- CHAPTER 05

Magnetism and

R
') I
,A,! I (1 "lJ1

Matter

SI
Chapter Analysis w.r.t, Lost 3 Year's Board Exams
IT
The analysis given here gives you an analytical picture of this chapter and will help you to
identify the concepts of the chapter that are to befocussed more from exam point of view.
Number of Questions asked in last 3 years
2015 2016 2017
H
Delhi All India Delhi All India Delhi I
!
All India
Very Short Answer (1 mark) IQ IQ !
i
Short Type I Answer (2 marks) !
Short Type II Answer (3 marks) I !
O

Long Answer (5 marks) i

Value Based Questions (4 marks) I
• In 2015, there is no question was asked in both sets.
• In 2016, only one question of 1 marks based on Paramagnetic concepts.
M

• In 2017 only one question of 1 mark based on Earth as a Magnet was asked in Delhi set.
On the basis of above analysis, it can be said that from exam point of view Magnetic Dipole
and Earth as a Magnet are most important concepts of the chapter.
[TOPIC 1] Magnetic Dipole
and Magnetic Field Lines
A magnet is a material or an object that produces (iii) Larger the density of the lines, stronger will
a magnetic field. The magnetic field is invisible be the magnetic field.
but is responsible for most notable property of (iv) These lines do not intersect one another.
magnet.

R
1.2 Magnetic Dipole
1.1 Force Between Two
An arrangement of two equal and opposite
Magnetic Poles magnetic poles separated by a small distance.
e.g. A bar magnet.

SI
Magnitude of force acting between two magnetic
poles is given by Magnetic Dipole Moment (M)
-m1 +m2
It represents the strength of magnets. The
~ E magnetic dipole moment of a magnetic dipole is
I---r----+l1 given by M =mx 2I

F =k&... m,m2
where, m is pole strength and 21 is
dipole length directed from S to N. S - N
1 m
+1
41t r2
IT The SI unit of magnetic dipole I+-- 21-----+l

where, m, and m2 are magnetic strength of poles moment is A_m2 or J{f. It is a vector quantity and
and k is magnetic force constant. its direction is from South pole to North pole.
Its SI unit is A-m.
Magnetic field strength at a point due to a
Magnetic Field Lines bar magnet at
H
These are imaginary lines which give pictorial (i) on axial line (end-on-position)
representation for the magnetic field inside and B = &... 2 M (.,' r» n
around the magnet. • 41t rl
B
The direction of magnetic field is along the
O

direction of magnetic dipole moment (M).

(ii) on equatorial line (broadside-on-position)
B = _ 1:.2.. M = _ Il oM
t 41t rl 41tr3
M

IBN
I
I
I Be
Equatorial, a I +
line \ : ~
\ I ~
Bs: x
Ir ~
! ~
Their properties are given as below: I
I

(i) These lines form continuous closed loops. s ~

I

N
(ii) The tangent to the field line gives direction M
I' 21 -,..--1
of the field at that point.
CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Motter 167

The direction of magnetic field is parallel to

the magnetic dipole and opposite to the 1.4 Magnetic Dipole Moment
direction of dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron is
given by
1.3 Torque on a Bar M = evr or M = _e_L
2 2m
Magnet in a Uniform. where, v is the speed of electron on a circular path

R
of radius r. L is angular momentum and given as
Magnetic Field L = mvr.
A uniform magnetic field B is represented by L
equidistant parallel lines, NS is a bar magnet of
length 21 and strength of each pole is M.

SI
Torque, 't = MB sin 9 = M x B

q~~t~t: (a)
IT 't=M x B
(b)
Mutual Interaction
Mutual interaction
m
Orbital magnetic moment
of a revolving electron

between two magnetic dipoles is

F=h. 6m1m2
where, 9 is the angle between M and B. Its SI 41t r4
unit is joule per tesla (JT1). where, m1 and m2 are magnetic strength of poles of
'tmax = MB, when dipole is perpendicular to the two different magnets.
field and 't = 0, when dipole is parallel or
H
anti-parallel to the field.
Oscillation of a Freely Suspended
Potential Energy of a Magnet Magnet
Dipole (Bar Magnet) in a The oscillations of a freely suspended magnet
O

(magnetic dipole) in a uniform magnetic field are

Magnetic field SHM. The time period of oscillation,
Potential energy of a magnetic dipole in a
T = 21t~ I = 21t
magnetic field is given by ME c.o
where, I = moment of inertia of the magnet,
M

u= - MBcos9 = -M·B
=
M magnetic moment and
where, e is the angle between M and B.
B = magnetic field intensity.
Work done in rotating the dipole in a uniform
magnetic field from 91 to 92 is given by
W = ME (cos 9) - cos 92)
Bar Magnet as an Equivalent
Solenoid
The direction of dipole moment can be obtained The expression of magnetic field at distance r from
by right hand thumb rule. Its SI unit is A-m2. centre is given by
NorE Current loop behaves like a magnetic dipole whose B=J:I:2... 2M
dipole moment is given by 41t r3
M=IA This expression is equivalent to that of bar magnet.
168 o Chopterwise eBSE Solved Papers: PHYSICS

