Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank
Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd

Edition Krause Test Bank
To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/introduction-to-psychological-science-canadian-2n
d-edition-krause-test-bank/
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 06: Learning
Chapter 06 Chapter Quiz Questions
1. In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ becomes a(n) _____, which elicits a response.
(A) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
(B) neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
(C) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus
(D) unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
QuestionID: 06-1-01
Page-Reference: 229
Objective: Module 6.1
Answer: (A) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
2. Most mornings, Becky listens to her favourite song as she gets ready for work, including putting in her contact lenses. One
afternoon, Becky hears her favourite song playing, and her eyes start watering—something that usually only happens when she
puts in her contacts. If this is an example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
(A) eye watering
(B) Becky's contacts
(C) the song
(D) getting ready for work
QuestionID: 06-1-02
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: (B) Becky's contacts
3. Salivating in response to the specific bell that was used during training, but not to any other bells, is an example of
(A) generalization.
(B) extinction.
(C) operant conditioning.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-1-03
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (D) discrimination.
4. How would Watson have explained why many people have a phobia of flying on airplanes?
(A) Flying is unnatural for human beings.
(B) The brain has difficulty understanding how something heavy can fly.
(C) Extensive news coverage of airplane crashes cause people to associate airplanes with danger.
(D) People with a flying phobia are actually afraid of being trapped in small spaces.
QuestionID: 06-1-04
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (C) Extensive news coverage of airplane crashes cause people to associate airplanes with danger.
1
5. An important distinction between classical and operant conditioning is that
(A) classical conditioning involves voluntary responding to stimuli, while operant conditioning involves involuntary responding
to stimuli.
(B) classical conditioning involves reinforcement of behaviour, while operant conditioning involves punishment of behaviour.
(C) classical conditioning involves cognitive learning of behaviours, while operant conditioning involves associative learning of
behaviours.
(D) responding does not affect the presentation of stimuli in classical conditioning, but in operant conditioning responding has
consequences.
QuestionID: 06-1-05
Page-Reference: 245
Answer: (D) responding does not affect the presentation of stimuli in classical conditioning, but in operant conditioning
responding has consequences.
6. The word negative in the term negative reinforcement refers to

(A) the removal of a stimulus.
(B) an unwanted conditioned behaviour.
(C) the use of punishment.
(D) the use of an unpleasant stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-1-06
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (A) the removal of a stimulus.
7. A rat is conditioned to press a lever for food. One day, a food pellet jams in the automatic feeder and the rat no longer
receives food after pressing the lever. After a few minutes, the rat eventually stops pressing the lever. This is an example of
(A) negative reinforcement.
(B) extinction.
(C) classical conditioning.
(D) avoidance learning.
QuestionID: 06-1-07
Page-Reference: 251
Answer: (B) extinction.
8. All other things being equal, an animal trained on which of the following schedules of reinforcement should experience
extinction most quickly when the reinforcement is removed?
(A) fixed-interval schedule
(B) fixed-ratio schedule
(C) variable-ratio schedule
(D) variable-interval schedule
QuestionID: 06-1-08
Page-Reference: 254–255
2
Answer: (B) fixed-ratio schedule
9. Learning that occurs but is not expressed until later is called

(A) observational learning.
(B) classical conditioning.
(C) latent learning.
(D) discriminative learning.
QuestionID: 06-1-09
Answer: (C) latent learning.
10. Which of the following statements best describes our current understanding of the relationship between exposure to media
violence and future aggression?
(A) There is no relationship between media violence and aggression.
(B) Media violence clearly causes aggression.
(C) There is a positive correlation between media violence and aggression.
(D) There is a negative correlation between media violence and aggression.
QuestionID: 06-1-10
Answer: (C) There is a positive correlation between media violence and aggression.
Chapter 06 Essay Questions
1. Suppose your friend owns a camera that makes a beeping noise one second before the flash goes off. After taking your photo
many times, your friend starts to complain that you are always blinking in her photos. Explain what is likely happening using the
following terminology: conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned response (CR), and unconditioned
response (UR).
QuestionID: 06-2-01
Answer: At first, the beep is a neutral stimulus that precedes the flash, which is a US that causes the UR of blinking. After
a few trials, you learn that the beep predicts the flash and the neutral beep becomes a CS causing the CR of blinking.
When this happens, you begin to blink as soon as you hear the beep (CS), causing your eyes to be closed (CR) when the
flash goes off and the picture is taken. To summarize, the flash is the US that causes the UR of blinking. The beep
becomes the CS that causes the CR of blinking.
2. How is it possible to tell the difference between examples of classical and operant conditioning? Describe the key difference s
between the two types of learning.
QuestionID: 06-2-02
Page-Reference: 245
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.

- Classical conditioning is a form of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally
3
caused by another stimulus. It has the following properties:
* A response is not required for a reward (or unconditioned stimulus) to be presented.
* The target response is automatic.
* Behaviour tends to depend mostly on the autonomic nervous system or other reflexive systems.
- Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequence. It has the following
properties:
* Reinforcement (or punishment) is only presented if a specific response is made.
* The target response is voluntary.
* Behaviour tends to depend mostly on skeletal muscles.
3. Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats, charms, and
rituals. Using these principles, explain how an athlete might show this type of behaviour. How did Skinner demonstrate the
phenomenon of superstitious behaviour with pigeons in his laboratory?
QuestionID: 06-2-03
Answer: Athletes experience variable reinforcement when they pitch well or catch a fly ball. In cases where they are
successful, they will be looking for a reason why they were successful that time (but not other times), and will look at
things they did differently in the scenario where they found success. So, an article of clothing or a particular action that
preceded the successful, reinforcing event may be mistakenly thought to have been somehow linked to the reinforcing
event. If an athlete chooses a superstition and is successful, this just reinforces the superstition further and causes more
attachment to the item or behaviour. Skinner demonstrated superstitious behaviour with pigeons by reinforcing the
pigeons every 15 seconds, no matter what action they were doing. He noted that the pigeons tended to repeat the
behaviour they were doing right before they were last reinforced, even though it was unrelated to reinforcement.
Chapter 06 Fill-in-the-blank Questions
1. Learning that involves processes such as reading, listening, and test taking is called __________ learning.
QuestionID: 06-3-01
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Objective: Know the key terminology associated with cognitive and observational learning.
Answer: a. cognitive
2. When one of Pavlov's dogs salivated in response to the food, the salivation was a(n) __________ , but when the dogs salivated to
the sound of a metronome, the salivation should be called a(n) __________ .
QuestionID: 06-3-02
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Know the key terminology involved in classical conditioning.
Answer: a. unconditioned response/b. conditioned response
3. Repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus will eventually lead to __________ .
QuestionID: 06-3-03
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
4
Answer: a. extinction
4. John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that people suffering from __________ may have been accidentally conditioned to
have emotional responses to specific stimuli or situations.
QuestionID: 06-3-04
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. phobias
5. One reason why drug users increase their dosages over time is a classical conditioning phenomenon known as __________ ,
which involves physiological responses in preparation for drug administration.
QuestionID: 06-3-05
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. conditioned drug tolerance
6. Due to the evolutionary explanation known as __________ , humans are more likely to exhibit a fear response toward a picture of
a snake compared to a picture of a gun, even though guns kill more people than snakes.
QuestionID: 06-3-06
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the role of biological and evolutionary factors in classical conditioning.
Answer: a. preparedness
7. When researchers want to use operant conditioning to train animals to perform complicated behaviours, they must use a
step-by-step procedure called __________ .
QuestionID: 06-3-07
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Know the key terminology associated with operant conditioning.
Answer: a. shaping
8. A slot machine is a classic example of a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement because players never know how many times
they will have to pull the arm before they win again.
QuestionID: 06-3-08
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: a. variable-ratio
9. The four processes involved in __________ include attention to the act or behaviour, memory of it, the ability to reproduce it, and
the motivation to do so.
5
QuestionID: 06-3-09
Page-Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. observational learning
10. One of the primary mechanisms that allows observational learning to take place is __________ , the recreating of a motor
behaviour or expression, often to accomplish a specific goal.
QuestionID: 06-3-10
Page-Reference: 265
Skill: Factual
Answer: a. imitation
11. One of the difficulties in demonstrating that exposure to media violence increases aggression is the fact that much of the
research on media violence and aggression relies on __________ designs, which do not allow researchers to determine cause-and-
effect relationships.
QuestionID: 06-3-11
Page-Reference: 267
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Analyze the claim that viewing violent media increases violent behaviour.
Answer: a. correlational
Chapter 06 Multiple-Choice Questions
1. __________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by experience.

(A) Learning
(B) Generalization
(C) Spontaneous recovery
(D) Accommodation
QuestionID: 06-4-01
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Learning
2. Which of the following is true of learning?

(A) Learning is the process that allows a species to slowly adapt over generations.
(B) All learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge and information.
(C) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
(D) Humans are the only species known to be capable of true learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-02
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
6
Answer: (C) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
3. Typically, studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

(A) cognitive
(B) observational
(C) classical
(D) associative
QuestionID: 06-4-03
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) cognitive
4. For Kyle, the smell of freshly baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother. This is an example
of which type of learning?
(A) cognitive
(B) observational
(C) latent
(D) associative
QuestionID: 06-4-04
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) associative
5. __________ was the first scientist to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning.
(A) John Watson
(B) Ivan Pavlov
(C) B. F. Skinner
(D) Albert Bandura
QuestionID: 06-4-05
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Ivan Pavlov
6. Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

(A) classical conditioning.
(B) operant conditioning.
(C) digestive processes.
(D) latent learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-06
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
7
Answer: (C) digestive processes.
7. In the field of learning, Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

(B) latent learning.
(D) classical conditioning.
QuestionID: 06-4-07
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) classical conditioning.
8. When a neutral stimulus elicits the same response that was originally elicited by another stimulus, it is known as
(A) cognitive learning.
(D) observational learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-08
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) classical conditioning.
9. In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus

(A) will never be suitable to elicit a response.
(B) is a primary reinforcer.
(C) does not initially elicit a response.
(D) cannot be detected by the subject.
QuestionID: 06-4-09
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) does not initially elicit a response.
10. Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

(A) blinking
(B) pain
(C) salivation
(D) fear
QuestionID: 06-4-10
Skill: Conceptual
8
Answer: (B) pain
11. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

