A B C D E F G H

1 X8.1
2
3 r= 3 Sig = 5% 1%
4 c= 4 Critical c =
2
12.591587243744 16.8118938297709
5 =CHISQ.INV.RT(G3,C6) =CHISQ.INV.RT(H3,C6)
6 df = 6 =(C3-1)*(C4-1)
7 test statistic = 8.92
8 P-value = 0.821872543665917 =CHISQ.DIST(G7,C6,TRUE())
 A B C D E F G H I J K
1 X8.2
2
3 Man Retail Financial TOTALS Hypothesis Test
4 Low 81 38 16 135 H0: Risk and industry are not associated
5 Moderate 46 42 33 121 H1: Risk and industry are associated
6 High 22 26 29 77
7 TOTALS 149 106 78 333 Select Test
8 Chi square test of association
9 Category data variables (risk, industry)
10
11 Select level of significance
12 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic significance level = 0.05
13
14 O E (O-E)2/E Extract relevant statistic
15 Low 81 60.4054 7.0215 c2cal= 28.8758 =SUM(E15:E23)
16 38 42.9730 0.5755
17 16 31.6216 7.7173 Critical test statistic
18 Mod 46 54.1411 1.2242 r= 3 =COUNT(C4:C6)
19 42 38.5165 0.3151 c= 3 =COUNT(C4:E4)
20 33 28.3423 0.7654 df = 4 =(J18-1)*(J19-1)
21 High 22 34.4535 4.5014 Critical value c2cri = 9.48772903678116 =CHISQ.INV.RT(J12,J20)
22 26 24.5105 0.0905 P-value = 8.284880245E-06 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(J15,J20)
23 29 18.0360 6.6649
24 =F6*E7/F7 =(C23-D23)^2/D23 Make a decision
25 Since c2cal > c2cri (28.8758 > 9.488), reject H0
26 Significant association exists between level of risk and industrial class.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L
1 X8.3
2 Defect type
3 Shift L M H VH TOTALS Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 1 29 40 91 25 185 H0: Shift and defect type are not associated
5 2 54 65 63 8 190 H1: Shift and defect type are associated
6 3 70 33 96 38 237
7 TOTALS 153 138 250 71 612 Step 2 - Select Test
8 Chi square test of association
9 Category data variables (shift, defect type)
10
11 Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic significance level = 0.05
13
14 O E (O-E)2/E Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 1 29 46.25000 6.4338 =(C15-D15)^2/D15 c2cal= 48.0726 =SUM(E15:E26)
16 40 41.71569 0.0706
17 91 75.57190 3.1497 Critical test statistic
18 25 21.46242 0.5831 r= 3 =COUNT(C4:C6)
19 2 54 47.50000 0.8895 c= 4 =COUNT(C4:F4)
20 65 42.84314 11.4587 df = 6 =(K18-1)*(K19-1)
21 63 77.61438 2.7518 Critical value c2cri = 12.591587243744 =CHISQ.INV.RT(K12,K20)
22 8 22.04248 8.9460 P-value = 1.1428065842346E-08 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(K15,K20)
23 3 70 59.25000 1.9504
24 33 53.44118 7.8187 Step 5 - Make a decision
25 96 96.81373 0.0068 Since c2cal > c2cri (48.07 > 12.59), reject H 0
26 38 27.49510 4.0136 Significant association exists between level of shift and defect.
27 =G6*F7/G7 =(C26-D26)^2/D26
 A B C D E F G H I J K L
1 X8.4
2 Type of business
3 Optimism B M R F TOTALS Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 High 38 61 59 96 254 H0: Optimism and type of business are not associated
5 No Charge 16 32 27 29 104 H1: Optimism and type of business are associated
6 Low 11 26 35 41 113
7 TOTALS 65 119 121 166 471 Step 2 - Select Test
8 Chi square test of association
9 Category data variables (optimism, type of business)
10
11 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 significance level = 0.05
13 O E (O-E)2/E
14 H 38 35.05308 0.2477 =(C14-D14)^2/D14 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 61 64.17410 0.1570 c2cal= 7.3541 =SUM(E14:E25)
16 59 65.25265 0.5991
17 96 89.52017 0.4690 Critical test statistic
18 NC 16 14.35244 0.1891 r= 3 =COUNT(C4:C6)
19 32 26.27601 1.2469 c= 4 =COUNT(C4:F4)
20 27 26.71762 0.0030 df = 6 =(K18-1)*(K19-1)
21 29 36.65393 1.5983 Critical value c2cri = 12.591587243744 =CHISQ.INV.RT(K12,K20)
22 L 11 15.59448 1.3536 P-value = 0.2893411667657 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(K15,K20)
23 26 28.54989 0.2277
24 35 29.02972 1.2279 Step 5 - Make a decision
25 41 39.82590 0.0346 Since c2cal > c2cri (7.35 < 12.59), accept H 0
26 =G6*F7/G7 No significant association exists between level of optimism and type of business.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
1 X8.5
2 French
3 60+ 40-59 <40 TOTALS Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 60+ 90 81 8 179 H0: German and French are not associated
5 German 40-59 61 90 8 159 H1: German and French are associated
6 <40 29 39 6 74
7 TOTALS 180 210 22 412 Step 2 - Select Test
8 =SUM(D4:D6) =SUM(G4:G6) Chi square test of association
9 Category data variables (German, French)
10
11 Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic significance level = 0.05
13
14 O E (O-E) /E =(D15-E15)^2/E15
2
Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 60+ 90 78.2039 1.7793 c2cal= 10.8003 =SUM(F15:F23)
16 81 91.2379 1.1488
17 8 9.5583 0.2540 Critical test statistic
18 40-59 61 69.4660 1.0318 r= 3 =COUNT(D4:D6)
19 90 81.0437 0.9898 c= 3 =COUNT(D4:F4)
20 8 3.9515 4.1480 df = 4 =(L18-1)*(L19-1)
21 <40 29 32.3301 0.3430 Critical value c2cri = 9.48772903678116 =CHISQ.INV.RT(L12,L20)
22 39 37.7184 0.0435 P-value = 0.028902617551291 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(L15,L20)
