GED- Purposive Communication
Language Communication
Language is a human capacity that
has
•System of rules (grammar)
•Sound system (phonology)
•Vocabulary (lexicon)
Speech Communities:
groups that share values and attitudes
about language use, varieties and
practices. These communities develop
through prolonged interaction among
those who operate within these shared
and recognized beliefs and value
systems regarding forms and styles of
communication.
Language Acquisition: people
acquire language used by those in the
speech community—Mother Tongue
or First Language
Language Learning: language
learned formally in school or
informally on their own – Second
Language
Language contact: Nordquist (2020)
the social and linguistic phenomenon
by which speakers of different
languages (or different dialects of the
same language) interact with one
another, leading to a transfer of
linguistic features.
Pidgin: a language produced as a
result of trade or of colonial expansion
because speakers do not share the
same language.
Creole: when a pidgin develops
beyond its role as trade language and
becomes the first language of a social
community.
Organizational: role of communication
Derived from the Latin word
communicare, which means to share, or to
make common (Weekley, 1967).
-defined as the process of understanding
and sharing meaning (Pearson & Nelson,
2000).
-generally defined as exchange of
thoughts, ideas, and concepts, and views
between or among two or more people.
Context: circumstance or environment in
which communication takes place ; may
include physical or actual setting, the
value positions of speaker/listener and
relevance/appropriateness of message
conveyed.
Types of Communication
According to Mode:
Non-verbal: gestural communication-
uses body language and facial
expressions.
Verbal: use of words (written or spoken)
Visual: uses visuals to convey
information and messages like signs,
symbols, imagery, maps, graphics, charts,
diagrams, take a grams, photos, drawings
or illustrations and it’s various forms of
electronic communication
According to Context
Intrapersonal: self-talk, inner talk, self-
verbalization or self-statement.
Interpersonal: meant to establish or
deepen social relationship with others
become transactional when the objective
is to achieve something at the end.
Extended: do use of electronic media like
the video-conferencing; Skype calls and
other technological means.
in organization – workplace/company.
Types:
a. Formal: allows communication via
designated channels of message flows
between positions in the organization.
1.downward: (Top down); higher
position to lower
2. upward (Bottom-up); lower position to
higher
3.horizontal (lateral) – same
level/position but can be in different
departments
4. crosswise (diagonal)- different units of
various levels work with each other.
b. Informal: unofficial channels of
message flow; known as grapevine.
Could be rooted from dissatisfaction
among employees since messages are
coming from various levels. e.g. Baseless
gossips and rumors
Intercultural: communication among
people of different linguistics, ethnic,
social, and professional background.
According to Purpose and Style
(communication setting and mode of
delivery)
Formal Communication- uses formal
language delivered orally or in written;
lectures, public talks, speeches, research,
project proposals etc.
Informal Communication- uses
personal and ordinary conversation is
with friends family members are
acquaintances about anything under the
sun; it can be oral or in face-to-face and
even email messages, personal notes ,
letters or text messages; the purpose is to
simply socialize and enhance relationship
 Communication Models General Principles of Effective
Communication
Aristotle’s Communication Model
Know your
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
TOPIC
-linear model Adjust according TO CONTEX
-speaker is very important; adjust his/her Work on FEEDBACK
speech depends on audience.
7Cs of Effective Written
Laswell’s Model
Communication
Clear: be guided by your purpose
Concise: stick to the point
Linear model
Concrete: support claims with
-focused on who sends out the message FACTS & EVIDENCE
using which medium for a receiver
Correct: observe grammatical
experiencing an effect.
correctness
Shannon-Weaver’s Model Coherent: connected and logical
Complete: include all necessary
information
Courteous: tone should be friendly
Communication Modes
a. Face to Face Interaction: physical
presence—casual or informal
conversation
Source: https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and- b. video: web cameras made it
weaver-model-of-communication/ possible; w/o glitches this is effective
-designed to develop the effective especially for people separated by
communication between sender and distance.
receiver. c. Audio: Transmitted Sound
Noise: factor that affects communication d. Text-based: email, facsimile, and
text messaging as well as instant
Berlo’s Communication Model
message
(SMCR)
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
GLOBALIZATION:
• Gained popularity after the Cold
War in the early 1990s.
