Ans PWB 1b e

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Practical Workbook for SBA 1B
Suggested answers to Practical Workbook

Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans
Practical 7.1 Examination of the mammalian breathing system

Questions (p. 7-3)
1
A Nostril B Pharynx
C Epiglottis D Larynx
E Trachea F Bronchus
G Lung H Rib
I Intercostal muscle J Diaphragm
2 Nostrils  nasal cavity  pharynx 

larynx  trachea  bronchi 
bronchioles (in lungs)  air sacs (in lungs)
3 The air is moistened, warmed and cleaner.
4 It covers the opening of the larynx and directs food into the oesophagus.
5 It protects the lungs and the heart.
Practical 7.2 Examination of the pig lungs

Results (p. 7-6)
1 Pink
2 There are two or three lobes in the left lung and four lobes in the right lung.
3 The trachea is hard. The lung tissue is soft and spongy.
4 The lungs increase in volume.
 Oxford University Press 2020

-1-
5 The piece of lung tissue floats in water.
Questions (p. 7-7)

1 It is because there are many capillaries in the lungs. The capillaries contain blood.
2 The trachea, but not the lung tissue, is supported by cartilages.
3 The lungs tissue floats in water because the air in the air sacs of the lungs gives the lung
tissue a low density.

-2-
Practical 7.3 Examination of the mammalian air sacs

Results (p. 7-9)
Questions (p. 7-9)

Feature Adaptation
• Large in number • Provides a large respiratory surface

area for diffusion
• Thin walls (one-celled thick • Reduces the diffusion distance
epithelium)
• Moist inner surfaces • Allows gases to dissolve in water film

for diffusion
• In close contact with capillaries • Reduces the diffusion distance
• Richly supplied with capillaries • Allows rapid transport of gases to and

away from the air sacs by blood, so
(any 3)
that a steep concentration gradient
can be maintained for diffusion
Practical 7.4 Comparison of the oxygen content of inhaled air
and exhaled air

Results (p. 7-11)
Type of air Time that the candle burn for (s)
Inhaled air 14

-3-
Exhaled air 10
Discussion (p. 7-11)

1 The time that the candle can burn inside the jar of exhaled air is shorter. It shows that
exhaled air contains less oxygen than inhaled air.
2 Some oxygen in the inhaled air diffuses from the air sacs into the blood during gas
exchange. Therefore, less oxygen is present in the exhaled air.
Conclusion (p. 7-11)

Exhaled air contains less oxygen than inhaled air.
Practical 7.5 Comparison of the carbon dioxide content of
inhaled air and exhaled air

Understanding procedure (p. 7-13)
1 Inhaled air
2 Exhaled air
Results (p. 7-13)

Colour of hydrogencarbonate indicator
Type of air
Original colour Final colour
Inhaled air Red Red
Exhaled air Red Yellow

1 The hydrogencarbonate indicator in tube B which exhaled air passes through turns
yellow, while that in tube A which inhaled air passes through remains red. It shows that
exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air.
2 Some carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the air sacs during gas exchange.
Therefore, more carbon dioxide is present in the exhaled air.

-4-
3 Lime water. The lime water in tube B turns milky while that in tube A remains clear.

Exhaled air contains more carbon dioxide than inhaled air.

-5-
Ch 8 Transport in humans
Practical 8.1 Examination of blood smears

Results (p. 8-2)
1

-6-
2
Red blood cell
Healthy people People with blood disease:______________________
Shape Biconcave disc shape (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
Relative
Medium (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
size
Relative
Abundant (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
number
White blood cell
Shape Irregular shape (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
Relative
Large (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
size
Relative
Rare (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
number
Blood platelet
Shape Irregular shape (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
Relative
Small (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
size
Relative
Occasional (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
number

-7-
Questions (p. 8-3)

1 White blood cells are the largest. Blood platelets are the smallest.
2 Red blood cells are the most abundant. White blood cells are the least abundant.
3 There is less cytoplasm and therefore fewer haemoglobin molecules in the centre of a red
blood cell.
4 (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
5 (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)
Practical 8.2 Examination of transverse sections of an artery and
a vein
Results (p. 8-6)
1

-8-
2
Artery Vein
Thickness of wall
Thicker Thinner
(thicker / thinner)
Size of lumen
Smaller Larger
(larger / smaller)
Questions (p. 8-7)

