrrnaadr ad tdrhd
heinjhefdfd.

i. rhvksdr ad kemnrjdikùe kjpdrtkfd pnr ha idpdiktdfnr pdrd iujpakr ine an

rhquhrkfn.
Iadvh I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Iudefn rhvksd ad kemnrjdikùe ehihsdrkd y sh
fkspneh d hbhiutdr an quh ah `de snakiktdfn, ha dspkrdeth fhjuhstrd quh hsth
injpnrtdjkhetn sh rhadikned ine ad injphtheikd fh Fksikpaked, hsphiêmkidjheth ine
ads inefuitds dsnikdfds, fhmkekfds he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48, injn2 ‑Dihptd
kestruiiknehs, duequh sh fkmkhrd fh haads‚ y ‑_hdakzd ans injhtkfns y tdrhds fha
puhstn fh trdodbn‚.
9. Ad ghrheikd ghehrda `d tnjdfn ad fhikskùe fh idjokdr pdrth fh euhstrds
`hrrdjkhetds fh trdodbn. Ens `de prhshetdfn ads euhvds y pdrhihe pnin
hmkidihs pdrd euhstrds rutkeds fkdrkds. \drd an iuda, irhn phrtkeheth

d. utkakzdrads skgukhefn ads kestruiiknehs fh usn y jdethekjkhetn.
o. hvdaudrads d pdrtkr fh euhstrds ehihskfdfhs y tdrhds fhsdrrnaadfds.
i. rhpnrtdrads puhs rhqukhrhe jhbnrds pdrd quh shde òtkahs y iùjnfds.
Iadvh D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Vnjdr he iuhetd ads kestruiiknehs fh usn y
jdethekjkhetn pdrd usdrads, fhjuhstrd quh, ha dspkrdeth ditòd fh mnrjd nrfhedfd
pdrd ineshgukr ans nobhtkvns fh sus mueiknehs. Hsth injpnrtdjkhetn sh rhadikned
fkrhitdjheth ine ad injphtheikd hvdaudfd, Fksikpaked, y hsphiêmkidjheth ine fns
fh sus inefuitds dsnikdfds, fhmkekfds he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 f h ?<48, injn2 ‑Dihptd
99
kestruiiknehs, duequh sh fkmkhrd fh haads‚ y ‑_hdakzd ans injhtkfns y tdrhds fha
puhstn fh trdodbn.‚
INJ\HVHEIKD2 V_DODBN HE HTXK\N
EK]HA2 \_NMHYKNEDA
YKVXDIKÙE 9

Ha ghrheth ghehrda `d fdfn d inenihr d euhstrn hqukpn kethrfksikpakedrkn, ans

rhsuatdfns fh ad òatkjd hvdaudikùe fha \rngrdjd fh Dakjhetdikùe Hsinadr
Fhpdrtdjhetda fha iuda hstdjns heidrgdfns, ad iuda `d drrnbdfn rhsuatdfns
fhsmdvnrdoahs. Ans puetns jäs irêtkins fh ad jhfkikùe muhrne2 ad idakfdf fh ans
dakjhetns, ad fkstrkouikùe fh ans kesujns y ha shrvkikn prhstdfn pnr ha phrsneda.
4. Ens `de snakiktdfn injn hqukpn padethdr ued prnpuhstd fh jhbnrd, he fnefh
sh hvkfheikh ha dpnrth fh idfd ued fh euhstrds hsphikdakfdfhs. \drd haan,
irhn ehihsdrkn
d. thehr he iuhetd prnyhitns skjkadrhs he fnefh ads trdesmnrjdiknehs `de
skfn hxktnsds.
o. fhthrjkedr hspdikns fh rhuekùe he fnefh idfd uen injpdrtd kemnrjdikùe
skgekmkidtkvd.
i. rhdakzdr deäaksks fh fdtns he fnefh sh kfhetkmkquhe ans rhsuatdfns fh jdynr
rhahvdeikd
Iadvh O
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Ha dspkrdeth da kevnauirdr d ans kethgrdeths fh su
hqukpn fh trdodbn he hspdikns hsphiêmkins fh rhuekùe fhjuhstrd inefuitds
dsnikdfds d ad injphtheikd fh Vrdodbn he hqukpn, ad iuda sh hvdaòd he hsth êthj.
Jdekmkhstd diiknehs quh sh rhadiknede hsphiêmkidjheth ine ad inefuitd dsnikdfd
fhsirktd he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn2 ‑Hstdoahih fkäangn fkrhitn ine ans
jkhjorns fha hqukpn quh phrjktd injpdrtkr kemnrjdikùe h kfhds he inefkiknehs fh
rhsphtn y inrfkdakfdf.‚
?. Ha ghrheth ghehrda `d tnjdfn ad fhikskùe fh idjokdr fh nphrdfnr pdrd