Use Ampere's circuital law, to obtain

1.5 The Electrostatic Analogue the expression for the magnetic field
The magnetic dipole is analogous to an electric due to the current I in a long solenoid
dipole consisting of two equal charges of opposite having n number of turns per unit
sign (±q) seprated by a certain distance (2a). It has an length.
electric dipole momentic p = q(2a) Delhi 2014C

R
The Dipole Analogy 2. A circular coil of N turns and radius R
carries a current 1. It is unwound and
Electrostatics Magnetism
Free Space Constant rewound to make another coil of radius
(1/ Eo> ( lio>
R/2, current I remaining the same.
Dipole moment p M

SI
Calculate the ratio of the magnetic
Equatorial field for a short - p/47tEor3 -!1oM/47tr3
dipole moments of the new coil and the
Axial field for a short dipole 2p /47tEor3
original coil. All India 2012
!102M/47tr3

External field: Torque pxE MxB

3. A circular coil of N turns and diameter
d carries a current 1. It is unwound and
External field : Energy -p·E - M·B
rewound to make another coil of
diameter 2d, current I remaining the
Magnetism and LlS same. Calculate the ratio of the
IT
magnetic moments of the new coil and
Gauss'Law the original coil. All India 2012
The net magnetic flux «Ps) 4. Explain the following:
through any closed surface is B (i) Why do magnetic lines of force
always zero. form continuous closed loops?
H
This law suggests that the (ii) Why are the field lines repelled
number of magnetic field lines leaving any closed (expelled) when a diamagnetic
surface is always equal to the number of magnetic material is placed in an external
field lines entering it. uniform magnetic field? Fareign 2011
(Ps=~B·~S=O 5. A small compass needle of magnetic
O

=fsK~S=O moment M and moment of inertia I is

free to oscillate in a magnetic field B. It
is slightly disturbed from its
equilibrium position and then released ..

PREVIOUS YEARS' Show that it executes simple harmonic

M

motion. Hence, write the expression for

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS its time period. HOTS; Delhi 2011C
6. How does a circular loop carrying
TOPIC 1 current behaves as a magnet?

o 2 Marks Questions
Delhi 2011

7. Deduce the expression for the magnetic

1. Draw the magnetic field lines due to a dipole moment of an electron orbiting
current passing through a long solenoid. around the central nucleus.
All India 2010; Fareign 2009
o Explanations Length of the wire is same

.. N; x (27tR) = N2 X 27t (%)

1.
[Nj and N 2 = number of turns in two coils]
~=~ ~~
Now, the ratio of magnetic moments is given by
Mj _ N, I Aj _ Nj x 7tRf
M2 - N2l A2 - N2 x 7tR~ (1/2)

M (N
j _ j) (R)2

R
M2 - 2Nj x R/2

=~X4=2
2 ~~
Mj : M2 = 2: 1 (1I2J

SI
3. The length of wire will be same in two cases as the
same coil in unwound and rewound.
Length of wire of coil l = Length of wire of coil 2
N; x nd, = N2 X 7td2
N; X 7td=N2 X 1t X 2d (1)

N2=Nj [where, N, = N]
2
Q
? N2 .u, =1: 2
IT
::} Nj:N2=2:1 (1I2J

~;,;:';Ef~0!;;;",~
Magnetic moment, M = NIA (1I2J
z
Mj = Njl Aj = Nj7td
M2 N2l A2 N21t(2d) 2

Mj = (Nj ) x .!. = x .!. = ~

H
2
Applying Ampere's circuital law for the
M2 N2 4 4 2 (112)
rectangular loop abed,
pB. dl = !.Lol Mj =~
M2 2

P B .dl = J.~'dl + JbB. dl + L'h. dl + J,' dl ::} Mj : Mz =1: 2 (112)

O

4. (i) Magnetic lines of force come out from North

but JbB.d1 = J'.dl = Bdlcos90o= O.
pole and enter into the South pole outside the
d magnet and travels from South pole to North
f B . dl = 0 as B = 0
c rn pole inside the magnet. So, magnetic lines of
force form closed loop, magnetic monopoles do
M