• used to describe the growing
-takes
into account the emotional aspect of interdependence of the world’s
communication economies, cultures, and
populations, brought about by
Source: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/berlo-
cross-border trade in goods and Englishes: the demographic distribution
model-of-communication.htm
services, technology, and flows of English and its range and depth.
of investment, people, and
information.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
IMF: International Monetary Fund
-1944; 190 countries. Works to stabilize
the system and have country is facing
balance of payment and debt crisis.
UN: United Nations.
-1945; 193 member countries. 60 prevent
conflict with global security norms and
assistance for humanitarian crises.
WORLD BANK:
-1945. 189 member countries; funded to
help me construct postwar Europe, and
now provides loans and policy advise for
developing countries.
WTO: World Trade Organization.
-1948; General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT). Replaced 1995, by WTO;
164 member countries.
-Sets the rules for international trade and
adjudicates trade disputes. Member
countries agreed to WTO rules but can
also negotiate free trade agreements with
each other. The United States has trade
deals with 20 countries.
NATO- North Atlantic treaty
Organization
-1949; 30 member countries.
-bulwark of Western security alliance
Intercultural Communication is a subject
of importance in diversity.
High Context Culture (HCC)
- Leave much of the message and
specified to be understood to
contexts, nonverbal cues, and
between the lines interpretation
of what is said.
Low Context Culture (LCC)
- Expect messages to be explicit
and specific.
Kachru’s Three Concentric Circles
Braj Kachru: coined the term World
Range refers to the fast-expanding
functional domains of English across
cultures and languages, and depth
refers to societal penetration of
English.
Source: https://jalt-
publications.org/old_tlt/files/96/oct/en
glishes.html
Inner Circle: ENT: English as a
Native Language
Outer Circle: ESL—English as a
Second Language
Expanding Circle: EFL—English as
a Foreign Language
Varieties of English
Register: variety of language defined
according to its use in social situation
(Crystal, 2008); it is context-specific.
-Different registers are used in
different situations. It is through
register that one can determine the kind
of lexicon and structure to use.
Static Register: style that never
changes; frozen in time an content. i.e.
Lord’s Player, Pledge of Allegiance,
Laws
Formal Register: used in formal
settings; one way; follows format and
impersonal; i.e speeches,
announcements
Consultative Register: standard form of
communication; users often engage in
mutually accepted structure of speech. i.e
patients and doctors; superior and
subordinates; teacher and student
Casual Register: informal language used
by friends and peers. Slangs, vulgarities,
and colloquialisms are seen normal. i.e
email, texts, and chats as well as blogs,
and letters to friends.
Intimate Register: private and reserved
to close family members like husband and
wife, boyfriend and girlfriend as well as
siblings.
Communication for Various Purposes
Sources of Information
Primary: document and original artifacts
from people who participated in and
witnesses an actual event in history. Can
be in diff forms like memoirs, interviews,
music, images, objects, artifacts, clothing,
statistics, text, diary , journal,
autobiography.
Secondary: documents, images, tax, and
objects that are created by someone for
reference primary sources into analysis,
synthesis, interpretation, and evaluation.
Examples in the journal articles
commentary; biographies; better Tatian;
this paper editorials; opening:; practices
above the teacher, artworks and music
Evaluating Sources of Information
using CRAAP TEST
Source:https://researchguides.ben.edu/s
ource-evaluation.
Currency: Timeliness of information.
Relevance: Importance of information or
connectedness to the topic
Authority: credibility of the author or the
source of information.
Accuracy: reliability truthfulness and
correctness of the information provided.