(A) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
(B) the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
(C) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
(D) the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-11
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
12. Each time Amelia feeds her pet parrot Pete, she walks into the room and says, "Good morning, Pete!" She now notices that
as soon as Pete hears her say "Good morning!" he starts fluttering around his cage in excitement. In this example, the food is
the
(A) conditioned stimulus.
(B) unconditioned response.
(C) conditioned response.
(D) unconditioned stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-4-12
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) unconditioned stimulus.
13. Every week, Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water.
One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade
notices that her mouth starts to salivate. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the
(A) little white bag.
(B) walk to the store.
(C) salivation.
(D) sour lemon gummy candy.
QuestionID: 06-4-13
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply the concepts and terms of classical conditioning to new examples.
Answer: (D) sour lemon gummy candy.
14. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

(A) blinking when air is blown into your eye
(B) blinking when you hear your favourite song
(C) your favourite song
(D) a puff of air to your eye
9
QuestionID: 06-4-14
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) a puff of air to your eye
15. When Asha kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Asha always wore vanilla-scented perfume. Whenever Laura smelled
vanilla, her heart raced. Asha's kiss, in this example, was the
(A) unconditioned stimulus.
(C) conditioned stimulus.
(D) conditioned response.
QuestionID: 06-4-15
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) unconditioned stimulus.
16. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to
the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, __________ is the unconditioned stimu lus (US).
(A) Alan
(B) the opening of the tank
(C) the fish food
(D) the aquarium light
QuestionID: 06-4-16
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) the fish food
17. Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n)
(A) conditioned response.
(B) conditioned reflex.
(C) unconditioned response.
(D) neutral response.
QuestionID: 06-4-17
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) unconditioned response.
18. Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air are both examples of
(A) unconditioned stimuli.
(B) conditioned responses.
(C) conditioned stimuli.
(D) unconditioned responses.
10
QuestionID: 06-4-18
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) unconditioned responses.
19. An experimenter finds that a male chimpanzee always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a female
chimpanzee. The experimenter starts to present a buzzer just before presenting the picture of the female chimp. The
experimenter repeats this procedure until the male chimp responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer
alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response (UR) is the
(A) increased heartbeat.
(B) female's picture.
(C) sound of the buzzer.
(D) experimenter.
QuestionID: 06-4-19
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) increased heartbeat.
20. The association between the___________ is, by definition, unlearned (i.e., doesn't require prior learning).
(A) CS and CR
(B) US and CR
(C) CS and UR
(D) US and UR
QuestionID: 06-4-20
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) US and UR
21. Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous
thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha
jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example, the unconditioned
stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.
(A) thunder; lightning
(B) jumping; lightning
(C) lightning; thunder
(D) thunder; jumping
QuestionID: 06-4-21
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) thunder; lightning
11
22. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the _____ is the one the organism learns to respond to.
(A) US
(B) UR
(C) CS
(D) CR
QuestionID: 06-4-22
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) CS
23. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was

(A) salivation.
(B) food.
(C) sound.
(D) biting.
QuestionID: 06-4-23
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) salivation.
24. Each time Tamara's cat jumps on the kitchen counter, she sprays him with a water gun. Eventually, Tamara only has to grab
the water gun and her cat will jump down from the counter. In this example, jumping off the counter is the
QuestionID: 06-4-24
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) conditioned response.
25. Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?
(A) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
(B) The conditioned response is an instinctual behaviour.
(C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
(D) The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.
QuestionID: 06-4-25
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Understand how responses learned through classical conditioning can be acquired and lost.
Answer: (C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
12
26. For several weeks, Matt had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always made h im
nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming
slightly queasy. For Matt, the door to the men's room has become a(n)
(D) conditioned stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-4-26
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) conditioned stimulus.
27. How would you know if your attempts at classical conditioning have been successful?
(A) The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the unconditioned response.
(B) The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
(C) The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
(D) The presentation of the unconditioned response alone, elicits the conditioned response.
QuestionID: 06-4-27
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
28. The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as
(A) generalization.
(B) acquisition.
(C) spontaneous recovery.
(D) extinction.
QuestionID: 06-4-28
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) acquisition.
29. ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no
longer occur together.
(A) Generalization
(B) Forgetting
(C) Reverse conditioning
(D) Extinction
QuestionID: 06-4-29
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
13
Answer: (D) Extinction
30. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________.
(A) CS; US
(B) CS; CR
(C) US; CR
(D) US; UR
QuestionID: 06-4-30
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) CS; CR
31. Tarik trained his pet turtle to snap his mouth in response to the command "snap!" by saying the word just before giving his
turtle a treat. However, after saying "snap!" multiple times while showing off his turtle's new trick to all his friends and not
giving him a treat, Tarik has noticed the turtle has stopped snapping. This change in behaviour is likely explained by
(A) extinction.
(B) spontaneous recovery.
(C) discrimination.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-31
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) extinction.
32. Extinction is believed to be a form of

(A) learning.
(B) forgetting.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-32
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) learning.
33. Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting?
(A) conditioned emotional responding
(B) spontaneous recovery
(C) discrimination
(D) generalization
QuestionID: 06-4-33
Skill: Conceptual
14
Answer: (B) spontaneous recovery
34. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called
(A) generalization.
(B) reacquisition.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-34
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) spontaneous recovery.
35. Alyssa is participating in an experiment. The researcher plays a sound and then applies a puff of air to Alyssa's eye.
Eventually, Alyssa blinks when she hears the sound, before the puff of air is delivered. After a number of trials of the resea rcher
presenting just the sound, Alyssa stops blinking. However, when Alyssa visits the lab the following week, the researcher plays
the sound and Alyssa blinks. Alyssa's blinking in response to the sound on her return visit, is an example of
(A) extinction.
(B) discrimination.
(C) generalization.
(D) spontaneous recovery.
QuestionID: 06-4-35
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) spontaneous recovery.
36. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear
gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the
river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had
been as a child. Blaine's fear response to the geese in the park is an example of
(A) stimulus discrimination.
(B) stimulus generalization.
(C) extinction.
QuestionID: 06-4-36
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
37. You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the
ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning,
when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
15
(A) latent learning
(C) extinction
(D) stimulus generalization
QuestionID: 06-4-37
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
38. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called
(A) generalization.
(B) adaptation.
(C) discrimination.
(D) acquisition.
QuestionID: 06-4-38
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) generalization.
39. Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day, a slightly different
song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters. Ken's behaviour illustrates
(A) generalization.
(B) assimilation.
(C) recovery.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-39
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
40. Little Albert's fear of white rabbits and a Santa Claus mask is an example of
(A) discrimination.
(B) extinction.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-40
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) generalization.
41. You classically condition your dog Nancy to salivate when middle C is played on the piano, but you find that she also
16
salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of playing high G and not giving Nancy any food afterward, whereas you do
give her food after you play middle C. After a few days, Nancy stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate
to middle C. This phenomenon is known as
(A) generalization.
(B) discrimination.
(C) acquisition.
QuestionID: 06-4-41
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) discrimination.
42. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a pharmacist in a white coat
that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of
(A) latent learning.
(B) observational learning.
(C) a conditioned emotional response.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-42
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) a conditioned emotional response.
43. Which of the following concepts was established through the experiment with Little Albert?
(A) For successful conditioning to occur, the presentation of the CS must precede the presentation of the US.
(B) Shaping is a useful technique for training animals to complete complex tricks.
(C) Humans are predisposed to fear some stimuli (e.g., snakes) more than other stimuli (e.g., guns), regardless of the level of
threat they pose.
(D) Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.
QuestionID: 06-4-43
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.
44. Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats, but when a white rat and a loud noise were presented together, Albert learned to
fear rats. In this famous example, the rat was the
(A) CS.
(B) US.
(C) CR.
(D) UR.
QuestionID: 06-4-44
Page-Reference: 231 and 235
17
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) CS.
45. Temi has developed a fear of bridges due to a recent, graphic news story about people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which
of the following is the CS in this example?
(A) bridges
(B) graphic news coverage
(C) people falling
(D) collapsed bridges
QuestionID: 06-4-45
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) bridges
46. The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Little Albert provide a possible explanation for the development
of
(A) depression.
(B) anxiety.
(C) phobias.
(D) psychopathy.
QuestionID: 06-4-46
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) phobias.
47. People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to

(A) associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.
(B) extinguish responding after the removal of the US.
(C) associate tastes with illness.
(D) blink to a tone which precedes a puff of air to the eye.
QuestionID: 06-4-47
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.
48. Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to
fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?
(A) instinctive drift
(B) conditioned emotional response
(C) emotional aversions
(D) preparedness
18
QuestionID: 06-4-48
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) preparedness
49. According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most effective CS in a fear conditioning
experiment?
(A) gun
(B) spider
(C) flower
(D) airplane
QuestionID: 06-4-49
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) spider
50. Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, and he now finds the very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive.
Walter has experienced
(A) discrimination.
(B) conditioned taste aversion.
(C) generalization.
(D) negative reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-4-50
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) conditioned taste aversion.
51. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?

(A) classical conditioning
(B) insight learning
(C) vicarious learning
(D) operant conditioning
QuestionID: 06-4-51
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) classical conditioning
52. People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type of stimuli?
(A) lights
(B) tastes
(C) sights
19
(D) sounds
QuestionID: 06-4-52
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) tastes
53. Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT like other forms of classical
conditioning?
(A) Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS.
(B) Conditioned taste aversions only last one or two days.
(C) The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
(D) The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.
QuestionID: 06-4-53
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
54. Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?
(A) stimulus discrimination
(C) conditioned taste aversion
QuestionID: 06-4-54
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) conditioned taste aversion
55. Grayson eats the same bologna sandwich every day for lunch. One day, Grayson gets very ill just after eating the bologna
sandwich. Surprisingly, following the recovery from the illness, Grayson is still happy eating bologna sandwiches and continues
to have them every day for lunch. Grayson's continued enjoyment of bologna is likely due to
(B) latent inhibition.
(C) conditioned taste aversion.
(D) stimulus discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-55
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) latent inhibition.
56. Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical conditioning to the marketing of a product?
(A) The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people.
20
(B) A commercial shows individuals modelling the correct use of the product.
(C) Customers are rewarded with a free product for every five they purchase.
(D) Advertisers include the name of the product multiple times throughout the ad.
QuestionID: 06-4-56
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people.
57. During campaigning, a Conservative candidate airs ads that show her Liberal opponent making a "smug" facial expression. It
is her hope that voters will see these ads and associate the negative feeling of being judged with her Liberal opponent (and
thus, vote for the Conservative). In this example, the unconditioned response would be
(A) the "smug" image of the Liberal candidate.
(B) the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
(C) the viewer's decision not to vote for the Liberal candidate.
(D) the Conservative candidate's decision to air the ad.
QuestionID: 06-4-57
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Analyze the use of negative political advertising to conditioned emotional responses to candidates.
Answer: (B) the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
58. Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin at a place other than their usual location?
(A) Heroin users tend to inject a larger dose in new locations because they get excited.
(B) Heroin users tend to employ 'safer' practices when using in their usual location.
(C) Heroin users find drug use more thrilling and, thus, more rewarding in new locations.
(D) Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.
QuestionID: 06-4-58
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.
59. Larry has been using heroin for several years and knows the exact amount needed for his desired 'high.' Normally, Larry
injects the heroin in his basement, but while on vacation he injects the drug in a hotel. Although Larry used the same amount of
heroin that he always does, he overdoses and dies. What phenomenon is likely responsible for this outcome?
(A) spontaneous recovery
(B) stimulus discrimination
(C) conditioned emotional response
(D) conditioned drug tolerance
QuestionID: 06-4-59
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) conditioned drug tolerance
21
60. In which type of learning is an organism's behaviour influenced by the consequences of that behaviour?
(B) latent learning
(C) operant conditioning
(D) consequential learning
QuestionID: 06-4-60
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) operant conditioning
61. The term operant refers to the fact that, in operant conditioning,
(A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
(B) reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behaviour.
(C) the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR.
(D) the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behaviour.
QuestionID: 06-4-61
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
62. In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________, but in operant conditioning, they are
__________________.
(A) punished; reinforced
(B) reinforced; punished
(C) reflexive; voluntary
(D) voluntary; reflexive
QuestionID: 06-4-62
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) reflexive; voluntary
63. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is

