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شبکه کامپیوتری ۱
شبکه کامپیوتری ۱
Networking: A Top
Down Approach ,
4thedition.
Jim Kurose,
ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي
Keith Ross
Addison-Wesley,
July 2008. 1ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮي
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-2 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-1
اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-4 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-3
ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮي ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت اﻫﺪاف درس
• ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ • ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ. • ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در ﺷﺒﮑﻪ • آﺷﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺷﺒﮑﻪ )(Terminology
– اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ
• اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺪل ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺪون ﺣﻀﻮر در ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﮐﺮده و ﻓﻘﻂ از ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺎدل داده ﻫﺎ
• اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﺪ.
• ﻣﺮزﻫﺎ و ﻫﺴﺘﻪ)زﯾﺮﺳﺎﺧﺖ( ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
– ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺪون آﻧﮑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ • ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل
داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺒﺎدل داده ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪ.
• ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺤﺪوه ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژﯾﻬﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• اﻧﻮاع ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي
• ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ
• ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﻣﺮﺟﻊ
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ﻣ ﻘ ﯿﺎﻫﺎيﺎﻣﺤﻠﯽﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس
ﺎ)Local Area Network (LANﺎ
– در ﯾ ﻬﺼﺎ ﺮﻣﺤ ﻠﺷﺨاﺼﯽﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺘ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﯽﻣﮔﻣﺴﺨ( – ]ﺷﺨﺼﯽ )[Personal Area Network (PAN
– ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﻤﻣ ﻬ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ،اداره ،ﺧﺼﮔ ﺮﯽ – ﻣﺤﻠﯽ )Local Area Network (LAN
– ﮐﻢ ﺑﮔدن ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯽﮔﺗﺨﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﺤ – ﺷﻬﺮي )Metropolitan Area Network (MAN
– ﺳﺨﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ در ﺷﺒﮑﺤ – ﮔﺴﺘﺮده )Wide Area Network (WAN
– ﻧﺨخ ﭘﺎﯾﯽﻦ ﺧﻄﺎ
– ﺗﺎﺧﯽﺨ اﻧﺴﺸﺎر ﮐﻢ در ﺷﺒﮑﺤ
– ﻫﺰﯾﻨﺤ ﻧﺼﺐ و راه اﻧﺪازي ﭘﺎﯾﯽﻦ
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• ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ Network Topology
– ﯾﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ داراي ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮع ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ داراي ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژي دﯾﮕﺮي اﺳﺖ
– Ethernet 10Base-T uses an extended-star physical
topology, but acts as though it uses a logical bus
topology
– Token Ring uses a physical star, and a logical ring
– FDDI uses a physical and a logical ring.
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ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژي ﺗﻮري ﺗﻮﭘﻮﻟﻮژي ﺣﻠﻘﻪ
Mesh Topology Ring Topology
ﻫﺮ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ)ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺧﻄﻮط ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. • اﯾﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ در ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺣﻠﻘﻮي ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ
• داراي اﻓﺰوﻧﮕﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎﻻ /ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.
• ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ و ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي
• ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت در ﯾﮏ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺳﺖ.
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ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮔﺴﺘﺮده )(WAN
ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي در ﮔﺴﺘﺮه ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺸﻮر و ﯾﺎ ﺟﻬﺎن –
ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﯽ و ﺷﻬﺮي ﺑﻬﻢ –
و اﯾﺠﺎد ﯾﮏ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﻓﺎرغ از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺨﺖ اﻓﺰاري ﯾﺎ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰاري –
داراي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﯾﮑﺴﺎن و ﻫﻤﮕﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ –
ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن )(Host –
• ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﮐﺎرﺑﺮ ﻗﺮار دارد و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي او را اﺟﺮا ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.
– ﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ )ﺑﺴﺘﻪ( Packet
• ﯾﮏ واﺣﺪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ و روي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ارﺳﺎل ﻣﯽ
ﺷﻮد.
• اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﯿﻠﻮ ﺑﺎﯾﺖ
• اﻧﺪازه ﺛﺎﺑﺖ Åﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﺳﻠﻮل ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
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اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – ﻧﮕﺎه ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ دﻫﻨﺪه
زﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﯽ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ اﺳﺖ protocols control sending,
اﻣﮑﺎن ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ receiving of msgs
ﺷﺪه را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ آورد. e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
Ethernet
وب ،اﯾﻤﯿﻞ ،ﺑﺎزﯾﻬﺎ ،ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ،
Internet: “network of
اﺷﺘﺮاك ﻓﺎﯾﻠﻬﺎ و ...
