The Image of PNP

TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK
Perception of the G12 HUMSS students towards the Philippine National Police
at Tanza National Trade School (S.Y. 2022-2023)
Submitted to
the Faculty of
Tanza National Trade School
Senior High School
Tanza, Cavite
In partial fulfillment
of the requirement in
Inquiry, Investigation, and Immersion
Gonzales, Franchesca
Dumandan, Althea
Caminero, Trisha Mae
Gecoso, Kimberly
Saberon, Hanna
Clemente, Renebel
March 2023
I
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
The research attached here to, entitled Perception of the Grade 12 HUMSS
Students towards the Philippine National Police at Tanza National Trade School
prepared and submitted by Kimberly Gecoso, Hanna Saberon, Franchesca Gonzales,
Renebel Clemente, Trisha Caminero, Althea Dumandan, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for INQUIRY, INVESTIGATION, AND IMMERSION (3Is) for the
Grade 12 Academic Track in Humanities and Social Sciences hereby recommended
for the oral examination.
TERESA O. ADDANGANA, MAT Socsele

Research Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______.
Marlou M. Tangalin, MAEd

Chairman
JM Delantar Gerald Desacula
Content Critique Member-English/Filipino Critique
JM Macuha
Member-Statistician
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the GRADE 12
ACADEMIC TRACK IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES.
Marivic T. Climacosa, Ph.D.

Subject Group Head- Practical Research
Marlou M. Tangalin, MAEd

Subject Group Head, Inquiry, Investigation & Immersion (3I’s)
Rodel A. Auxtero, MAEd Harold Pangilinan EdD

Coordinator SHS Academic Coordinator SHS TVL
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere gratitude to Mr.
Mark Profeta and Mrs. Terresa Adangna, our distinguished research teachers, for their
undying trust in our abilities. We would like to express our sincere appreciation to
Ma'am Adangna, who has been a constant source of inspiration throughout our study
journey. Our research probably wouldn't be as feasible without them. Their advice
and support were important in deciding how to proceed with our job. Their perceptive
criticism, along with their dedication to developing our abilities, has been essential to
our progress as researchers.
We would like to extend our deep gratitude to our smart and knowledgeable
leader, Kimberly Gecoso, whose understanding and unshakable dedication have
guided us through every step of the whole process. Her consistent dedication and
excellent organizational abilities provide us with the foundation we need to overcome
challenges and achieve our research goals. Kimberly has demonstrated exceptional
leadership qualities and the ability to bring our team together, which has enabled us to
successfully complete this research.
As we draw to a close, we are interested in expressing our deep thankfulness to

