Alexandra Nicole H.

Enriquez
PATHFIT 304-8, BS Psychology 2-2

I. History of basketball

1. Basketball, invented by James Naismith in 1891, gained popularity in the

United States and spread internationally.

2. The first Olympic basketball tournament was held in 1936 at the Berlin
Olympics, with amateurs as the top competitors.

3. The American team won the first seven Olympic tournaments through 1968
without losing a single game. However, the U.S. winning streak ended in
1972 when the Soviet Union beat them in a controversial match.

4. The U.S. team reclaimed the gold medal in 1976, with Yugoslavia finishing
runner-up for the second time.

5. In 1980, Yugoslavia became the third team to win the title after beating the
Soviets in the semifinals and Italy in the final.

6. In 1984, the Americans regained the title by beating Spain in the final, while
the Soviets won the gold medal for the second time in 1988.

7. In 1989, FIBA approved the rule that allowed NBA players to compete in
international tournaments, including the Olympics.

8. The U.S. repeated its victory in 1996 and 2000, but their performance was not
as dominant as in 1992.

9. In 2008, the U.S. regrouped and defeated the reigning FIBA world
champions, Spain, in an intense gold medal game.

10. In 2012, the U.S. won again against the Serbians in the gold medal game, a
rematch of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup Final.

II. Definition of terms

1. Basketball [ bas-kit-bawl, bah-skit- ] noun

a game played by two teams of usually five players each on a rectangular court having a
raised basket or goal at each end, points being scored by tossing the ball through the
opponent's basket. the round, inflated ball approximately 30 inches (76 centimeters) in
circumference, used in this game.

2. Air Ball: The ball misses the hoop and backboard entirely.

3. Alley-oop: A high arc pass to a teammate in a position near the basket to leap and
score.

4. Alternating-possession rule: A rule in which teams take turns possessing the ball
after stopped plays.

5. Assist: A pass that sets up a score.

6. Backboard: The surface to which the basket is mounted.

7. Back Court: Area of the court farthest from the offensive team's goal.

8. Back Door Cut: A player approaches quickly from behind a defender toward the
basket.

9. Back Screen: An offensive player moves away from the basket to set a screen for
teammate.

10. Ball Fake: To fake a pass or shot.

11. Bang the Boards: An aggressive rebound.

12. Bank Shot: The ball bounces off the backboard and into the basket.

13. Baselines: Also known as "end lines", the boundary lines extending across both
ends of the court behind the baskets.

14. Baseline Pass: A player passes the ball single-handedly to a cutter advancing
toward the basket.

15. Basket: The scoring goal attached to the backboard and is comprised of a metal rim
from which a corded net hangs.

16. Behind-the-back Dribble: A dribble from one hand to the other behind the back.

17. Behind-the-back Pass: A pass made behind the body.

18. Between the Legs Dribble: A dribble between the legs from one hand to the other.

19. Blocked Shot: A shot deflected on its way to the basket.

20. Blocking: Using the body to block an opponent.

21. Bonus Free-throw: Also called "one-on-one"; a free-throw awarded a team whose
opponent exceeds the number of fouls allowed in a half.

22. Bounce Pass: A pass is deflected off the floor before being received by a team
player.

23. Box Out: In an attempt to block an opponent and set up rebound opportunities, a
defense player gets between a teammate and the basket.

24. Carrying the Ball: Also called "palming"; an illegal dribbling of the ball with both
hands at the same time, turning the ball over in your hands, or placing the hands
underneath the ball as if holding or carrying it.

25. Catch and Face: Catching a pass and turning directly toward the basket before
taking a shot.

26. Center: In position near the basket to capture rebounds and block shots.

27. Change of Pace Dribble: Slowing down and speeding up dribble to get past an
opponent.

28. Charging: An offensive player fouls by illegally contacting a stationary defense

player.
 29. Chest Pass: A chest-to-chest pass with both hands.

30. Chin it: After receiving a rebound, the ball is under the chin with elbows and fingers
pointing up.

31. Clear Out: To make room for the ball handler.

32. Control Dribble: A closely guarded low dribble.

33. Controlling the Boards: Otherwise known as "banging the boards"; controlling most
of the rebounds.

34. Conversion: A dunked free-throw.

35. Court: The floor upon which the game of basketball is played.

36. Crossover Dribble: A front-of-the-body dribble from one hand to the other.

37. Cross-Screen: A lateral advance to set up a screen.

38. Crossover Step: A jab step, then a step in the opposite direction.

39. Curl Cut: Used when the defender is behind the cutter, an offensive player cuts off a
screen and heads toward the basket.

