12 CHAPTER

Triangles and its

Congruency
cONGRUENT FIGURES AB = PQ
If one figure can be superimposed on other, so as it covers it BC
QR
completely. Then two figures are said to be congurent to each ZABC = ZPQR
other.
APQR
.AABC
cONGRUENT TRIANGLES Also by CPCT, we can say
Two triangles are congruent if and only if either of them can be AC = PR,
made to superimposed on the other, so that it covers completely.
BAC= LQPR
Iftwo triangles are congruent then all the sides, all the angles of
both the triangles will be same. Congruent triangle same as carbon
ZBCA = 2QRP
copy of given triangle. It should be noted that if two triangles are3. Angle Side Angle (A.S.A) Congruence Criteria: Tw
congruent, then their areas will be same. triangles are said to be congruent if two angles and th
Also if two triangles are congruent then "Corresponding parts included side of one triangle are equal to the comrespondin
of congruent triangles will be equal." This known as CPCT. two angles and the included side of the other triangle.
Sufficient Criteria for Congruence of Triangles
1. Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Criteria: If all three
sides of one triangle are equal to the corresponding three
sides of other triangle. The two triangles are said to be
congruent. BA C Q
LA = ZP
AB = PQ

B = 20
AABC APQR
also by CPCT:
in AABC and APQR AC = PR
AB PQ BC QR
BC
QR and 2C =
ZR
AC
PR 4. Angle-Side-Side Criteria (ASS-Donkey Theorem)
AABC APQR (by SSS eriteria) A-S-S is not an universal method for proving congruenc
it should be noted that saying AABC = AQRPis considered of two triangles.
as wrong instead it should be said that Consider the given figure
ABCA AQRP.
2. Side Angle Side (SAS) Congruence Criteria: Iftwo sides
and angle between them, of one triangle is equal to the
corresponding sides and the angle of the other triangle, here AC = AD
(by construction)
then two triangles are said to be congruent.

34 D

In AABC and AABD

B4
AB
AB
ZABC ABD
84 * Mathematics
AC AD (by construction) 3. Incentre (): t is point of intersection of angle bisectors.
if ASS criteria is universal method then AABC must
cover AABD or vice versa.
ASS criteria is not used for congruence.
Special case ofASS criteria is RHS (Rightangle hypotenuse
side) congruence. If one
angle is right angle and out of B
two sides, one is hypotenuse and other can be base or
(Fig. 3)
perpendicular are equal in two triangles then the triangles
It can also be defined as the centre of circle which touches
are said to be congruent. This is known as Right angle
the three sides of triangle internally.
Hypotemuse Side Criteria (RHS).

IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND

1. Sum of all angles in triangles i
180° (or radians).
of all external
t
2. Sum angles of a triangle (or any polygon)
s 360°.
3.
IR is defined as in radius. (r)
Exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of opposite
Properties:
interior angles.
1. Incentre will lie inside the triangle always
Special Points in Triangle 2. r where
s
A is area of triangle and s is semi
1. Centroid: Point of intersection of Medians denoted by "G".
perimeter.

4 Orthocentre (H): It is point of intersection of all the

altitudes.

M
(Fig. 1) Properties:
Properties: Centroid divides median in ratio of 2: 1, 1. In acute A, orthocentre lies inside triangle.
i.e. AG: GM = 2:1 2. In right A, orthocentre lies on the vertex containing
Circumcentre: Point of intersection of the perpendicular right angle.
bisectors of the side. It is denoted by "0". It can also be 3. In obtuse A, orthocentre lies outside triangle.
observed as the centre of circle which passes through all
IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND
the three vertices of triangle.
1. As standard notation, side opposite to vertex A is "a", side
opposite to vertex B is "b" and side opposite to vertex
C is "e".
2. Length of median through vertex A is given as

m,=246+e)-a;infig 1; m, =AM
3. Length of angle bisector of vertex A is given as
(Fig. 2)
O circumcentre, also radius of this circle, i.e.
is
OC = OA = OB is defined as circum radius (R).
I-2cos:in
Ib+c) fig.