[for points outside the solenoid]

not exist. (1)
:. pB. dl= BJ: dl = Bl (ii) The diamagnetic material gets slightly
magnetised in a direction opposite to external
Total current threading the loop abed = nIl field, therefore lines of force are repelled by
Bh = !.Lol(nh) diamagnetic material. (1)
::} B = !.Lonl (1J
.NOTE When South pole of the magnet is viewed with the frame of
reference inside the magnet would appear as North pole and
2. The length of wire will be same in two cases as similarly, North pole as South pole. Therefore, magnetic lines
the same coil is unwound and rewound. of force traversed from South pole to North pole inside the
magnet.
170 o ehapterwise eBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

As the needle is displaced from the equilibrium 7. As we know that a moving charge always
5. position, the torque will try to bring it back in produces an electric current, so there will be
equilibrium position hence, acceleration will be electric current due to revolving electron, this is
related with negative of angular displacement. the current which produces magnetic field.

When compass needle of magnetic moment M Let an electron revolves around the nucleus on a
and moment of inertia I is slightly disturbed by circular path of radius r with a uniform linear
an angle 9 from the mean position of equilibrium. speed v.

R
Then, restoring torque begin to act on the needle
which try to bring the needle back to its mean
position which is given by
t = - MB sin 9

SI
Since, 9 is small
So, sin9 = 9
.. t=-MB9 ... (i)
But t = Ia ... (ii)
Time period of electron is given by
where, a = angular acceleration
T = 21tr
M =magnetic moment of dipole
v
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii). :. Electric current produced due to the orbital
~ Ia = - MB9 ~ a = - (~B)9 motion of electron is given by
IT
1= Charge = -e
.. aoc-9 (1) Time T
~Angular acceleration oc - angular I=~
displacement
(2~r)
~ Therefore, needle executed SHM.
Hence, the time period, I=-~

fT
... (i)
H
21tr (1)
T= ': = or T="~ Magnetic dipole moment is given by
(1)
M = lA = (;; )1tr2
This is the required expression.
M = _ evr
O

6. The current round in the face of the coil is in

2
anti-clockwise direction, then this behaves like a
North pole, whereas when it viewed from other M=-~(mvr)
2m
scale, then current round in it is in clockwise
direction necessarily forming South pole of where, m = mass of electron.
M = __ e_L
M

2m
where, L = mvr and known as angular momentum,
M =- _e_L
2m
(1) The direction of magnetic dipole moment is
Hence, current loop have both magnetic poles and perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed
therefore, behaves like a magnetic dipole. (1) inward. (1)
[TOPIC 2] Earth's Magnetism and Magnetic
Properties of Material
2.1 Earth as a Magnet (ii) Magnetic Inclination or Dip In magnetic
meridian, the angle made by direction of the
Earth behaves like a magnet whose North pole
earth's total magnetic field (Be) with the
is somewhere close to geographical South pole
horizontal is known as dip (0).

R
and magnetic South pole is closed to
geographical North pole. (iii) Horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field, It is the component of the
earth's magnetic field along the horizontal
direction. He = Be cos 0

SI
Geographic l">
meridian
IE------,''--..:\-+-~ Geographic equator

Sg '\
The circulating ions in the highly conducting
IT
earth's core form current loops and which in Magnetic
turn produces magnetic field. meridian

2.1 Magnetic Elements C 0

H
There are three elements of the earth magne • Relationship between horizontal and vertical
field namely components of the earth's magnetic field and
angle of dip is given by
(i) The angle between geographical meridian
He = Be cos 0
and magnetic meridian at a place is
known as angle of declination (a). Ve';"B(sinO => ~=tano
O

He
Vertical

Geographic t Woa.9/-\e\IC
Various Terms Related to
Ilg
meridian ! ..ne(i01a.(\
I"

Ng Magnetism
M

Nm .....
~---,:
•
.-- ---6ip
-- Magnetic Intensity (H)
.- ': ··..... angle The capability of magnetic field to magnetise the
B Ilm substance is measured in terms of magnetic intensity
of the field.
B
H=--.!!.
Ilo
where, Bo = magnetic field inside vacuum and
Determination of declaration at a place Ilo = 41t X 10-7 T-mA -1.

Its SI unit is Am-I.

172 o Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Intensity of Magnetisation (I) It has no unit. It is a scalar quantity.

The magnetic dipole moment induced per unit
volume in the field of specimen of magnetic Magnetic Induction [BJ
material in magnetising field is known as It is defined as the total number of magnetic lines
intensity of magnetisation. of force crossing per unit area through the magnetic
M m material.
I=-=~

R
V A B = ~o (H + 1) = ~oH(l + Xm)
where, M = magnetic dipole moment,
where, ~o = permeability of free space,
m == pole strength, H = magnetising field
V = volume of specimen and I = intensity of magnetisation.

