CHEMISTRY (REVIEWER) – Torrenueva, Carl Rove L.

CIV-238

Quantum Numbers:

Principal Quantum
n - example: Ag
EC: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 (4)d10
n=4

Angular Momuntum (l)

s=0
p=1
d=2
f=3

Ag = 4(d)10
d=2
l=2

Magnetic Quantum (ml)

s=0
p = -1, 0, 1
d = -2, -1, -0, 1, 2
f = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3

Ag = 4d(10)
ml = 2

Spin Magnetic (ms)

Ag = 4d10

d = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
II II II II II = -1/2, +1/2

ATOMS – The smallest unit of matter

MOLECULES – A group of two or more atoms
IONS – An atom or a molecule with an net electrical charge due to loss or gain of electron. Ions with positive charge are
called “cations” while negative charge are called “anions”

THEORY:
ANCIENT GREEK BELIEFS – 5th Century, B.C – Leucippus and Democritus were the first to propose that all matter is made
of tiny. Indestructible particles units called “atomos” (atoms).

DALTON’S THEORY – 1808 – matter is made of atoms, which are small indivisible particles.

THOMSON’S THEORY – 1904 – proposed the “plum pudding”. His model postulated that atoms consist of a big
positively-charged sphere studded with negatively charged electrons (“corpuscles”). We call the positive charged
particles “protons”, and the negative ones “electrons”.

RUTHERFORD’S HYPOTHESIS – 1911 – proposed a nuclear model of the atom. He also hypothesized that more neutral
particles exist. These have come to be known as neutrons.

BOHR’S THEORY – 1913 – a planetary model, in which electrons revolve about the nucleus just as the planets orbit the
sun. While the electrons are in orbit, they have what Bohr termed “constant energy”
When these particles absorb energy and transition into a higher orbit, Bohr’s theory refers to them as “excited”
electrons. When the electrons return to their original orbit, they give off this energy as electromagnetic radiation.

EINSTEIN, HEISENBERG, and QUANTUM MECHANICS – 1930s – Modern quantum theory treats them as statistical
“clouds”. Atoms become less like hard precise billiard balls and more like springy, round sponges.
QUARK THEORY – 1960 – They discovered that the protons and neutrons that made up the nucleus were in turn made
of even smaller particles. Murray Gell-Man and George Zweig called these “quarks”.

PROTON (+) – Mass = 1.0073 amu

NEUTRON (no electric charge) – Mass = 1.008665 amu
ELECTRON (-) – Mass = 0.00054858 amu

Elements – A pure substance made up of a single type of atom.

Isotope – Atoms with the same elements and same number of protons, but differ in the number of neutrons.

Atomic Number – Number of Protons

Atomic Mass – Sum of the Protons and Neutrons
EXAMPLE:

Nitrogen = 7 protons, 7 neutrons

Atomic Number = 7
Atomic Mass = 14

Dmitri Mendeleev - Father of Periodic Table

Formal Charge = VE – (unbonded e) – ½ (bonding e)

Matter – is anything that has mass and occupies space.

Pure Substance – made up of only one type of atoms or molecule.
Mixtures – made up of two or more substance physically combined.
Element – pure substance which cannot be broken down further by chemical means.
Compound – substances made up of two or more atoms or molecules chemically bonded together.
Homogeneous – Mixtures with one observable phase.
Solutions – Mixture in which one or more substance is dissolved in the other substance
Heterogeneous – Mixtures with two or more observable phases
Colloids – soluble/insoluble particles are dispersed in another substance
Suspensions- mixtures in which the solid substance/s settle out from a solvent substance.

SOLID – made up of particles arranged in relatively-ordered, three-dimensional structure.

LIQUID – made up of particles that flows freely and of constant volume.
GAS – made up of particles that flows freely and can expand or contract, with no fixed volume.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- Texture
- Appearance
- Density
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
- Color and Odor

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Flammability
- Reactivity with Other Chemicals
- Toxicity
- Heat of Combustion
- Chemical Stability
- Oxidation States

PHYSICAL CHANGES
- Melting of Ice
- Crushing a Can
- Shredding of Paper
- Boiling of Water
- Breaking of glass
- Mixing of red and green marbles

CHEMICAL CHANGES
- Baking a Cake
- Electroplating
- Rotting of Banana
- Fireworks
- Metabolism
- Rusting of Iron

Law of Conservation of Mass – states that matter cannot be created nor destroyed. MASS IN = MASS OUT

Law of Definite Proportions – states that a given chemical compound will always contain the same element in the same
exact proportions by mass

Law of Multiple Proportions – states that whenever the same two elements form more the same elements form more
one compound, the varying masses of one element that bonded with the same mass of the other element are in the
ratio of small whole numbers

NAMING COMPOUNDS
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER = 6.022 × 10²³ # of atoms/molecule

STOICHIOMETRY is derived from the two Greek words “stoikhein” (element) and “metron” (measure). Thus,
stoichiometry is the measure of elements.

MOLE is the quantity of anything that contains Avogradro’s Number = 6.022 × 10²³ atoms/ molecules/ ions/
compounds.

Conversion:

Mass to Mole: Divide by Molecular/Formula Weight

Mole to atoms

atoms = mol × 6.02214076 × 1023

Atoms to Mole

mol = atoms ÷ 6.02214076 × 1023

PERCENT COMPOSITION

Atomic mass of element X subscript / molecular/formula mass of the compound X 100

n = molecular mass/ empirical mass

percent composition = (mass of element/molecular mass) x 100

% conversion = (actual/theoretical)