(A) never presented (only punishment is involved).
(B) always presented, regardless of the organism's behaviour.
(C) presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
(D) presented in order to elicit an organism's behaviour.
QuestionID: 06-4-63
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
22
64. The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a response is called
(A) punishment
(B) latent learning
(C) acquisition
(D) reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-64
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) reinforcement
65. The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

(A) a response will increase if followed by a reward.
(B) a consequence depends on an action.
(C) punishment is more effective at shaping behaviour than reinforcement.
(D) reinforcement is more effective at shaping behaviour than punishment.
QuestionID: 06-4-65
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) a consequence depends on an action.
66. Thorndike was known for his work with

(A) puzzle boxes.
(C) salivation in dogs.
(D) Skinner boxes.
QuestionID: 06-4-66
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) puzzle boxes.
67. Thorndike was a pioneer in the field of ___________research.

(A) operant conditioning
(B) classical conditioning
(C) shaping
(D) higher-order conditioning
QuestionID: 06-4-67
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) operant conditioning
23
68. ___________ is responsible for much of our understanding of the relationship between reinforcement and behaviour.
(A) John Watson
(B) Ivan Pavlov
(C) B. F. Skinner
(D) John Garcia
QuestionID: 06-4-68
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) B. F. Skinner
69. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving

QuestionID: 06-4-69
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) operant conditioning.
70. A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour, whereas a punisher is a consequence that
____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.
(A) increases; increases
(B) decreases; decreases
(C) decreases; increases
(D) increases; decreases
QuestionID: 06-4-70
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the role that consequences play in increasing or decreasing behaviour.
Answer: (D) increases; decreases
71. A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behaviour that ___________ the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
(A) before; decreases
(B) before; increases
(C) after; decreases
(D) after; increases
QuestionID: 06-4-71
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) after; decreases
24
72. Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.
(A) removed; increases
(B) removed; decreases
(C) presented; increases
(D) presented; decreases
QuestionID: 06-4-72
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) removed; increases
73. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

(A) Giving children candy for completing their homework.
(B) Removing a child's chores when they complete their homework.
(C) Ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class.
(D) Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules.
QuestionID: 06-4-73
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) Giving children candy for completing their homework.
74. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the
dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
(A) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.
(B) Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
(C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
(D) Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer.
QuestionID: 06-4-74
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply your knowledge of operant conditioning to examples.
Answer: (C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
75. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

(A) A student is sent to detention for fighting.
(B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
(C) A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
(D) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.
QuestionID: 06-4-75
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
25
76. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behaviour is an example of
(B) negative punishment.
(C) positive reinforcement.
(D) positive punishment.
QuestionID: 06-4-76
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) negative reinforcement.
77. Checking the outside temperature and putting on a warm coat before leaving the house is an example of
(A) negative punishment.
(B) avoidance learning.
(C) escape learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-77
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) avoidance learning.
78. Leaving the market on Saturday morning because you don't like how overcrowded it is this weekend is an example of
QuestionID: 06-4-78
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) escape learning.
79. Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Her
son screams, demanding that Kathy buy him treats. Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream.
Finally, Kathy yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are
illustrated in this story?
(A) Kathy is using negative reinforcement to increase her son's screaming.
(B) Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of
screaming.
(C) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-
interval schedule of reinforcement.
(D) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a fixed-ratio
schedule of reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-4-79
26
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the
cessation of screaming.
80. Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
(A) positive punishment.
(C) negative reinforcement.
(D) vicarious punishment.
QuestionID: 06-4-80
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) positive punishment.
81. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?
(A) negative punishment
(B) negative reinforcement
(C) positive reinforcement
(D) continuous reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-81
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) negative punishment
82. When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of a response, it is known as
QuestionID: 06-4-82
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) negative punishment.
83. Swatting a dog with a newspaper when it urinates on the floor, in an attempt to teach the dog not to urinate on the floor, is
an example of
(B) negative punishment
27
QuestionID: 06-4-83
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
84. An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First, the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a
chair. Next, the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally, the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high -five." In this
example, the lion is being trained by
(B) generalization.
(C) punishment.
(D) shaping.
QuestionID: 06-4-84
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) shaping.
85. ______________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
(A) Shaping
(B) Positive punishment
(C) Primary reinforcement
(D) Discrimination
QuestionID: 06-4-85
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Shaping
86. A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic motivational need to survive (e.g., hunger, thirst).
(A) primary
(B) negative
(C) token
(D) secondary
QuestionID: 06-4-86
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) primary
87. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
(A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
(B) Money; receiving an A+
(C) Water; pain
(D) Pain; cupcake
28
QuestionID: 06-4-87
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
88. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

(A) water
(B) food
(C) pain
(D) money
QuestionID: 06-4-88
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) money
89. The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be related to the activity of which brain
structure?
(A) hippocampus
(B) nucleus accumbens
(C) amygdala
(D) thalamus
QuestionID: 06-4-89
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) nucleus accumbens
90. A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on. In t his
scenario, the red light is acting as a
(A) discriminative stimulus.
(B) reinforce.
(C) conditioned stimulus (CS).
(D) punisher.
QuestionID: 06-4-90
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) discriminative stimulus.
91. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disc. It will not peck at another disc that is identical in shape and size but a different
colour. This illustrates the concept of
(A) extinction.
(B) discrimination.
29
(C) avoidance training.
(D) desensitization.
QuestionID: 06-4-91
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
92. Your dog, Zeus, learns to roll over every time you blow a whistle. One day, you take Zeus to a soccer match and he rolls
over every time the referee blows the whistle. This illustrates the concept of
(A) spontaneous recovery.
(B) discrimination.
(C) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-92
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) generalization.
93. Lim has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day, Lim
starts whining in the toy store because he wants an action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whini ng.
What process is likely to happen as a result?
(A) generalization
(B) extinction
(C) spontaneous recovery
(D) negative reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-93
Page-Reference: 251
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) extinction
94. Extinction in operant conditioning involves

(B) positive reinforcement.
(C) punishment.
(D) withholding reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-4-94
Page-Reference: 251
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) withholding reinforcement.
95. A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment—for every 10 word problems
30
she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of rei nforcement.
(A) negative; fixed-ratio
(B) positive; variable-ratio
(C) negative; variable-ratio
(D) positive; fixed-interval
QuestionID: 06-4-95
Page-Reference: 247, 253
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) negative; fixed-ratio
96. Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is
being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
(A) continuous
(B) partial
(C) fixed-ratio
(D) fixed-interval
QuestionID: 06-4-96
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) partial
97. What kind of reinforcement is used if Munirah's parents give her $10 every time she receives six A's on her report card?
(A) fixed-interval
(B) variable-ratio
(C) continuous reinforcement
(D) fixed-ratio
QuestionID: 06-4-97
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) fixed-ratio
98. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement

(A) on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed.
(B) on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
(C) after a specific number of responses have been completed.
(D) after a varied number of responses have been completed.
QuestionID: 06-4-98
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) after a specific number of responses have been completed.
31
99. When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
(A) ratio
(B) interval
(C) conditioned
(D) primary
QuestionID: 06-4-99
Page-Reference: 253
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) ratio
100. The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently. Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting
in two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is
being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.
(A) fixed-ratio
(B) fixed-interval
(C) variable-ratio
(D) variable-interval
QuestionID: 06-4-100
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) variable-ratio
101. Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day. She realizes that because emails are sent on a
________________ schedule, checking her email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day.
Furthermore, she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her, but if an email has been sent to her, she will
receive it the next time she checks.
(A) fixed-ratio
(B) fixed-interval
(C) variable-ratio
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) variable-interval
102. Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

(A) partial
(B) negative
(C) delayed
(D) continuous
Page-Reference: 255
32
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand how schedules of reinforcement affect behaviour.
Answer: (A) partial
103. Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?
(A) Both partial and continuous reinforcement lead to behaviours that tend to extinguish quickly.
(B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial
reinforcement.
(C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous
reinforcement.
(D) Both continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for extremely long periods of
time.
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous
reinforcement.
104. Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

(A) Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules.
(B) Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
(C) Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules.
(D) All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
105. B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time, most of the
pigeons were practising some sort of consistent behaviour, even though the behaviour did not have any effect on the delivery of
the reinforcer. The birds were
(A) demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
(B) developing phobias.
(C) demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
(D) behaving superstitiously.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) behaving superstitiously.
106. Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

(A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behaviour.
(B) There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health and it can be used frequently.
33
(C) Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviours.
(D) Corporal punishment is illegal in Canada.
Page-Reference: 257
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the effectiveness of punishment on changing behaviour.
Answer: (A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behaviour.
107. The concept of latent learning was developed by

(A) Watson.
(B) Skinner.
(C) Tolman.
(D) Thorndike.
Page-Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
Objective: Understand the concept of latent learning and its relevance to cognitive aspects of learning.
Answer: (C) Tolman.
108. Learning that is not directly observable is called

(A) latent inhibition.
(B) innate learning.
(C) social learning.
Page-Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) latent learning.
109. Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