SI
and A = cross-sectional area. The 51 unit of magnetic induction is Tesla(T) or
wbm"? which is equivalent to Nm-1A -lor JA -lm-2
Magnetic Inductor (B)
The resultant magnetic field produced inside the
specimen of magnetic material after 2.4 Classification of
magnetisation is known as magnetic inductor.
Magnetic substance
Magnetic Permeability (J..l)
On the basis of mutual interactions or their
IT
It is equal to the ratio of magnetic induction to behaviours, the magnetic materials placed in a
magnetising field uniform magnetic field are classified into three
B
~= H parts.
(i) Paramagnetic substance
Magnetic Susceptibility (Xm) It is equal to
(ii) Diamagnetic substance
H
the ratio of intensity of magnetisation and
(ill) Ferromagnetic substance
..
magnensmg flield Xm =-I
H

Property Paramagnetic substance Diamagnetic substance Ferromagnetic substance

O

When placed in a
uniform magnetic
field
Susceptibility (xJ
M
Feebly magnetise along
applied field
Small and positive
0< Xm< E,
Feebly magnetise opposite
to magnetic field or
repelled by magnets
Small and negative
-I <Xm<O
Strongly magnetise along
magnetic field
Very large Xm> 1000

Relative permeability
Effect of temperature
Variation of IwithH
In a non-uniform
magnetic field
Examples
E = small number
1 <llr<I+E Positive and less than one Large value Il r > 1000
E = small number O<llr<1
Independent with 1
X oc -- (T> T.e)
temperature m T- Te
linearly change Linear change and Non-linear change and
saturable low temperature ultimately attains
saturation
Tends to move from weaker Tends to move from Tends to move quickly
to stronger magnetic field stronger to weaker from weaker to stronger
___ mag~c:.t!_~!i:_~~ ~_a..~!:~!i~_!~~~~ _
Pb, H p, NaCl, Bi, Cu, si, Sb Na, cs. 02' CuCI2, Al Ni, Co, Fe, Fep Jo Gd
CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Motter
Curie Law
It states that the magnetic
susceptibility of paramagnetic X
substances is inversely
proportional to absolute
. I
i low retentivity.
temperature, i.e. X ee -
T magnets are alnico, cobalt, steel and ticonal.
---+ T
For paramagnetic material,
C
X=-T [C = Curie constant]
Curie Temperature
With the rise of temperature, susceptibility of
ferromagnetic materials decreases. At a certain
temperature, ferromagnetic pass over to
paramagnetic. This transition temperature is
called Curie temperature.
Curie-Weiss Low
This describes the magnetic susceptibility Xm of
a ferromagnet in the paramagnetic region above
IT
the Curie point. It is expressed as
C 1. At a place, the horizontal component of
X [·:T>Tc]
m = T - Tc
where, C is called Curie's constant. T is an absolute
temperature in kelvin and Tc is Curie temperature.
H
1.4 Permanent Magnets
and Electromagnets
O
The substance which at room temperature retain
their ferromagnetic property for a long period of
time are called permanent magnet.
Permanent magnet can be made by placing a rod
of ferromagnetic material in a current carrying
M
solenoid. The magnetic field of the solenoid
magnetises the rod. The material used for making
permanent magnet should have high retentivity,
so that the magnetisation is strong and high
coercivity so that the magnetisation is not erased
by stray magnetic field/temperature fluctuations
or minor mechanical damage. Steel is favoured
for making permanent magnet.
• Steel possesses high coercivity, hysteresis loss,
moderate permeability, susceptibility and
retentivity, therefore it is fit for making
permanent magnet.
173
• On placing a soft iron rod in a current earring
solenoid the magnetism of the solenoid
increases by thousards folds. On switching off
the solenoid current the magnetism is effectivily
switch off. It is because the soft iron core has a
Some suitable materials for making permanent
R
• Soft iron possesses high permeability,
susceptibility, retentivity and low coercivity a
hysteresis loss, therefore it is fit for making
electromagnet.
SI
PREVIOUS YEARS'
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
TOPIC 2
o 1 Mark Questions
earth's magnetic field is B and angle of
dip is 60°. What is the value of horizontal
component of the earth's magnetic field at
equator? Delhi 2017
2. In what way is the behaviour of a
diamagnetic material different from that
of a paramagnetic, when kept in an
external magnetic field? All India 2016
3. Relative permeability of a material
u, = 0.5. Identify the nature of the
magnetic material and write its relation of
magnetic susceptibility. Delhi 2014
4. What are permanent magnets? Give one
example. Delhi 2013
5. Where on the surface of earth is the
vertical component of earth's magnetic
field zero? Delhi 2013C; All India 2011
. 6. The horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field at a place is B and angle of
dip is 60°. What is the value of vertical
component of the earth's magnetic field at
equator? Delhi 2012
7. What is the angle of dip at a place where
the horizontal and vertical components of
the earth's magnetic field are equal?
Foreign 2012
174
8. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a
vertical plane orients itself vertically at a
certain place on the earth. What are the
values of
(i) horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field and
(ii) angle of dip at this place? Foreign 2012
9. Where on the surface of earth is the angle
of dip 90°? All Indio 2011
10. The permeability of a magnetic material
is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic
SI
material, it represents. Deihl 2011
11. The susceptibility of a magnetic material
is 1.9 X 10-5. Name the type of magnetic
material, it represents. Delhi 2011
12. The susceptibility of a magnetic material
is - 4.2 X 10-6. Name the type of magnetic