23 6 3.9515 1.0620
24 =G6*F7/G7 =(D23-E23)^2/E23 Step 5 - Make a decision
25 Since c2cal > c2cri (10.8 > 9.49), reject H0
26 Significant association exists between performance in English and German.
27 [Borderline decision - alternative decision if 1%]
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39 8
 A B C D E F G H I J K
1 X8.6 Chi squared test for 2 independent samples
2
3 Observed frequencies
4 Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
Watch athletics Do not watch
5 athletics
Totals H0: No difference in proportions exists
6 Drink wine 16 24 40 =SUM(C6:D6) H1: Difference between proportions
7 Do not drink wine 4 56 60 =SUM(C7:D7) Step 2 - Select Test
8 Totals 20 80 100 =SUM(E6:E7) Chi square test of association
9 =SUM(C6:C7) =SUM(D6:D7) =SUM(E6:E7) Category data variables (wine, athletics)
10 Step 3 - Select level of significance
11 Expected frequencies significance level α = 0.05
12 E WA E DNWA (O-E)^2/E Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
13 8.000 32.000 8.000 2.000 Proportion using train p = 0.400 =E6/E8
14 12.000 48.000 5.333 1.333 Chi squared c2cal = 16.667 =SUM(E13:F14)
15 =$E7*C$8/$E$8 =(C7-C14)^2/C14 r= 2 =COUNTA(B6:B7)
16 c= 2 =COUNTA(C5:D5)
17 df = 1 =(J15-1)*(J16-1)
18
19 Method 1a: p-value = 0.00004 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(J14,J17)
20 Method 1b: or p-value using CHISQ.DIST = 0.00004 =1-CHISQ.DIST(J14,J17,TRUE())
21 Method 1c: or p-value using CHISQ.TEST = 0.00004 =CHISQ.TEST(C6:D7,C13:D14)
22 Method 2: Critical value c2cri = 3.841 =CHISQ.INV.RT(J11,J17)
23 Step 5 - Make a decision
24 Method 1: Since p-value < α, Reject H0, Accept H1 J19=0.00004 < J11=0.05
25 Method 2: Since c2cal > c2cri, Reject H0, Accept H1 J14=16.667 > J22=3.841
26 Significantly different proportions drink wine and watch athletics
 A B C D E F G H I J K
1 X8.7 Chi squared test for 2 independent samples
2
3 Observed frequencies
4 Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
5 X Y Totals H0: No difference in proportions exists
6 Yes 163 154 317 =SUM(C6:D6) H1: Difference between proportions
7 No 64 108 172 =SUM(C7:D7) Step 2 - Select Test
8 Totals 227 262 489 =SUM(E6:E7) Chi square test of association
9 =SUM(C6:C7) =SUM(D6:D7) =SUM(E6:E7) Category data variables (wine, athletics)
10 Step 3 - Select level of significance
11 Expected frequencies significance level α = 0.05
12 E WA E DNWA (O-E)^2/E Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
13 147.155 169.845 1.706 1.478 Proportion using train p = 0.648 =E6/E8
14 79.845 92.155 3.144 2.724 Chi squared c2cal = 9.053 =SUM(E13:F14)
15 =$E7*C$8/$E$8 =(C7-C14)^2/C14 r= 2 =COUNTA(B6:B7)
16 c= 2 =COUNTA(C5:D5)
17 df = 1 =(J15-1)*(J16-1)
18
19 Method 1a: p-value = 0.0026 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(J14,J17)
20 Method 1b: or p-value using CHISQ.DIST = 0.0026 =1-CHISQ.DIST(J14,J17,TRUE())
21 Method 1c: or p-value using CHISQ.TEST = 0.0026 =CHISQ.TEST(C6:D7,C13:D14)
22 Method 2: Critical value c2cri = 3.841 =CHISQ.INV.RT(J11,J17)
23 Step 5 - Make a decision
24 Method 1: Since p-value < α, Reject H0, Accept H1 J22=0.0226 < J13=0.05
25 Method 2: Since c2cal > c2cri, Reject H0, Accept H1 J17=9.053 > J25=3.841
26 Significantly different proportions between the two hotels
 A B C D
1 X8.8
2
3
4 c2 test statistic = 2.89
5 df = 1
6
7 p-value = 0.0891309255170861 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(C4,C5)
8
9 Zcal = 1.7 =SQRT(C4)
10
11 1% 5%
12 c2cri = 6.63489660102121 3.84145882069412
13 =CHISQ.INV.RT(C11,C5) =CHISQ.INV.RT(D11,C5)
14 Critical Z = 2.5758293035489 1.95996398454005
15 =SQRT(C12) =SQRT(D12)
 A B C D E F G H I J
1 X8.9
2
3 Observed frequencies
4 Fleet IC Totals Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
5 Yes 56 66 122 H0: No difference in proportions exists
6 No 23 36 59 H1: Difference between proportions
7 Totals 79 102 181
8 Step 2 - Select Test Chi square test of association
9 Expected frequencies Category data variables (influenced, type)
10 O E (O-E)^2/E
11 56 53.2486 0.1422 =(B11-C11)^2/C11 Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 66 68.7514 0.1101 significance level = 0.05
13 23 25.7514 0.2940
14 36 33.2486 0.2277 =(B14-C14)^2/C14 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 =D7*(1-I15) =(B14-C14)^2/C14 Proportion using train p = 0.6740331491713 =E5/E7
16 Chi squared c2cal = 0.7739237154691 =SUM(D11:D14)
17 r= 2 =COUNTA(B5:B6)
18 c= 2 =COUNTA(C4:D4)
19 df = 1 =(I17-1)*(I18-1)
20 Critical value c2cri = 3.8415 =CHISQ.INV.RT(I12,I19)
21 p-value = 0.3790059499257 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(I16,I19)
22
23 Step 5 - Make a decision
24 Since c2cal < c2cri (0.77 < 3.84), Accept H0, Reject H1
25 Since p-value > a (0.379 > 0.05), Accept H0, Reject H1
26 Not significantly different proportions
 A B C D E F G H I J
1 X8.10
2
3 Observed frequencies
4 After
5 Yes No Totals Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
6 Yes 202 115 317 H0: No difference in proportions exists