the Father God for His continual favor and guidance during this study. Since it has
driven our determination and persistence, we are grateful for the guidance, strength,
and motivation we have received from God. We also appreciate and acknowledge the
divine assistance that enabled us to get over obstacles and effectively contribute
knowledge in our field. Additionally, we would like to thank each and every
researcher who made a significant contribution to our study. Each researcher’s skills,
determination, and participation were essential in creating the range of perspectives
and insights that enhance our research.
III
Abstract
People nowadays can be easily exposed to different types of information with the use of
social media and news media. This medium of technology can influence one's perception along
with the opinions of others and personal experience. Police legitimacy is tainted in the minds of
the citizens; different factors shape the perception of the public, and PNP Police have made several
efforts to ameliorate the criminal justice reputation. Additionally, PNP Police need the support and
cooperation of the public to achieve success in their agencies, especially since we live in a
democratic society where police actions should be legitimized by the citizen. This study examined
the image of PNP personnel as perceived by Grade 12 Humss students at Tanza National Trade
School-Main. This research used a descriptive correlational method and purposive sampling that
selected 50 students out of 540 HUMSS students. This study resulted in a higher mean for the
female participants compared to the male participants, which means that females are more likely to
perceive police negatively than males. Overall, the participants answers resulted in 3.48 for
personal experience, 3.40 for trust in the news media, and 3.57 for hearsay, which is verbally
interpreted as agreeing. These results underscore the urgent need for the police to enhance their job
performance and strive for legitimacy in the eyes of the students. A majority of the participants in
this study hold a negative impression of the police, highlighting the significance of further
improvements to reshape public perception.
Keywords: police legitimacy, hearsay, media , personal experience, students perceptio
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………… 1
APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………… 2
ACKNOWLEGEMENT………………………………………….. 3
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………. 5
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………… 6
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………….. 7
LIST OF APPENDICES………………………………………….. 8
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………….. 9
Statement of the Problem…………………………………. 10
Objectives of the Study…………………………………… 11
Theoretical Framework…………………………………… 12
Conceptual Framework…………………………………… 13
Significance of the Study…………………………………. 14
Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………….. 15
Operational Definitions of Terms………………………… 16
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Literature………………………………………… 17
Local Literature…………………………………………… 18
Related Studies…………………………………………… 19
Synthesis…………………………………………………. 20
V
METHODOLOGY
Research Design………………………………………… 21
Research Locale………………………………………… 22
Participants of the Study……………………………….. 23
Sampling Method…………………………………… … 24
Research Instrument……………………………………. 25
Ethical Issues…………………………………………… 26
Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………… 27
Statistical Treatment……………………………………. 28
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Personal Experience…………………………………… 29
News Media…………………………………………… 30
Hearsay………………………………………………… 31
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary………………………………………………. 32
Conclusion…………………………………………….. 33
Recommendations…………………………………….. 34
REFERENCES………………………………………………. 35
APPENDICES……………………………………………….. 36
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1. Personal Experience………………………………………… 37
2. News Media………………………………………………… 38
VI
3. Hearsay……………………………………………………… 39
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
1. Research Instrument………………………………………… 40
2. Scoring Manual……………………………………………… 41
3. Letter of Request……………………………………………. 42
4. Validity of the Instruments…………………………………. 43
5. Statistical Results…………………………………………… 44
6. Researchers Biographical Data…………………………….. 45
VII
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
The Philippine National Police (PNP) is a critical component of the country's
law enforcement system. Its role in maintaining peace and order, enforcing the law,
and promoting public safety cannot be overstated. However, the perception of the
PNP among the public, particularly students, is an important consideration. These
opinions and perceptions tend to affect the law enforcement officer’s work performance
and should be considered as an important element of a successful police training and
effective activity planning. In the context of studying the image of the PNP perceived by
students, personal interaction, media, and hearsay can be considered independent variables,
while perception or opinion is the dependent variable. Personal interaction refers to the
direct experiences that students have with PNP officers. This could include interactions
such as reporting a crime, seeking assistance during an emergency, or participating in
community events organized by the PNP. The quality of these interactions could impact
students' perception of the PNP, which is the dependent variable. Media is another
independent variable that can impact students' perception of the PNP. This includes
coverage of the PNP in traditional media outlets such as newspapers, television, and radio,
as well as social media. Positive or negative media coverage can shape students' opinions
of the PNP, making media an important independent variable to consider. Hearsay, or
rumors and gossip, is another independent variable that could impact students' perception
of the PNP. This includes information that is not necessarily based on facts, but rather on
1
rumors or secondhand information. Hearsay can spread quickly through social media and
other channels, potentially shaping students' opinions of the PNP. The dependent variable