material, it represents. Deihl 2011
IT
13. What is the characteristic property of a
diamagnetic material? Foreign 201D
14. Define the term magnetic declination.
All India 2009C
o 2 Marks Questions
H
15. Show diagrammatically the behaviour of
magnetic field lines in the presence of
(i) paramagnetic and
O
(ii) diamagnetic substances.
How does one explain this
distinguishing feature? All India 2014
16. Out of the two magnetic materials, A has
relative permeability slightly greater than
M
unity while B has less than unity. Identify
the nature of the materials A and B. Will
their susceptibilities be positive or
negative? Dalhl2014
17. Give two points to distinguish between a
paramagnetic and diamagnetic substance.
Delhl2014C
18. (i) How is an electromagnet different
from a permanent magnet?
o Chopterwise CSSE Solved Papers: PHYSICS
(ii) Write two properties of a material
which makes it suitable for making
electromagnet. All India 2014C
19. The relative magnetic permeability of a
magnetic material is 800. Identify the
nature of magnetic material and state its
R
two properties. Deihl 2012
20. (i) How does a diamagnetic material
behave when it is cooled at very low
temperature?
(ii) Why does a paramagnetic sample
display greater magnetisation when
cooled? Explain. Delhi 2012
21. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a
vertical plane parallel to the magnetic
meridian has its North tip down at 60°
with the horizontal. The horizontal
component of the earth's magnetic field at
the place is known to be 0.4 G. Determine
the magnitude of the earth's magnetic
field at the place. Deihl 2011
22. (i) Name the three elements of the
Earth's magnetic field.
(ii) Where on the surface of the Earth is
the vertical component of the Earth's
magnetic field zero? Foreign 2011
23. Distinguish between diamagnetic and
ferromagnetic materials in terms of
(i) susceptibility and
(ii) their behaviour in a non-uniform
magnetic field. All India 2011
24. (i) Write two characteristics of a
material used for making permanent
magnets?
(ii) Why is core of an electromagnet
made of ferromagnetic materials?
Dalhl2D10
25. The horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field at a place is .J3 times its
vertical component there. Find the value
of the angle of dip at that place. What is
the ratio of the horizontal component to
the total magnetic field of the earth at
that place? All India 2010C
CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Motter
26. The horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field at a place equals to its
vertical component there. Find the value
of the angle of dip at that place. What is
the ratio of the horizontal component to
the total magnetic field of the earth at
that place? HOTS:All India 2010C
27. Draw magnetic field lines when a
(i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic
substance is placed in an external
magnetic field. Which magnetic property
distinguishes this behaviour of the field
lines due to the two substances? Delhi 2010
28. State briefly an efficient way of making
a permanent magnet. Write two
properties to select suitable materials
for making permanent magnets.
Delhi 2009C
29. Out of the following, identify the
materials which can be classified as
IT
(i) paramagnetic (ii) diamagnetic
(a) Aluminium (b) Bismuth
(c) Copper (d) Sodium
Write one property to distinguish
between paramagnetic and diamagnetic
H
materials. Delhi 2009C
o 3 Marks Questions
30. A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each
O
50 cm long is rotated with a speed of
120 rev/min in a plane normal to the
horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field. The earth's magnetic
field at the place is 0.4 G and the angle
M
of dip is 60°. Calculate the emf induced
between the axle and the rim of wheel.
How will the value of emf be affected, if
the number of spokes were increased?
All India 2013
31. Three identical specimens of a magnetic
materials nickel, antimony and
aluminium are kept in a non-uniform
magnetic field. Draw the modification in
the field lines in each case. Justify your
answer. Delhi 2011
175
32. (i) What happens when a diamagnetic
substance is placed in a varying
magnetic field?
(ii) Name the properties of a magnetic
material that makes it suitable for
making (a) a permanent magnet and (b)
a core of an electromagnet. Foreign 2009
33. (i) How does angle _
R
of dip change as I I
line goes from . .
--------x-----
:3
magnetic pole to
magnetic equator
of the earth?
E
.=::~;~=.
=
SI
(ii) A uniform y
magnetic field
gets modified as shown in the figure
below, when two specimens X and Y
are placed in it. Identify whether
specimens X and Yare diamagnetic,
paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. Foreign
2009
34. When two materials are placed in an
external magnetic field, the behaviour of
magnetic field lines is as shown in the
figure. Identify the magnetic nature of each
of these two materials. Delhi 2009C
------
I I ::=t:E
-----x-- y
o 5 Marks Questions
35. (i) A small compass needle of magnetic
moment M is free to turn about an axis
perpendicular to the direction of
uniform magnetic field B. The moment
of inertia of the needle about the axis
is 1. The needle is slightly disturbed
from its stable position and then
released. Prove that it executes simple
harmonic motion. Hence, deduce the
expression for its time period.
(ii) A compass needle free to turn in a
vertical plane orients itself with its
axis vertical at a certain place on the
earth. Find out the values of .
(a) horizontal component of the earth's
magnetic field and
(b) angle of dip at the place. Delhi 2013
o Explanations 8. (i) The coil is free to move in vertical plane, it
1.