1 Arteries have a thicker wall which allows the arteries to withstand high blood pressure
due to pumping action of the heart. Veins have a larger lumen to reduce resistance to
blood flow.
2 There are valves in veins but not in arteries (except in pulmonary arteries and aorta).
Practical 8.3 Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin

Results (p. 8-9)
1
Observation
Diameter of capillaries
(compared with that of Similar to the diameter of a red blood cell
red blood cells)
Direction of blood
flow One way
(one way / two way)

-9-
Questions (p. 8-10)

1 To provide a large surface area for rapid exchange / diffusion of materials.
To provide a large total cross-sectional area for blood flow. Blood flows slowly in the
capillaries, allowing longer time for exchange of materials.
2 White blood cells can change their shape, so they can move along the narrower
capillaries.
Practical 8.4 Dissection and examination of a pig heart

Results (p. 8-15)
1

- 10 -

- 11 -
2
Water run into What happens
venae cavae Water comes out from the pulmonary arteries.
Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any

pulmonary artery
vessels.
pulmonary vein Water comes out from the aorta.
Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any

aorta
vessels.
3
A Anterior vena cava B Right atrium
C Posterior vena cava D Tricuspid valve
E Right ventricle F Septum
G Pulmonary artery H Aorta
I Semilunar valve J Pulmonary vein
K Left atrium L Bicuspid valve
M Heart tendon N Left ventricle
Questions (p. 8-16)

1 When water is forced through the venae cavae and the pulmonary vein into the heart, it
enters the heart and comes out as in the normal circulation. However, when water is
forced through the pulmonary artery and the aorta, it cannot enter the heart because it is
stopped by the semilunar valves.
2 The muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. It is
because the left ventricle has to provide a greater force to pump blood to all parts of the
body (except the lungs), whereas the right ventricle pumps blood for only a short
distance to the lungs.
3 The muscular wall of ventricles is thicker than that of the atria. It is because the
ventricles have to provide a greater force to pump blood to the lungs or other parts of the
body, whereas the atria only pump blood to the nearby ventricles.

- 12 -
4 The ventricles have a thick muscular wall that enables the heart to pump blood to all
parts of the body.
Valves are present to prevent backflow of blood.
Heart tendons are present to prevent the valves from being turned inside out when the
ventricles contract.
5 The septum prevents the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This ensures
the blood in aorta has a high oxygen content for the body cells.
Ch 9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants
Practical 9.1 Investigation of the effects of different minerals on
plant growth
1
Independent variable Dependent variable Controlled variable
Type of mineral Whether the seedlings Volume of nutrient

grow healthily solution, temperature,
light supply to
seedlings, etc.
2 Flask A is a control. It is used to confirm that symptoms appear in the seedlings are due
to the deficiency of a particular mineral.
3 To stop light from entering the flask so as to prevent algal growth.

- 13 -
Results (p. 9-3)

Title: The changes in appearance of the seedlings grown in different nutrient solutions
Flask Appearance of seedlings after two weeks
A The seedlings grow healthily.
B The seedlings grow poorly and the leaves become yellow.
C The seedlings grow poorly and purple patches are formed on the leaves.
The seedlings grow poorly and curled-up leaves with dark-coloured edges
D
are formed.
E The seedlings grow poorly and the leaves become yellow.
Discussion (p. 9-4)

In plants, nitrogen is important for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and
chlorophyll. Phosphorus is important for the synthesis of cell membranes, ATP and nucleic
acids, and is required in some enzymatic reactions. Potassium promotes photosynthesis and
transport in plants and is required in some enzymatic reactions. Magnesium is essential for the
synthesis of chlorophyll / forms part of the chlorophyll molecules.
Conclusion (p. 9-4)

Plants need nitrogen / phosphorus / potassium / magnesium for healthy growth. The
deficiency of nitrogen / phosphorus / potassium / magnesium results in the development of
deficiency symptoms.