In equilateral triangle, 2r = R.
3;
l=AP
4.
Properties:
1. Circumcentre may lie inside, outside or on triangle.
5.
if
In a triangle two sides are equal, the angle opposite to
them must be equal and vice versa.
2. In right triangle mid point of hypotenuse 1s Circum- 6. Ifthe sides of triangles are unequal, then the angle opposite
centre and half of hypotenuse is circum radius.
to the longest side is biggest angle and vice versa.
 Iridngles and iTS
Congruency T85

TRIANGLE INEQUALITY CG = CE

I. Sum of any two sides greater than the third side. i.e.
is BF
CE
AABC, ZA +
2.
a
+b> c; where a, b, c are lengths of sides.
Difference between any two sides is always less than the
Ilustration 3: In
find the shortest
a
and
= 110°,
B LA = 10°,
the longest side of the triangle.
B-
third side i.e. (a b) <c.
- Sol. LA + B= 110° .(1)
Illustration 1: In the figure AABC and ADBC have same base
(1) + (2)
B LA=10°
..2)
BC, such that AB = AC and BD = DC
2B = 120°
Prove that ZABD = ZACD
B=
LA=
60°
50°
70°
2C=
The side opposite to ZC is longest

BA longest
is
and the side opposite to ZA
side.
is shortest

Sol.
B
BD DC (Given) BC is shortest side.

Illustration 4: ABCD is square a and P is mid point of side

'. DBC = DCB (1) AD, P is joined to B and C. Prove that PCB = PBC
also AB AC
Sol.
: P is mid-point of AD

(2)-(1)
LABC = LACB
2) AP = PD,

also AB CD (sides of a square)

LABC - DBC = ZACB - DCB
also BAP 2CDP (all 90°)
=
LABD =ZACD
SAS, ABAP ACDP
Illustration 2: 'D' is the mid point of side BC of triangle a
By CPCT ZABP = 2DCP
ABC, Through D a straight line is drawn to meet AC
in E and AB produced in F. Such that AE = AF. Prove
ByB
also = 2C = 90°
..(1)
..(2)
that BF = CE.
(2)- (1) ZPBC = PCB.
Illustration 5: If AB =7, BC then ABC forms
Sol. G
atriangle,
2, CD =
or no, justify the reason.
yes
3,

Sol. In triangle sum of any two sides must be greater

a
than the third side by triangle inequality, here

AB> BC +CD
it does not represent a triangle.

Illustration 6: ABC is a triangle, in which

is a point on BC, such that AD bisects
B LBAC
24C, D
and
AB CD. Prove that ZBAC = 72°.
Sol. Proof1
Construction: Draw CG ||
BE, such that FE on extending
meets CG at G.
LFBD = ZDCG (alternate angles)
and BDF = 2GDC (vertically opposite angles)
also BD = DC (since D is mid point of BC)
. By AAS nule
ABDF = ACDG M- 2x x
also by CPCT,
Construction: Extend CB to point M, such that BM = AB,
F= LAEF2G BF CG join M to A.
also
F == 4CEG (since AE = AF) Proof Let 2C = x
and
AEF
CEG LG
(vertically opposite)
. angle
LABC = 2r
Also AD is bisector
186 Mathematics
Let ZBAD = y = ZDAC
In AAMB, LABP PBC = (220)-4
AB BM In APBC,
LAMB ZMAB
= LPBC = PCB =
C
Also ZAMB+MAB = 2x (external angleproperty) PB PC,

LAMB = ZMAB = x° Given that AB = CD

Now in AAMC, and LABP = LDCP
LAMC = LACM = x° By SAS criteria
AM AC AAPB ADCP
Also AB BM = DC BAP = 2CDP
In AAMB and AACD By
and
CPCT
AP = DP
AM AC now in AAPD,
LAMB = LACD AP DP
BM CD
4
and =
ZPDA = ZPAD
SAS AAMB AACD
By
)
By CPCT ZDPA = 180° (
MAB = LCAD
ZDPA =
X=y
180°
ZA .(1)
in AMAC, In ADPC,
+ 2y) +x DPC 180 (ZA +
)+x = 180° 2C)

(x
5x
= 180° = y) (since AAPB = ADCP then /BAP = ZCDP)
x 36° LDPA = 180° +
(180 - (ZA LC)
ZA + ZC
'2x
BAC
= 72°

= 2y = 2x = 72°
DPA =
From (1) and (2)
.(2)

Proof 2 we get

ZA +
Consider
of B.
a point P on AC, such that BP is angle bisector
Also join P to D. LA (B
B 24C
also
= (as 180° ZB + 2C)

LA + ZB + 2C = 180°

LA = 180°

72° = ZBAC.
LA =
 LEVEL 1

1. l and m are two parallel lines intersected by another pair

parallel lines p and q (See figure). Then
of 6. In given figure measure of
is
1 + 22 + 23+24+L5+ 26
IDelhi 2015|
P