40. Dead Ball: A ball that is not "alive" or in play.

41. Defense: The team not in possession of the ball.

42. Defense Rebound: Rebound by the defense player.

43. Double Dribble: The illegal act of dribbling, stopping, then dribbling again.

44. Double Team: Two teammates move in to guard one offensive player.

45. Down Court: Moving from the back court toward the offensive basket.

46. Dribble: Bouncing the ball off the floor with one hand.

47. Drive: A brisk advance toward the basket with the aim of shooting.

48. Dunk: Slamming the ball into the basket.

49. Fast Break: A rush down court to beat the opponent to the basket.

50. Forwards: Players positioned along the free-throw lane and who are generally closer
to the basket than the guards.

III. Facilities and Equipment

**Facilities:**

1. **Basketball Court:** A standard basketball court is a rectangular surface with

specific dimensions. In the NBA and most professional leagues, it measures 94 feet
(28.65 meters) in length and 50 feet (15.24 meters) in width. College and high school
courts may have slightly different dimensions.
2. **Basketball Hoops:** There are two basketball hoops, one at each end of the
court. Each hoop consists of a metal ring with a net attached, and it's positioned 10
feet (3.05 meters) above the floor.

3. **Basketball Key/Paint:** The key, also known as the paint or the lane, is a
rectangular area on the court located in front of each basket. It includes the free-
throw line, the three-second area, and the restricted area. The dimensions of the key
can vary between professional and amateur leagues.

4. **Three-Point Line:** A semicircular line that designates the three-point shooting

area. The distance from the basket to the three-point line varies depending on the
level of play, with the NBA having a farther distance than college and high school
courts.

5. **Scoreboard:** A digital or manual scoreboard is used to display the current

score, game time, and other relevant information to players and spectators.

**Equipment:**

1. **Basketball:** The game is played with a spherical ball typically made of leather
or synthetic materials. The size and weight of the ball can vary depending on the age
group and level of play.

2. **Basketball Jerseys:** Players wear jerseys with unique numbers and team
logos to identify themselves and their teams. Jerseys are typically made of
breathable and moisture-wicking materials.

3. **Shorts:** Basketball shorts are designed for comfort and freedom of movement.
They are typically loose-fitting and made of lightweight materials.

4. **Shoes:** Basketball shoes provide support, cushioning, and grip on the court.
Players choose shoes based on their playing style and position.

5. **Protective Gear:** Some players wear protective gear like padded arm sleeves,
knee pads, and ankle braces for added support and injury prevention.

6. **Whistle:** Referees use whistles to signal fouls, violations, and other game
stoppages.

7. **Shot Clock:** In professional and organized basketball, a shot clock is used to

limit the time a team has to attempt a shot. It's typically set to 24 seconds in the NBA.

8. **Bench Seating:** Teams have benches for players, coaches, and staff to sit
during the game.

These facilities and equipment are essential for playing basketball at various
levels, from recreational games to professional competitions, and contribute to the
safety, fairness, and enjoyment of the sport.
IV. Basic Skills

Basketball requires a combination of fundamental skills for success on the

court. Here are the basic skills every basketball player should develop:

1. **Dribbling:** Dribbling is the act of bouncing the ball while moving. Players use dribbling
to advance the ball up the court, evade defenders, and maintain control. Effective dribbling
involves using both hands and maintaining a low dribble to avoid turnovers.
Possible violation: Section II—Dribble

A. A player shall not run with the ball without dribbling it.
B. A player in control of a dribble who steps on or outside a boundary line, even
though not touching the ball while on or outside that boundary line, shall not
be allowed to return inbounds and continue his dribble. He may not even be
the first player to touch the ball after he has re-established a position
inbounds.
C. A player may not dribble a second time after he has voluntarily ended his first
dribble.
D. A player who is dribbling may not put any part of his hand under the ball and
(1) carry it from one point to another or (2) bring it to a pause and then
continue to dribble again.
E. A player may dribble a second time if he lost control of the ball because of:
a. A field goal attempt at his basket, provided the ball touches the
backboard or basket ring
b. An opponent touching the ball
c. A pass or fumble which touches his backboard, basket ring or is
touched by another player.
i. PENALTY: Loss of ball. Ball is awarded to the opposing team
on the sideline nearest the spot of the violation but no nearer
the baseline than the foul line extended.