\8 9.
means that there is no component of the
earth's magnetic field in horizontal
direction, so the horizontal component of
the earth's magnetic field is zero.
(ii) The angle of dip is 0°.
At poles, the angle of dip is 90°.
(112)
(112)

(1)
I is the total magnetic field. 10. The magnetic material is diamagnetic
B B substance for which Ilr < 1. (1)
Now I cos 60° = B ~ I =--- =- =2B
, cos 60° 1/2
11. The small and positive susceptibility of

R
At equator, dip angle is 0°. 1.9 x 10-5 represents paramagnetic substance.
.. BH = lcosOo= I = 2B. (1) (1)

2. When paramagnetic materials are placed in external 12. Negative susceptibility represents diamagnetic
magnetic field, these are feebly magnetised in the substance. (1)
direction of the applied external magnetic field

SI
13. Diamagnetic material acquires feeble
whereas in case of diamagnetic materials, these are magnetisation in the opposite direction of the
feebly magnetised opposite to that of applied magnetic field when they are placed in an
'external magnetic field. (1)
external magnetic field. (1)
3. The nature of magnetic material is a diamagnetic.
14. Magnetic declination The angle between
The relation between relative permeability and geographical meridian and magnetic meridian
magnetic susceptibility is at any place of the earth is known as magnetic
Ilr =1 + Xm (1)
declination (ex) at that place of the earth. (1)
4. Permanent magnets are those magnets which have
15. Magnetic permeability of paramagnetic is more
IT
high retentivity and coercivity. The magnetisation of
than air, so it allows more lines to pass through it
permanent magnet is not easily destroyed even if it
while permeability of diamagnetic is less than
is handled roughly or exposed in stray reverse
air, so it does not allow lines to pass through it.(l)
magnetic field, e.g. steel. (1)
For figure, refer page 177.
5. At equator, vertical component of earth's magnetic
field will be zero. (1) This difference can be explained as
diamagnetic substances repel or expel the
H
6. The horizontal and vertical components of the earth's magnetic field lines while paramagnetic
magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.
substance attract the magnetic field lines. (1)

Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field, 16. The nature of the material A is paramagnetic
H = B, cos 60° = B (given) and its susceptibility Xm is positive.
The nature of the material B is diamagnetic
O

B , x!
2 = B or B, = 2B
and its susceptibility Xm is negative. (2)
1~ _
Vertical component of earth's magnetic field,
V = B Sill 60° ~
. V = 2B x -
J3 ~ r:;
V = v 3B
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
substance
e 2 substance
(1)
7. The angle of dip is given by 1. A paramagnetic A diamagnetic
M

0= tan"! (!:) substance is feebly

attracted by magnet.
substance is feebly
repelled by a magnet.