Before
7 No 89 75 164 H1: Difference between proportions
8 Totals 291 190 481
9 Step 2 - Select Test Chi square test of association
10 Expected frequencies Category data variables (before, after)
11 O E (O-E)^2/E
12 202 191.7817 0.5444 =(B12-C12)^2/C12 Step 3 - Select level of significance
13 115 125.2183 0.8339 significance level = 0.05
14 89 99.2183 1.0524
15 75 64.7817 1.6118 =(B15-C15)^2/C15 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
16 =D8*(1-I16) Proportion using train p = 0.6590437 =E6/E8
17 Chi squared c2cal = 4.0424292 =SUM(D12:D15)
18 r= 2 =COUNTA(B6:B7)
19 c= 2 =COUNTA(C5:D5)
20 df = 1 =(I18-1)*(I19-1)
21 Critical value c2cri = 3.8415 =CHISQ.INV.RT(I13,I20)
22 p-value = 0.0443699 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(I17,I20)
23
24 Step 5 - Make a decision
25 Since c2cal > c2cri (4.04 > 3.84), Reject H0, Accept H1
26 Since p-value < a (0.044 < 0.05), Reject H0, Accept H1
27 Significantly different proportions [borderline decision]
 A B C D
1 X8.11
2
3 r+ = 15
4 r-= 4
5 ties = 3
6 significance = 0.05
7
8 Binomial p= 0.5
9 n= 16 =SUM(C3:C4)-C5
10
11 P(X = 15) = 0.000244140625 =BINOM.DIST(15,C9,C8,FALSE())
12 P(X = 16) = 1.525878906E-05 =BINOM.DIST(16,C9,C8,FALSE())
13
14 One sided binomial p-value = 0.000259399414 =SUM(C11:C12)
15
16 Given p < 0.05, accept H1
17 Evidence suggests that the median value > 0.5
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R
1 X8.12
2
3 Person B A d = A-B Sign Step 1 - Hypothesis Test H0: Median difference d = A - B = zero
4 1 5.0 8.0 3.0 + =IF(D4<0,"-",IF(D4>0,"+","0")) H1: Median difference d = A - B <> zero
5 2 3.0 5.0 2.0 + Two tail test
6 3 8.0 7.0 -1.0 - Step 2 - Select Test Sign test for matched pairs
7 4 8.0 8.0 0.0 0
8 5 4.0 6.0 2.0 + Step 3 - Select level of significance Significance level = 0.05 SPSS solution
9 6 5.0 4.0 -1.0 -
10 7 8.0 8.0 0.0 0 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic median d = 1.0000 =MEDIAN(D4:D43)
11 8 4.0 6.0 2.0 + Probability of success p = 0.5
12 9 3.0 3.0 0.0 0 Total number of trials N = 40 =COUNT(A4:A43)
13 10 6.0 5.0 -1.0 - r- = 6 =COUNTIF(E4:E43,"-")
14 11 3.0 4.0 1.0 + r+ = 26 =COUNTIF(E4:E43,"+")
15 12 4.0 5.0 1.0 + r0 = 8 =COUNTIF(E4:E43,"=0")
16 13 6.0 5.0 -1.0 - Test statistic x = 26 =MAX(I13,I14)
17 14 4.0 4.0 0.0 0 number of binomial trials n' = 32 =I12-I15
18 15 5.0 6.0 1.0 + Use exact method or normal approximation (n > 25)
19 16 7.0 8.0 1.0 + x
20 17 8.0 9.0 1.0 + 26 0.00021099 =BINOM.DIST(H20,$I$17,$I$11,FALSE())
21 18 7.0 8.0 1.0 + 27 0.00004689
22 19 6.0 7.0 1.0 + 28 0.00000837
23 20 5.0 7.0 2.0 + 29 0.00000115
24 21 10.0 9.0 -1.0 - 30 0.00000012
25 22 7.0 9.0 2.0 + 31 0.00000001
26 23 4.0 8.0 4.0 + 32 0.00000000 =BINOM.DIST(H26,$I$17,$I$11,FALSE())
27 24 7.0 9.0 2.0 +
28 25 8.0 8.0 0.0 0 one sided binomial p-value = 0.0003 =SUM(I20:I26)
29 26 9.0 9.0 0.0 0 Two sided p-value = 0.001 =2*I28
30 27 7.0 8.0 1.0 +
31 28 8.0 10.0 2.0 + Step 5 - Make decision
32 29 4.0 8.0 4.0 + Since two-tailed binomial p-value = 0.001 < 0.05/2 = 0.025 Reject H 0
33 30 8.0 7.0 -1.0 -
34 31 9.0 10.0 1.0 + Normal approximation solution
35 32 3.0 6.0 3.0 + Population mean = np = 16 =I17*I11
36 33 5.0 5.0 0.0 0 Population standard deviation = sqrt(npq) = 2.8284 =SQRT(I17*I11*(1-I11))
37 34 5.0 8.0 3.0 + Calculate Z = (X - m)/s = 3.359 =(I16-0.5-I35)/I36
38 35 10.0 10.0 0.0 0
39 36 5.0 6.0 1.0 +
40 37 8.0 9.0 1.0 +
41 38 5.0 6.0 1.0 +
42 39 8.0 9.0 1.0 +
43 40 7.0 8.0 1.0 +
44 =C43-B43
 A B C D E F G H I
1 X8.13
2
3 Person X d = X - D = X - 25 Sign Step 1 - Hypothesis Test H0: Median difference d <= 0
4 1 32.0 7.0 + =IF(C4<0,"-",IF(C4>0,"+","0")) H1: Median difference d > 0
5 2 19.0 -6.0 - Upper One tail test
6 3 26.0 1.0 + Step 2 - Select Test Sign test for matched pairs
7 4 25.0 0.0 0
8 5 28.0 3.0 + Step 3 - Select level of significance Significance level = 0.05
9 6 21.0 -4.0 -
10 7 29.0 4.0 + Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic median d = 1.0000 =MEDIAN(C4:C18)
11 8 22.0 -3.0 - Probability of success p = 0.5
12 9 27.0 2.0 + Total number of trials N = 15 =COUNT(A4:A18)
13 10 28.0 3.0 + r- = 4 =COUNTIF(D4:D18,"-")
14 11 26.0 1.0 + r+ = 10 =COUNTIF(D4:D18,"+")
15 12 23.0 -2.0 - r0 = 1 =COUNTIF(D4:D18,"=0")
16 13 26.0 1.0 + Test statistic x = 10 =MAX(H13,H14)
17 14 28.0 3.0 + number of binomial trials n' = 14 =H12-H15
18 15 29.0 4.0 + Use exact method since n < 25
19 =B18-25
20 P(X =10) = 0.06109619 =BINOM.DIST(10,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
21 Sample median = 26.0 1.0 P(X =11) = 0.02221680 =BINOM.DIST(11,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
22 =MEDIAN(B4:B18) =MEDIAN(C4:C18) P(X = 12) = 0.00555420 =BINOM.DIST(12,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
23 P(X = 13) = 0.00085449 =BINOM.DIST(13,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
24 P(X = 13) = 0.00006104 =BINOM.DIST(14,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
25
26 one sided binomial p-value = 0.0898 =SUM(H20:H24)
27 Two-sided binomial p-value = 0.179565429688 =2*H26
