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18
XPD YLGD 0 p D HVVD SUHVHUYDomR GD PHPyULD +SRGHQGR VHU LQGLYLGXDO, TXH R DXWRU
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19
HUD FRQWHPSRUkQHD1 3DUD IDFLOLWDU R HQWHQGLPHQWR GH FRPR VH Gi HVVD UHODomR/
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FRP R VXUJLPHQWR GD IRWRJUDILD1 1DVFH XP QRYR YDORU= R YDORU GH FRQVXPR1

20
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21
LQVWDQWkQHR 0/ DV H[SOLFDo}HV D FHUFD GHVVHV WHPDV YrP VHQGR UHVXPLGDV/ HP
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7UXIIDXW/ .XURVDZD/ $OPRGyYDU/ HQWUH RXWURV JrQLRV/ IH] XPD DQiOLVH YHUGDGHLUD

22
GHVWD FULDomR EXUJXHVD 0 XPD GDV SRXFDV EHP UHDOL]DGDV SHOD FODVVH1 6HP G~YLGD
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HP HVSHWiFXOR SDUD VL PHVPD%1 +LELG1= 4<9,1

23
$ 0XVD

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24
(OD QmR GLVVH PDLV QDGD/ FRQWLQXRX REVHUYDQGR R YHUGH LQWHQVR TXH
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PHVPR ROKDU TXH GHPRQVWUDYD LQWHUHVVH HP GHVFREULU PLQKD LGHQWLGDGH
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GDTXHOD PXOKHU1 $ SULPHLUD YH] TXH RXYL D KLVWyULD GH VXD YLGD WDPEpP VHQWL
SHQD GHOD/ DFKHL LQMXVWR TXH D IDPD H D IRUWXQD QmR KRXYHVVHP WUD]LGR0OKH DOJXpP
TXH FRUUHVSRQGHVVH D WRGR R DPRU TXH HOD FDUUHJDYD FRQVLJR1 'H V~ELWR/ VRUUL
SDUD HOD FRPR TXH SDUD WHQWDU UHFRPSHQVi0OD 0 TXDQWD SUHWHQVmR 0 SRU QmR WHU
VLGR WmR DPDGD TXDQWR PHUHFLD1 &RQYLGHL0D PDLV XPD YH] SDUD GHL[DU DTXHOH ORFDO
H HOD QRYDPHQWH UHFXVRX1 1mR YRX PH HVTXHFHU QXQFD GD LPDJHP TXH YL= VHX
FDEHOR ORXUR RQGXODGR HPROGXUDQGR XPD IDFH DOYtVVLPD H D SLQWD QHJUD QR URVWR
EULOKDQWH SHOR WRTXH GDV OiJULPDV GH VHXV ROKRV D]XLV H HQWULVWHFLGRV1
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MDQHOD RQGH HVWDYD Ki SRXFR H DLQGD SXGH Yr0OD1 %DODQFHL D FDEHoD QHJDWLYDPHQWH
H VHJXL1 6LP/ SRU PDLV TXH PHXV ROKRV PLUDVVHP XPD LPDJHP TXH HX MXOJDYD
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FRPR GL]LDP WRGRV H WULVWH FRPR QLQJXpP MDPDLV RXVRX LPDJLQDU1

25
&DGr %HOpP"

