Lumber - wood that has been cut into various lengths for building.

Solid wood - structures that do not have hollow spaces, SPF commonly 2x4 or 2x6

Hard wood – very strong and hard and much denser than soft wood.

Two types of hardwood

Domestic – anything to grow in your regions

Exotic domestic – anything that grows somewhere else

Soft wood - lumber that has been cut from a coniferous or an evergreen tree

Connifer tree - Conifers provide all the world's softwood timber

Board feet – Length x Width x Thickness/144

MDF – (Medium Density Fibreboard) engineered material made by breaking down hardwood or
softwood residuals into fine particles,

Plywood = a wood engineered from multiple layers of thin veneer glued together

OSB – (Oriented strand board) plywood are wood structural panels made by compressing and gluing
pieces of wood together.

How wood is milled?

First, a log is cut into quarters. These are then cut into planks at an angle of 60 to 90 degrees to the
quartered log's flat surfaces.

Quarter sawing - woodworking process that produces quarter-sawn or quarter-cut boards in the rip
cutting of logs into lumber.

Advantages of construction grade lumber

The affordability

Disadvantages of construction grade lumber

The difficulty in building

Construction materials - any discarded material from the building or destruction of structures, road and
bridges

Cement - Used as a binder in concrete

Sand - Used to give bulk and strength

Steel - Used in RCC construction

Bitumen - Used for road construction, roofing, damp proofing, waterproofing

Concrete - Used for the construction of foundations, roads, bridges, walls, etc.

Structural Steel - Used for the construction of steel structures.

Binding wires - Used for tying applications in the field of construction.

Fly ash - Used to improve the strength and segregation of the concrete

Aggregate - Used in construction to provide drainage, fill voids, protect pipes

Bricks - Used as a structural as well as a non-structural to make walls.

Blocks - Used for construction of load-bearing walls, retaining walls, partitions, and foundations.

Timber - Used in doors, windows, cabinets, cupboards, shelves, tables, railings, etc

Nails - Most commonly used to fasten pieces of wood together

Pipes - Used for soil stabilization in roads, earthen dams, airfields, and building foundations.

Glass - Used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun.

Tiles - Used to cover surfaces like roofs, floors, and walls.

Mud - Used to coat, seal, or adhere to materials.

Metal sheet - Used in exterior or interior home decor and also as a roofing material.

Aluminum - Used in external facades, roofs, walls, windows, and doors.

Rubber - Used in the construction of Joints, seals, and gaskets.

Ceramics - Used in tiling and other decorative purposes

Planks - Used as temporary platforms on supported scaffolds

Wire - Used for lifting high loads with the aid of construction vehicles.

Clay - Used in the preparation of bricks.

Gravel - Used for road construction, for mixing with asphalt, and as construction fill.

Stone - Used for the paving of roads, footpaths, and open spaces around buildings.

Soil - Used for making bricks, Cement, etc.

Wood joinery - part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood.

Butt joint - a joint made by fastening the parts together end-to-end without overlap and often with
reinforcement.

Mitered joint - a usually perpendicular joint made by fastening together parts with the ends cut at an
angle.

Half lap joint - a joint between two timbers halved together so that a flush surface results.

Tongue and groove joint - a joint formed by a tongue on one edge of a board fitting into a corresponding
groove on another board's edge

Dado joint - a very strong type of carpentry joint commonly across a variety of woodworking projects
and especially cabinets and shelving

Rabbet joint - the result of joining a rabbet to another piece of wood, typically to construct shelving and
cabinet boxes.
Timber frames - Heavy timbers provide structural support and are held together with wooden joinery

Types of timber framing

Platform frame construction

Balloon frame structure

Semi balloon framing

Timber wall frame - Timber wall frames are typically 90 or 70mm deep, with 35 or 45mm thick studs
spaced at 450 or 600mm centres (depending on load and spacing).

Top and bottom plates are typically 90x45mm

Wall studs – Studs are vertical 2 by 4 inch beams that support the frame of your home

Lintels – a beam that is usually placed above windows and doors

Jambs - the side-post or lining of a doorway or other aperture.

Components of a Wall Frame | Hyne Timber

Floor joist - typically 2 by 8s, 2 by 10s, or 2 by 12s

Floor Framing & Structure (hometips.com)

Subfloor - Subflooring serves as a foundation for finish flooring as well as a platform

Sill plate - the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached

Timber floor framing - When floors were made of tongue and groove timber boards, this was the
traditional method used in cottage construction.

Platform flooring - allows the builders to work on a platform while they stand up the wall frames and fix
them in position.

Inspecting and testing subfloors, Subfloor systems, Timber framed subfloors (flooringtech.com.au)

Bearer - the timber that attaches directly to the brick piers in the ground

Joist - longthick pieces of metal, wood, or concrete that form part of a building's structure, typically to
support a floor or ceiling.

Termite shield - a sheet metal fabrication used in light frame construction to reduce the movement of
termites from the soil into wood framing

Ceiling joist - The horizontal structural members that span your ceiling and are responsible for
transferring roof loads to vertical members.

Deck Joist - repeated board used as the structural base for your deck frame that is attached to the ledger
via galvanized joist hangers

Rim Joist - The wood that butts up to floor joists and wraps around the perimeter of the floor framing
Timber post – main vertical or leaning support in a structure similar to a column or pillar

Rim board - a specially designed component intended to work in tandem with wood I-joists to provide a
complete engineered wood framing solution

Expanding foam – used for thermal and sound insulation as well as airtightness

Nominal size – a size "in name only" used for identification.

Post-base - connectors intended to connect a structural wood post (vertical member) to the concrete
foundation

Vertical load - consist of dead load, live load and impact load

Lateral load - the application of a load on an object or structural component in a horizontal direction or
parallel to the x-axis on a continuous and repeated basis

Uplift load - Wind flow pressures that create a strong lifting effect

Solid sawn - oversized structural softwood lumber with a smallest cross-sectional dimension of 6 inches
or more.

Rough sawn - this lumber type is untreated and cut into planks

Steel flange - forged or thrown ring of stainless steel that is welded or screwed to another component in
the system.

Roof framing - spaced rafters to which battens can be attached and to which the roofing material is
attached

Ridge board – connects the upper ends of the rafters forming the apex of the triangle.

Common rafters – he main support rafter of the slope between eaves, wallplate and ridge.

Cripple rafter - the rafter connecting a hip and valley

Cripple jack rafter - a rafter connecting the end of a ridge to a valley

Hip rafter - a rafter following the line of the external intersection of two roof surfaces.

Purlins – a horizontal piece of timber or metal which supports the roof's rafters or decking and helps to
prevent your roof from sagging

Struts and Strutting Beams – used in many ways and locations in a conventionally framed roof

Truss – a structure composed of members arranged in connected triangles so that the entire assembly
behaves as if it were a single object

Top chord - An inclined or horizontal member that establishes the upper edge of a truss

Bottom chord - the horizontal member that defines the lower edge of a truss and, where
applicable, carries ceiling loads
 Web Members - one of the several members joining the top and bottom chords of a truss or
lattice girder.

Hanging Beam – placed between load bearing walls and are perpendicular to the ceiling joists