”networks
loosely hierarchical
ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ public Internet versus private
ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي intranet
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زﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ )زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ( زﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ )زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ(
)Network Infrastructure (Network Core )Network Infrastructure (Network Core
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اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – ﻧﮕﺎه ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺗﺮ ( )زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ- زﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ)ﻫﺴﺘﻪ( ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
Network Infrastructure (Network Core)
ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ
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ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﻢ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﻠﯽ- (دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﯽ )داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ
Wireless access networks Company access: local area networks
• shared wireless access network • company/univ local area
connects end system to router network (LAN) connects end
– via base station aka “access point” router system to edge router
• wireless LANs: • Ethernet:
– 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps base
station – 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps,
• wider-area wireless access 10Gbps Ethernet
– provided by telco operator – modern configuration: end
– ~1Mbps over cellular system (EVDO, systems connect into
HSDPA)
Ethernet switch
– next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps) over mobile
wide area hosts
• LANs: chapter 5
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ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ ﻣﺪاري ﻫﺴﺘﻪ )زﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ( ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
Network Core: Circuit Switching The Network Core
End-end resources mesh of interconnected
reserved for “call” routers
• link bandwidth, switch the fundamental question:
capacity how is data transferred
through net?
• dedicated resources: no
sharing circuit switching:
dedicated circuit per call:
• circuit-like (guaranteed)
telephone net
performance
packet-switching: data
• call setup required
sent thru net in discrete
“chunks”
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frequency
time
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Network Core: Packet Switching Numerical example
each end-end data stream resource contention:
divided into packets aggregate resource demand • How long does it take to send a file of 640,000
can exceed amount available
• user A, B packets share congestion: packets queue, wait bits from host A to host B over a circuit-
network resources for link use
store and forward: packets
switched network?
• each packet uses full link
move one hop at a time – All links are 1.536 Mbps
bandwidth Node receives complete
• resources used as needed packet before forwarding – Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
– 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Bandwidth division into “pieces” Let’s work it out!
Dedicated allocation
Resource reservation
[ 0.5 + (640,000)/(1536*1000/24)] = 10.5 s
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ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – ﺷﺒﮑﻪ اي از ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭽﯿﻨﮓ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ اي – ﻣﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﭘﻠﮑﺲ ﮐﺮدن آﻣﺎري
ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺒﯽ
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
…
…
providers
to/from customers interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
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Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP
tier-1 ISP for privately with
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
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Internet structure: network of networks ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – ﺷﺒﮑﻪ اي از ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ
ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳﻮم
• a packet passes through many networks! • “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
– last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local local
ISP Tier 3 local ISP Tier 3 local
local local local local
ISP ISP ISP ISP
ISP ISP ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
Tier 1 ISP customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP them to rest Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP ISP
local local local local local local
ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP
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.ﺑﺨﺸﯽ از آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺨﺖ اﻓﺰار و ﺑﺨﺶ دﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﯿﮑﻬﺎي ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰاري ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
ﻃﺮاح ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪوﻻﺳﯿﻮن آﻧﺎﻟﻮگ در ﺳﺨﺖ،ﺑﻄﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل در ﯾﮏ ازﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﻢ
اﻓﺰار ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮاﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ
اﻣﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ در ارﺳﺎل ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺒﺪا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰاري ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ
.اﺳﺖ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-60 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-59
ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺻﻮل ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺻﻮل ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي
– ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي ،اﻣﮑﺎن وﺟﻮد ﺗﻌﺪادي ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا و ﻣﻘﺼﺪ اﺳﺖ – دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ و ﻣﺸﮑﻼت و راه ﺣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻫﺮ دﺳﺘﻪ
• ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﯾﺪه ﺷﻮد – اوﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ،ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﯽ ارﺳﺎل و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﯿﺘﻬﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ اﺳﺖ
• اﻣﮑﺎن ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺑﻪ واﺣﺪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ و ارﺳﺎل از ﻣﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎي • ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ،ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﯽ ،ﻧﻮري Åﮐﺎﻧﺎل ﻣﺴﯽ ،ﻣﺎﻫﻮاره و
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﯿﺒﺮ
• ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﭘﯿﺎم ارﺳﺎل ﺷﺪه در ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه )ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ و ( .... • ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻧﺎل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ اوﻟﯿﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ اﺳﺖ.
– ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪي ،ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه در درﯾﺎﻓﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ – ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ دوم ،ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﺳﺖ:
ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪه • -Simplexارﺗﺒﺎط ﯾﮑﻄﺮﻓﻪ
• – Half Duplexارﺗﺒﺎط درﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن
• ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰﻣﻬﺎي ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﺮﻋﺖ
• -Full Duplexارﺗﺒﺎط دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن
– و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ دﯾﮕﺮي ﭼﻮن ازدﺣﺎم ،ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ و ﺗﺼﺎدم ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮد. – ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺳﻮم ،وﺟﻮد ﺧﻄﺎ و ﻧﻮﯾﺰ روي ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ اﺳﺖ.
• اﻣﮑﺎن ﺧﺮاب ﺷﺪن ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﺑﯿﺘﻬﺎي ارﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ روي ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ
• ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮاب و ارﺳﺎل ﻣﺠﺪد ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﺑﯽ داده ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﻟﻢ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-62 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-61
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-64 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-63
ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺻﻮل ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي – اراﺋﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ و اﺻﻮل ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي
ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ دارد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﺢ ﺷﻮد –
ﻫﺮﮔﺎه ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد از ﻧﻄﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎﯾﻪ در ﯾﮏ –
ﻻﯾﻪ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ آﻧﻘﺪر زﯾﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﻪ آﻧﻘﺪر ﮐﻢ ﮐﻪ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه و –
ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد.
در ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺟﺰﺋﯿﺎت ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد و ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ –
ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮاﻧﯽ ﯾﮏ روال)روﺗﯿﻦ( ﺳﺎده و ﻣﺎﺟﻮﻻر از ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻻﯾﻪ زﯾﺮﯾﻦ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﺪ.
اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺮزﻫﺎي ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﯿﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ –
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ از ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻻﯾﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و
ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﻬﺎي ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮي را ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ اراﺋﻪ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-66 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-65
ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد و ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي اﺗﺼﺎل ﮔﺮا و ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺘﺼﻞ
Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services
– در ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﻬﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻫﯿﭻ داده اي در ﺣﯿﻦ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل از ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﯿﺮود. – ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﯾﮑﯽ از دو ﻧﻮع ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻓﻮق را اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ.
– ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﮕﺮا ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
– اﯾﻦ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ داده ﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ
• ﺑﺮﻗﺮاري ارﺗﺒﺎط ،ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ،ﻗﻄﻊ ﮐﺮدن
ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪه اﻋﻼم ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. • اﯾﻦ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ
• ارﺳﺎل داده ﻫﺎ از ﯾﮏ ﻃﺮف ﺑﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ و درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ آن در ﻃﺮف دﯾﮕﺮ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ
– اﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻖ ) (Acknowledgmentﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﺑﺎر اﺿﺎﻓﯽ و ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ در – ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺘﺼﻞ ،ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺪل ﭘﺴﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﭘﯿﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ارزش آﻧﺮا دارد ،وﻟﯽ ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ زﺣﻤﺘﺶ ﻧﻤﯽ • ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﭘﺴﺘﯽ داده ﺷﺪه و ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ آن ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
• ﻫﺮ ﭘﯿﺎم داراي آدرس ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﯽ را در ارﺳﺎل دارد.
ارزد! • ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﭘﯿﺎم دوم زودﺗﺮ از ﭘﯿﺎم اول ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-68 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-67
راﺑﻄﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ و ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد و ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد
– دو ﭼﯿﺰ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت
– ﯾﮏ اﯾﻤﯿﻞ ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﮕﺮا ﻧﺪارد وﻟﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺴﺘﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
– ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ
• ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ در اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ. – ﺻﺪاي و ﺗﺼﺎوﯾﺮ دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎل ﻧﯿﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻖ داده ﻫﺎ ﻧﺪارد!
• ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﯽ ﮔﻮﯾﺪ ،ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮ ﺧﻮد اﻧﺠﺎم دﻫﺪ ،ﺑﺪون
ﺻﺤﺒﺖ درﺑﺎره ﻧﺤﻮه اﻧﺠﺎم آن • ﻧﻮﯾﺰي ﺑﻮدن ﺻﺪا ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺧﯿﺮ و وﻗﻔﻪ اﺳﺖ
– ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ )(Protocol
• ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ،ﻣﻔﻬﻮم و ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﺒﺎدل ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﭘﯿﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ دو ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﻤﺘﺎ
• در ﮐﻨﻔﺮاﻧﺴﻬﺎي وﯾﺪﺋﻮﯾﯽ ﻣﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﻓﮏ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ از ﭘﺮﺷﻬﺎي
)در ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎط(
اﻋﺼﺎب ﺧﺮد ﮐﻦ
• در واﻗﻊ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﻬﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در ﻫﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ را ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ.