2. **Shooting:** Scoring points is a fundamental part of basketball, and shooting is the

primary way. Players must develop shooting accuracy and consistency, including layups,
mid-range shots, and three-pointers. Key shooting techniques include proper hand
placement, follow-through, and shooting rhythm.

Possible Violation: Section I—Scoring

A. A legal field goal or free throw attempt shall be scored when a ball from the
playing area enters the basket from above and remains in or passes through
the net.
B. A successful field goal attempt from the area on or inside the three-point field
goal line shall count two points.
C. A successful field goal attempt from the area outside the three-point field goal
line shall count three points.
a. The shooter must have at least one foot on the floor outside the three-
point field goal line prior to the attempt.
b. The shooter may not be touching the floor on or inside the three-point
field goal line.
c. The shooter may contact the three-point field goal line, or land in the
two-point field goal area, after the ball is released.
 D. A field goal accidentally scored in an opponent’s basket shall be added to the
opponent’s score, credited to the opposing player nearest the player whose
actions caused the ball to enter the basket.
E. It is a violation for a player to attempt a field goal at an opponent’s basket.
The opposing team will be awarded the ball at the free throw line extended.
F. A successful free throw attempt shall count one point.
G. An unsuccessful free throw attempt which is tapped into the basket shall
count two points and shall be credited to the player who tapped the ball in.

If there is a discrepancy in the score and it cannot be resolved, the running

score shall be official.

3. **Passing:** Passing is essential for teamwork and ball movement. Players should
practice various passes, such as chest passes, bounce passes, and overhead passes.
Accurate passing requires good vision, timing, and communication with teammates.

Possible Violation: Section I—Out-of-Bounds

A player shall not be the last to touch the ball before it goes out-of-bounds.
a. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team at the
boundary line nearest the spot of the violation.
b. EXCEPTION: On a throw-in which goes out of bounds and is not touched by
a player in the game, the ball is returned to the original throw-in spot.

Section XIII—Traveling

A. A player who receives the ball while standing still may pivot, using either foot as the
pivot foot.
B. A player who gathers the ball while progressing may take (1) two steps in coming to
a stop, passing or shooting the ball, or (2) if he has not yet dribbled, one step prior to
releasing the ball. A player who gathers the ball while dribbling may take two steps in
coming to a stop, passing, or shooting the ball.
1. The first step occurs when a foot, or both feet, touch the floor after gaining
control of the ball.
2. The second step occurs after the first step when the other foot touches the
floor, or both feet touch the floor simultaneously.
3. A player who comes to a stop on step one when both feet are on the floor or
touch the floor simultaneously may pivot using either foot as his pivot. If he
jumps with both feet he must release the ball before either foot touches the
floor.
4. A player who lands with one foot first may only pivot using that foot.
5. A progressing player who jumps off one foot on the first step may land with
both feet simultaneously for the second step. In this situation, the player may
not pivot with either foot and if one or both feet leave the floor the ball must be
released before either returns to the floor.

C. In starting a dribble after (1) receiving the ball while standing still, or (2) coming to a legal
stop, the ball must be out of the player’s hand before the pivot foot is raised off the floor.
D. If a player, with the ball in his possession, raises his pivot foot off the floor, he must pass
or shoot before his pivot foot returns to the floor. If he drops the ball while in the air, he may
not be the first to touch the ball.

E. A player who falls to the floor while holding the ball, or while coming to a stop, may not
gain an advantage by sliding.

F. A player who attempts a field goal may not be the first to touch the ball if it fails to touch
the backboard, basket ring or another player.

G. A player may not be the first to touch his own pass unless the ball touches his back-
board, basket ring or another player.

H. Upon ending his dribble or gaining control of the ball, a player may not touch the floor
consecutively with the same foot (hop).

a. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team on the sideline,
nearest spot of the violation but no nearer the baseline than the foul line extended.

4. **Rebounding:** Rebounding involves securing possession of the ball after a missed shot.
It's crucial for both offense and defense. Players need to position themselves well, box out
opponents, and jump effectively to grab rebounds.