- 14 -
Practical 9.2 Investigation of the effect of light intensity on gas
exchange in plants using hydrogencarbonate
indicator
Results (p. 9-6)
Final colour of
Tube Light condition
hydrogencarbonate indicator
A Control Red
B Bright light Purple
C Dim light Red
D Darkness Yellow
Discussion (p. 9-7)

1 The results show that there is a net uptake of carbon dioxide by the leaves under bright
light and there is a net release of carbon dioxide by the leaves in the dark.
Under bright light, the rate of photosynthesis is higher than that of respiration. More
carbon dioxide is taken in for photosynthesis than is released in respiration.
Under dim light, the rate of photosynthesis is more or less the same as that of respiration.
There is no net uptake or release of carbon dioxide by the leaf.
In the dark, only respiration occurs. There is a net release of carbon dioxide.
2 Put all the tubes in a water trough.
Conclusion (p. 9-7)

Under bright light, there is a net uptake of carbon dioxide by a plant. In the dark, there is a net
release of carbon dioxide by a plant.

- 15 -
Practical 9.3 Design an investigation of the effect of light
intensity on gas exchange in plants using a data
logger
Aim (p. 9-9)
To study the effect of light intensity on gas exchange in plants.
Introduction (p. 9-9)

1 Problem
What is the effect of light intensity on gas exchange in plants?
2 Principle
When a plant carries out gas exchange, the content of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the
air around the plant may change. These changes can be measured and recorded by a data
logger with a carbon dioxide sensor or an oxygen sensor. By exposing some freshly-
picked leaves contained in a flask to different levels of light intensity and connecting the
flask to a data logger, the effect of light intensity on gas exchange in the leaves can be
studied.
a Identification of variables
i Light intensity. It can be varied by wrapping the conical flask with different
numbers of layers of muslin or aluminium foil.
ii Carbon dioxide or oxygen content of the air inside the flask. It can be measured
by a data logger with a carbon dioxide sensor or an oxygen sensor.
iii Species of leaves, size of leaves, number of leaves, temperature, humidity, etc.
b Control
No. This investigation aims to study the effect of light intensity on gas exchange in
plants.
c Assumptions
The rate of respiration of the plant remains constant during the investigation.

- 16 -
Materials and apparatus (p. 9-11)

data logger interface 1
carbon dioxide sensor / oxygen sensor 1
tablet computer with interfacing software installed 1
conical flask (250 cm3) 1
beaker (250 cm ) 3
1
stopper 1
bench lamp 1
thermometer 1
aluminium foil
muslin
freshly-picked leaves
Procedure (p. 9-11)

1 Pick 5 leaves of similar size from a potted plant.
2 Put the leave in a conical flask (or other transparent containers).
3 Insert a data logger with a carbon dioxide sensor / oxygen sensor into the flask and
stopper it.
4 Place a bench lamp at 0.25 m from the flask and put a beaker of water between the bench
lamp and the flask. Monitor the temperature of water in the beaker. Renew the water if
necessary.
5 Turn on the bench lamp. Allow the leaves to equilibrate for 5 minutes.
6 Start the data logger and record the change in carbon dioxide content / oxygen content in
the flask for 10 minutes. This is the condition of high light intensity.
7 Wrap the flask with one layer of muslin. Repeat steps 5 and 6. This is the condition of
moderate light intensity.
8 Wrap the flask with two layers of muslin. Repeat steps 5 and 6. This is the condition of
low light intensity.
9 Wrap the flask with aluminium foil. Repeat steps 5 and 6. This is the condition of
darkness.

- 17 -
Results (p. 9-12)

Light intensity Change in carbon dioxide / oxygen content in the flask
High light The carbon dioxide content decreases. / The oxygen content
intensity increases.
Moderate light The carbon dioxide content remains fairly stable. / The oxygen
intensity content remains fairly stable.
The carbon dioxide content increases. / The oxygen content
Low light intensity
decreases.
The carbon dioxide content increases. / The oxygen content
Darkness
decreases.

In darkness and at low light intensity, there is a net uptake of oxygen / net release of carbon
dioxide by the leaves.
At moderate light intensity, there is a no net uptake of oxygen / net release of carbon dioxide
by the leaves.
At high light intensity, there is a net release of oxygen / net uptake of carbon dioxide by the
leaves.
Ch 10 Transpiration, transport and support in plants
Practical 10.1 Demonstration of the occurrence of transpiration

Results (p. 10-2)
Colour of cobalt chloride paper
Changes inside the
Set-up
plastic bag Original colour Final colour
A layer of moisture and
A drops of liquid are Blue Pink
formed.
B Remains clear. Not applicable Not applicable

- 18 -

1 Set-up A
2 The liquid contains water. Transpiration takes place in the aerial part of the plant and
water vapour is released from it. The water vapour condenses on it touches the inner
surface of the plastic bag.
Practical 10.2 Comparing the abundance of stomata on the upper
and lower surfaces of a terrestrial dicotyledonous
leaf
Results (p. 10-4)
Title: The number of air bubbles appeared on the upper and lower leaf surfaces
Leaf surface Number of air bubbles appeared
Upper surface (Result vary with Ss.)
Lower surface (Result vary with Ss.)