Purpose: the are reasons why the
information exist
Informative Communication:
focuses on talking about people, events,
processes, places, or things; however,
informing an audience about one of these
subjects without being persuasive is often
a difficult task to complete
Persuasive Communication:
act of presenting arguments to move,
motivate, or change your audience
Argumentative Communication
used to settle disputes and discover truth
Persuasive Rhetorical Appeal:
Trinity of Persuasion – Aristotle
Ethos: Appeal to Credibility
Pathos: Appeal to Emotion
Logos: Appeal to Logic
Logic and Reasoning
Fallacy: Error in reasoning
Ad Hominem: Argue attacks the
character and personality of his opponent
rather than finding fault in the claim.
Non Sequitur: translates to “ it does not
follow”- draws conclusion not supported
by the premise.
Circular Argument: evades real
conclusion by paraphrasing or rewording
the same conclusion—keeps coming
back to circle.
Appeal to Flattery: seeking approval or
using praise to get what is wanted,
instead of presenting new evidence or
good reasons.
Appeals to Force or Threat: uses force
or threat instead of reason. It could be
physical or psychological threats.
Hasty Generalization: conclusions
based on single instance only. From one
sample makes a claim about the whole
population
Appeal to Ignorance: where are you
where can I feel that the argument to be
false therefore it is TRUE.
Bandwagon Argument: It’s an
argument that builds on beliefs and
prejudices of the crowd. Many people
can’t be wrong.
False Dilemma: misrepresents an
issue by presenting only two mutually
exclusive options rather than the full,
nuanced range of options.
Appeal to Pity: resorts to evoke
pity or sympathy by referring to
unfortunate event or circumstance
instead of presenting relevant and
strong evidence.
Argumentation and Argument
Building
Assertion- What’s your position?
Reasoning- Why do you take this
position?
Evidence- What proof do you
have?
Examples:
a. Position Paper:/ Argumentative
Essay: central goal of writing a
position paper is not only to state
and defend your position on the
issue but also to show how your
stance relates to other positions.;
genre of writing that requires the
student to investigate a topic,
collect, generate, and evaluate
evidence, and establish a position on
the topic in a concise manner;
generally call for extensive research
of literature or previously published
material.
b. Debate: discussion between
people in which they express
different opinions about a certain
subject matter.
Communication for Work Purposes
Resumé: a formal document that a job
applicant creates to itemize their
qualifications for a position; usually
accompanied by a customized cover
letter in which the applicant expresses
an interest in a specific job or company
and draws attention to the most
relevant specifics on the resume.
Inquiry Letter: written to find out
more information about something.;
either to inquire about a particular
thing or write a letter answering the
inquiry. A good inquiry letter should
have all the necessary vital things
-Solicited - used when a business is
advertising its product or services
-Unsolicited - inquiring regarding
something thus it is a formal letter if
the sender doesn’t know the receiver
INTERVIEW
a discussion or conversation between a
potential employer and a candidate.
a selection process designed that helps an
employer understand the skills, scrutinize
their personality and character traits and
check the domain knowledge.
Types of Interview Questtions
a. Behavioral Interview: requires
answers based on past experiences
b. Situational Interview: hypothetical
questions that would show how one
handles job situations in the future.
c. Working Interview: require you to
perform job-related tasks during the
interview
d. Stress Interview: require you to
answer questions designed to unsettle
you, to give the interviewer an idea on
how you react to situations.
STAR FORMAT
S: Situation Describe as specific
situation that you were in or the task that
you needed to accomplish.
T: Task what was the ball that you were
working on.
A: Actions the actions that you took that
lead you to the outcome
R: Results describe the outcome of your
actions and highlight your role in the
outcome.
BUSINESS WRITING PRINCIPLES
1. Decide on the right focus of the
sentence.
2. Use Plain Language Over Stuffy
Words
3. Choose more Concise Words
4.Use Active Voice
5. Use Diplomatic and Constructive
Terms.