-i VH WRUQRX XP IDWR PDLV TXH EDQDO MRUQDLV HVWDPSDUHP QRWtFLDV TXH


FDXVDP QRV OHLWRUHV XPD VHQVDomR GHVDJUDGiYHO GH LPSRWrQFLD/ UDLYD H2RX
IUXVWUDomR/ JHUDOPHQWH VmR QRWtFLDV TXH UHVVDOWDP RV DOWRV tQGLFHV GH YLROrQFLD/
FDWiVWURIHV SURYRFDGDV SHOD QDWXUH]D RX SHOR SUySULR KRPHP/ HWF1> VHQWLPRV XPD
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QRWtFLD OLGD KRMH QXP IDPRVR MRUQDO GR 3DUi1 1mR HVWDYD QR FDGHUQR FULPLQDO
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FRP R HPSUHVDULDGR DPD]RQHQVH TXH WHP FRPR PHWD SURPRYHU R WXULVPR QD
FLGDGH1 ,QYHMiYHO FDPSDQKD WHP FRQVHJXLGR REWHU H[FHOHQWHV UHVXOWDGRV D SRQWR
GR *XLD 4XDWUR 5RGDV ² 5RWHLURV GH 9LDJHQV/ D PDLV FRQFHLWXDGD SXEOLFDomR GR
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DPD]RQHQVHV TXH FRQVHJXLUDP UHDOL]DU PDLV XP yWLPR ODQFH GH PDUNHWLQJ
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YHUGDGHLURV, VHL TXH R SUDWR WHP UDt]HV LQGtJHQDV H TXH Ki PXLWR/ PXLWR WHPSR p
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LJQRUkQFLD GD PLQKD SDUWH SDUD FRP QRVVRV YL]LQKRV SHUJXQWDU VH R &tULR GH
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WHQKD VH HQJDQDGR H QD YHUGDGH HQFRQWURX D LPDJHP GH 1RVVD +RX 'HOHV",
6HQKRUD GH 1D]DUp QD PDUJHP GR ULR 6ROLP}HV1 7DOYH] HX HVWHMD H[DJHUDQGR XP
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)RL"$$ ,K/ DJRUD PH GHL PDO1 +m/ D )DIi GH %HOpP QDVFHX HP 0DQDXV PDV IRL
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R03HVR QmR WHP SUREOHPD/ D 3DUDWXU H D %HOHPWXU DLQGD HPEUXOKDP SDUD

26
SUHVHQWH1 0DV GHL[HP D JHQWH SHOR PHQRV DSURYHLWDU PDLV XP ERFDGLQKR D
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TXH QRV IH] H FRQWLQXD ID]HQGR VHU D ´WHUUD GR Mi WHYHµ QmR YDL WHUPLQDU QXQFD"
%HP TXH 0DQDXV SRGHULD OHYi0OD FRQVLJR WDPEpP H GHL[DU XP SRXFR GD