1 When a leaf is put in hot water, the air inside the leaf expands and comes out from the
leaf surface through the stomata. Therefore air bubbles appear on the leaf surface.
2 More air bubbles coming out from the lower leaf surface indicates that there are more
stomata on the lower surface of the leaf.
3 As the leaves of terrestrial dicotyledonous plants are usually oriented horizontally, their
upper surface faces the sun. Hence, it is hotter than the lower surface. The small number
of stomata on the upper leaf surface helps reduce water loss by evaporation.

There are more stomata on the lower surface than on the upper surface of a terrestrial
dicotyledonous leaf.

- 19 -
Practical 10.3 Design an investigation to study the relative
abundance of stomata on both sides of a leaf of
different types of plants

Aim (p. 10-7)
To study the relative abundance of stomata on both sides of a leaf of different types of plants.

1 Problem
How are stomata distributed in the leaves of different types of plants?
2 Principle
(Answer varies with the design.)
i Type of plants. This can be varied by using leaves of different types of plants.
ii (Answer varies with the design.)
iii (Answer varies with the design.)
b Control
No. The investigation aims to study the relative abundance of stomata on both sides
of a leaf of different types of plants.
c Assumptions

Method 1:
electronic balance 1
vaseline
leaves of different types of plants
Method 2:
stop-watch 1

- 20 -
forceps 1 pair
dry cobalt chloride paper
sticky tape
leaves of different types of plants
Procedure (p. 10-9)

Method 1:
1 Pick 2 leaves of similar size from a terrestrial dicot plant. Weigh the leaves with an
electronic balance.
2 Smear vaseline on the upper side of a leaf (A). Smear vaseline on the lower side of
another leaf (B). Leave the 2 leaves for 1 hour.
3 Weigh the leaves again. Calculate the percentage change in weight of leaves A and B.
4 Repeat steps 1 to 3 with leaves from a terrestrial monocot plant, a submerged plant and a
floating plant.
Method 2:
1 Pick a leaf from a terrestrial dicot plant. Use sticky tape to stick a piece of dry cobalt
chloride paper to the upper side and lower side of the leaf respectively.
2 Measure the time taken for the dry cobalt chloride paper to reach the same colour as a
piece of moist cobalt chloride paper.
3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 with leaves from a terrestrial monocot plant, a submerged plant and
a floating plant.
Results (p. 10-10)

Method 1:
Initial Final Percentage change in
Type of plant Leaf
weight (g) weight (g) weight (%)
Terrestrial A
dicot plant B
Terrestrial A
monocot plant(Results Bvary with Ss.)
Submerged A
plant B
A
Floating plant
B

- 21 -
Method 2:
Time taken for the cobalt chloride paper to
Type of plant Leaf surface
change colour (s)
Terrestrial Upper
dicot plant Lower
Terrestrial Upper
monocot plant Lower
(Results vary with Ss.)
Submerged Upper
plant Lower
Upper
Floating plant
Lower

Practical 10.4 Investigation of the stomatal density on the
epidermis of a leaf
Stomata are not evenly distributed on the epidermis. Repeating the counting in different areas
and calculating the average ensures a more accurate result.
Results (p. 10-13)

Number of stomata Area of the
Stomatal density
microscopic
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 (number of
Average field of view
(A1) (A2) (A3) stomata/mm2)
(mm2)
Lower
epidermis
Upper
epidermis

1 The upper epidermis of the leaf has lower stomatal density. As the upper epidermis is

- 22 -
directly illuminated by the sun, the temperature of the upper epidermis is higher than that
of the lower epidermis. Lower stomatal density on the upper epidermis helps reduce
water loss due to transpiration.
2 Stomata are not evenly distributed on the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf.
3 Count the number of stomata in more areas of the epidermis.
Extended questions (p. 10-14)

a Stomatal densities on the upper and lower epidermis are similar as the upper and lower
epidermis of the leaf are receiving similar sunlight.
b Stomata are absent in the epidermis. The leaves of submerged plants are not covered
with cuticle. Dissolved gases can diffuse directly into the leaves through all surfaces.
c Stomata are present on the upper epidermis only as the lower epidermis is in contact with
water. Gas exchange takes place mainly through the stomata on the upper epidermis.