28
29 Step 5 - Make a decision
30 Since one sided binomial p-value = 0.0898 > 0.05 Accept H0
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
1 X8.14
2
3 The Wilcoxon signed rank sum test is used to test the null hypothesis that the median of a distribution is equal to a particular value.
4
5 This is what the Sign test measures but the Wilcoxon test also takes into account the magnitude of the number values.
6
7 Given that it uses more information from the data set it is therefore considered to be more powerful.
8
9 The sign test only uses the signs of the differences but the Wilcoxon test ranks the data and then measures the difference in the rank values.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
1 X8.15
2
3 Participant B A d=X-Y-D ABS(d) Rank* Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 1 80.0 89.0 9.0 9 13 =RANK.AVG(E4,$E$4:$E$23,1) H0: A - B - D0 <= 0)
5 2 75.0 82.0 7.0 7 10 H1 : A - B - D 0 > 0
6 3 84.0 96.0 12.0 12 18 Upper one tail test
7 4 65.0 68.0 3.0 3 2.5 Median centered at Do = 0
8 5 40.0 45.0 5.0 5 6.5 Median difference = 7.0
9 6 72.0 79.0 7.0 7 10 Step 2 - Select Test
10 7 41.0 30.0 -11.0 11 16.5 Wilcoxon signed rank test SPSS solution
11 8 10.0 15.0 5.0 5 6.5
12 9 16.0 12.0 -4.0 4 4.5 Step 3 - Select level of significance
13 10 17.0 24.0 7.0 7 10 Significance level = 0.05
14 11 37.0 40.0 3.0 3 2.5
15 12 55.0 68.0 13.0 13 19 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
16 13 80.0 88.0 8.0 8 12 n= 20 =COUNT(A4:A23)
17 14 85.0 95.0 10.0 10 14.5 n0 = 0 =COUNTIF(E4:E23,"0")
18 15 17.0 21.0 4.0 4 4.5 n' = 20 =J16-J17
19 16 12.0 22.0 10.0 10 14.5 T-= 21 =SUMIF(D4:D23,"<0",F4:F23)
20 17 15.0 21.0 6.0 6 8 T+= 189 =SUMIF(D4:D23,">0",F4:F23)
21 18 23.0 25.0 2.0 2 1 T= 21 =MIN(J19,J20)
22 19 34.0 45.0 11.0 11 16.5 m= 105 =J18*(J18+1)/4
23 20 61.0 80.0 19.0 19 20 s= 26.8 =SQRT((J18*(J18+1)*(2*J18+1)/24))
24 =C23-B23-$J$7 =ABS(D23) Zcal = -3.1359 =(J21-J22)/J23
25 Upper one tail Zcri = -1.6449 =NORM.S.INV(J13)
26 Upper one tail p-value = 0.000857 =NORM.S.DIST(J24,TRUE())
27
28 Step 5 - Make a decision
29 Since Zcal < Zcri (- 3.13 < - 1.6449) Accept H1
30 Since upper one tail p-value (0.0009 < 0.05), Accept H1
31
32 If 2-tail, then 2-tail p-value = 0.002 =J26*2
33
34
35
36
37
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
1 X8.16
2
3 Participant B A d=X-Y-D ABS(d) Rank* Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 1 49 22 27.0 27 30 =RANK.AVG(E4,$E$4:$E$33,1) H0: B - A - D0 <= 0)
5 2 34 23 11.0 11 15 H 1 : B - A - D0 > 0
6 3 30 32 -2.0 2 3 Upper one tail test
7 4 46 24 22.0 22 26.5 Median centered at Do = 0
8 5 37 23 14.0 14 20 Median difference = 11.0
9 6 28 21 7.0 7 9.5 Step 2 - Select Test
10 7 48 24 24.0 24 28.5 Wilcoxon signed rank test
11 8 40 29 11.0 11 15 Step 3 - Select level of
12 9 42 27 15.0 15 21 significance Significance level = 0.05
13 10 45 27 18.0 18 25 Step 4 - Extract relevant SPSS solution
14 11 29 23 6.0 6 8 statistic n= 30 =COUNT(A4:A33)
15 12 45 29 16.0 16 22.5 n0 = 0 =COUNTIF(E4:E33,"0")
16 13 32 37 -5.0 5 6.5 n' = 30 =J14-J15
17 14 44 22 22.0 22 26.5 T-= 14 =SUMIF(D4:D33,"<0",F4:F33)
18 15 49 33 16.0 16 22.5 T+= 451 =SUMIF(D4:D33,">0",F4:F33)
19 16 28 27 1.0 1 1.5 T= 14 =MIN(J17,J18)
20 17 44 35 9.0 9 11 m= 233 =J16*(J16+1)/4
21 18 39 32 7.0 7 9.5 s= 48.6 =SQRT((J16*(J16+1)*(2*J16+1)/24))
22 19 47 35 12.0 12 18 Zcal = -4.4942 =(J19-J20)/J21
23 20 41 24 17.0 17 24
24 21 33 37 -4.0 4 4.5 Zcri = -1.6449 =NORM.S.INV(J12)
25 22 38 37 1.0 1 1.5 P-value = 0.000003 =NORM.S.DIST(J22,TRUE())
26 23 35 24 11.0 11 15 Step 5 - Make a decision
27 24 35 23 12.0 12 18 Since Zcal < Zcri (- 4.49 < - 1.6449) Accept H1
28 25 47 23 24.0 24 28.5 Since upper one tail p-value (0.000003 < 0.05), Accept H1
29 26 47 37 10.0 10 12.5
30 27 48 38 10.0 10 12.5 If 2 tail, then 2-tail p-value = 6.9838E-06 =J25*2
31 28 35 30 5.0 5 6.5
32 29 41 29 12.0 12 18
33 30 35 31 4.0 4 4.5
34 =B33-C33-$J$7 =ABS(D33)
35
36
37
38
39
40
 A B C D E F G H I J
1 X8.17
2
3 Mann-Whitney U test assumptions
4
5 Samples are random and independent
6 Sample distributions are continuous
7 Data scale at least ordinal so that you can put a meaning to 'less than', 'equal', or 'greater than'
 A B C D E
1 X8.18
2
3 Step 1 - State hypothesis H0: No improvement in performance
4 H1: Performance improved M2 > M1
5 Upper one tail test
6 Step 2 - Select test Mann-Whitney U test
7 Step 3 - Set level of Significance Level = 0.05
8 significance
9 Step 4 - Extract relevant n1 = 8
10 statistic n2 = 9
11 Sum of ranks sample 1 = 65
12 U1 = 43 =D9*D10+D9*(D9+1)/2-D11
13 U2 = 29 =D9*D10-D12
14 Ucal = 43 =MAX(D12,D13)
15 m= 36 =D9*D10/2
16 s= 10.3923 =SQRT(D9*D10*(D9+D10+1)/12)
17 Zcal = 0.6736 =(D14-D15)/D16
18 Upper one tail Zcri = 1.6449 =NORM.S.INV(1-D7)
19 Upper one tail p-value = 0.2502907 =1-NORM.S.DIST(D17,TRUE())
20 Step 5 - Make a decision Since Zcal < Zcri (0.67 < 1.65), Accept H0
21 Since upper one tailed p-value (0.25) > 0.05, Accept H 0
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
1 X8.19
2