LQWHOLJrQFLD GH VHXV JRYHUQDQWHV H PRUDGRUHV/ TXH YrP UHVVDOWDQGR FDGD YH] PDLV
R QRPH H D LPSRUWkQFLD GD FLGDGH1 6HUi TXH Ki DOJXPD DJrQFLD GH WXULVPR QR
PXQGR TXH GLYXOJXH SDUD VHXV FOLHQWHV DV EULJDV ULGtFXODV HQWUH R JRYHUQR GH XP
HVWDGR H D SUHIHLWXUD GH VXD FDSLWDO" 3RGHUtDPRV VXJHULU D LGpLD QD H[SHFWDWLYD GH
YHU %HOpP VHU LQYDGLGD SRU WXULVWDV GH WRGR R PXQGR DQVLRVRV SDUD DVVLVWLU DR
FUXHO GHEDWH1 0DV FXLGDGR/ VH D LGpLD UHQGHU ERQV UHVXOWDGRV DGLYLQKD TXHP YDL VH
LQWLWXODU GRQR GHOD111 " %ULQFDGHLUD1 4XHUR GHL[DU FODUR/ WUDQVSDUHQWH TXH PLQKD
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VXD FLGDGH H FRPR QHVVH MRJR WXGR p SHUPLWLGR HVWmR ID]HQGR R SRVVtYHO ² H R
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ILOKRV H ´DPLJRVµ1 ,VVR VHP IDODU QD DXWR0HVWLPD OLT•LGDGD GH VHX SDL/ R (VWDGR GR
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HVWLYHVVHP VLPSOHVPHQWH DQGDQGR SRU QRVVD WHUUD DOKHLDV D WXGR/ VHP GDU0OKH D
DWHQomR PHUHFLGD1 %HOpP p XPD PRUHQD FKDUPRVD SRU QDWXUH]D PDV TXH QR
PRPHQWR HVWi SUHFLVDQGR GH PXLWR PDLV TXH XP EDQKR ² QmR GH FKHLUR / PDV GH
FDULQKR/ UHVSHLWR H DomR ² SDUD UHFXSHUDU VHX EULOKR RULJLQDO/ VHX SHUIXPH
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D KLVWyULD GR WDFDFi PDQDXHQVH DFUHGLWDP Mi WHU YLVWR HVVH ILOPH DQWHV Vy TXH
HVWUHODGR SHOD ODPEDGD EDLDQD ² VLP/ QmR p D SULPHLUD YH] TXH WHPRV QRVVD
FXOWXUD VDTXHDGD ² HX FRPSDUWLOKR XP GHVHMR= TXH LVVR QmR VH WRUQH XPD WULORJLD
QHP WDPSRXFR XP VHULDGR GH 79 RQGH %HOpP YHQKD D VHU D JUDQGH H[FOXtGD GRV
FUpGLWRV ILQDLV1
3161= 9DPRV QRV DSUHVVDU HP WUDQFDU QXP JUDQGH H UHVLVWHQWH FRIUH R FDULPEy/ R
VLULi/ D PDUXMDGD/ R DoDt/ R FXSXDoX/ R S{U0GR0VRO QD EDtD GR *XDMDUi/ R 7HDWUR GD
3D]/ 1DWDO 6LOYD/ 3LQGXFD/ 9HUHTXHWH111 ( TXH QRVVRV VDTXHDGRUHV IDoDP ERP
SURYHLWR GR UHVWR1