Business Letter: written as professional
way of communicating for various
purposes in the workplace.
PARTS OF BUSINESS LETTER
a. Heading
b. Recipient’s Address
c. Greeting/Salutation
d. Body
e. Complimentary Close
f. Signature
g. Enclosures
PUNCTUATIONS:
: (colon) after the Salutation e.g. Dear
Ms. Pia Wurtzbach:
, (comma) after the Closing e.g.
Sincerely,
FONT: Times New Roman ; 12
FORMAT:
Block Format
Using this format, the entire letter is left
justified and single spaced except for a
double space between paragraphs.
Modified Block
Body of the letter sender and recipient’s
addresses are left justified and single-
spaced while date and closing are to the
center point.
Semi Block
Similar to modified block style except that
the body is indented and left justified
Memorandum:
From Latin term, memorare which means
it must be remembered.
Written to serve as a reminder to one’s
constituents who need to do or act upon
something.
Minutes of the Meeting
Written to document what transpired in the
meeting including the issues that may arise
and clarification on matters that have been
previously addressed in the past.
Business Proposal/Project Proposal
to attract clients or secure support from
possible investors or organization; that has
Storytelling - interactive art of using
words and actions to reveal the elements
and images of a story while encouraging
the listener’s imagination
Reading from a Manuscript
word-for-word iteration of a written
message
Memorized
rote recitation of a written message that
the speaker has committed to memory.
Extemporaneous
carefully planned and rehearsed speech,
spoken in a conversational manner using
brief notes
Impromptu
presentation of a short message without
advance preparation.
Delivering a Speech
Audience: Know the profile of your
listeners
Logistics: Know who is organizing the
Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest
assessment
Interim or progress note: refer to the
assessment reports done in order to
monitor the condition of the patient
Discharge notes: are the reports given
once medication is discontinued or the
patient is release from the hospital
Ways of Organizing Patient Notes
SOAP TECHNIQUE
Subjective (assessment given by the
family member or patient himself)
Objective (assessment seen by you or
reflected in laboratory or other medical
reports)
Assessment (diagnosis)
Plan (procedures to be done to address
the diagnosis)
Firming up it becomes clearer,
stronger, or more definite.

What
journalist?
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their
journalists
be
Working
magazine
newspaper,
outlet,
news
journalist
someone
reports
current
by
and
relevant
presenting
information
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gathering
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then
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isaon
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for
who
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iscan
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a
the three major parts: the problem event
statement, the proposed solution, in the Venue: Locate the lights if you have Communication for Journalists
costing or pricing. In executive summary visual aids, know where to put them. Journalist
highlightswhat you or the company is all Facilities: ask for the available -Working for a newspaper, magazine or
about, the services it provides, and how it equipment that you can use. news outlet;
differs from the others. Content: Know the purpose of -someone who reports on current events
presentation. by gathering relevant information and
Oral Presentation then presenting that information to the
Paralinguistics Cues: use of gestures, public.
Pecha Kucha Presentation body language, facial expression, posture,
calls for telling a story using images rather and eye movement. As aspiring Journalist, writing a lead is
than reading text from slides during a one of the skills in your toolbox. Below
PowerPoint presentation. Prosodic Features: articulation and are the tips on how to write them
pronunciation effectively:
Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides a. The Five W’s and H:
and allow only 20 seconds of commentary COMMUNICATION FOR WORK News writing strives to answer “The
per slide. That keeps a total presentation to PURPOSES Five W’s and H:” that is, Who, What,
just 6 minutes and 40 seconds. Communication for Nurse When, Where, Why and How.