Possible Violation: Section I—Out-of-Bounds

A player shall not be the last to touch the ball before it goes out-of-bounds.
a. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team at the
boundary line nearest the spot of the violation.
b. EXCEPTION: On a throw-in which goes out of bounds and is not touched by
a player in the game, the ball is returned to the original throw-in spot.

5. **Defense:** Effective defense is crucial to prevent the opposing team from scoring. Skills
include on-ball defense (guarding an opponent with the ball), help defense (supporting
teammates), and shot-blocking. Good defenders have quick feet, anticipation, and the ability
to disrupt passes and shots.

Possible Violation: Section VII—Defensive Three-Second Rule

A. The count starts when the offensive team is in control of the ball in the
frontcourt.
B. Any defensive player, who is positioned in the 16-foot lane or the area
extending 4 feet past the lane endline, must be actively guarding an opponent
within three seconds. Actively guarding means being within arm’s length of
an offensive player and in a guarding position.
C. Any defensive player may play any offensive player. The defenders may
double-team any player.
D. The defensive three-second count is suspended when: (1) a player is in the
act of shooting, (2) there is a loss of team control, (3) the defender is actively
guarding an opponent, (4) the defender completely clears the 16-foot lane or
(5) it is imminent the defender will become legal.
E. If the defender is guarding the player with the ball, he may be located in the
16-foot lane. This defender is not required to be in an actively guarding/arms
 distance position. If another defender actively guards the player with the ball,
the original defender must actively guard an opponent or exit the 16-foot lane.
Once the offensive player passes the ball, the defender must actively guard
an opponent or exit the 16-foot lane.
a. PENALTY: A technical foul shall be assessed. The offensive team
retains possession on the sideline at the free throw line extended
nearest the point of interruption. The shot clock shall remain the same
as when play was interrupted or reset to 14 seconds, whichever is
greater.
b. If a violation is whistled during a successful field goal attempt, the
violation shall be ignored and play shall resume as after any
successful basket.

Section VIII—Eight-Second Rule

A team shall not be in continuous possession of a ball which is in its backcourt for
more than 8 consecutive seconds.

1. EXCEPTION (1): A new 8 seconds is awarded if the defense: (1) kicks or

punches the ball, (2) is assessed a personal or technical foul, or (3) is issued
a delay of game warning.
2. EXCEPTION (2): A new 8 seconds is awarded: (1) if play is suspended to
administer Comments on the Rules—N—Infection Control, (2) when a team
gains control of a jump ball in the backcourt, or (3) during a frontcourt throw-in
into the backcourt in the last two minutes of the fourth and last two minutes of
any overtime period.
3. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team at the
midcourt line.

Section XIV—Offensive Screen Set Out-of-Bounds

n offensive player shall not leave the playing area of the floor on the endline in the
frontcourt for the purpose of setting a screen.

1. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team on

the sideline at the point of interruption but no nearer to the baseline
than the foul line extended.

Section XV—Offensive Player Out-of-Bounds

An offensive player shall not leave the playing area of the court without returning
immediately and cannot repeatedly leave and re-enter the court.

1. EXCEPTION: (1) injury, (2) inbounding the ball on a throw-in and (3)
any other unusual circumstance.
2. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team on
the sideline at the point of interruption but no nearer to the baseline
than the foul line extended.

Section XVI—Five-Second Back-to-the-Basket Violation

 An offensive player in his frontcourt below the free throw line extended shall not be
permitted to dribble with his back or side to the basket for more than five seconds.

1. The count ends when (1) the player picks up the ball, (2) dribbles above the
free throw line extended or (3) a defensive player deflects the ball away.

2. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team out-of-
bounds on the nearest sideline at the free throw line extended.

6. **Ball Handling:** Ball handling goes beyond dribbling and includes skills like crossover
dribbles, spin moves, and behind-the-back dribbles. These maneuvers can help players
navigate through defenders and create scoring opportunities.

Possible Violation:

Section IX—Ball in Backcourt

a. A player shall not be the first to touch a ball which he or a teammate caused
to go from frontcourt to backcourt while his team was in control of the ball.
i. EXCEPTION: Rule 8—Section III—e.
b. During a jump ball, a try for a goal, or a situation in which a player taps the
ball away from a congested area, as during rebounding, in an attempt to get
the ball out where player control may be secured, the ball is not in control of
either team. Hence, the restriction on first touching does not apply.
i. PENALTY: Loss of ball. The ball is awarded to the opposing team at
the midcourt line.