in this study is perception or opinion. This refers to how students view and evaluate the
PNP based on their personal experiences, media coverage, and hearsay. Perception or
opinion is influenced by the independent variables of personal interaction, media, and
hearsay, making it the variable that is affected by these independent factors.
People of different colors have different perception in Police officer around their
countries. Asians , Hispanics, Blacks ,Whites , and Americans citizens holds different
perceptives towards law enforcement. Lot of studies show that ,in terms of ethnicity /race,
African Americans mostly experienced involuntary contact with the police , they are most
likely to become the target of police - initiated contacts. (Bates & Fasenfest, 2019;
Chiricos, Welch, & Gertz, 2004 as cited in Bender et al., 2022; Warren & Tomaskovic-
Devey, 2009 as cited in Vito et al., 2019) . Also, the Bureau of Justice statistics 2007
study shows that minorities are more likely to experience police - initiated contacts
compared to whites ( Cheurprakobkit, 2000; Schafer et al., 2003 as cited in Spruill &
Lewis, 2022), and African Americans mostly experienced to be stopped , searched and
mistreated by the police (Howell et al., 2019) that caused them to displayed more negative
attitudes toward the police other than the whites and other races/ethnicity (e.g. Asians,
Hispanics, and Native Americans) . Thus, African Americans are not the only one
experienced mistreated by the police , historically black are often located in cases where
police brutality were reported that led them to have negative view to the police as well
(Weitzer, 2000; Weitzer & Tuch, 1999, 2005a, 2005b as cited in Spruill & Lewis, 2022).
Moreover, when you look at the difference between Hispanics, Asians, and African
2
Americans disparity in attitudes toward police, we can see that Hispanics and asians tend
to have more favourable attitudes towards police compared to most African Americans
and black people that've been mistreated due to economically disadvantaged
neighborhoods or low socio-economic status. (Huebner, Schafer, & Bynum 2004 as cited
in Hartsell et al., 2022; Sampson & Bartusch, 1998 as cited in Braga et al., 2019; Wu, Sun,
& Triplett. 2009 as cited in Yuan, Wu, & Sanchez 2022).
Examining the relationship between public image, job performance, and perception
of neighborhood crime, as well as the internal and external factors influencing police
personnel, provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dynamics that
shape their interactions with the community. Alamban, Nabe, and Sumuoh (2022) focus
on the relationship between public image, job performance, and perception of
neighborhood crime. Their study highlights the mediating role of neighborhood crime
perception in the relationship between public image and job performance. In contrast,
Azizah, Ziwatrul, and Azlina (2018) investigate various factors influencing job
performance among police personnel, such as organizational support, job satisfaction, and
training. Their study takes a broader approach by examining multiple factors that
contribute to performance. Lastly, Claxton (2018) explores student perceptions of police
and emphasizes the importance of understanding public attitudes towards law enforcement.
This study provides insights into how students perceive the police, highlighting the need
for improved community relations. While Alamban, Nabe, and Sumuoh (2022) and
Azizah, Ziwatrul, and Azlina (2018) focus on factors internal to the police organization,
Claxton (2018) explores external perceptions and their impact on police-community
relationships. These contrasting perspectives offer a comprehensive understanding of the
3
multifaceted factors influencing police personnel and their interactions with the
community.
De Leon (2022) highlights the fundamental principle of public service and
accountability in the Philippines, as outlined in the Philippine Constitution. The
government organizations established in the country have a responsibility to serve and
support Filipino citizens. According to Article XI, Section 1 of the Constitution, public
officers are deemed as public trustees and must fulfill their duties with the utmost
responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency. They are expected to act with patriotism
and justice while maintaining a modest lifestyle. These insights emphasize the importance
of public officers upholding ethical standards, demonstrating a commitment to the welfare
of the people, and effectively carrying out their roles in government organizations. By
adhering to these principles, the government can enhance public trust, promote good
governance, and ensure the effective delivery of services to the Filipino citizens.
In the Philippines, officials in law enforcement reported an increase in anti-police
sentiments of the residents in the community over the last few years (Maguire, Nix, &
Campbell, 2017 as cited by Claxton, 2018). Certainly, media has played an important role
in shaping public opinions due to the topics publicized on social media platforms. Media
depicted "war on cops" that focus on an unarmed, person of color killed or mistreated by
the police, these influences the divide between police and citizens, and satisfaction with
police officers is rooted in various elements that include but are not limited to race, social
economic status, personal and/or vicarious experiences with law enforcement that can
change police officer perceptions as well as the individuals according to their experiences
4
and circumstances. Thus, each individual has a unique opinion toward PNP Personnel,
whether citizens are satisfied or not, depends on police behavior, interaction, and other
elements that influence their perception (Maguire, Nix, & Campbell, 2017 as cited by
Claxton, 2018).
Although the public image of the Philippine National Police (PNP) can be described
by producing ideas that can identify whether the image of the police is improving or
declining over a period of time, the general image of the Philippine National Police may
also affect the behavior of the public and to provide the police with information that is