(A) reinforcement
(B) associations
(C) cognitive processes
(D) punishment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) cognitive processes
110. Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?
(A) Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
(B) Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
(C) Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
34
(D) Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following the desired behaviour.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
111. Sarah has just received her driver's licence and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school
before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
(A) latent learning
(D) classical and operant conditioning
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) latent learning
112. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One
day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she
says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you quickly
find and use the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of
(A) stimulus-response theory.
(B) the formation of a cognitive map.
(C) observational learning.
(D) social reinforcement.
Page-Reference: 262
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) the formation of a cognitive map.
113. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviours?
(C) latent learning
(D) observational learning
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) observational learning
114. After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behaviour through
35
(D) stimulus generalization.
Skill: Applied
Objective: Apply principles of observational learning outside of the laboratory.
Answer: (B) observational learning.
115. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

(A) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is approaching, so he cancels his trip.
(B) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to
solve.
(C) Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
(D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly
improved.
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is
greatly improved.
116. John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behaviour
is reflective of ________ learning.
(A) observational
(B) conditional
(C) operant
(D) conformist
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) observational
117. In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by
(A) observing where humans place poison rat traps.
(B) feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result.
(C) smelling the breath of other rats.
(D) associating certain tastes with illness.
Page-Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
36
Answer: (C) smelling the breath of other rats.
118. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?
(A) memory
(B) attention
(C) motivation
(D) threat of danger
Page-Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) threat of danger
119. According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?
(A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others through
imitation.
(B) Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and imitation.
(C) Several animals can imitate behaviours demonstrated by humans, but they cannot learn new behaviours from members of
their own species.
(D) Only primates, the closest relative to humans, are capable of teaching.
Page-Reference: 265
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others
through imitation.
120. Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo"" doll study?
(A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
(B) Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children.
(C) Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children.
(D) Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
121. According to research presented in the textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Playing violent video games increases a person's sensitivity to others' suffering.
(B) Gamers who play violent video games are less likely to behave aggressively if they can personalize their game character.
(C) Gamers from Eastern cultures are less likely than gamers from Western cultures to display game-induced aggression.
(D) Male and female gamers have an equal likelihood of developing aggression by playing video games.
Page-Reference: 266
Skill: Factual
37
Answer: (D) Male and female gamers have an equal likelihood of developing aggression by playing video games.
122. Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression?
(A) Watching media violence definitely causes children to become more aggressive.
(B) Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship.
(C) Media violence and aggression are unrelated.
(D) Having an aggressive temperament actually causes children to watch more violent media.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-
effect relationship.
Chapter 06 Supplementary Questions
1. The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour is
known as
(A) learning.
(B) intelligence formation.
(C) imprinting.
(D) cognition.
QuestionID: 06-5-01
Page-Reference: 229
2. Learning is a process by which experience results in

(A) acquisition of motivation.
(B) relatively permanent change in behaviour.
(C) amplification of sensory stimuli.
(D) delayed genetic behavioural contributions.
QuestionID: 06-5-02
Page-Reference: 229
Answer: (B) relatively permanent change in behaviour.
3. We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.

(A) B. F. Skinner
(B) Robert Rescorla
(C) Albert Bandura
(D) Ivan Pavlov
QuestionID: 06-5-03
Page-Reference: 229
38
Answer: (D) Ivan Pavlov
4. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even w hen
no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the
QuestionID: 06-5-04
Page-Reference: 230
5. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,
but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been
exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a
match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?
(A) the person lighting the firecrackers
(B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
(C) the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
(D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
QuestionID: 06-5-05
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: (B) the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
match! What is the unconditioned response?
QuestionID: 06-5-06
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: (D) the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
7. In classical conditioning, the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the
(B) reflexive stimulus.
(C) unconditioned stimulus.
(D) orienting stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-5-07
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: (C) unconditioned stimulus.
39
8. Which scenario would result in the fastest acquisition of a classically conditioned response?
(A) Hugh repeatedly rings a bell after he gives his dog a bone, over multiple trials.
(B) Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later, over multiple trials.
(C) Hugh makes his dog "play dead" and then gives him a treat if he has performed the behaviour.
(D) Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning, and when they pop out of the toaster, he throws one of the pieces of
toast to his dog.
QuestionID: 06-5-08
Answer: (D) Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning, and when they pop out of the toaster, he throws one of the
pieces of toast to his dog.
9. What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

(A) unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
(B) conditioned response and unconditioned response
(C) neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
(D) neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus
QuestionID: 06-5-09
Answer: (C) neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
10. When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
(A) UR, US
(B) US, UR
(C) CS, CR
(D) CR, CS
QuestionID: 06-5-10
Answer: (B) US, UR
11. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

(A) A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
(B) A pigeon learns to peck at a disc in a Skinner box to get food.
(C) Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine, she got a free soft drink, so now he
bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
(D) A monkey learns to escape from a cage.
QuestionID: 06-5-11
Answer: (A) A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to
the eye.
12. Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating
that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is
(A) the act of eating breakfast.
40
(B) the act of eating lunch.
(C) the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
(D) the watching of the hands of the clock.
QuestionID: 06-5-12
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (B) the act of eating lunch.
13. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even
when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the
QuestionID: 06-5-13
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (C) conditioned stimulus.
14. Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel
knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the
(A) cat food.
(B) cat.
(C) running of the cats.
(D) cupboard door opening.
QuestionID: 06-5-14
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (D) cupboard door opening.
match! What is the conditioned stimulus?
QuestionID: 06-5-15
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (A) the person lighting the firecrackers
16. As she walked through her neighbourhood, Jodie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked
to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cr y.
Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size. Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the
(A) US.
(B) CS.
41
(C) UR.
(D) CR.
QuestionID: 06-5-16
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (D) CR.
to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry.
Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size. The sight of dogs is the
(A) US.
(B) CS.
(C) UR.
(D) CR.
QuestionID: 06-5-17
Page-Reference: 231
Answer: (B) CS.
18. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?

(A) Most cases of classical conditioning require repeated trials.
(B) One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.
(C) Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.
(D) Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.
QuestionID: 06-5-18
Answer: (A) Most cases of classical conditioning require repeated trials.
19. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was
(A) the experimenter.
(B) the laboratory.
(C) the loud noise.
(D) the rat.
QuestionID: 06-5-19
Page-Reference: 232
Answer: (C) the loud noise.
20. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was
(A) the rat.
(B) the laboratory.
(C) the loud noise.
(D) fear.
QuestionID: 06-5-20
Page-Reference: 232
42
Answer: (D) fear.
21. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was
(A) fear of the loud noise.
(B) fear of the rat.
(C) fear of the experimenter.
(D) fear of the laboratory.
QuestionID: 06-5-21
Page-Reference: 232
Answer: (A) fear of the loud noise.
22. One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study, conducted by
(A) Pavlov.
(B) Freud.
(C) Watson.
(D) Skinner.
QuestionID: 06-5-22
Page-Reference: 232
Answer: (C) Watson.
23. A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the
tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
(A) present the tone alone repeatedly
(B) present the puff of air alone repeatedly
(C) increase the loudness of the tone
(D) increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye
QuestionID: 06-5-23
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: (A) present the tone alone repeatedly
24. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in

(A) extinction.
(C) stimulus discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-5-24
Page-Reference: 233
25. Spontaneous recovery

(A) occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
(B) occurs after a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
(C) is an unlearned response.
(D) can occur once a response has been extinguished.
43
QuestionID: 06-5-25
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: (D) can occur once a response has been extinguished.
26. If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to
produce any food, then _______ will occur.
(A) shaping
(B) discrimination
(C) generalization
(D) extinction
QuestionID: 06-5-26
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: (D) extinction
27. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the
unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .
(A) extinction
(B) generalization
(D) shaping
QuestionID: 06-5-27
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: (A) extinction
28. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .
(A) extinction
(B) inhibition
(C) stimulus generalization
(D) discrimination
QuestionID: 06-5-28
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (D) discrimination
29. Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?

(A) acquisition and generalization
(B) discrimination and extinction
(C) discrimination and generalization
(D) acquisition and discrimination
QuestionID: 06-5-29
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (C) discrimination and generalization
44
30. If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting
(A) generalization.
(B) discrimination.
(C) higher-order conditioning.
(D) extinction.
QuestionID: 06-5-30
Page-Reference: 234
31. Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the
phobia was originally acquired?
(A) discrimination
(B) extinction
(C) generalization
(D) spontaneous recovery
QuestionID: 06-5-31
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (C) generalization
32. A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However, it has now
become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is
an example of
(A) associative linkage.
(B) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-5-32
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (B) generalization.
to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cr y.
Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size. This illustrates which of the following?
(A) generalization
(B) discrimination
(C) extinction
(D) spontaneous recovery
QuestionID: 06-5-33
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (A) generalization
34. Stimulus discrimination

(A) is a response followed by a reinforcer.
(B) occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS.
45
(C) is the removal of a stimulus.
(D) occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others.
QuestionID: 06-5-34
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: (D) occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli, but not to others.
35. This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class. You know nothing about her tests, and she has never
done anything harmful to you or anyone else. Nonetheless, you are anxious about the test. Your anxiety in this situation is an
example of
(A) generalization.
(B) discrimination.
(C) backward conditioning.
(D) none of the above.
Difficulty:
QuestionID: 06-5-35
Page-Reference: 234
Skill:
Objective:
36. Corky's mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is known
as
(A) extinction.
(B) discrimination.
(C) generalization.
(D) intelligence.
QuestionID: 06-5-36
Page-Reference: 234
37. Which scenario is an example of classical conditioning?