Bv = vertical component of the earth's magnetic 2. For a paramagnetic For a diamagnetic

substance, the substance, the
field.
intensity of intensity of
BH = horizontal component of the earth's magnetisation has a magnetism has a
magnetic field. small positive value. small negative value.
So, as Bv=BH
(2)
Then, 0 = tan'" (1) = 45°
:. The angle of dip will be 0 = 45°. (1)
CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Motter 177

18. An electromagnet consist of a core made of a
ferromagnetic material placed inside a solenoid.
It behaves like a strong magnet when current
flows through the solenoid and effectively loses
its magnetism when the current is switched off.
(i) A permanent magnet is also made up of a
ferromagnetic material but it retains its
magnetism at room temperature for a long
time after being magnetised one. (1)
23. (i) Susceptibility for diamagnetic material It is
independent of magnetic field and temperature
(except for bismuth at low temperature). (1)
Susceptibility for ferromagnetic material The
susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials decreases
steadily with increase in temperature. At the Curie
temperature, the ferromagnetic materials become
paramagnetic.
(ii) Behaviour in non-uniform magnetic field

R
Diamagnets are feebly repelled, whereas
(ii) Properties of material are as below:
ferromagnets are strongly attracted by
(a) High permeability (c) Low retentivity non-uniform field, i.e. diamagnets move in the
(b) Low coercivity (1) direction of decreasing field, whereas
ferromagnet feels force in the direction of
19. Ferromagnetic substance are those substances
increasing field intensity. (1)

SI
which have very high magnetic permeability. (1)
24. (i) Two characteristics of material used for
Properties (i) High retentivity
making permanent magnets are
(ii) High susceptibility (Xm > 1000)
(a) high coerdvity
(2 x 112)
(b) high retentivity and high hysteresis loss.
20. (i) As, the resistance (electrical of metal
(2 x 112)
decreases with decrease in temperature.
(ii) Core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic
But for diamagnetic substances, the
material because of its
variation of susceptibility is very small
(0 < Xm < f), i.e. diamagnetic materials are (a) low coerdvity
IT
unaffected by the change in temperature (b) low hysteresis loss (2 x 1/2)
(except bismuth). (1)
25. As vertical and horizontal components of magnetic fields
(ii) Paramagnetic materials when cooled due to
are perpendicular to each other, when their magnitudes
thermal agitation tendency alignment of are equal, resultant will divide their angle equally.
magnetic dipoles decreases. Hence, they
shows greater magnetisation. (1) According to the question, H = J3 V
H
where, H and V are the horizontal and vertical
21. Angle of dip, 0 = 60° = ~
3 components of the earth's magnetic field.
Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic If angle of dip at that place is 0, then
field, H = 0.4 G
tano=~=~ [.: H=J3VJ
Earth magnetic field (Be) =? H J3v
O

.: Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic

tano=~ ~ o=~
field, H = B, cos 0 (1) J3 6 (1)

~ Be = ~ = 0.4 G = 0.4 G = 0.8 G ':Horizontal component of the earth's magnetic field,

cos 0 cos 60° (~) H = B, cos 0
B, = 0.8 G where, B, = Earth's magnetic field
M

(1)

22. (i) The earth's magnetic field at a place can be

completely described by three parameters .!i = cos 0 = cos ~ = J3 ~ H :B = J3 : 2
B, 6 2 e (1)
which are called elements of earth's
magnetic field. They are as follows: 26. Refer to Ans. 25. (Ans.l : ..[2). (2)
(a) Angle of declination (8)
(b) Angle of dip (0) or magnetic inclination 27. (i) Behaviour of magnetic field lines when
(c) Horizontal component of earth's diamagnetic substance is placed in an external
magnetic field (He) field.
(ii) At the magnetic equator, the dip needle
rests horizontally, so that the angle of dip is
zero at the magnetic equator.

(1)
178 o ehopterwise eSSE Solved Papers PHYSICS

Magnetic susceptibility distinguishes the

behaviour of the field lines due to diamagnetic
--------
I I

R
and paramagnetic substance. (1)

28. Permanent magnet can be made by putting a steel (Vo x 3= lV2)

rod inside the solenoid and a strong current is
allowed to pass through solenoid. The strong It happens because
magnetic field inside the solenoid magnetise the (i) nickel is a ferromagnetic substance.
rod.

SI
(1) (ii) antimony is a diamagnetic substance.
For properties to select suitable materials (ill) aluminium is a paramagnetic substance.
for making permanent magnets (Vox 3 = 1 Vi)
Refer to sol. 23 (i). (1)
32. (i) When diamagnetic substance is placed in a
29. (i) Paramagnetic substance Aluminium, sodium (1) varying magnetic field, it tends to move from
(ii) Diamagnetic substance Bismuth, copper, stronger magnetic field to weaker magnetic
the susceptibility of the diamagnetic materials field. (1)
is small and negative, i.e. -1< Xm < 0, whereas (ii) Refer to Ans. 18 (i) and (ii). (2)
for paramagnetic substance the susceptibility is
small and positive, i.e. 0 < XIII < a, where a is a 33. (i) The angle of dip decreases from 90° to 0°. (1)
IT (ii) For paramagnetic materials, no magnetic lines
small number. (1)
of force enter in it. So, specimen X is
30. .,' Horizontal component, paramagnetic. For ferromagnetic materials, all
1
H = Bcos e= 0.4 cos 60° = 0.4x - = 0.2G magnetic lines of force prefer to go through it.
2 So, specimen Y is ferromagnetic. (2J
H = 0.2 xt 0-4 T [.,' cos 60° = 1/2]
34. (i) MaterialXis paramagnetic substance. When a
This component is parallel to the plane of wheel. specimen of a paramagnetic substance is
H
The wheel is rotating in a plane normal to the placed in a magnetising field, the lines of force
horizontal component, so it will cut the horizontal prefer to pass through the specimen rather
component only, vertical component of earth will than through air. Thus, magnetic induction
contribute nothing in emf. (1)
inside the sample is more than the magnetic
Thus, the emf induced is given as intensity. (lVoJ
O