XX 5A

B (1) 90 (2) 180

(3) 270 (4) 360°
(1) AABC AADB
7. In the figure given below
(2) AABC 2ACDA
(3) AABC ACDA
(4) None of the above D
2. If two angles of a triangle are 87° 24' 54" and 32° 31' 6",
the third angle is West Bengal 20171

(1) (2)
6 2

(3) (4)
3 4
3. In the given figure if BE = CF, then
DEX YEF, DE = EX and EX = EF then XY is equal
to..
(1) 2DEX (2) DF
(3) ZXEF 4) EF
8. A line segment is drawn between two parallel lines in such
3 a way that its end points lies on the lines as shown in the
figure.
(1) AABE = AACF
(2) AABE AAFC
(3) AABE= ACAF
(4) AAEB AAFC
4. Can we draw a triangle ABC with AB =3 cm, BC=3.5 cm
and CA = 6.5 cm?
(1) Yes
(2) No Let R is the mid point of PQ then any line segment which
(3) Can't be determined passes through R and having the end points on parallel lines

None of these then:

4) (1) PR=RU
5. In the given figure
(2) Ris mid-point of TU also
(3) APRT=AQRU
4) R is point other then mid point on TO

D
(1) x= 70°, y = 37° (2) x=37°, y = 70°
(3) x+y=1070
(4)X-y=570
188Mathematics
9. In the given figure, AD =AE and BAD = ZEAC, then 16. In the given 11 gm ABCD, DP= BQ, and LADP= 2CBQ.
Punjab 2012] To which triangle is LADP congruent to?

2y+
P B

X- (1) ACBQ
(3) AQBC
(2) APDQ
(4) APQB
(1) x=11 (2) x= 13
17. AABC is right angled at A. AB = 60 units,
(3) y=21 4) y-11
10. Two circles of the same radii are
AC
80 units, and BC = 100 units. D is a point between
B and C such that triangles ADB and ADC have equal
(1) Similar (2) Congruent
perimeters. What is the length of BD?
(3) Equal (4) Not-congruent
11. The sum of altitudes of a triangle is than the () 10 units (2) 20 units
(3) 40 units (4) 60 units
perimeter of the triangle
(1) greater (2) equal
18.
Iffigure, AC = CB = AD, then the value ofx is
JSTSE 2017]
(3) half (4) less
12. Which of the following is/are not correct?
(1) If two sides of a triangle are unequal, the larger side
has the greater angle opposite to it.
99
(2) The sum of any two sides ofa triangle is greater than
its third side.
(3) If all the line segments that can be drawn to a given
line from an external point, the perpendicular line
segment is the shortest. (1) 49.5 (2) 30°
4) If all the three sides of a triangle are equal, it is (3) 33° (4) 490
called a scalene triangle. 19. In quadrilateral ABCD, AB is a diagonal. IfAC = AD and
13. In the figure, PS bisects
order are
P; PO. QS and SR in ascending
JSTSE 2015]
AB bisects ZA, by which congruence property is
AACB AADB?
(1) S.A.S. (2) A.S.A.
(3) S.S.S. (4) R.H.S.
20. In the adjoining fig, find the value of x.

70° 30°
(1) Os. PO, SR (2) Qs, SR, PQ

3) PQ. Qs, SR (4) Qs

SR, PQ.
14. One of the angles of triangle
a is 75°. If difference of
the
the other two angles is 35°, what is the measure the largest
angle of the triangle?
(1) 80° (2) 750 64°
(3) 100° 4) 100°
B
15. E is a point on the side BC of a AABC such that the
(1) 25° (2) 26
perpendiculars from E on the sides AB and AC are equal.
(3) 28° (4) 29°
Then which of the following is true?
21. The internal bisectors of the
angles B and C of a triangle
(1) AE does not bisects BC
ABC meet at O. Then, ZBOC is equal to:
(2) AC AE (1) 90° +A (2) 2A
(3) AB=AE
(4) AC AB 3)90+A (4) 180°
-A
 Triangles and its Congruency 189

In AABC, B=35°, 2C=65° and the bisector AD of 2BAC

22.
meets BC at D. Then, which of the following is true?
In the given figure,
and CD=b then a2
if
+b2
AD L BC, AC =4, BD =2, AB = a
[Karnataka 2016
=
(1) 6 (2) 8
(3) 12 (4) 20