(A) training a rat to run a maze by rewarding it with food once it reaches the end
(B) ignoring a patient who fakes anxiety attacks because the attacks normally result in attention from staff
(C) teaching a child to do her chores by giving her a cookie when she has completed them
(D) helping a patient's phobia of spiders by exposing him to the dangerous stimuli when he's in a relaxed state
QuestionID: 06-5-37
Page-Reference: 235
Answer: (D) helping a patient's phobia of spiders by exposing him to the dangerous stimuli when he's in a relaxed state
38. Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later, he
sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this
episode?
(B) cognitive learning
46
(C) latent learning
(D) classical conditioning
QuestionID: 06-5-38
Page-Reference: 237
Answer: (D) classical conditioning

QuestionID: 06-5-39
Page-Reference: 237
40. Operant conditioning assumes that

(A) events that follow behaviour affect whether the behaviour is repeated in the future.
(B) one's mental processes (e.g., memory and perception) mediate what behaviours one does in a situation.
(C) voluntary behaviours are reflexive.
(D) one learns by watching others' behaviour.
QuestionID: 06-5-40
Page-Reference: 245
Answer: (A) events that follow behaviour affect whether the behaviour is repeated in the future.
41. Anything that follows a response, making that response more likely to recur, is
(A) an antecedent.
(B) an enhancement.
(C) reinforcement.
(D) consequence.
QuestionID: 06-5-41
Answer: (C) reinforcement.
42. Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was

(A) a wire monkey.
(B) a cognitive map.
(C) a puzzle box.
(D) a buzzer.
QuestionID: 06-5-42
Page-Reference: 246
Answer: (C) a puzzle box.
47
43. A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways—with his paws and with his teeth. The last method worked
and the first did not; hence, the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut. This observation
illustrates the
(A) the discrimination principle.
(B) the law of practice.
(C) the law of effect.
(D) the Premack principle.
QuestionID: 06-5-43
Page-Reference: 246
Answer: (C) the law of effect.
44. The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the
(A) Rubik's cube.
(B) Skinner box.
(C) Pavlov bell.
(D) Thorndike puzzle.
QuestionID: 06-5-44
Page-Reference: 246
Answer: (B) Skinner box.
45. What did Thorndike's research with cats lead him to conclude?
(A) Cats learn by insight and can grasp the nature of a problem.
(B) All animals are capable of experiencing an "aha reaction" when they solve a problem and respond correctly after that
point.
(C) All learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error.
(D) Learning that is strongly reinforced occurs faster and is less subject to extinction.
QuestionID: 06-5-45
Page-Reference: 246
Answer: (C) All learning, in animals and humans, occurs by trial and error.
46. An example of a behaviour that is learned through operant conditioning is

(A) blinking in response to a flash of light.
(B) studying in order to get a teacher's approval.
(C) sneezing in response to dust.
(D) pulling one's hand away from a flame.
QuestionID: 06-5-46
Answer: (B) studying in order to get a teacher's approval.
47. The Canada Revenue Agency threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is
withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of _______ to control
behaviour.
(A) positive reinforcement
48
(C) positive punishment
(D) negative punishment
QuestionID: 06-5-47
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (B) negative reinforcement
48. A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of __________
reinforcement.
(A) positive
(B) extrinsic
(C) higher-order
(D) secondary
QuestionID: 06-5-48
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (A) positive
49. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
(A) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
(C) punishment
(D) positive reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-5-49
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (C) punishment
50. Positive reinforcement takes place when a stimulus is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
(A) removed; decreases
(B) presented; increases
(C) presented; decreases
(D) removed; increases
QuestionID: 06-5-50
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (B) presented; increases
51. Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of

(B) aversive conditioning.
(C) punishment.
(D) positive reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-5-51
Page-Reference: 247
49
52. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer.
(A) positive
(B) additive
(C) primary
(D) secondary
QuestionID: 06-5-52
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (A) positive
53. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behaviour, the behaviour is likely to __________ .
(A) occur less frequently
(B) occur more frequently
(C) occur at the same rate
(D) completely stop
QuestionID: 06-5-53
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (B) occur more frequently
54. Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When she discovers his
first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A's, Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant
task of finishing the dishes. Which operant process does the example illustrate?
(A) positive reinforcement
(C) extinction
(D) punishment
QuestionID: 06-5-54
Page-Reference: 247
55. Wearing sunglasses all the time because people tell you they make you look "irresistible" is an example of which of the
types of punishment or reinforcement?
(A) aversive punishment
(D) response cost
QuestionID: 06-5-55
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (C) positive reinforcement
56. Negative reinforcement is best thought of as

(A) reinforcement for an undesirable activity.
(B) punishment.
(C) something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so.
50
(D) stimuli whose termination or removal increases behaviour.
QuestionID: 06-5-56
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (D) stimuli whose termination or removal increases behaviour.
57. Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment or reinforcement?
(D) response cost
QuestionID: 06-5-57
Page-Reference: 247
58. To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of
which type of punishment or reinforcement?
(D) response cost
QuestionID: 06-5-58
Page-Reference: 247
59. Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of
(A) aversive punishment.
(B) negative reinforcement.
(D) response cost.
QuestionID: 06-5-59
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (B) negative reinforcement.
60. Which of the following statements about positive reinforcement is accurate?

(A) It is used in negative reinforcement.
(B) It weakens the behaviours that it follows.
(C) It strengthens the behaviours that it follows.
(D) It strengthens the behaviours that lead to its removal.
QuestionID: 06-5-60
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (C) It strengthens the behaviours that it follows.
51
61. Mom and Dad think it is really funny and laugh when their 2-year-old, Bruce, says dirty words. When Bruce is sent home
from kindergarten because of swearing, they don't understand why he cusses. Now when he cusses at home, they ignore the
cussing. (They don't think it's cute anymore.) Laughing, in this example, is
(A) positive reinforcement.
(B) a negative reinforcer.
(C) a primary reinforcer.
(D) a neutral stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-5-61
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (A) positive reinforcement.
62. Which of the following is NOT negative reinforcement?

(A) turning off an electric shock
(B) giving a spanking
(C) removing a noxious odour
(D) silencing a banging door
QuestionID: 06-5-62
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (B) giving a spanking
63. The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child goes off the deep end, one
or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish;
they even seem to increase. We may assume that his parents' fussing over him serves as
(B) punisher.
(D) model.
QuestionID: 06-5-63
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (C) positive reinforcement.
64. Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that

(A) a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner.
(B) it results in the removal of the behaviour.
(C) the behaviour results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
(D) the behaviour is decreased/weakened.
QuestionID: 06-5-64
Page-Reference: 247
Answer: (C) the behaviour results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
65. Shaping is achieved through

(A) discrimination training.
(B) generalization.
52
(D) successive approximations.
QuestionID: 06-5-65
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (D) successive approximations.
66. A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend. Each time, the camper is embarrassed and shies away
from future acts of assistance. In the example, "hugging the camper" is
(A) a positive reinforcer.
(B) a primary reinforcer.
(C) a punishment.
(D) none of the above.
Difficulty:
QuestionID: 06-5-66
Page-Reference: 248
Skill:
Objective:
Answer: (C) a punishment.
67. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread
pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week, they showed you how to be a little neater each time
you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
(A) generalization
(B) extinction
(C) shaping
(D) punishment
QuestionID: 06-5-67
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (C) shaping
68. At the local zoo, a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was
rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch it s teeth.
Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an
example of
(A) modelling.
(B) shaping.
(D) secondary learning.
QuestionID: 06-5-68
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (B) shaping.
69. Which of the following statements is true?

(A) Punishment does not always work.
(B) The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force.
53
(C) Punishment should be applied intermittently.
(D) Punishment usually enhances the learning process.
QuestionID: 06-5-69
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (A) Punishment does not always work.
70. The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called
(B) discrimination training.
(C) aversion conditioning.
(D) punishment.
QuestionID: 06-5-70
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (D) punishment.
71. Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a
(A) positive reinforcer.
(B) negative reinforcer.
(C) negative punishment.
QuestionID: 06-5-71
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (D) positive punishment.
72. Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?

(A) Punishment does not always work.
(B) Rewards should always immediately follow punishments.
(C) Effective punishment is consistent punishment.
(D) In itself, punishment serves to inhibit responses.
QuestionID: 06-5-72
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (B) Rewards should always immediately follow punishments.
73. To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for
leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward.
Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of
(A) modelling.
(B) shaping.
(D) secondary learning.
QuestionID: 06-5-73
Page-Reference: 248
54
Answer: (B) shaping.
74. A young girl is just learning to dress herself. At first, the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes
"frontwards," even if they are not buttoned. Then they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them—even if the buttons are
not in the right holes. Then, they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly. They have been using
(A) discrimination.
(B) generalization.
(D) successive approximation.
QuestionID: 06-5-74
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (D) successive approximation.
75. Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn't work. She tried waiting for
him to roll over so she could reinforce the behaviour, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began
reinforcing the dog when it made behaviours that more closely resembled rolling over. At last, using _______, she was able to teach
the dog to do the trick.
(A) shaping
(B) positive reinforcement
(C) positive reinforcers
(D) secondary reinforcers
QuestionID: 06-5-75
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: (A) shaping
76. Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a
(A) primary reinforcer.
(B) punisher.
(C) negative reinforcer.
(D) secondary reinforcer.
QuestionID: 06-5-76
Page-Reference: 249
Answer: (D) secondary reinforcer.
77. Which learning principle is characterized by a less-pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus?
(A) habituation
(B) stimulus generalization
(C) extinction
(D) stimulus discrimination
QuestionID: 06-5-77
Page-Reference: 250
Answer: (D) stimulus discrimination
78. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the
55
(A) first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed.
(B) first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed.
(C) next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred.
(D) next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred.
QuestionID: 06-5-78
Page-Reference: 255
Answer: (B) first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed.
79. What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
(A) insight learning
(B) serial enumeration
(C) latent learning
(D) shaping
QuestionID: 06-5-79
Page-Reference: 261
Answer: (C) latent learning
80. According to observational theory, a child who pretends she is smoking because she saw her favourite TV star smoking
would be learning through
(A) reinforcement.
(B) punishment.
(C) imitation.
(D) practice.
QuestionID: 06-5-80
Answer: (C) imitation.
81. Johnny watches as his older brother, Billy, jumps up and down on their parents' bed, squealing with delight. Johnny wants to
join in but stops himself when he sees Billy fall off the bed and hurt his arm. From this experience, Johnny never ever wants to
jump up and down on their parents' bed. Which term best explains Johnny's behaviour?
(A) reciprocal determinism
(B) reciprocal imitation
(C) social learning theory
QuestionID: 06-5-81
82. Dan and Joel, both four years old, have been watching reruns of Superman on television. Joel's mother recently found the
boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behaviour?
(A) shaping
(B) delayed reinforcement
(C) observational learning
(D) immediate reinforcement
56
QuestionID: 06-5-82
Answer: (C) observational learning
83. A key to observational learning is

(A) insight learning.
(B) cognitive mapping.
(D) imitation.
QuestionID: 06-5-83
Answer: (D) imitation.
84. In Bandura's classic study (1965) of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,
(A) children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded.
(B) children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished.
(C) children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the
model rewarded.
(D) children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the
model punished.
QuestionID: 06-5-84
Answer: (D) children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who
saw the model punished.
Chapter 06 True-False Questions
1. An unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a response automatically or reflexively.

a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-01
Page-Reference: 230
Answer: a. True
2. Extinction is the result of forgetting a previously learned association.