E = ~Hl2CJ) (ii) Material Y is ferromagnetic substance. These

2 are the substances in which a strong
21tN
where, CJ) = -- and magnetism is produced in the same direction
t as the applied magnetic field, these are
I = length of the spoke = 50 em = 0.5 m strongly attracted by a magnet exhibits highly
1 -4 2 2x314x120
E=-xO.2xlO x(o.~ x---- concentrated lines of force. (lVoJ
M

2 60
E = 3.14 X 10-5 V m 35. The torque always tries to bring back the needle
in equilibrium position i.e. parallel to the existing
The value of emf induced is independent of the field.
number of spokes as the emf's across the spokes
are in parallel. So, the emf will be unaffected (i) The torque on the needle is r = M x B
with the increase in spokes. (1) In magnitude, 't = MB sin e
31. The modifications are shown in the figure. Here, r is restoring torque and e is the angle
between M and B.
Therefore, in equilibrium,
Restoring force = Deflecting torque
J d~ = - MBsin e
dt2 (lJ
CHAPTER 5 : Magnetism and Motter 179

Negative sign with MB sins implies that

restoring torque is in opposition to where, w=~
deflecting torque.
For small values of a in radians, we
approximate sin a = a and get
.
Time . d,T = -21t =
peno
ro
21t g.
-
MB (1)

(ii) (a) As, horizontal component of earth's

ld~ = - MBa
dt2 magnetic field, BH = B coso
2
d a = _ MBa Putting 8 = 90° (as compass needle orients
=>

R
dt2 I itself vertically)
2
=> d a = _ o}a .. BH = 0
dt2 (1) (b) For a compass needle oriented itself with its
This equation represents a simple harmonic axis vertical at a certain place, angle of dip,
motion. The square of the angular frequency 8 = 90°. (2)

SI
• 2 MB. 2 MB
ISW =-l.e.w =-
I I

Value Based Questions (From Complete Chapter)

(21 4 Marks Questions
1. Bala and Rama (class X students), were
IT
assigned a project based on magnetism.
In their project work, they had
calculated the value of the earth's
magnetic field. When they submitted
their project for verification. Mr.
Santosh, their Physics teacher,
H
corrected the mistakes. He also
suggested few books which could be
useful for them.
(i) What values did Mr. Santosh
O
2. Mr. Sairam the chief development officer, in
southern railway went on an official tour to
attend a seminar on fast moving trains. He
met his friend Onstosaki in Tokyo after he
finished his seminar there. fIis friend
explained to Sairam, how Japanese people
are concentrating on energy conservation
and saving of fossil fuels using Maglev
trains? Mr. Sairam travelled from Tokyo to
Osaka in Maglev train and found that noise
is less, travelling is smooth and understood
in what way we are lagging behind
Japanese in mass trasporting systems. This

exhibit towards his students? works on the principle of Meissner's effect.

Mention any two. (i) What values did Mr. Sairam found
(ii) Mention the three magnetic from Ontosaki? Mention any two.
elements required to calculate the (ii) What are superconductors?
value of the earth. (iii) What is Meissner's effect?
M

(iii) What is the strength of the earth's
magnetic field at the surface of the
earth?
Ans. (i) The values of Mr. Santosh are helping in
nature to get the exact value. Honesty and
concern for the students to create interest
in the subject. [2)
(ii) Magnetic declination, magnetic
inclination and horizontal component of
the earth's magnetic field. [1]
(iii) It is of the order oflO-5 T. [1]
Ans. (i) Awareness about new technology, concern for
energy conservation, decrease of noise
pollution and air pollution, i.e, concern for
environment. [1)
(ii) Superconductors are the most exotic
diamagnetic materials. These are metals cooled
to very low temperatures which exhibits both
perfect conductivity and perfect diamagnetism.
[2)
(iii) A superconductor repels a magnet and in turn,
is repelled by the magnet. This phenomenon of
perfect diamagnetism in superconductors is
called Meissner's effect. [1]