409 24. In APQR,

the length
ZR=
of PQ
P
is
and QR =4 cm and PR = 5 cm. Then

()
(3)
4 cm
2 cm
(2) 5 cm
(4) 2.5 cm
25. If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle bisects the
base, then triangle is
B3s 65c (1) an equilateral triangle
(2) a scalene triangle
(1) AD>BD> CD (2) BD> AD> CD (3) a right triangle
(3) AD>CD> BD (4) None of these (4) an isosceles triangle
23. 26. In APQR, ZP=70° and R=30°. Which side of this triangle
is the longest?
(1) RS (2) QR
(3) PQ (4) PR

4 A

LEVEL 2
If the three altitudes of a triangle are equal then triangle is 5. Diagonals PR and QS of a quadrilateral PQRS intersect
(1) isosceles (2) equilateral each other at O. Then
(3) right angled (4) none
2. In AABC, AB = AC, P and Q are points on AC and AB
respectively such that BC = BP = PQ=AQ. Then, ZAQP
is equal to (use m =180) NTSE 2018 ****
2t (2)
P

4T (1) PQ+ QR + RS + SP < PR + QS

(3) 4)
(2) PQ+QR + RS = SP- PR
3. In a right angled triangle, one acute angle is double the (3) PQ+QR + RS + SP> PR + QS
other, then the hypotenuse is (4) PQ+QR + PS + RS
2 PR +QS
(1) Equal to smallest side 6. Lx and 2y are exterior angles of a AABC, at the points B
(2) Double the smallest side and C respectively. Also ZB> 2C, then relation between
(3) Triple the smallest side
(4) None of these
x y4yand is

x>
(1) (2)
Zx4y
4. In an isosceles triangle AB = AC and BA is produced to D,
such that AB = AD then 2BCD is
(1) 70° (2) 90°
xy
(3) (4)
x4y
(3) 60° (4) 45°
194 Mathematics

Hints&Solutions
LEVEL-1 7. (2) ZDEX = ZYEF
Adding 2XEF
1 (3) Since, l and m & p and q are parallel lines therefore ZDEF LYEF ************* 1)
AB | DC and AD || BC
In ADEF and AYEF
Quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
DEF = YEF [from ()]
(
if
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram both the pairs DF = YE
of opposite sides are parallel) FE = XE
Since, ABCD is ||gm

BC=AD
. ADEF AYEF

and AB CD
1)
.ii) 8. XY = DF (CPCT)
(2) From the given figure

(2CDA Opposite sides of a |lgm are equal) and

(iii)
LABC In APRU and ATRQ
PR RQ (R is the mid point of PO)
(Opposite angles of a |lgm are equal) LQPU = 2PQT and 2PRU = LTRQ
Thus, In AABC and ACDA we get APRU= ATRQ =» RU = TR
AB = CD (From (i))
R is the mid point of TU also.
BC
DA (From (i))
(1) AADE is isosceles (as AD = AE given)
ZABC 4CDA (From
(ii) So ZADE LAED
AABC ACDA (SAS Rule)
180°-LADE = 180°- LAED
2. 3) Let the third angle be x

xx= = 180°- (87° 24' 54° +32° 321'6")

180°- (119° 56' 0")
60° 4' =
/3(approx.)
ZADB 2AEC
Now in A ADB and AAEC
BAD LEAC (given)
2y+3/

3. x=
(1) In As ABE and ACF,
BE -CF
AD AE (given)
LADB = LAEC (proved) 3 10D
4CFA = 2BEA = 90° :. AADB = AAEC (ASA congruence)
LA is common.
So AB
AC and BD = CE (cpct)
Hence, AABE = A ACF [AAS Criterion]
or2y +3=43 and x- = 10
1

So y= 20, x = 11.
4. (2) In AABC, AB = 3
cm, BC = 3.5 cm, CA= 6.5 cm 10. (2) Congruent
Since AB + BC CA 11. (4) The sum of altitudes of a triangle is less than the
perimeter of the triangle.
as 3 cm + 3.5 cm = 6.5 cm = CA
12. (4) Statement (4) 1s not correct.
AABC is not possible.
If all the three sides of triangle are equal it is called
5. 2) In AABD and AACD equilateral triangle.
AB4 C [Given] 13. (1) QPR =180°-100° = 80°
BD CD [Given]
AD AD [Common] LQPS = LSPR = 40°
AABD AACD 4QSP =180°-70°-40° = 70°
[SSS congruency criterion