3 Combined
Training type Samples Rank* Step 1 - State hypothesis H0: Interest rates same
4 1 10.20 1 =RANK.AVG(B4,$B$4:$B$26,1) H1: Interest rates different
5 1 10.97 15 Two tail test
6 1 10.63 6 Select test Mann-Whitney U test
7 1 10.70 8 Set level of significance
8 1 10.50 4 Significance Level = 0.05 SPSS solution
9 1 10.30 3 Extract relevant statistic Median sample 1 = 10.64 =MEDIAN(B4:B13)
10 1 10.65 7 Median sample 2 = 11.05 =MEDIAN(B14:B26)
11 1 10.25 2 n1 = 10 =COUNTIF(A4:A26,"=1")
12 1 10.75 9 n2 = 13 =COUNTIF(A4:A26,"=2")
13 1 11.00 16 T1 = 71 =SUMIF(A4:A26,"=1",C4:C26)
14 2 10.60 5 T2 = 205 =SUMIF(A4:A26,"=2",C4:C26)
15 2 10.80 11 T1 max = 185 =G11*G12+G11*(G11+1)/2
16 2 11.40 23 T2 max = 221 =G11*G12+G12*(G12+1)/2
17 2 10.90 14 U1 = 114 =G15-G13
18 2 11.10 18 U2 = 16 =G16-G14
19 2 11.20 22 U1+U2 = 130 =G17+G18
20 2 10.89 13 n1n2 = 130 =G11*G12
21 2 10.78 10 Ucal = 16 =MIN(G17,G18)
22 2 11.05 17 m= 65 =G11*G12/2
23 2 11.15 19 s= 16.1245 =SQRT(G11*G12*(G11+G12+1)/12)
24 2 10.85 12 Zcal = -3.0389 =(G21-G22)/G23
25 2 11.16 20 Lower two tail tail Zcri = -1.9600 =NORM.S.INV(G8/2)
26 2 11.18 21 Upper two tail tail Zcri = 1.9600 =NORM.S.INV(1-G8/2)
27 Two tail p-value = 0.0024 =2*(1-NORM.S.DIST(ABS(G24),TRUE()))
28 Make a decision
29 Since Zcal < Zcri (-3.0 < -1.96), Accept H1
30 Since lower two tailed p-value (0.0024) < 0.05, Accept H 1
31 [Borderline decision - if you change to 1% then your decision may change]
32
 A B C D E F G H I J K L
1 TU8.1
2 Green issues
3 Political Party Support Green Indifferent Opposed TOTALS Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 Con 37 72 1 110 H0: Political party and green issues are not associated
5 Lab 67 85 1 153 H1: Political party and green issues are associated
6 Lib 106 124 3 233 Step 2 - Select Test
7 TOTALS 210 281 5 496 Chi square test of association
8 Category data variables (political party, green issues)
9 Step 3 - Select level of
10 significance significance level = 0.05
11 Step 4 - Extract relevant
12 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic statistic c2cal= 4.9951 =SUM(E15:E23)
13
14 O E (O-E)2/E Critical test statistic
15 Con 37 46.5726 1.9676 =(C15-D15)^2/D15 r= 3 =COUNTA(B4:B6)
16 72 62.3185 1.5041 c= 3 =COUNTA(C4:E4)
17 1 1.1089 0.0107 df = 4 =(K15-1)*(K16-1)
18 Lab 67 64.7782 0.0762 Critical value c2cri = 9.48772903678116 =CHISQ.INV.RT(K10,K17)
19 85 86.6794 0.0325 P-value = 0.28779778068021 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(K12,K17)
20 1 1.5423 0.1907 Step 5 - Make a decision
21 Lib 106 98.6492 0.5477 Since c2cal < c2cri (4.9951 > 9.4877), accept H0
22 124 132.0020 0.4851 No significant association exists between political party and green issues.
23 3 2.3488 0.1805
24 =F6*E7/F7
 A B C D E F G H I J K
1 TU8.2
2 Machine
3 Outcome 1 2 3 TOTALS Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 Defective 37 72 1 110 H0: Defective and non-defective are not associated
5 Non-defective 67 85 1 153 H1: Defective and non-defective are associated
6 TOTALS 104 157 2 263 Step 2 - Select Test
7 Chi square test of association
8 Category data variables (defective, non-defective)
9 Step 3 - Select level of
10 significance significance level = 0.05
11 Step 4 - Extract relevant
12 Expected Frequencies and Test Statistic statistic c2cal= 2.7740 =SUM(E15:E23)
13
14 O E (O-E)2/E Critical test statistic
15 Defective 37 43.4981 0.9707 =(C15-D15)^2/D15 r= 2 =COUNTA(B4:B5)
16 72 65.6654 0.6111 c= 3 =COUNTA(C3:E3)
17 1 0.8365 0.0320 df = 2 =(J15-1)*(J16-1)
18 Non-defective 67 60.5019 0.6979 Critical value c2cri = 5.99146454710798 =CHISQ.INV.RT(J10,J17)
19 85 91.3346 0.4393 P-value = 0.249821783728358 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(J12,J17)
20 1 1.1635 0.0230 Step 5 - Make a decision
21 =F5*E6/F6 Since c2cal < c2cri (2.7740 > 9.4877), accept H0
22 No significant association exists between defective and non-defective.
 A B C D E F G H I
1 TU8.3
2
3 Rating Observed frequency, O Expected frequency, E (O-E)^2 (O-E)^2/E
4 Excellent 157 160 =C11*$C$9 9 =(C4-D4)^2 0.05625 =F4/D4
5 Good 42 34 64 1.882352941
6 Rejected 1 6 =C13*$C$9 25 =(C6-D6)^2 4.166666667 =F6/D6
7
8
9 Total frequency = 200
10
11 p1 = 0.8
12 p2 = 0.17
13 p3 = 0.03
14
15 Σp = 1 =SUM(C11:C13)
16 n= 3 =COUNTA(B4:B6)
17
18 H0: the proportions are as claimed by the company
19 H1: at least one of the claimed proportions is incorrect
20
21 Chi-square = 6.10526960784314 =SUM(H4:H6)
22 alpha = 0.05
23 k= 0
24 df = 2 =C16-C23-1
25 two-tail p-value = 0.0472343071545188 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(C21,C24)
26 or two-tail p-value = 0.106599454090276 =CHISQ.TEST(C4:C7,D4:D7)
27
28 Given p < 0.05, reject H0 and accept H1
29 The evidence indicates that the proportions are different than those claimed by the company.
30 [no class merges required since all expected frequencies > 5]
31
32 Note:
33 The CHISQ.TEST() will only agree with other answer if no values are estimated, k = 0.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N
1 TU8.4
2 Fit a Poisson Distribution and calculate the Test statistic