27
$V FRUHV GD FDERFOD FKHLURVD

3URYDYHOPHQWH/ D &LGDGH GDV 0DQJXHLUDV QXQFD WHQKD YLYHQFLDGR XPD


GLVSXWD HOHLWRUDO FRPR D TXH KRMH DVVLVWH DYLGDPHQWH1 6H IRVVH OHLORDGD/ D FDGHLUD
PDLV DOPHMDGD GR 3DOiFLR $QW{QLR /HPRV VHULD LQGXELWDYHOPHQWH DUUHPDWDGD SRU
XPD TXDQWLD H[WUDRUGLQiULD WDPDQKD D kQVLD GH DPERV RV FDQGLGDWRV HP RFXSi0OD
SHORV SUy[LPRV TXDWUR DQRV1 2X VHUi D EHOH]D VHFXODU GD VHGH GD SUHIHLWXUD
PXQLFLSDO TXH QRV WHP IHLWR DVVLVWLU D XP GXHOR HQWUH WLWmV FRORULGRV H VHXV
PLOKDUHV GH SDUWLGiULRV SRU WRGRV RV EDLUURV GD FDSLWDO" 3RXFR SURYiYHO1 $V
PLOLWkQFLDV H DV FROLJDo}HV SDUWLGiULDV YrP REWHQGR XP UHVXOWDGR MDPDLV YLVWR1 $V
SODFDV H IDL[DV FRP RV QRPHV GRV FDQGLGDWRV HVSDOKDP0VH SRU WRGRV RV FDQWRV GD
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JUDQGH FHQWUR1 2 YHUPHOKR H R DPDUHOR GRPLQDP DV UXDV H DV PHQWHV EHOHQHQVHV1
6H TXLVHU LQLFLDU XPD GLVFXVVmR DFDORUDGD/ VHMD HP TXDOTXHU QtYHO RX TXDOTXHU
OXJDU/ EDVWD PHQFLRQDU R QRPH GH XP GRV FDQGLGDWRV D SUHIHLWR111
(QWUHWDQWR/ D FDPSDQKD HOHLWRUDO HP %HOpP QmR YHP VH GHVHQURODQGR/ SRU
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GLIHUHQoD HQWUH RV FDQGLGDWRV GLPLQXL D pWLFD YDL VHQGR GHL[DGD GH ODGR SHORV
PHVPRV1 9HQGR SDQIOHWRV/ FDUWD]HV H FRPHUFLDLV QRV PHLRV GH FRPXQLFDomR/
HVSHFLDOPHQWH D WHOHYLVmR/ R SHQVDPHQWR GH TXH DLQGD QmR VH ID] SROtWLFD/ D
YHUGDGHLUD/ DTXHOD TXH DWUDYpV GD WURFD GH LGpLDV FKHJD0VH D XP FRQVHQVR GR TXH
VHUi PHOKRU SDUD D SRSXODomR/ HQUDt]D0VH FDGD YH] PDLV HP QRVVDV PHQWHV1 e HP
PRPHQWRV FRPR HVWHV TXH GHL[DP GH DJLU FRP D FDOPD/ D REVWLQDomR D FHUWH]D
GRV DOJR]HV GRV ILOPHV GH WHUURU SDUD DGRWDU R PHVPR GHVHVSHUR GD YtWLPD
FUXHOPHQWH VHJXLGD111 2V GHEDWHV SROtWLFRV/ WmR YDORUL]DGRV HP QDo}HV RQGH Ki D
PHQRU HYLGrQFLD GH GHPRFUDFLD/ VmR WUDWDGRV FRPR PHURV JROSHV GH PDUNHWLQJ/
PRPHQWRV GH SURPRomR SHVVRDO RX SDUWLGiULD/ SRGHQGR RX QmR VHU LJQRUDGRV/
TXDQGR QD YHUGDGH SRVVXHP R SDSHO GH HVFODUHFHU H DWp PHVPR GHFLGLU R YRWR GR
HOHLWRUDGR DWUDYpV GD H[SRVLomR GH SURSRVWDV H PHWDV GH JRYHUQR1 ( R SRYR Mi
QmR p PDLV WmR SDVVLYR FRPR XP GLD IRL MXOJDGR VHU/ DV SURPHVVDV GH RXWURUD QmR
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2 VHJXQGR WXUQR HP %HOpP p VHP G~YLGD XP GRV PDLV DFLUUDGRV GR SDtV H
D FDPSDQKD VHUi LQWHQVD DWp R ~OWLPR LQVWDQWH/ PDV VRPHQWH EDQGHLUDV DPDUHODV
RX YHUPHOKDV QRV FDUURV H QDV FDVDV QmR JDUDQWLUmR D YLWyULD GR PHOKRU FDQGLGDWR1
(VVD Vy VHUi UHDOPHQWH FRQTXLVWDGD GHSRLV GH TXDWUR DQRV TXDQGR D SRSXODomR
UHVSRQGHUi SRVLWLYD RX QHJDWLYDPHQWH DR TXH IRL IHLWR GXUDQWH HVVH SHUtRGR1 7HUi