4. BAD 2CAD [CPCT] LPSR =180°-70°=110°

x=37 Since, side opposite to greater angle is longer.
and, BDA= 4CDA [CPCT]
y 70° In APOS, PQ = PS> QS (1)
6. 4) Z1+ 25+ 23 = 180i) (Angle Sum oroperty)
In APSR, PR>SR> PS
2 + 26+ 24=180° ..i) (Angle Sum oroperty) 2)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get From (1) and (2), SR > PQ > OS
21+22+23 +24+ + 26 180° + 180° 360°
5
 Iriangles and its CongrUency T95

14. (2) Let x, y, z be three angles of the A 18. (3) x+ 2x = 99° ==33°
Given x=75° and y -z=35°
...(2) 19. (1) In AACB and AADB, AC = AD (Given)
X+y+z= 180°
75° +y +z= 180°
y+z= 105° ...3)
From (1) and (3) y = 70° z = 35°

A
From (2), we get x = 75° B.

15. (4)
. The measure of largest angle is 75°
4CAB DAB (AB bisects ZA)
and AB AB (Common side)
AACB AADB (S.A.S. rule)
20. (4) We have, In AADC
4CAD+ LADC + LDCA = 180°
[Angle sum property]
2CAD +ZADC +64° 180°
4CAD+LADC =(180° 64) = 116°
But CD CA ZCAD = ZADC
Right AALE = AAME [RHS congrnuence rule]

.Hyp. AE = Hyp. AE [Common side] [s opposite to equal sides of a A are equal]

Side EL =Side EM [Given] So, 2CAD = ZADC= * =58°

21=bisects
L2 [CPCT] Now, ZADC = ZABD+DAB
Ext. Zof a A = sum of int. opp. Zs]
EA BAC.
Right ABLE = Right ACME But, AD BD ZABD = ZDAB.
>
So, ZADC =2 2DAB
JHyp. BE = Hyp. CE [Given]
Side EL =Side EM [Given] DAB = -ZADC x°=x 58° = 29°
Hence, x = 29
21. (3)
ZB=C [CPCT
AC=AB[: Sides opposite to equal Zs are cqual]
16. (1) In ADAP and ABCQ
ADP= 2CBQ (given)
AD BC (opp. sides of ll gm)
DP QB (given)
ADAP= ABCQ
or AADP = ACBQ 3
17. 4) Perimeter of AADB
In ABOC,
- AD+100-x +60
= AD +160 -AADC
x
ZBOC+2OBC + 20CB = 180°

Perimeter of 60
BOC+ABC+
2
LACB = 180°
= AD +DC +AC
AD +x+80
=According BOC+ (ZABC +2ACB) = 180°
to given 80
condition,
Perimeter of A Perimeter of AADC
BOC+(180-A)= 180
AD + x160-x 80=AD +x +80 BOC+90°- ZA=180°
160- =xt
80 2x >x= 40
BD = 100-x= 100-40 60 units BOC= 90° + A
196 Mathematics
22. (2) In AABC, we have: AE ED By construction]
L4 45 [Vert. opp. Zs]
BE EC [Given]

AABE s ACED [By SAS congruence nule]

AB = CD
2l = Z3
and [CPCT]

2
105 But,1 [Given]
35
75 65°
26. (4) PR, Since side opposite to greater angle is greater.

LB= 35°, 2C =65° LEVEL-2

LA=
Let AD
180°
- (35°+ 65°) = 80°.
of BAC.
be the bisector
1. (2) In right triangles BEC and BFC, we have
Hyp. BC Hyp. BC (Common)
Then, ZBAD - 2CAD = 40.
BE- CF (Given)
In AABD, LBAD> ZABD So, by RHS criterion of congruence
BD>AD.
In AACD, 2ACD> 2CAD ABEC A 2BFC
AD> CD. :. BD>
AD> CD. LB = 2C [C.P.C.T.]
23. (4) According to question,
AC =AB ...(1)
AD- AB-2 Similarly, AABD
A eABE
AD'=4-CD
AB-2=42-CD
a +b=20.
24. (1)

B= ZA
and AC = BC
[C.P.C.T.]

From (i) and (ii), we get

(ii)
AB BC= AC
5cm R Hence, AABC is an equilateral triangle.
In APQR, 2P= ZR 2. (4)

QP= QR =4 CM
Sides opposite to equal angles are equal.
25. (4)

B Xa
In AABC
AB AC
E 2C= ZB = a
B=2C
By angle sum properly in AABC,
b+ata= 180
b+2a = 180° (1)
In AQPB
2QPB = 180-4b
Since APC' is a straight line
180-4b +a+b= 180

= a=3b .2)
Produce AE to D, so that ED = AE. Join CD. From equation (1) & (2)
In AABE and ACED, b+2(3b)= 180