7. **Footwork:** Proper footwork is essential for agility, balance, and control. It affects
shooting, passing, and defensive positioning. Players should work on pivoting, cutting, and
moving without the ball effectively.

Possible Violation: None

8. **Teamwork:** Basketball is a team sport, and teamwork is critical. This involves setting
screens, making accurate passes, setting up teammates for scoring opportunities, and
communicating on both offense and defense.

Possible Violation: None

9. **Free Throws:** Free throws are uncontested shots taken from the free-throw line. They
are awarded after certain fouls and are a valuable source of points. Players should practice
free throws to improve their accuracy.

Possible Violation:
Section II—Shooting of Free Throw

The free throw(s) awarded because of a personal foul shall be attempted by the
offended player.
1. EXCEPTIONS: If the offended player is injured, other than as a result of a
flagrant foul or unsportsmanlike conduct, or is ejected from the game and
cannot attempt the awarded free throw(s), the opposing coach shall select,
from his opponent’s bench, the replacement player. That player will attempt
 the free throw(s) and the injured player will not be permitted to re-enter the
game. The substitute must remain in the game until the ball is legally touched
by a player on the court.

2. EXCEPTION: Rule 3—Section V—e

a. If the offended player is injured and unable to attempt the awarded
free throw(s) as a result of a flagrant foul-penalty (1) and/or as a result
of a medical determination that a player must undergo a concussion
evaluation, his coach may designate any player in the game at that
time to attempt the free throw(s). The injured player will not be
permitted to re-enter the game; except that the player will be permitted
to reenter if he was removed for a concussion evaluation, completed
the evaluation required pursuant to the NBA Concussion Policy, and is
deemed not to have a concussion.
b. If the offended player is injured and unable to attempt the awarded
free throw(s) due to any unsportsmanlike act, his coach may
designate any eligible member of the squad to attempt the free
throw(s). The injured player will be permitted to reenter the game.
c. If the offended player is disqualified and unable to attempt the
awarded free throw(s), his coach shall designate an eligible substitute
from the bench. That substitute will attempt the free throw(s) and
cannot be removed until the ball is legally touched by a player on the
court.

C. EXCEPTION: Rule 3—Section V—e

1. Away from play foul—Rule 12B—Section X-a(1).
a. A free throw attempt, personal or technical, shall be illegal if an official does not
handle the ball.
b. If multiple free throws are awarded, all those which remain must be attempted, if the
first and/or second attempt is nullified by an offensive player’s violation. If a timeout is
granted prior to a free throw attempt, the free throw will be attempted following the
timeout.

10. **Sportsmanship:** Respecting opponents, officials, and teammates is vital. Good

sportsmanship includes fair play, following the rules, and handling wins and losses with
grace.

Possible Violation:

Unsportsmanlike Foul– An unsportsmanlike foul in the game of basketball is defined

as a foul committed by a player who acted against the sportsmanship rules of the
game. This type of foul results in a personal foul being charged to the offending
player as well as two free throws and possession of the ball for the other teams, fairly
substantial punishment. For unsportmanlike foul in the basketball, the referee will
make this signal for a technical foul. This signal involves the referee making a T-
shape with his hands, similar to the signal used for timeouts in the sports.

11.**Basketball IQ:** Understanding the game's strategies, rules, and situational awareness
is essential. This includes knowing when to pass, shoot, or make defensive decisions based
on the game's flow and score.

Possible Violations: None

 Developing these basic basketball skills takes time, practice, and dedication.
Players at all levels continually work on honing these abilities to become more
effective and versatile on the court.

V. Rules of the Game

The game of basketball has a set of rules that govern play. While there are many
rules in basketball, here are some of the fundamental ones:

1. **Teams:** A basketball game is typically played between two teams, each consisting of
five players on the court at any given time.

2. **Scoring:** Points are scored by shooting the ball through the opponent's basket. A field
goal from outside the three-point line is worth three points, a field goal from inside the three-
point line is worth two points, and free throws are worth one point each.