Writing a Patient Note
Speech b. Keep it short: 25-40 Words
refers to an informal or formal talk given A patient note is the primary c. Keep it simple: avoid adjectives and
to an audience; allows to address a group communication tool to other clinicians adverbs
of people to express thoughts and treating the patient, and a statement of the d. Write in Active Voice
oftentimes, your opinion. quality of care. e. Structure the Lead Properly
f. Understand the Context
g. Be Honest
Types of Lead Research Research Design
a. Descriptive: theory-based, describing
Straight Lead It is the carrying out scientific method or a case or phenomenon.
Also called the “summary” lead, this is by analysis; it entails the application of b. Experimental: attempts to establish
far the most common and traditional formal, systematic, and intensive the cause-and-effect in situation and
version; it should be used in most cases. processes to yield significant information phenomenon
It is a brief summary, containing most of or data about the research questions c. Correlational: attempts to establish
the Five W’s and H in one sentence. and/or objectives relationship between two variables but
Also
Five
and
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called
Straight
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Lead H
It“summary”
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version;
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containing lead,
mostthis
beofis by
used
the closely look on the similarities and
Anecdotal Lead Types of Research associations between two variables
uses a quick, relevant story to draw in the d. Explanatory: explains researchers
reader. The anecdote must help enhance Quantitative Research: uses numerical findings to and expands the theory.
the article’s broader point, and you must data to explain researcher’s observation
explain the connection to that point in the of sample’s behavior Research Methodology:
first few sentences following the lead.
Qualitative Research –It assumes that -Experiments
Scene-Setting Lead social reality is continuously constructed -Surveys
describes the physical location where a in local situations. It makes a holistic -Interviews
story takes place. observation of the total context within -Questionnaires
which social action occurs. -Case studies
First-Person Lead -Observational trials
This lead describes the journalist’s Action Research: is before classified
personal experience with the topic. It under qualitative research because it THE BLOG
should only be used when you have a mainly used the qualitative methods and
valuable contribution and perspective techniques. However, in the current diary-like entries uploaded on the web
that help illuminate the story. literature on research, action research is that are personal accounts of a writer’s
classified under the general type which emotional experiences, reelections, and
Observational Lead means it becomes co-equal with both perspectives.
When offering an authoritative quantitative and qualitative research.
observation about a story and how it fits First used in 1990 “weblog” or
in with the larger picture, you should Research Design individualized piece of written work
make sure you know the broader context - How to approach the problem found on the web.
of your subject matter. research design also called a research
strategy, is a plan to answer a set of Subjective in nature; often compared to a
Zinger Lead questions (McCombes, 2019). It is a journal entry only that blog is uploaded
dramatic and attention-grabbing. framework that includes the methods online.
Although it has a strong tone, it requires and procedures to collect, analyze, and
a hard set of facts to back it up. interpret data. In other words, the Publicized and unlike traditional diary its
research design describes how the purpose is to communicate rather than to
Question Lead researcher will investigate the central document or express an idea.
do just that: ask a question. Although they problem of the research and is, thus part
are effective in sparking interest, use of the research proposal. ************* E N D *************
them sparingly because they generally do - Sharing with you the quotes I live by:
not provide the main points of a story as Research Methodology “Work hard in silence and LET success be
concisely. - How to implement the design your noise”
used to answer different questions,
and examples of research “Dreams delayed do not mean dreams
Whatever type of lead you use, remember questions can help guide the selection of denied”
to: appropriate methods
“Prepare for what you pray for”
1. Emphasize the most important details;
2. Be specific and concise; and Source: https://research.com/research/types-of- “REST is just as important as your
3. Use active verbs as much as possible research-
design#:~:text=Many%20people%20confuse%20research DREAMS”
%20design,in%20building%20a%20thesis%20statement. Congratulations, Teachers!
References:

Books:

Lim, Jonna Marie A., et al. A Course Module for Purposive Communication. Rex Bookstore, 2019.

Madrunio, Mariu R., and Isabel P. Martin. Purposive Communication Using English in Multilingual Context.
C&E Publishing INC, 2018.

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https://24slides.com/presentbetter/what-is-a-pecha-kucha-presentation