– ﻣﺜﺎل :ﯾﮏ ﻧﻮع داده ) (data typeﯾﺎ ﯾﮏ ﺷﺊ ) (Objectﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ و – ﺳﺮوﯾﺲ دﯾﺘﺎﮔﺮام :ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﯽ اﺳﺖ ﻧﻪ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﮕﺮا و ﻧﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد
ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي آن ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ) ﺑﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﯽ داﻧﯿﻢ ﯾﮏ ﺷﺊ ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮاﺻﯽ دارد
وﻟﯽ ﻧﻤﯽ داﻧﯿﻢ ﭘﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ(.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-70 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-69
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-72 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-71
ﻣﻨﺸﯽ- ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ- ﻣﻌﻤﺎري ﻓﯿﻠﺴﻮف
Layering of airline functionality
،اردو ، ﭼﯿﻨﯽ
اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ
ticket (purchase)
(p ) ticket (complain)
( omp
(c plain)) ticket
bag
ggag
baggage check))
g ge ((check) baggage
bag
ggag
g ge (claim
(claim baggage
gates
g
gat es (load)
( ad))
(lo gates
g es (unload)
gat ( load))
(un gate
airpla
p ne routing
airplane g airplane
airpla
p ne routing
g airplane
airpla
p ne routing
g airpla
p ne routing
airplane g airplane routing
ﻓﺎﮐﺲ ﻓﺎﮐﺲ
Layers: each layer implements a service
ﻣﻮدم ﻣﻮدم
– via its own internal-layer actions
– relying on services provided by layer below
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-74 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-73
– زﻣﺎﻧﯿﮑﻪ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﯾﻢ را درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﺮد ،ﺑﻪ ازاي آن ﯾﮏ ﻓﺮﯾﻢ ﺗﺼﺪﯾﻖ ﺑﺮﻣﯽ ﮔﺮداﻧﺪ. – ﺳﻮاﻻت و ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ:
• وﻟﺘﺎژﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺮاي 0,1
– ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ دﯾﮕﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ،ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ارﺳﺎل داده ﻫﺎ از ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ
• ﻧﻮع ﻣﺪوﻻﺳﯿﻮن
– در ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺨﺸﯽ ،ﻻزم اﺳﺖ اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻧﺤﻮه دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻧﺎل ﻣﺸﺘﺮك را ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ.
• ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﻧﺎل و ﻧﺮخ ارﺳﺎل
– ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر)ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﮐﺎﻧﺎل اﺷﺘﺮاﮐﯽ( از ﯾﮏ زﯾﺮ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ”ﮐﻨﺘﺮل دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ رﺳﺎﻧﻪ“ )(MAC
• ﻧﺤﻮه اﺗﺼﺎل ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﮑﯽ و اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﯽ ،ﻧﻮع ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ،ﻧﻮع راﺑﻂ)ﮐﺎﻧﮑﺘﻮر( ﮐﺎﺑﻞ و ...
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.
– اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ اﻓﺰاري اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮاﺗﯽ در ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ ﺑﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯿﺸﻮد.
– اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ داده ﺑﺎ ﺳﺨﺖ اﻓﺰار دﯾﺠﯿﺘﺎل ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
– ﻫﯿﭻ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ اي در ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺧﻄﺎ و ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻢ آن ﻧﺪارد.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-78 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-77
– ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ داراي آدرس ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ و ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮﺑﻔﺮد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس – ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ
آﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ اﻗﺪام ﺑﻪ ﻫﺪاﯾﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.
– ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺒﺪا ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ
– اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ اﺻﻮﻻ ”ﺑﺪون اﺗﺼﺎل“ اﺳﺖ ،ﯾﻌﻨﯽ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻨﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ
– اﺗﺨﺎد ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮي ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از ازدﺣﺎم )ﺗﺮاﻓﯿﮏ ﺑﯿﺶ از اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﯾﮏ
ﻣﻘﺼﺪ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد.
ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯾﺎب ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭻ(
– ﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺼﻮرت ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰاري اﺳﺖ ،اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎﻻرﻓﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ
– ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯾﺎب ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺼﻮرت اﯾﺴﺘﺎ و ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ
روي ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
– و ﯾﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺼﻮرت دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ و ﻫﻮﺷﻤﻨﺪ ارﺳﺎل ﮐﻨﺪ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-80 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-79
ﻻﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل )(Transport Layer ﻻﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل )(Transport Layer
– ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ )اﯾﺰوﻟﻪ( ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ در ﺳﺨﺖ – اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ وﻇﯿﻔﻪ
اﻓﺰار )ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ( • ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ داده ﻫﺎ از ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ
– ﯾﮏ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ واﻗﻌﯽ اﺳﺖ. • ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ آن ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ)در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﯿﺎز(
• در اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪه )ﻣﺒﺪا( ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه )ﻣﻘﺼﺪ( ارﺗﺒﺎط
• ﺷﻤﺎره ﮔﺬاري ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ
دارد.
• ارﺳﺎل آن ﺑﻪ زﯾﺮ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
• در ﺣﺎﻟﯿﮑﻪ در ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي زﯾﺮﯾﻦ ،ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻨﻬﺎي ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﻪ )و ﻧﻪ
ﻣﻘﺼﺪ( ارﺗﺒﺎط دارد!. • ﺣﺼﻮل اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن از درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻃﺮف ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ
– اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ و ﻻﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار ﭘﯿﺎده ﺳﺎزي ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺮ روي
ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻨﻬﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ)ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻨﻬﺎي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮان( وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-82 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-81
ﻻﯾﻪ اراﺋﻪ )ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ( )(Presentation Layer ﻻﯾﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ )ﻧﺸﺴﺖ( )(Session Layer
– اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﭘﯿﺎﻣﻬﺎ و ﻣﻔﻬﻮم آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ اﺳﺖ. – ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ آوردن ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﯾﮏ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ
– ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎي داده ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢ ارﺗﺒﺎط – اﺣﺮاز ﻫﻮﯾﺖ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ
داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
– ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺟﻠﺴﻪ و ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ از ﺳﺮﮔﯿﺮي آن در ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻗﻄﻊ ارﺗﺒﺎط
– وﻇﯿﻔﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ اﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻫﺎ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺖ.
– ﮐﻨﺘﺮل دﯾﺎﻟﻮگ )اﯾﻨﮑﻪ اﻻن ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﮐﯿﺴﺖ(
– از وﻇﺎﯾﻒ دﯾﮕﺮ
– ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻃﻮﯾﻞ اﻟﻤﺪت و از ﺳﺮﮔﯿﺮي آن از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻗﻄﻊ
• ﻓﺸﺮده ﺳﺎزي ﻓﺎﯾﻞ ﻫﺎ
• رﻣﺰﻧﮕﺎري ﺑﺮاي ارﺳﺎل ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ داده ﻫﺎ – ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ
• رﻣﺰﮔﺸﺎﯾﯽ
– اﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻠﺴﻪ
• ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﺪﻫﺎ )ﻣﺜﻼ ASCIIﺑﻪ (EBCDIC
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-84 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-83
ﻻﯾﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد )(Application Layer
– ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻠﻬﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﯿﺎز ﮐﺎرﺑﺮان در اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﻗﺮار دارد.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-86 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-85
– ﻻﯾﻪ زﯾﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ ﭘﺲ از اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺳﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﻻزم ،آﻧﺮا ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﺗﺮ
ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ.
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-88 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-87
TCP/IPﺑﻪ دو ﻣﻌﻨﺎ
data_encapsulation.swf
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-90 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-89
ﻣﺪل ﻣﺮﺟﻊ TCP/IPو ﺗﻨﺎﻇﺮ آن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺪل ﻣﺮﺟﻊ OSI ﻣﺪل ﻣﺮﺟﻊ TCP/IP
• ﻣﺪل ﺑﮑﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﭘﺪر ﺑﺰرگ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮي )آرﭘﺎﻧﺖ(
• و ﺧﻠﻒ آن اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-92 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-91
ﻻﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻻﯾﻪ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ
– در ﺑﺎﻻي ﻻﯾﻪ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل در ﻣﺪل OSIاﺳﺖ. – اﯾﻦ ﻻﯾﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻨﺎي اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ اﺳﺖ
– ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا و ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد.