3. **Game Duration:** In professional basketball (e.g., NBA), a regulation game consists of

four quarters, each lasting 12 minutes. In college basketball (NCAA), halves are used, with
each lasting 20 minutes. Overtime periods are played if the score is tied at the end of
regulation.

4. **Possession:** The team that wins the opening tip-off gains the initial possession of the
ball. After that, teams alternate possessions when a score is made or a violation occurs.

5. **Shot Clock:** In professional basketball, there is a shot clock, typically set to 24

seconds. A team must attempt a shot within this time limit to prevent stalling. If they fail to do
so, the opposing team gains possession.

6. **Dribbling:** Players are allowed to move with the ball by dribbling (bouncing it while
moving). Double dribbling (starting to dribble again after stopping) is not allowed.

7. **Traveling:** Players are not allowed to take more than two steps without dribbling the
ball. Violating this rule results in a traveling violation.

8. **Fouls:** Personal fouls are called when a player makes illegal physical contact with an
opponent. Team fouls accumulate throughout a quarter/half, leading to free throws for the
opposing team once a certain limit is reached.

9. **Free Throws:** Awarded after certain fouls, free throws are uncontested shots taken
from the free-throw line. The player who fouled has the opportunity to score one or more
points.

10. **Jump Ball:** A jump ball is used to start the game and to resolve possession disputes
when the referees are uncertain.

11. **Out of Bounds:** The court has boundary lines, and the ball is considered out of
bounds if it crosses these lines. The team that did not touch the ball last before it went out of
bounds gains possession.

12. **Backcourt Violation:** Once a team advances the ball past half-court, they cannot
return it to the backcourt. Violating this rule results in a turnover.
13. **Shot Clock Reset:** The shot clock is reset to a certain amount (e.g., 14 seconds in
the NBA) when a team gains a new possession following an offensive rebound or a foul.

These are some of the core rules in basketball, but the game also has additional
rules regarding violations, technical fouls, and other aspects. It's important for players,
coaches, and referees to have a thorough understanding of these rules to ensure fair and
competitive play.

In basketball, starting and ending the game involves specific procedures. Here's how
a game typically begins and ends, including scoring:

**Starting the Game:**

1. **Jump Ball:** The game begins with a jump ball. The referee tosses the ball into the air
at center court, and one player from each team jumps to try to catch it. The team whose
player gains possession of the ball starts the game with the first possession.

2. **Initial Possession:** The team that wins the jump ball has the initial possession of the
ball and has the opportunity to score.

**Ending the Game:**

1. **Regulation Play:** In most professional basketball leagues, a regulation game consists

of four quarters, each lasting 12 minutes (NBA). In college basketball, halves are used, with
each lasting 20 minutes (NCAA). The game concludes after the fourth quarter (or second
half) has ended.

2. **Overtime:** If the score is tied at the end of regulation, the game goes into overtime
periods, usually lasting 5 minutes each. Overtime continues until one team has more points
at the end of an overtime period.

3. **Final Seconds:** In the closing seconds of the game, teams often use strategies like
fouling to stop the clock or attempting a last-second shot to either tie or win the game.

4. **Buzzer Beater:** If a shot is taken before the game-ending buzzer sounds and the ball
is in the air, the shot can count if it goes in. This is known as a "buzzer-beater."

5. **Final Score:** The game concludes when the final buzzer sounds, and the team with
the most points at that moment wins.

6. **Winning Team:** The team with the higher score at the end of regulation or overtime is
declared the winner. In case of a tie during overtime, additional overtime periods are played
until a winner is determined.

7. **Celebration and Sportsmanship:** After the game, players often exchange

handshakes or greetings with their opponents as a sign of good sportsmanship. The winning
team celebrates, while both teams typically gather for a post-game talk with their coaches.
 It's important to note that the specific rules and procedures may vary slightly
depending on the level of play (e.g., professional, college, high school) and the governing
organization. However, the fundamental process of starting and ending the game as
described above remains consistent in basketball.

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https://www.rookieroad.com/basketball/how-does-scoring-work/

● RULE NO. 10: Violations and penalties. (n.d.). NBA Official.

https://official.nba.com/rule-no-10-violations-and-penalties/

● Where Basketball was Invented: The History of Basketball | Springfield College.

(n.d.). https://springfield.edu/where-basketball-was-invented-the-birthplace-of-
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