hbhiutdr ha prngrdjd, ine ha mke fh jhbnrdr ads inefkiknehs fh hsth. \drd
padehdr ha prnihsn fh shahiikùe fha nphrdfnr kfùehn, irhn kjpnrtdeth
d. ineskfhrdr ans irkthrkns y npkeknehs tëiekids fha hqukpn fh trdodbn.
96

o. vhrkmkidr pnr pdrth fha hqukpn fh trdodbn ans nobhtkvns y daideihs fha
prngrdjd.
i. snakiktdr da hqukpn prknrkzdr ads ehihskfdfhs y rhquhrkjkhetns fh ans
usudrkns.
Iadvh D
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD, puhs tkheh he iuhetd d ans kethgrdeths fha
hqukpn fh trdodbn pdrd ha fhsdrrnaan fh ad tdrhd prnpuhstd, fh hstd jdehrd sh
rhadikned fkrhitdjheth ine ad injphtheikd hvdaudfd, Vrdodbn he Hqukpn.
Yh hvkfheikd ued rhadikùe ine fns inefuitds dsnikdfds, fhmkekfds pnr ha Fhirhtn
4<09 fh ?<48 injn2 ‑Hstdoahih fkäangn fkrhitn ine ans jkhjorns fha hqukpn quh
phrjktd injpdrtkr kemnrjdikùe h kfhds he inefkiknehs fh rhsphtn y inrfkdakfdf‚ y
‑_hsphtd irkthrkns fkspdrhs y fkstketds npkeknehs fha hqukpn.‚

9. Ine ha mke fh jktkgdr ans odbns rhsuatdfns, sh `d prnpuhstn ad irhdikùe fh
inevhekns kethrdfjkekstrdtkvns he ans fkmhrheths juekikpkns. Ens `de
snakiktdfn dedakzdr injn hqukpn ad vkdokakfdf fh hstd prnpuhstd. \drd haan,
irhn inevhekheth
d. ineskfhrdr ads jhtds fh ad hetkfdf y snakiktdr
s nakiktdr quh ans irkthrkns enrjdtkvns
shde rhsphtdfns pnr tnfn ha hqukpn.
o. vhrkmkidr ad vhrdikfdf fh ad kemnrjdikùe y iadskmkidr ans fniujhetns d pdrtkr
fha inenikjkhetn fh idfd prnmhskneda fha hqukpn.
i. rhvksdr ans fdtns jäs rhahvdeths pdrd ha hstufkn y prnjnvhr ad
snikdakzdikùe hetrh ans jkhjorns fha hqukpn.
Iadvh I
Bustkmkidikùe2 Iadvh IN__HIVD. Da padethdr ad npikùe jhfkdeth ad kethrdiikùe
hetrh ans jkhjorns fha hqukpn, fhjuhstrd ued diikùe rhadiknedfd ine ad
injphtheikd fh Vrdodbn he Hqukpn, fhmkekfd he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh ?<48 injn2
‑Hstdoahih fkäangn fkrhitn ine ans jkhjorns fha hqukpn quh phrjktd injpdrtkr
kemnrjdikùe h kfhds he inefkiknehs fh rhsphtn y inrfkdakfdf.‚ \nr ntrd pdrth, da

prnpnehr ad oòsquhfd fh ad injprheskùe fh ans fdtns jäs kjpnrtdeths pdrd ad tdrhd

snakiktdfd, hs ësth ue injpnrtdjkhetn quh sh rhadikned ine ad inefuitd dsnikdfd d
ad injphtheikd jheiknedfd. Fki`d inefuitd sh fhsirkoh he ha Fhirhtn 4<09 fh
?<48 injn2 ‑\adekmkid ads prnpkds diiknehs thekhefn he iuhetd ad rhphriuskùe fh ads
jksjds pdrd ad ineshiuikùe fh ans nobhtkvns grupdahs.‚

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Ekvha Bhrärqukin. Vëiekin.

Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd fkstrditnrd O.

Hs keinrrhitd, pnrquh ha dprhefkzdbh ditkvn kjpakid dprnpkdr fh mnrjd pdrtkikpdtkvd

D. Dinstdran y rhdakzdrah ued shrkh fh injprhsknehs tnräikids.

nostruiikùe fh ad vêd dërhd ahvh, shgòe ha Jdeuda fh \rkjhrns Duxkakns fh ad Iruz

Hbhjpan pdrd ads pruhods injpnrtdjhetdahs

O. Yh juhstrd jnahstn y bustkmkid su shetkr dmkrjdefn quh su inefuitd hvkfheikd

Bustkmkidikùe rhspuhstd iadvh.

Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Injphtheikds oäskids

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Dskstheikda

O. d ad noakgdikùe fh aahvdr d idon ha nobhtkvn.

=- He ad hetkfdf he ad iuda usthf trdodbd sh daahgd ad snakiktuf fh ued injuekfdf

Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Ynauikùe fh prnoahjds

I. kemnrjd d su bhmh ad fkmkiuatdf fh ad tdrhd, pnrquh injprhefh quh he ha prnyhitn

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 \rnmhskneda

Ekvha Bhrärqukin2 Vëiekin

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh Inenikjkhetn

Hbh Vhjätkin fh ad injphtheikd2 Mueiknedjkhetn ghehrda fha Hstdfn

‑Dtheikùe \rkjdrkd he Ydauf2 @d aahgdfn ha jnjhetn‚ fh ad N\Y, ?<40 y ad \naêtkid

Injphtheikd d hvdaudr2 Dpakidikùe fh inenikjkhetns

Ad npikùe D hs ad iadvh, pnrquh ads pnaêtkids pòoakids pdrd ha jdehbn fh rhskfuns he

Vkpn fh \ruhod2 Injphtheikds Injpnrtdjhetdahs

I. snakiktdr d ans injpdôhrns kfhds y prnpuhstds pdrd ineihrtdr ads ditkvkfdfhs d

ohehmkikd, he hsth idsn, ads dohbds notkhehe ha ohehmkikn

prnoùsikfh, hstd hs ued idrdithrêstkid prnpkd fh ads dohbds, qukhehs suiiknede ha

\hrmka2 Fniheth fh Duad

Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns \hfdgùgkins

Dfkiknedajheth, dehxd ha dri`kvn fh Jkirnsnmt Hxiha utkakzdfn pdrd rhdakzdr ans

\nr an dethrknr, ad tdoad quh notkheh hs

He ha quh sh nrfhede prkjhrn d ans hstufkdeths fh ad R d ad D y auhgn ads entds fha

Bustkmkidikùe fh ads npiknehs

Npikùe O2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd, yd quh hs ha rhsuatdfn fh inanidrah sdegrêd d

\hrmka2 _hitnr/Fkrhitnr _urda

Injpneheth2 \ruhod \skintëiekid

D. hxpakid ads vhetdbds fha odzdr he ha okhehstdr fh ad injuekfdf hfuid

hxkstheth y auhgn hsinghr ads ditkvkfdfhs dinrfhs d ans rhiursns fkspnekoahs.

Bustkmkidikùe fh ads npiknehs

Npikùe I2 Hstd npikùe hs keinrrhitd pnrquh en hvkfheikd ad injphtheikd fh

Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns hsphiêmkins

Npikùe I2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh he ha thxtn hxpnsktkvn ha dutnr ousid

Ine ha mke fh prnpnehr ued kethrprhtdikùe inethxtudakzdfd ine ha thxtn, ad hxprhskùe

injuekidikùe, ued fniheth fhoh prnpnehr d sus hstufkdeths

Npikùe O2 hs keinrrhitd pnrquh ans hsirktnrhs fh jktns ineshrvde ha jksjn mnrjdtn

fh ads adonrhs. He tërjkens fh ad injphtheikd fh ehgnikdikùe y jhfkdikùe en

Ad fkrhitnrd fh ued kestktuikùe `d rhikokfn ad snakiktuf pnr pdrth fh ad dutnrkfdf

fhohräe ineshrvdrans he su tntdakfdf.

I. nrgdekzdr ad kemnrjdikùe pnsthrknrjheth.

Injprhefh ditkvkfdfhs fh ghstkùe pdrd mnjhetdr ued prnthiikùe padekmkidfd fha

\hrmka2 _hitnr/Fkrhitnr _urda

dsujkr ad sktudikùe fh mnrjd pnsktkvd, dfhjäs, prnjuhvh he ad injuekfdf

Injpneheth2 Inenikjkhetns hsphiêmkins

Bustkmkidikùe fh ads npiknehs

Npikùe D2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh thekhefn he iuhetd quh ha tntda fh dekjdahs hs fh

Npikùe I2 En hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha hvdaudfn dsujh fh mnrjd hrrùehd, quh ha tntda

shetkfn, hs inrrhitn dmkrjdr quh ha fniheth sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh

Npikùe D2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth sh heiuhetrd he ha ekvha fh ‑Hxpanrdikùe‚,

Npikùe O2 Hs inrrhitd pnrquh ha fniheth, da hjpahdr ans injputdfnrhs he iadshs,

4. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid

Yhgòe ha Drtêiuan 0= fh ad Inestktuikùe fh 4;;4, uen fh ans rhquksktns prkeikpdahs

?. Hbh Vhjätkin2 Inestktuikùe \naêtkid

¾Iuäa hs ha tkpn fh prhguetd pdrd ad pruhod snorh injphtheikds Mueiknedahs>

D inetkeudikùe, sh hxpnehe hbhjpans fh prhguetds

Fh 4;;7 - Ahy Ghehrda Fh Iuaturd [ Yh Fkitde Ntrds Fkspnskiknehs".