3 Number of phishing attempts,

X Observed frequency, O X*O P(X) E (O - E)^2/E Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
4 0 200 0 =POISSON.DIST(B4,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.2597 174.5208 3.7198 H0: Number of phishing attempts follow a Poisson distribution
5 1 240 240 =POISSON.DIST(B5,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.3501 235.2915 0.0942 H1: Number of phishing attempts do not follow a Poisson distribution
6 2 125 250 =POISSON.DIST(B6,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.2360 158.6117 7.1227
7 3 52 156 =POISSON.DIST(B7,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.1061 71.2808 5.2153 Step 2 - Select Test
8 4 27 108 =POISSON.DIST(B8,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.0358 24.0255 0.3683 Chi square test of goodness of fit
9 5 16 80 =POISSON.DIST(B9,$D$12,FALSE()) 0.0096 6.4783 13.9949
10 6 12 72 =1-SUM(G4:G9) 0.0027 1.7915 58.1724 Step 3 - Select level of significance
11 =SUM($C$4:$C$10)*G10 α= 0.05
12 Estimated mean = 1.3482 =(C10-H10)^2/H10
13 =SUM(D4:D10)/SUM(C4:C10) Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
14 Chi square c2= 88.6876 =SUM(I4:I10)
15
16 Critical values
17 n= 7 =COUNT(B4:B10)
18 k= 1 Estimated number of population parameters = 1
19 df = 5 =M17-M18-1
20
21 Method 1: P-value = 0.00000 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(M14,M19)
22 or p-value using CHISQ.DIST = 0.00000 =1-CHISQ.DIST(M14,M19,TRUE())
23 or p-value using CHISQ.TEST = 0.00000 =CHISQ.TEST(C4:C10,H4:H10)
24 Method 2: Critical value chi-square = 11.0705 =CHISQ.INV.RT(M11,M19)
25
26 Step 5 - Make a decision
27 Method 1: Since p-value < α, reject H0 M22=0.0000 < M12=0.05
28 Method 2: Since c2cal > c2cri, reject H0 M15=88.6876 > M25=11.070
29 No significant relationship exists between the observed and expected frequencies.
30 This implies that the data do not come from a Poisson probability distribution.
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
1 TU8.5
2
3 Fit a Poisson Distribution and calculate the Test statistic
4 Number of phishing attempts,
X Observed frequency, O X*O P(X) E (O - E)^2/E Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
5 0 200 0 =B5*C5 =POISSON.DIST(B5,$D$13,FALSE()) 0.2865 192.5312 0.2897 H0: Number of phishing attempts follow a Poisson distribution
6 1 240 240 0.3581 240.6640 0.0018 H1: Number of phishing attempts do not follow a Poisson distribution
7 2 125 250 0.2238 150.4150 4.2943
8 3 52 156 0.0933 62.6729 1.8176 Step 2 - Select Test
9 4 27 108 0.0291 19.5853 2.8071 Chi square test of goodness of fit
10 5 16 80 =POISSON.DIST(B10,$D$13,FALSE()) 0.0073 4.8963 25.1805
11 6 12 72 =B11*C11 =1-SUM(H5:H10) 0.0018 1.2352 93.8161 Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 =SUM($C$5:$C$11)*H11 α= 0.05
13 Estimated mean = 1.2500 =(C11-I11)^2/I11
14 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 Chi square c2= 128.2071 =SUM(J5:J11)
16
17 Critical values
18 n= 7 =COUNT(B5:B11)
19 k= 0 Estimated number of population parameters = 0
20 df = 6 =N18-N19-1
21
22 Method 1: P-value = 0.0000 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(N15,N20)
23 or p-value using CHISQ.DIST = 0.0000 =1-CHISQ.DIST(N15,N20,TRUE())
24 or p-value using CHISQ.TEST = 0.0000 =CHISQ.TEST(C5:C11,I5:I11)
25 Method 2: Critical value chi-square = 12.5916 =CHISQ.INV.RT(N12,N20)
26
27 Step 5 - Make a decision
28 Method 1: Since p-value < α, reject H0 N22=0.0000 < N12=0.05
29 Method 2: Since c2cal > c2cri, reject H0 N15=88.6876 > N25=12.5916
30 No significant relationship exists between the observed and expected frequencies.
31 This implies that the data do not come from a Poisson probability distribution.
32
 A B C D E F G H I J K L
1 TU8.6
2
3 Fit a Uniform Distribution and calculate the Test statistic
4
Month Observed frequency, O E (O - E)^2/E Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
5 1 2678 2543.6667 =$C$18/COUNT($B$5:$B$16) 7.0943 =(C5-E5)^2/E5 H0: Milk production follows a uniform distribution
6 2 2602 2543.6667 1.3377 H1: Milk production does not follow a uniform distribution
7 3 2649 2543.6667 4.3619
8 4 2588 2543.6667 0.7727 Step 2 - Select Test
9 5 2530 2543.6667 0.0734 Chi square test of goodness of fit
10 6 2397 2543.6667 8.4567
11 7 2410 2543.6667 7.0240 Step 3 - Select level of significance
12 8 2350 2543.6667 14.7452 α= 0.05
13 9 2495 2543.6667 0.9311
14 10 2558 2543.6667 0.0808 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
15 11 2602 2543.6667 1.3377 Chi square c2= 52.0031 =SUM(G5:G16)
16 12 2665 2543.6667 5.7876
17 Critical values
18 Total frequency = 30524 n= 12 =COUNT(B5:B16)
19 =SUM(C5:C16) k= 0 Estimated number of population parameters = 1
20 df = 11 =K18-K19-1
21
22 Method 1: P-value = 0.0000 =CHISQ.DIST.RT(K15,K20)
23 or p-value using CHISQ.DIST = 0.0000 =1-CHISQ.DIST(K15,K20,TRUE())