The stomatal density on the upper epidermis of a dicotyledonous leaf is lower than that on the
lower epidermis.
Practical 10.5 Measurement of the rate of transpiration using a
bubble potometer
To prevent air bubbles from entering the xylem vessels of the plant and blocking water
uptake.
Results (p. 10-17)

Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Average
Distance travelled
by the air bubble
(cm)
Time period (s)


- 23 -
Rate of movement
of the air bubble
(cm s–1)

1 When the plant transpires and absorbs water, water is drawn from the capillary tube. The
air bubble therefore moves towards the shoot along the tube.
2 No. The rate of movement of the air bubble indicates the rate of water uptake.
3 The amount of water absorbed is equal to the amount of water lost due to transpiration.
4 The movement of the air bubble may be affected by the friction between the air bubble
and the inner wall of the capillary tube.
Practical 10.6 Measurement of the amount of water absorbed and
lost by a plant using a weight potometer

To prevent the evaporation of water in the measuring cylinder from affecting the results.
Results (p. 10-19)

Water level in the Weight of the whole set-
measuring cylinder (cm3) up (g)
Initial reading
Final reading
(Answer varies with Ss. The amount of water

Amount of water absorbed = ____________________
absorbed is the difference between the water levels
= ____________________
in
the measuring cylinder before and after the
Amount of water lost (Answer varies with Ss. The amount of water
= ____________________
lost is the difference between the weights of the
= ____________________
whole set-up before and after the practical.)

- 24 -

1 The amount of water absorbed is slightly greater than the amount of water lost. It is
because some of the absorbed water is used in photosynthesis, growth and other
metabolic activities.
2 Water may be present on the leafy shoot when the plant is removed from water after
cutting.
3 Blot the plant with tissue paper before making measurement.
Practical 10.7 Design an investigation of the effects of
environmental factors on the rate of transpiration

Aim (p. 10-22)
To study the effect of light intensity / temperature / wind speed / relative humidity on the rate
of transpiration of a plant.

1 Problem
How does light intensity / temperature / wind speed / relative humidity affect the rate of
transpiration of a plant?
2 Principle
A potometer can be used to measure the rate of transpiration of a plant. By comparing
the rate of transpiration of the plant under a certain condition (depending on the factor
being investigated) and under normal conditions (as a control), the effect of an
environmental factor on the rate of transpiration can be found.
i (Answer varies with the environmental factor being investigated.)
ii (Answer varies with the environmental factor being investigated.)
iii (Answer varies with the environmental factor being investigated.)
b Control
Yes. It is used to confirm that the environmental factor being investigated is the

- 25 -
only factor that affects the rate of transpiration.
c Assumptions
The amount of water absorbed by the plant is equal to the amount of water lost due
to transpiration.

- 26 -

pipette (1 cm3) 1
stand 1
clamp 2
scalpel 1
glass tubing
rubber tubing
bench lamp 1
heater 1
dehumidifier 1
fan 1
plant with leafy shoots 1
Procedure (p. 10-24)

1 Set up a U-shaped potometer as shown on the right. Put
it in the laboratory with normal conditions.
2 Allow 5 minutes for equilibration.
3 Adjust the water levels in the glass tubing and the
pipette to the same level by raising or lowering the two
arms of the U-shaped potometer.
4 Record the initial water level in the pipette.
5 Record the water level again after a certain period of
time (e.g. 15 minutes).
6 Readjust the water level and repeat steps 3 to 5 to get
two more readings.
7 Calculate the rate of water uptake of the plant under
normal conditions.
8 Depending on the environmental factor being
investigated, put the U-shaped potometer in one of the
following places:
Light intensity – near a bench lamp
Temperature – near a heater
Relative humidity – near a dehumidifier
Air movement – near a fan
9 Repeat steps 2 to 6. Calculate the rate of water uptake of
the plant.
Results (p. 10-25)

(Results vary with the environmental factor being investigated.)