28
YHQFLGR GH IDWR DTXHOH TXH PHOKRU SUHVHUYDU DV PLO FRUHV GHVWD FDERFOD FKHLURVD
FKDPDGD %HOpP R 3DUi1

8PD UXD GH PmR GXSOD1

4XHP Or YLDMD1 (VVD IRL XPD IUDVH TXH IH] PXLWR VXFHVVR Ki DOJXP WHPSR1
(UD R %VORJDQ% GH XPD FDPSDQKD GR 0(& SDUD LQFHQWLYDU D OHLWXUD QDV HVFRODV
S~EOLFDV GR SDtV1 0XLWR ERD D PHQomR DR ODGR GH IDQWDVLD H LPDJLQDomR TXH D
OHLWXUD/ VREUHWXGR D GRV OLYURV LQIDQWR0MXYHQLV/ QRV SURSRUFLRQD1 0DV VHUi TXH
HVVH PXQGR GH LOXV}HV DEUH0VH DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH j QRVVD IUHQWH WmR ORJR MXQWHPRV
DTXHOD SRUomR GH OHWULQKDV FRQVWUXLQGR DVVLP DV SDODYUDV/ DV IUDVHV/ RV SDUiJUDIRV/
HWF1" 6HUi TXH OHU UHVXPH0VH DSHQDV D XPD PHUD MXQomR GH VtPERORV TXH ID]HPRV
FRP RV ROKRV RX/ QR FDVR GRV GHILFLHQWHV YLVXDLV/ FRP RV GHGRV"
8PD FULDQoD GH WUrV DQRV TXH VHTXHU WHQKD VLGR PDWULFXODGD QXPD HVFROD
SURYDYHOPHQWH QmR FRQKHFH R DOIDEHWR QHP WDPSRXFR DV FRQVWUXo}HV TXH
SRGHP VHU IHLWDV D SDUWLU GH VXDV OHWUDV1 (QWUHWDQWR/ VH Yr XP FROHJXLQKD
FKRUDQGR FHUWDPHQWH SHUFHEHUi TXH DOJR GH HUUDGR RX GH GHVDJUDGiYHO DFRQWHFHX
FRP R SDUFHLUR1 &RPR" 3RUTXH WHYH H FRQWLQXD WHQGR D PHVPD UHDomR GLDQWH GH
XPD VLWXDomR FRPR D SUHVHQFLDGD/ FKRUD TXDQGR DOJR OKH GHVDJUDGD1 $ FULDQoD
TXH QmR WHP QHQKXPD H[SHULrQFLD FRP DV OHWUDV GR DOIDEHWR Mi FDUUHJD/ DLQGD TXH
QXPD SURSRUomR EDVWDQWH LQIHULRU HP UHODomR D XP DGXOWR/ FHUWD H[SHULrQFLD GH
YLGD/ RX VHMD/ REVHUYRX XPD FHQD/ DVVLPLORX FRP DV GHPDLV TXH Mi KDYLD YLVWR RX
YLYHQFLDGR/ H FKHJRX D XPD FRQFOXVmR1 /HU WDPEpP p LVVR/ p XWLOL]DU D
H[SHULrQFLD/ R FRQKHFLPHQWR DGTXLULGR GXUDQWH D YLGD FRPR ILOWUR SDUD DV PDLV
GLYHUVDV VLWXDo}HV1 'Dt GL]HUPRV TXH QmR OHPRV DSHQDV OLYURV/ UHYLVWDV/ MRUQDLV1
3RGHPRV +H GHYHPRV, OHU QmR VRPHQWH DV OHJHQGDV/ PDV VLP R ILOPH SRU
FRPSOHWR1
3RU TXH RV ILOPHV HXURSHXV/ JHUDOPHQWH WLGRV FRPR DUWtVWLFRV/ VmR RV
PHQRV SUHIHULGRV GR JUDQGH S~EOLFR" &RQIHVVR TXH PH VXUSUHHQGL FRP R
VXFHVVR GR ILOPH %7XGR VREUH PLQKD PmH% GR HVSDQKRO 3HGUR $OPRGyYDU1 1HOH
R GLUHWRU ID] XPD OHLWXUD VHQWLPHQWDO GH GLYHUVRV WLSRV GH PXOKHUHV1 &RQWXGR/ p
XPD OHLWXUD VXWLO/ FDPXIODGD SRU XPD KLVWyULD GUDPiWLFD H FRPRYHQWH1 &RLVD TXH
QmR YHPRV QDV PLOLRQiULDV SURGXo}HV DPHULFDQDV1 1HODV D KLVWyULD p DSUHVHQWDGD
GH XPD PDQHLUD EDVWDQWH 0 SDUD QmR GL]HU FRPSOHWDPHQWH 0 VLPSOLILFDGD1 $V DUWHV
VmR XP JUDQGH H[HPSOR GH TXH QmR OHPRV DSHQDV OHWUDV1 )XQGDPHQWDP R YHOKR
FRQVHOKR GDGR SRU SURIHVVRUHV 0 JHUDOPHQWH RV LQHVTXHFtYHLV 0 QDV VpULHV PDLV
DYDQoDGDV GR FROHJLDO GH TXH %p SUHFLVR OHU DV HQWUHOLQKDV%1 ( p MXVWDPHQWH QHODV
TXH VH HQFRQWUD D DOPD/ R VLJQLILFDGR PDLRU GH TXDOTXHU REUD1 8PD FULDQoD
DOIDEHWL]DGD FRQVHJXH DLQGD TXH FRP FHUWDV GLILFXOGDGHV OHU XP WH[WR GH 3ODWmR1