– اﺟﺎزه ارﺳﺎل ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ روي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ.
– دو ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ﺑﺮاي اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر دارد TCP) .و (UDP
– ﻋﺪم ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ رﺳﯿﺪن ﭘﯿﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎده ﺷﺪه
– Transmission Control Protocolﯾﮏ ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ اﺗﺼﺎﻟﮕﺮاي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﺳﺖ
– وﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﮐﺮدن ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪه ﻻﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
– ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺑﺎﯾﺖ ﻫﺎ را ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ درآورده و ﺑﻪ ﻻﯾﻪ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ و در
ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻋﮑﺲ اﺳﻦ ﮐﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. – ﻓﺮﻣﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺎم و ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ آﻧﻬﺎ در ﻻﯾﻪ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ
IPﻧﺎم دارد.
– ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ SMTP – زﻣﺎﻧﯿﮑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ از دﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺻﻮت و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ( ﯾﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﯿﮑﻪ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ
– ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ﻧﺎم ﺣﻮزه )ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ( DNSﺑﺮاي ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ آدرس ﺷﺒﮑﻪ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ – ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﯾﮑﺒﺎر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد ،ﺑﮑﺎر ﻣﯽ رود.
– ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺧﺒﺮ NNTP
– ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺻﻔﺤﺎت اﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﻦ HTTP
– و دﻫﻬﺎ ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ دﯾﮕﺮ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-96 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-95
TCP/IP ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ﻫﺎ و ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺪل Host to Network ﻻﯾﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
– و ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر دارد ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮي ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﮑﻪ وﺻﻞ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ
. را ارﺳﺎل ﮐﻨﺪIP ﻫﺎي
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-98 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-97
source
message M
Encapsulation ﻻﯾﻪ اي5 ﻣﺪل ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي دﯾﮕﺮ – ﻣﺪل
application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network • application: supporting network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link applications
physical
application
– FTP, SMTP, HTTP
link • transport: process-process data transfer
physical transport
– TCP, UDP
switch • network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
– IP, routing protocols link
destination Hn H t M network
M
• link: data transfer between neighboring
M application Hl Hn Ht link Hn Ht M
M physical network elements physical
Ht transport
Hn Ht M network – PPP, Ethernet
Hl Hn Ht M link router
• physical: bits “on the wire”
physical
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-100 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-99
ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ
– ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات رادﯾﻮﯾﯽ )) (ITU-Rﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺴﻬﺎي رادﯾﻮﯾﯽ( – اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ) : (de factoﺑﺪون ﻃﺮح رﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪه اﻧﺪ و
– ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات )(ITU-T ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ .ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﮔﺎر ﺑﺎ IBM
– اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ):(de jureﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ
• اراﺋﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﯽ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ،ﺗﻠﮕﺮاف و ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات داده
ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.
• اﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻫﺎ اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺼﻮرت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ V.24,
V.90ﻣﺮﺑﻮط اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻣﻮدم ﻫﺎ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-102 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-101
– ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل ، 1989ﻫﯿﺎت ﻣﺪﯾﺮه ﻣﻌﻤﺎري اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ – در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮات ISO,ITU-T ،اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺗﺸﺮﯾﮏ
ﻣﺴﺎﻋﯽ دارﻧﺪ )در واﻗﻊ ISOﯾﮑﯽ از اﻋﻀﺎي ITU-Tاﺳﺖ(
– )(Internet Architecture Board- IAB
– ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪه آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ در ” ،ISOﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ“ ANSIاﺳﺖ.
– از ﺳﺎل 1989ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر IABﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮد و ﺑﻪ دو ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪ:
– از ﺑﺎزﯾﮕﺮان ﺑﺰرگ در ﺻﺤﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ”ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن ﺑﺮق و
• ﻧﯿﺮوي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ )Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF
اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮏ“ ) ، (IEEEﺑﺴﯿﺎري از اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪ را وﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ.
– اﻧﺠﺎم ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت
ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺗﺮﻧﺖ و اﺗﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﯽ ﺳﯿﻢ و ) ...از ﺳﺮي (802.x
• ﻧﯿﺮوي ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ اﯾﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ )Internet Research Task Force (IRTF
– اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت – اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ، EIA/TIAاﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺳﯿﻤﻬﺎ و ﺳﯿﻢ ﮐﺸﯽ
Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-104 Bushehr Islamic Azad University – H.R. Imanikia 1-103