a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-02
Page-Reference: 233
Answer: b. False
3. An example of discrimination would be developing a conditioned taste aversion to spearmint gum and then noticing that you
57
had also developed a taste aversion to peppermint gum.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-03
Page-Reference: 234
Answer: b. False
4. Like other forms of classical conditioning, conditioned taste aversion requires multiple pairings of stimuli.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-04
Page-Reference: 237
Answer: b. False
5. Operant conditioning occurs when a stimulus similar to one that has already been conditioned elicits the same conditioned
response.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-05
Answer: b. False
6. Classical conditioning involves reflexive behaviours whereas operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-06
Page-Reference: 245
Answer: a. True
7. To encourage Gwyneth to clean her room more often, her mother tells her that for each day her room remains dirty, she will
lose a day of television privileges. This is an example of positive punishment.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-07
Page-Reference: 248
Answer: b. False
8. Having a gold star placed on one's spelling quiz would be a secondary reinforcer.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-08
Page-Reference: 249
58
Answer: a. True
9. In order for latent learning to occur, there must be reinforcement.

a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-09
Page-Reference: 261
Answer: b. False
10. The process of observational learning would explain how 3-year-old Ryan knows how to lather up his own face after
watching his dad shave earlier that day.
a True
b False
QuestionID: 06-6-10
Answer: a. True
Module 6.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1. Every week, Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies, even though they always make her mouth water. One
day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices
that her mouth starts to salivate. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the
(A) little white bag.
(B) walk to the store.
(C) salivation.
(D) sour lemon gummy candy.
QuestionID: 06-4-13
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) sour lemon gummy candy.
2. When Asha kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Asha always wore vanilla-scented perfume. Whenever Laura smelled
vanilla, her heart raced. Asha's kiss, in this example, was the
QuestionID: 06-4-15
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
59
3. Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to
the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US) .
(A) Alan
(B) the opening of the tank
(C) the fish food
(D) the aquarium light
QuestionID: 06-4-16
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) the fish food
4. An experimenter finds that a male chimpanzee always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a female
chimpanzee. The experimenter starts to present a buzzer just before presenting the picture of the female chimp. The
experimenter repeats this procedure until the male chimp responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer
alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response (UR) is the
(A) increased heartbeat.
(B) female's picture.
(C) sound of the buzzer.
(D) experimenter.
QuestionID: 06-4-19
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) increased heartbeat.
5. Five-year-old Samantha is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous
thunderclap. Startled, Samantha jumps at the noise. This happens several times. As the storm moves farther away, Samantha
jumps at the sight of a lightning bolt but doesn't hear the thunder until after she jumps! In this example, the unconditioned
stimulus is the _______________ and the conditioned stimulus is the _______________.
(A) thunder; lightning
(B) jumping; lightning
(C) lightning; thunder
(D) thunder; jumping
QuestionID: 06-4-21
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) thunder; lightning
6. For several weeks, Matt had to clean the men's restroom at the restaurant where he worked. The task always made him
nauseated. He has since gone on to better things, but still cannot walk by the door to a men's restroom without becoming
slightly queasy. For Matt, the door to the men's room has become a(n)
60
(D) conditioned stimulus.
QuestionID: 06-4-26
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) conditioned stimulus.
7. Which of the following would be an example of advertisers applying classical conditioning to the marketing of a product?
(A) The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people.
(B) A commercial shows individuals modelling the correct use of the product.
(C) Customers are rewarded with a free product for every five they purchase.
(D) Advertisers include the name of the product multiple times throughout the ad.
QuestionID: 06-4-56
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) The product is shown with stimuli that viewers already view positively, such as attractive people.
8. Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, and he now finds the very thought of chili dogs to be repulsive.
Walter has experienced
(A) discrimination.
(B) conditioned taste aversion.
(C) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-50
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) conditioned taste aversion.
9. Temi has developed a fear of bridges due to a recent, graphic news story about people falling from a collapsed bridge. Which
of the following is the CS in this example?
(A) bridges
(B) graphic news coverage
(C) people falling
(D) collapsed bridges
QuestionID: 06-4-45
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) bridges
10. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a pharmacist in a white coat
that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of
61
(C) a conditioned emotional response.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-42
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) a conditioned emotional response.
11. You classically condition your dog Nancy to salivate when middle C is played on the piano, but you find that she also
salivates when a high G is played. You make a point of playing high G and not giving Nancy any food afterward, whereas you do
give her food after you play middle C. After a few days, Nancy stops salivating when high G is played but continues to salivate
to middle C. This phenomenon is known as
(A) generalization.
(B) discrimination.
(C) acquisition.
QuestionID: 06-4-41
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
12. Ken's mouth waters every time he hears the ice-cream truck's familiar song in the distance. One day, a slightly different
song is heard in the distance and Ken's mouth waters. Ken's behaviour illustrates
(A) generalization.
(B) assimilation.
(C) recovery.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-39
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Applied
13. __________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by experience.

(A) Learning
(B) Generalization
(C) Spontaneous recovery
(D) Accommodation
QuestionID: 06-4-01
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Learning
62
14. Which of the following is true of learning?
(A) Learning is the process that allows a species to slowly adapt over generations.
(B) All learning involves the acquisition of new knowledge and information.
(C) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
(D) Humans are the only species known to be capable of true learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-02
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.
15. Typically, studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

(A) cognitive
(B) observational
(C) classical
(D) associative
QuestionID: 06-4-03
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) cognitive
16. For Kyle, the smell of freshly baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother. This is an example
of which type of learning?
(A) cognitive
(B) observational
(C) latent
(D) associative
QuestionID: 06-4-04
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) associative
17. __________ was the first scientist to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning.
(A) John Watson
(B) Ivan Pavlov
(C) B. F. Skinner
(D) Albert Bandura
QuestionID: 06-4-05
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Ivan Pavlov
63
18. Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on
(C) digestive processes.
QuestionID: 06-4-06
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) digestive processes.
19. In the field of learning, Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of
(B) latent learning.
(D) classical conditioning.
QuestionID: 06-4-07
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) classical conditioning.
20. When a neutral stimulus elicits the same response that was originally elicited by another stimulus, it is known as
(A) cognitive learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-08
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) classical conditioning.
21. In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus
(A) will never be suitable to elicit a response.
(B) is a primary reinforcer.
(C) does not initially elicit a response.
(D) cannot be detected by the subject.
QuestionID: 06-4-09
Page-Reference: 229
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) does not initially elicit a response.
64
22. Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?
(A) blinking
(B) pain
(C) salivation
(D) fear
QuestionID: 06-4-10
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) pain
23. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

(A) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with a conditioned stimulus.
(B) the stimulus that triggers a conditioned response.
(C) the stimulus that triggers a response after being paired with another stimulus.
(D) the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
QuestionID: 06-4-11
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning.
24. Each time Amelia feeds her pet parrot Pete, she walks into the room and says, "Good morning, Pete!" She now notices that
as soon as Pete hears her say "Good morning!" he starts fluttering around his cage in excitement. In this example, the food i s
the
QuestionID: 06-4-12
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) unconditioned stimulus.
25. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

(A) blinking when air is blown into your eye
(B) blinking when you hear your favourite song
(C) your favourite song
(D) a puff of air to your eye
QuestionID: 06-4-14
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) a puff of air to your eye
65
26. Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food, salivation to food is a(n)
(A) conditioned response.
(B) conditioned reflex.
(C) unconditioned response.
(D) neutral response.
QuestionID: 06-4-17
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) unconditioned response.
27. Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air are both examples of
(A) unconditioned stimuli.
(B) conditioned responses.
(C) conditioned stimuli.
(D) unconditioned responses.
QuestionID: 06-4-18
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) unconditioned responses.
28. The association between the___________ is, by definition, unlearned (i.e., doesn't require prior learning).
(A) CS and CR
(B) US and CR
(C) CS and UR
(D) US and UR
QuestionID: 06-4-20
Page-Reference: 230
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) US and UR
29. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the _____ is the one the organism learns to respond to.
(A) US
(B) UR
(C) CS
(D) CR
QuestionID: 06-4-22
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) CS
66
30. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was
(A) salivation.
(B) food.
(C) sound.
(D) biting.
QuestionID: 06-4-23
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) salivation.
31. Each time Tamara's cat jumps on the kitchen counter, she sprays him with a water gun. Eventually, Tamara only has to grab
the water gun and her cat will jump down from the counter. In this example, jumping off the counter is the
QuestionID: 06-4-24
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) conditioned response.
32. How would you know if your attempts at classical conditioning have been successful?
(A) The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the unconditioned response.
(B) The presentation of the unconditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
(C) The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
(D) The presentation of the unconditioned response alone, elicits the conditioned response.
QuestionID: 06-4-27
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) The presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone, elicits the conditioned response.
33. The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as
(A) generalization.
(B) acquisition.
(D) extinction.
QuestionID: 06-4-28
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) acquisition.
67
34. ________________is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no
longer occur together.
(A) Generalization
(B) Forgetting
(C) Reverse conditioning
(D) Extinction
QuestionID: 06-4-29
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) Extinction
35. The reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction is called
(A) generalization.
(B) reacquisition.
(D) discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-34
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) spontaneous recovery.
36. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called
(A) generalization.
(B) adaptation.
(C) discrimination.
(D) acquisition.
QuestionID: 06-4-38
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Factual
37. Little Albert's fear of white rabbits and a Santa Claus mask is an example of
(A) discrimination.
(B) extinction.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-40
Page-Reference: 234
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) generalization.
68
38. Which of the following concepts was established through the experiment with Little Albert?
(A) For successful conditioning to occur, the presentation of the CS must precede the presentation of the US.
(B) Shaping is a useful technique for training animals to complete complex tricks.
(C) Humans are predisposed to fear some stimuli (e.g., snakes) more than other stimuli (e.g., guns), regardless of the level of
threat they pose.
(D) Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.
QuestionID: 06-4-43
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) Phobias may be learned responses to previous experiences.
39. Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats, but when a white rat and a loud noise were presented together, Albert learned to
fear rats. In this famous example, the rat was the
(A) CS.
(B) US.
(C) CR.
(D) UR.
QuestionID: 06-4-44
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) CS.
40. The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Little Albert provide a possible explanation for the development
of
(A) depression.
(B) anxiety.
(C) phobias.
(D) psychopathy.
QuestionID: 06-4-46
Page-Reference: 235
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) phobias.
41. People diagnosed with psychopathy show an impaired ability to learn to

(A) associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.
(B) extinguish responding after the removal of the US.
(C) associate tastes with illness.
(D) blink to a tone which precedes a puff of air to the eye.
QuestionID: 06-4-47
Page-Reference: 236
Skill: Factual
69
Answer: (A) associate fear with faces when the faces are paired with a shock.