24 or p-value using CHISQ.TEST = 0.0000 =CHISQ.TEST(C5:C16,E5:E16)
25 Method 2: Critical value chi-square = 19.6751 =CHISQ.INV.RT(K12,K20)
26
27 Step 5 - Make a decision
28 Method 1: Since p-value < α, reject H0 K22=0.0000 < K12=0.05
29 Method 2: Since c2cal > c2cri, reject H0 K15=52.0031 > K25=19.6751
30 No significant relationship exists between the observed and expected frequencies.
31 This implies that the data do not come from a uniform probability distribution.
32 This suggests that the milk production per month does not follow a uniform distribution.
 A B C D
1 TU8.7
2 H0: s2 = 82, H1: s2 < 82
3
4 Lower one-tail test
5 Null hypothesis: s2 = 64 =C8^2
6 Alternative hypothesis: s2 ≠ 64 =C5
7
8 s= 8
9 Sample size, n = 25
10 Sample standard deviation, s = 4.00
11 Sample variance, s2 = 16.00 =C10^2
12 Chi-square test statistic = 6.0000 =(C9-1)*C11/C5
13 Level of significance, a = 0.05
14 Degrees of freedom, df = 24 =C9-1
15 Lower critical chi-square= 13.8484250271702 =CHISQ.INV(C13,C14)
16 P-value = 7.13866289742067E-05 =IF(C12-C15<0,CHISQ.DIST(C12,C14,TRUE()),CHISQ.DIST.RT(C12,C14))
17
18 Decision: reject null hypothesis =IF(C12<C15,"reject null hypothesis","do not reject null hypothesis")
19
20 Decision: reject null hypothesis =IF(C16<C13,"reject null hypothesis","do not reject null hypothesis")
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
1 TU8.8
2
3 Patient X d = X - D = X - 22 Sign Step 1 - Hypothesis Test H0: Median difference d <= 0
4 1 9.4 -12.6 - =IF(C4<0,"-",IF(C4>0,"+","0")) H1: Median difference d > 0
5 2 13.4 -8.6 - Upper one tail test
6 3 15.6 -6.4 - Step 2 - Select Test Sign test for matched pairs
7 4 16.2 -5.8 -
8 5 16.4 -5.6 - Step 3 - Select level of Significance level = 0.05 SPSS solution
9 6 16.8 -5.2 - significance
10 7 18.1 -3.9 - Step 4 - Extract relevant median d = -2.8000 =MEDIAN(C4:C23)
11 8 18.7 -3.3 - statistic Probability of success p = 0.5
12 9 18.9 -3.1 - Total number of trials N = 20 =COUNT(A4:A23)
13 10 19.1 -2.9 - r- = 15 =COUNTIF(D4:D23,"-")
14 11 19.3 -2.7 - r+ = 5 =COUNTIF(D4:D23,"+")
15 12 20.1 -1.9 - r0 = 0 =COUNTIF(D4:D23,"=0")
16 13 20.4 -1.6 - Test statistic x = 15 =MAX(H13,H14)
17 14 21.6 -0.4 - number of binomial trials n' = 20 =H12-H15
18 15 21.9 -0.1 - Use exact method since n < 25
19 16 23.4 1.4 +
20 17 23.5 1.5 + P(X =15) = 0.01478577 =BINOM.DIST(15,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
21 18 24.8 2.8 + P(X = 16) = 0.00462055 =BINOM.DIST(16,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
22 19 24.9 2.9 + P(X = 17) = 0.00108719 =BINOM.DIST(17,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
23 20 26.8 4.8 + P(X = 18) = 0.00018120 =BINOM.DIST(18,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
24 P(X = 19) = 0.00001907 =BINOM.DIST(19,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
25 P(X = 20) = 0.00000095 =BINOM.DIST(20,$H$17,$H$11,FALSE())
26
27 one sided binomial p-value = 0.0207 =SUM(H20:H25)
28
29 Two sided p-value = 0.041389465332 =2*H27
30 Step 5 - Make decision
31 Since one sided binomial p-value = 0.0207 < 0.05 Accept H 1
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W
1 TU8.9 Wilcoxon test procedure for paired samples
2
3 X Y d = X-Y-D0 diff d Rank* Step 1 - Hypothesis Test SPSS solution
4 20.2 22.8 -2.600 =A4-B4-$K$7 2.600 =ABS(C4) 8.5 =RANK.AVG(E4,$E$4:$E$20,1) H0: Median rating same X - Y = 0
5 19.5 14.2 5.300 5.300 17 H1: Median ratings different
6 18.6 14.1 4.500 4.500 15 Two-tail test
7 20.9 16.1 4.800 4.800 16 D0 = 0
8 23.1 25.2 -2.100 2.100 7 Median difference = 2.4 =MEDIAN(C4:C13)
9 18.6 20.2 -1.600 1.600 4
10 19.6 16.7 2.900 2.900 11 Step 2 - Select Test
11 23.2 21.3 1.900 1.900 6 Wilcoxon signed rank test
12 21.8 18.7 3.100 3.100 12
13 20.3 20.9 -0.600 0.600 1 Step 3 - Select level of significance
14 19.2 22.6 -3.400 3.400 13.5 Significance level α= 0.05
15 19.5 16.9 2.600 2.600 8.5
16 18.7 21.4 -2.700 2.700 10 Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic
17 17.2 18.5 -1.300 1.300 3 n= 17.0000 =COUNT(A4:A20)
18 21.6 23.4 -1.800 1.800 5 n0 = 0.0000 =COUNTIF(E4:E20,"0")
19 22.4 21.3 1.100 1.100 2 n' = 17.0000 =K17-K18
20 20.8 17.4 3.400 3.400 =ABS(C20) 13.5 =RANK.AVG(E20,$E$4:$E$20,1) T-= 52.0000 =SUMIF(C4:C20,"<0",G4:G20)
21 T+= 101.0000 =SUMIF(C4:C20,">0",G4:G20)
22 T= 52.0000 =MIN(K20,K21)
23 mu (m)= 76.5000 =K19*(K19+1)/4
24 sigma (σ)= 21.1246 =SQRT((K19*(K19+1)*(2*K19+1)/24))
25 zcal = -1.1598 =(K22-K23)/K24
26 Method 1: P-value = 0.2461 =2*NORM.DIST(K22,K23,K24,TRUE())
27 Method 2: Zcri = 1.9600 =NORM.S.INV(1-K14/2)
28 Step 5 - Make a decision
29 P-value, Reject H 0
30 Since zcal > zcri, Reject H0
31
32
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34
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40
41
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43
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46
47
TU8.10 Mann-Whitney U test