- 27 -

- 28 -

1 a Higher light intensity causes the stomata to open wider. The cross-sectional area for
the diffusion of water vapour from the leaves increases. Water vapour in the air
space diffuses out more rapidly through the stomata. Hence, the rate of
transpiration increases.
b Wind blows away the water vapour around stomata. This helps maintain a steep
concentration gradient of water vapour between the air space in the leaves and
the surrounding air. The rate of diffusion and therefore the rate of
transpiration increases in windy conditions.
c Lower relative humidity in the surrounding air increases the concentration gradient
of water vapour between the air space in the leaves and the surrounding air. Hence,
more water vapour diffuses out of the leaves through the stomata and the rate of
transpiration increases.
d Higher temperature increases the rate of evaporation of water from the surfaces of
mesophyll cells and the diffusion rate of water vapour out of the stomata. Hence,
the rate of transpiration increases.
2 Changing of one environmental condition may have changed another, e.g. the use of the
bench lamp to increase the light intensity may also have increased the temperature of the
surrounding air.
3 When investigating the effect of light intensity, put a beaker of water in front of the plant
to prevent the plant from being heated up by the bench lamp.

The rate of transpiration increases at higher light intensity / higher temperature / lower
relative humidity / in windy conditions.

- 29 -
Practical 10.8 Examination of the vascular tissues of a young
dicotyledonous plant
Results (p. 10-31)
Transverse section of a young dicotyledonous stem
Transverse section of a young dicotyledonous root
Transverse section of a young dicotyledonous leaf

- 30 -
Questions (p. 10-32)

1 Xylem transports water and minerals.
Phloem transports organic nutrients.
2 The vascular tissues in the stem, the root and the leaf are found on the periphery, at the
centre and in the veins respectively.
Practical 10.9 Identifying the vascular tissue in the stem
responsible for water transport

Results (p. 10-34)
Diagram of the cut end of the stem

1 Xylem vessels
2 Put the plant near a fan. / Put the plant near a heater. / Put the plant near a dehumidifier.
(any 2)

- 31 -

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Practical Workbook for SBA 1B

Suggested answers to Practical Workbook

Practical 7.1 Examination of the mammalian breathing system

I Intercostal muscle J Diaphragm

2 Nostrils  nasal cavity  pharynx 

3 The air is moistened, warmed and cleaner.

5 It protects the lungs and the heart.

Practical 7.2 Examination of the pig lungs

3 The trachea is hard. The lung tissue is soft and spongy.

4 The lungs increase in volume.

 Oxford University Press 2020

5 The piece of lung tissue floats in water.

Questions (p. 7-7)

2 The trachea, but not the lung tissue, is supported by cartilages.

 Oxford University Press 2020

Practical 7.3 Examination of the mammalian air sacs

Questions (p. 7-9)

• Large in number • Provides a large respiratory surface

• Moist inner surfaces • Allows gases to dissolve in water film

• Richly supplied with capillaries • Allows rapid transport of gases to and

Practical 7.4 Comparison of the oxygen content of inhaled air

and exhaled air

 Oxford University Press 2020

Discussion (p. 7-11)

Conclusion (p. 7-11)

Practical 7.5 Comparison of the carbon dioxide content of

inhaled air and exhaled air

Results (p. 7-13)

Inhaled air Red Red

Exhaled air Red Yellow

Discussion (p. 7-14)

 Oxford University Press 2020

Conclusion (p. 7-14)

 Oxford University Press 2020

Practical 8.1 Examination of blood smears

 Oxford University Press 2020

Healthy people People with blood disease:______________________

White blood cell

Healthy people People with blood disease:______________________

Healthy people People with blood disease:______________________

 Oxford University Press 2020

Questions (p. 8-3)

4 (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)

5 (Answer varies with the type of blood disease.)

Practical 8.2 Examination of transverse sections of an artery and

 Oxford University Press 2020

Questions (p. 8-7)

Practical 8.3 Examination of the capillary flow in a fish tail fin

 Oxford University Press 2020

Questions (p. 8-10)

Practical 8.4 Dissection and examination of a pig heart

 Oxford University Press 2020

 Oxford University Press 2020

venae cavae Water comes out from the pulmonary arteries.

Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any

pulmonary vein Water comes out from the aorta.

Water cannot enter and no water comes out from any

C Posterior vena cava D Tricuspid valve

E Right ventricle F Septum

G Pulmonary artery H Aorta

I Semilunar valve J Pulmonary vein