QuestionID: 06-4-51
Skill: Factual
43. Why are heroin users more likely to overdose when they inject heroin at a place other than their usual location?
(A) Heroin users tend to inject a larger dose in new locations because they get excited.
(B) Heroin users tend to employ 'safer' practices when using in their usual location.
(C) Heroin users find drug use more thrilling and, thus, more rewarding in new locations.
(D) Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.
QuestionID: 06-4-58
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) Cues that normally trigger a conditioned response are missing in a new location.
44. Larry has been using heroin for several years and knows the exact amount needed for his desired 'high.' Normally, Larry
injects the heroin in his basement, but while on vacation he injects the drug in a hotel. Although Larry used the same amount of
heroin that he always does, he overdoses and dies. What phenomenon is likely responsible for this outcome?
(A) spontaneous recovery
(B) stimulus discrimination
(C) conditioned emotional response
(D) conditioned drug tolerance
QuestionID: 06-4-59
Page-Reference: 241
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) conditioned drug tolerance
45. Which of the following statements pertaining to the conditioned response is accurate?
(A) The conditioned response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
(B) The conditioned response is an instinctual behaviour.
(C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
(D) The conditioned response in classical conditioning is always salivation.
QuestionID: 06-4-25
Page-Reference: 231
Skill: Conceptual
70
Answer: (C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.
46. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the ________ no longer produces the ________.
(A) CS; US
(B) CS; CR
(C) US; CR
(D) US; UR
QuestionID: 06-4-30
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) CS; CR
47. Tarik trained his pet turtle to snap his mouth in response to the command "snap!" by saying the word just before giving his
turtle a treat. However, after saying "snap!" multiple times while showing off his turtle's new trick to all his friends and not
giving him a treat, Tarik has noticed the turtle has stopped snapping. This change in behaviour is likely explained by
(A) extinction.
(C) discrimination.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-31
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
48. Extinction is believed to be a form of

(A) learning.
(B) forgetting.
(D) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-32
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
49. Which phenomenon supports the theory that extinction is not a form of forgetting?
(A) conditioned emotional responding
(C) discrimination
(D) generalization
QuestionID: 06-4-33
71
Skill: Conceptual
50. Alyssa is participating in an experiment. The researcher plays a sound and then applies a puff of air to Alyssa's eye.
Eventually, Alyssa blinks when she hears the sound, before the puff of air is delivered. After a number of trials of the researcher
presenting just the sound, Alyssa stops blinking. However, when Alyssa visits the lab the following week, the researcher plays
the sound and Alyssa blinks. Alyssa's blinking in response to the sound on her return visit, is an example of
(A) extinction.
(B) discrimination.
(C) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-35
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Conceptual
51. As a child, Blaine was attacked by a goose and subsequently developed a severe fear of waterfowl. As he got older, the fear
gradually faded until it was all but forgotten. Blaine is now in his early twenties and recently went strolling through a park by the
river where he came across a flock of geese. The geese stared at him and he felt slightly fearful, though not as afraid as he had
been as a child. Blaine's fear response to the geese in the park is an example of
(A) stimulus discrimination.
(B) stimulus generalization.
(C) extinction.
QuestionID: 06-4-36
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
52. You train your dog Milo to salivate to the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the
ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning,
when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
(A) latent learning
(C) extinction
QuestionID: 06-4-37
Page-Reference: 233
Skill: Applied
72
53. Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to
fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?
(A) instinctive drift
(C) emotional aversions
(D) preparedness
QuestionID: 06-4-48
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) preparedness
54. According to the concept of preparedness, which stimulus would make the most effective CS in a fear conditioning
experiment?
(A) gun
(B) spider
(C) flower
(D) airplane
QuestionID: 06-4-49
Page-Reference: 237
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) spider
55. People appear to have a biological predisposition to associate nausea with what type of stimuli?
(A) lights
(B) tastes
(C) sights
(D) sounds
QuestionID: 06-4-52
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) tastes
56. Which of the following is one of the ways in which conditioned taste aversions are NOT like other forms of classical
conditioning?
(A) Conditioned taste aversions do not require a CS.
(B) Conditioned taste aversions only last one or two days.
(C) The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
(D) The subject does not have to respond to develop a taste aversion.
QuestionID: 06-4-53
Skill: Factual
73
Answer: (C) The CS and US can be separated by several hours.
57. Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?
(A) stimulus discrimination
(C) conditioned taste aversion
QuestionID: 06-4-54
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) conditioned taste aversion
58. Grayson eats the same bologna sandwich every day for lunch. One day, Grayson gets very ill just after eating the bologna
sandwich. Surprisingly, following the recovery from the illness, Grayson is still happy eating bologna sandwiches and continu es
to have them every day for lunch. Grayson's continued enjoyment of bologna is likely due to
(B) latent inhibition.
(C) conditioned taste aversion.
(D) stimulus discrimination.
QuestionID: 06-4-55
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) latent inhibition.
59. During campaigning, a Conservative candidate airs ads that show her Liberal opponent making a "smug" facial expression. It
is her hope that voters will see these ads and associate the negative feeling of being judged with her Liberal opponent (and
thus, vote for the Conservative). In this example, the unconditioned response would be
(A) the "smug" image of the Liberal candidate.
(B) the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
(C) the viewer's decision not to vote for the Liberal candidate.
(D) the Conservative candidate's decision to air the ad.
QuestionID: 06-4-57
Skill: Conceptual
Objective: Analyze the use of negative political advertising to conditioned emotional responses to candidates.
Answer: (B) the viewer's negative emotional response to an unflattering photograph.
1. When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
(A) ratio
(B) interval
(C) conditioned
74
(D) primary
QuestionID: 06-4-99
Page-Reference: 253
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) ratio
2. A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement

(A) on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed.
(B) on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
(C) after a specific number of responses have been completed.
(D) after a varied number of responses have been completed.
QuestionID: 06-4-98
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) after a specific number of responses have been completed.
3. Extinction in operant conditioning involves

(B) positive reinforcement.
(C) punishment.
(D) withholding reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-4-94
Page-Reference: 251
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) withholding reinforcement.
4. Your dog, Zeus, learns to roll over every time you blow a whistle. One day, you take Zeus to a soccer match and he rolls over
every time the referee blows the whistle. This illustrates the concept of
(A) spontaneous recovery.
(B) discrimination.
(C) generalization.
QuestionID: 06-4-92
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) generalization.
5. The rewarding property of reinforcing stimuli like food and sex is believed to be related to the activity of which brain
structure?
(A) hippocampus
(B) nucleus accumbens
75
(C) amygdala
(D) thalamus
QuestionID: 06-4-89
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) nucleus accumbens
6. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

(A) water
(B) food
(C) pain
(D) money
QuestionID: 06-4-88
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (D) money
7. A _____________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic motivational need to survive (e.g., hunger, thirst).
(A) primary
(B) negative
(C) token
(D) secondary
QuestionID: 06-4-86
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) primary
8. ______________ is an operant conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
(A) Shaping
(B) Positive punishment
(C) Primary reinforcement
(D) Discrimination
QuestionID: 06-4-85
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Shaping
9. Swatting a dog with a newspaper when it urinates on the floor, in an attempt to teach the dog not to urinate on the floo r, is
an example of
(B) negative punishment
76
QuestionID: 06-4-83
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
10. When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of a response, it is known as
QuestionID: 06-4-82
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) negative punishment.
11. Presenting a stimulus to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as
(D) vicarious punishment.
QuestionID: 06-4-80
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
12. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

(A) A student is sent to detention for fighting.
(B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
(C) A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment.
(D) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness.
QuestionID: 06-4-75
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework.
13. Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

(A) Giving children candy for completing their homework.
(B) Removing a child's chores when they complete their homework.
(C) Ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class.
77
(D) Taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules.
QuestionID: 06-4-73
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) Giving children candy for completing their homework.
14. A punisher is any outcome presented ___________ a behaviour that ___________ the likelihood of the behaviour reoccurring.
(A) before; decreases
(B) before; increases
(C) after; decreases
(D) after; increases
QuestionID: 06-4-71
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) after; decreases
15. A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research involving

QuestionID: 06-4-69
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) operant conditioning.
16. ___________ is responsible for much of our understanding of the relationship between reinforcement and behaviour.
(A) John Watson
(B) Ivan Pavlov
(C) B. F. Skinner
(D) John Garcia
QuestionID: 06-4-68
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) B. F. Skinner
17. Thorndike was a pioneer in the field of ___________research.

(C) shaping
(D) higher-order conditioning
78
QuestionID: 06-4-67
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) operant conditioning
18. Thorndike was known for his work with

(A) puzzle boxes.
(C) salivation in dogs.
(D) Skinner boxes.
QuestionID: 06-4-66
Page-Reference: 246
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) puzzle boxes.
19. The concept of contingency refers to the idea that

(A) a response will increase if followed by a reward.
(B) a consequence depends on an action.
(C) punishment is more effective at shaping behaviour than reinforcement.
(D) reinforcement is more effective at shaping behaviour than punishment.
QuestionID: 06-4-65
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) a consequence depends on an action.
20. The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of a response is called
(A) punishment
(B) latent learning
(C) acquisition
(D) reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-64
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) reinforcement
21. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is

(A) never presented (only punishment is involved).
(B) always presented, regardless of the organism's behaviour.
(C) presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
(D) presented in order to elicit an organism's behaviour.
79
QuestionID: 06-4-63
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) presented as a consequence of the organism's behaviour.
22. In classical conditioning, the responses involved tend to be __________________, but in operant conditioning, they are
__________________.
(A) punished; reinforced
(B) reinforced; punished
(C) reflexive; voluntary
(D) voluntary; reflexive
QuestionID: 06-4-62
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) reflexive; voluntary
23. The term operant refers to the fact that, in operant conditioning,
(A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
(B) reinforcers and punishers operate on the organism to change its behaviour.
(C) the US operates on the CS to change its association with the CR.
(D) the experimenter operates on the organism to change its behaviour.
QuestionID: 06-4-61
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) the organism must operate on the environment before consequences can occur.
24. In which type of learning is an organism's behaviour influenced by the consequences of that behaviour?
(B) latent learning
(D) consequential learning
QuestionID: 06-4-60
Page-Reference: 245
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) operant conditioning
25. A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour, whereas a punisher is a consequence that
____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.
(A) increases; increases
(B) decreases; decreases
(C) decreases; increases
(D) increases; decreases
80
QuestionID: 06-4-70
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) increases; decreases
26. Negative reinforcement is a stimulus that is__________ and thus __________the probability of a response.
(A) removed; increases
(B) removed; decreases
(C) presented; increases
(D) presented; decreases
QuestionID: 06-4-72
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) removed; increases
27. Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?
(A) negative punishment
(D) continuous reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-81
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) negative punishment
28. Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