Combined Samples (hours

Training type studied) Rank*
1 7 3
1 8 4
1 12 14
1 10 9
1 9 6.5
1 13 17
1 11 11
1 9 6.5
1 5 1
1 14 19.5
1 13 17
2 14 19.5
2 13 17
2 12 14
2 11 11
2 9 6.5
2 17 22
2 16 21
2 11 11
2 12 14
2 9 6.5
2 6 2

Group 1 - Stats
Groupm 2 - e-Commerce
 Step 1 - Hypothesis Test
=RANK.AVG(B4,$B$4:$B$25,1)

Step 2 - Select Test

Step 3 - Select level of significance

Step 4 - Extract relevant statistic

=RANK.AVG(B25,$B$4:$B$25,1)

Method 1:
Method 2:

Step 5 - Make a decision

Since two-tail p-value > 0.05, Fail to reject H 0
Since zcal < zcri, Accept H0
 H0: Median hours the same
H1: Median hours different
Two tail test

Mann-Whitney U test

of significance
Significance Level α = 0.05

ant statistic
Median sample 1 = 9.5 =MEDIAN(B4:B13)
Median sample 2 = 12 =MEDIAN(B14:B25)
n1 = 11 =COUNTIF(A4:A25,"=1")
n2 = 11 =COUNTIF(A4:A25,"=2")
T1 = 108.5 =SUMIF(A4:A25,"=1",C4:C25)
T2 = 144.5 =SUMIF(A4:A25,"=2",C4:C25)
T1 max = 187 =H17*H18+H17*(H17+1)/2
T2 max = 187 =H17*H18+H18*(H18+1)/2
U1 = 78.5 =H21-H19
U2 = 42.5 =H22-H20
U1+U2 = 121 =H23+H24
n1n2 = 121 =H17*H18
Ucal = 42.5 =MIN(H23,H24)
mu (m)= 60.5 =H17*H18/2
sigma (σ)= 15.2288 =SQRT(H17*H18*(H17+H18+1)/12)
Two-tail p-value = 0.2372 =2*NORM.S.DIST(H31,TRUE())
zcal = -1.1820 =(H27-H28)/H29
Lower one tail zcri = -1.960 =NORM.S.INV(H12/2)
Upper one-tail Zcri = 1.960 =NORM.S.INV(1-H12/2)

e > 0.05, Fail to reject H 0 H30=0.2372 > H12=0.05

H31 = - 1.18 > H32 = - 1.96 but < H33 = + 1.96
SPSS solution