29
(OD FRQKHFH DV OHWUDV H DV SDODYUDV FRQWLGDV QD REUD/ PDV VHUi TXH YDL FRQVHJXLU
HQWHQGHU RV HQVLQDPHQWRV GR ILOyVRIR" 2 PHVPR DFRQWHFH FRP XPD OtQJXD
HVWUDQJHLUD TXH GHVFRQKHFHPRV1 1R PHX FDVR/ SRVVR OHU WUDQT•LODPHQWH XP WH[WR
HP LWDOLDQR/ PDV GDt D FRPSUHHQGHU111
+i SHVVRDV DQDOIDEHWDV +SHGDJRJLFDPHQWH, TXH VDEHP OHU PHOKRU TXH
PXLWRV XQLYHUVLWiULRV1 ( FRQVHJXHP ID]HU LVVR JUDoDV DRV IDWRV TXH Mi YLYHUDP H
WXGR TXH DSUHQGHUDP FRP HOHV1 3RGHPRV GL]HU TXH R SURFHVVR GH OHLWXUD GLYLGH0
VH HP GXDV SDUWHV= GRPLQDU XP FyGLJR H LQWHUSUHWDU DV LQIRUPDo}HV GH TXH WRPR
FRQKHFLPHQWR DWUDYpV GR PHVPR1 8PD UXD GH PmR GXSOD TXH R FRQKHFLPHQWR
SHUFRUUH GR FRPHoR DR ILP1 1D YHUGDGH/ QmR OHPRV FRP RV ROKRV RX FRP RV
GHGRV/ H VLP FRP R FpUHEUR/ FRP QRVVR UDFLRFtQLR1

30
6REUH R $XWRU H VXD 2EUD

)HOLSH %ODQFR

1DVFHX HP 4<;4/ HP %HOpP1 (VWXGDQWH GH &RPXQLFDomR


6RFLDO GD 8QLYHUVLGDGH )HGHUDO GR 3DUi ² 8)3$/ YHQFHX HP
4<<< R 9 &RQFXUVR GH 5HGDomR GR &tULR GH 1D]DUp/ UHDOL]DGR
DQXDOPHQWH SDUD KRPHQDJHDU D SDGURHLUD GR (VWDGR GR 3DUi/ H
WHYH SXEOLFDGD D UHGDomR YHQFHGRUD &tULR= PDQLIHVWDomR GH DPRU
H GH Ip j 1RVVD 6HQKRUD H D SRHVLD 0mH1
&RQGHVVD p R VHX SULPHLUR URPDQFH1 (VFUHYHX DOJXPDV
FU{QLFDV/ SHoDV WHDWUDLV H SHTXHQRV FRQWRV/ DOpP GH RXWURV GRLV
URPDQFHV1

3DUD FRUUHVSRQGHU FRP )HOLSH %ODQFR/ HVFUHYD=


IHOEODQF#LJ1FRP1EU

31

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