(A) partial
(B) negative
(C) delayed
(D) continuous
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) partial
29. Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?
(A) Both partial and continuous reinforcement lead to behaviours that tend to extinguish quickly.
(B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial
reinforcement.
(C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous
reinforcement.
81
(D) Both continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for extremely long periods of
time.
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous
reinforcement.
30. Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

(A) Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules.
(B) Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
(C) Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules.
(D) All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
31. B.F. Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time, most of the
pigeons were practising some sort of consistent behaviour, even though the behaviour did not have any effect on the delivery of
the reinforcer. The birds were
(A) demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
(B) developing phobias.
(C) demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
(D) behaving superstitiously.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) behaving superstitiously.
32. Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the
dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
(A) Bill will start cleaning up the kitchen before he bathes the dog.
(B) Bill's wife has positively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
(C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
(D) Bill's wife has established bathing the dog as a secondary reinforcer.
QuestionID: 06-4-74
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
82
33. Nicky tends to bite his nails when he becomes nervous because it calms him down. Nicky's behaviour is an example of
QuestionID: 06-4-76
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
34. Checking the outside temperature and putting on a warm coat before leaving the house is an example of
QuestionID: 06-4-77
Page-Reference: 247
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) avoidance learning.
35. Leaving the market on Saturday morning because you don't like how overcrowded it is this weekend is an example of
QuestionID: 06-4-78
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) escape learning.
36. Kathy takes her 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Her
son screams, demanding that Kathy buy him treats. Although she refuses to give in to his demands, he continues to scream.
Finally, Kathy yells at the top of her lungs, "QUIET!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are
illustrated in this story?
(A) Kathy is using negative reinforcement to increase her son's screaming.
(B) Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of
screaming.
(C) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a variable-
interval schedule of reinforcement.
(D) Kathy's son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home, and now he is reinforced on a fixed-ratio
schedule of reinforcement.
QuestionID: 06-4-79
83
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) Kathy is using punishment to suppress the screaming; her use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the
cessation of screaming.
37. An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus. First, the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a
chair. Next, the lion is given food if he raises one paw. Finally, the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high -five." In this
example, the lion is being trained by
(B) generalization.
(C) punishment.
(D) shaping.
QuestionID: 06-4-84
Page-Reference: 248
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) shaping.
38. __________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas __________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
(A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
(B) Money; receiving an A+
(C) Water; pain
(D) Pain; cupcake
QuestionID: 06-4-87
Page-Reference: 249
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (A) A cupcake; a certificate of achievement
39. A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on. In t his
scenario, the red light is acting as a
(A) discriminative stimulus.
(B) reinforce.
(C) conditioned stimulus (CS).
(D) punisher.
QuestionID: 06-4-90
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) discriminative stimulus.
40. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disc. It will not peck at another disc that is identical in shape and size but a different
colour. This illustrates the concept of
(A) extinction.
(B) discrimination.
84
(C) avoidance training.
QuestionID: 06-4-91
Page-Reference: 250
Skill: Applied
41. Lim has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day, Lim
starts whining in the toy store because he wants an action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining.
What process is likely to happen as a result?
(A) generalization
(B) extinction
(D) negative reinforcement
QuestionID: 06-4-93
Page-Reference: 251
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) extinction
42. A child receives one homework pass—a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment—for every 10 word problems
she completes during class. This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
(A) negative; fixed-ratio
(B) positive; variable-ratio
(C) negative; variable-ratio
(D) positive; fixed-interval
QuestionID: 06-4-95
Page-Reference: 247, 253
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) negative; fixed-ratio
43. Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly. Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn. Julie is
being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
(A) continuous
(B) partial
(C) fixed-ratio
(D) fixed-interval
QuestionID: 06-4-96
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) partial
85
44. What kind of reinforcement is used if Munirah's parents give her $10 every time she receives six A's on her report card?
(A) fixed-interval
(B) variable-ratio
(C) continuous reinforcement
(D) fixed-ratio
QuestionID: 06-4-97
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) fixed-ratio
45. The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently. Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in
two quarters, but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters. In operant conditioning terms, Cathy is
being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.
(A) fixed-ratio
(B) fixed-interval
(C) variable-ratio
Page-Reference: 254
Skill: Applied
Answer: (C) variable-ratio
46. Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day. She realizes that because emails are sent on a
________________ schedule, checking her email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day.
Furthermore, she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her, but if an email has been sent to her, she will
receive it the next time she checks.
(A) fixed-ratio
(B) fixed-interval
(C) variable-ratio
Page-Reference: 255
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) variable-interval
47. Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

(A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behaviour.
(B) There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health and it can be used frequently.
(C) Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviours.
(D) Corporal punishment is illegal in Canada.
Page-Reference: 257
86
Skill: Factual
Objective: Analyze the effectiveness of punishment on changing behaviour.
Answer: (A) Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behaviour.
1. According to your textbook, which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?
(A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others through
imitation.
(B) Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and imitation.
(C) Several animals can imitate behaviours demonstrated by humans, but they cannot learn new behaviours from members of
their own species.
(D) Only primates, the closest relative to humans, are capable of teaching.
Page-Reference: 265
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others
through imitation.
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?
(A) memory
(B) attention
(C) motivation
(D) threat of danger
Page-Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) threat of danger
3. In a demonstration of observational learning, rats can identify food that is safe to eat by
(A) observing where humans place poison rat traps.
(B) feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result.
(C) smelling the breath of other rats.
(D) associating certain tastes with illness.
Page-Reference: 263
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) smelling the breath of other rats.
4. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviours?

(C) latent learning
87
Skill: Conceptual
5. You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day
when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says
she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you quickly fi nd
and use the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of
(A) stimulus-response theory.
(B) the formation of a cognitive map.
(C) observational learning.
(D) social reinforcement.
Page-Reference: 262
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) the formation of a cognitive map.
6. The concept of latent learning was developed by

(A) Watson.
(B) Skinner.
(C) Tolman.
(D) Thorndike.
Page-Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
Answer: (C) Tolman.
7. Learning that is not directly observable is called

(A) latent inhibition.
(B) innate learning.
(C) social learning.
Page-Reference: 261
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) latent learning.
8. Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

(A) reinforcement
88
(B) associations
(C) cognitive processes
(D) punishment
Skill: Conceptual
Answer: (C) cognitive processes
9. Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?
(A) Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
(B) Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
(C) Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
(D) Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following the desired behaviour.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
10. Sarah has just received her driver's licence and is now ready to drive to school. Although she's never driven to her school
before, Sarah knows the way. The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
(A) latent learning
(D) classical and operant conditioning
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) latent learning
11. After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, Julie applies some to her own lips. Julie acquired this behaviour through
Skill: Applied
Answer: (B) observational learning.
12. Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

(A) Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is approaching, so he cancels his trip.
89
(B) After several hours of staring at the computer screen, Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to
solve.
(C) Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time, he's a lot nicer to be around.
(D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is greatly
improved.
Skill: Applied
Answer: (D) Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane; now her swimming is
greatly improved.
13. John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship. This behaviour is
reflective of ________ learning.
(A) observational
(B) conditional
(C) operant
(D) conformist
Skill: Applied
Answer: (A) observational
14. Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo"" doll study?
(A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
(B) Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children.
(C) Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children.
(D) Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (A) Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
15. According to research presented in the textbook, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Playing violent video games increases a person's sensitivity to others' suffering.
(B) Gamers who play violent video games are less likely to behave aggressively if they can personalize their game character.
(C) Gamers from Eastern cultures are less likely than gamers from Western cultures to display game-induced aggression.
(D) Male and female gamers have an equal likelihood of developing aggression by playing video games.
Page-Reference: 266
Skill: Factual
Answer: (D) Male and female gamers have an equal likelihood of developing aggression by playing video games.
90
Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank
16. Which of the following is true about the relationship between media violence and aggression?
(A) Watching media violence definitely causes children to become more aggressive.
(B) Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship.
(C) Media violence and aggression are unrelated.
(D) Having an aggressive temperament actually causes children to watch more violent media.
Skill: Factual
Answer: (B) Watching media violence is positively correlated with aggression, but it is difficult to establish a cause-and-
effect relationship.
91
Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd Edition Krause Test Bank

Introduction To Psychological Science Canadian 2nd

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 06 Chapter Quiz Questions

Answer: (A) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Answer: (B) Becky's contacts

Answer: (D) discrimination.

6. The word negative in the term negative reinforcement refers to

Answer: (A) the removal of a stimulus.

Answer: (B) extinction.

9. Learning that occurs but is not expressed until later is called

Answer: (C) latent learning.

Chapter 06 Essay Questions

Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.

Chapter 06 Fill-in-the-blank Questions

Answer: a. unconditioned response/b. conditioned response

Answer: a. conditioned drug tolerance

Answer: a. observational learning

Chapter 06 Multiple-Choice Questions

1. __________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by experience.

Answer: (A) Learning

2. Which of the following is true of learning?

Answer: (C) Learning involves a change in behaviour or knowledge as a result of experience.

3. Typically, studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

Answer: (A) cognitive

Answer: (D) associative

Answer: (B) Ivan Pavlov

6. Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

Answer: (C) digestive processes.

7. In the field of learning, Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

Answer: (D) classical conditioning.

Answer: (B) classical conditioning.

9. In classical conditioning, the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus

Answer: (C) does not initially elicit a response.

10. Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

11. In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is

Answer: (D) unconditioned stimulus.

Answer: (D) sour lemon gummy candy.

14. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Answer: (D) a puff of air to your eye

Answer: (A) unconditioned stimulus.

Answer: (C) the fish food

Answer: (C) unconditioned response.

Answer: (D) unconditioned responses.

Answer: (A) increased heartbeat.

Answer: (D) US and UR

Answer: (A) thunder; lightning

23. In Pavlov's "salivating dogs" studies, the CR was

Answer: (A) salivation.

Answer: (C) conditioned response.

Answer: (C) The conditioned response is elicited by the conditioned stimulus.

Answer: (D) conditioned stimulus.

Answer: (B) acquisition.

Answer: (B) CS; CR

Answer: (A) extinction.

32. Extinction is believed to be a form of

Answer: (A) learning.

Answer: (B) spontaneous recovery

Answer: (C) spontaneous recovery.

Answer: (D) spontaneous recovery.

Answer: (D) spontaneous recovery.

Answer: (B) spontaneous recovery