useful in solving crimes and improving the quality of life in neighborhoods. A community
with a poor image of the police would likely have less support and cooperation from the
citizens (Pelayo, 2019). They also file complaints, present civil suits, rebel against the
police, and produce media problems. Indeed, the relationship between public behavior and
the general image of the police is untested but definitely a feasible thesis. To improve its
image, the PNP has long implemented the Police Community Relations program, which
aims to improve the relations between the police and the public and improve its image by
increasing civilian participation in crime prevention and policing. In addition, the PNP has
already implemented the Program to improve the delivery of police services to the public
and to cleanse its ranks of undesirables and misfits. The researcher would conduct a study
focused on personal interactions, news media, and hearsay as the variables influencing
how Grade 12 HUMSS (Humanities and Social Science) students at Tanza National Trade
School – Main perceive PNP Personnel as a result of the lack of outcomes.
5
Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study would determine the image of PNP Police perceived by
Grade 12 students in Tanza National Trade School - Main.
Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. What are the perception of the participants toward the PNP Personnel?
2. What are the basis of the participants towards the PNP Personnel in terms of:
a.) Hearsay
b.) News Media
c.) Personal Experience
3. Based on the perception, what is the most & least dominant among the three?
Objectives of the Study
This study aims to investigate the image of PNP Police perceived by Grade 12
HUMSS students in Tanza National Trade School – Main.
Specifically, this study aims to:
1. To determine the perception of the participants toward the PNP Personnel.
2. To assess the basis of the participants towards the PNP Personnel in terms of:
a.) Hearsay
b.) News Media
c.) Personal Experience
3. To evaluate the perception of what is the most and least dominant among the three.
6
Theoretical Framework
This study is mainly anchored on the theory of George Gerbner, Cultivation
theory suggests that long-term exposure to media shapes perception and behavior
toward the world. Students who are likely to be more exposed to media would likely
believe more of what they see online and view the reality of what's online or shown
on television. To this end, primetime television, with its repeated messages of
violence, was seen as a force for cultivating public fear of crime.
The overemphasis by news media on reporting about crime, particularly,
violent crime underpins the misplaced emphasis the public places upon crime as a
serious problem when the actuality of crime rates does not support such an
emphasis (Lowry, Nio, and Leitner, 2018). Examinations of how audience
characteristics might moderate the influence of news media on fear of crime,
however, have yet to consider how consumers actually conceptualize the news they
are exposed to, not simply the cultivation itself , as cultivation research on
entertainment television has. To truly understand cultivation effects is to also
understand the judgments audiences make in interpreting the media messages they
receive.
Charles Horton Cooley developed the social psychological research theory of
the "looking-glass self" in 1902. The phrase describes how people form their own
opinions of themselves based on those of others, which solidifies those opinions.
People conform to other people's perceptions of them and use those perceptions to
build their own views.
7
According to this theory, which is relevant to the present study, people create
opinions based on secondhand information they encounter from a variety of sources,
including social media, exposure to family and friends, and personal experiences
(Brunson, 2007; Rosenbaum et al., 2005). For instance, if a child's parents instilled
in her the fear and respect for the police, she will likely hold these attitudes for the
rest of her life. A person will also be influenced by what other people think of them.
They develop their own vicarious experiences that influence what they believe of
police officers when they hear other unpleasant stories about police from their
acquaintances.
George Herbert Mead's theory of social behaviorism accurately. According to
Mead, the development of an individual's self and perception is closely tied to social
experiences. He argued that the self is not an innate or predetermined entity but
emerges through interactions with others in society.
When it comes to a person's perception of a police officer, Mead's theory
suggests that it is not solely influenced by the opinions of others or media platforms.
Personal experiences with the police play a significant role in shaping an
individual's attitude towards them. These personal experiences, whether positive or
negative, are based on the behavior exhibited by the police.
If someone has had positive encounters with the police, such as feeling
protected or helped, they are likely to develop a positive attitude towards law
enforcement. On the other hand, negative experiences, such as instances of
misconduct or abuse, can lead to a negative perception and attitude towards the
police.
8
Mead's theory emphasizes the role of social interactions and personal
experiences in shaping an individual's perception of various social institutions and
actors, including the police. It highlights that our perceptions are not solely
influenced by external factors but are also shaped by our direct experiences and
interactions with others.
Conceptual Framework of the Study
FIGURE 1.
The Conceptual Framework of Image of PNP Personnel as perceived by the G12
HUMSS Students at Tanza National Trade School. It presents the conceptual framework,
the baseline information of the respondents by using Dependent variable in terms of
the image of PNP Personnel and Independent Variables in terms of New Media, Personal
Experience, and Hearsay would be gathered as presented in the first frame. Necessary
steps and procedures are to be implemented to obtain the data as a result and findings of
the researchers.
9
Significance of the Study
This study is significant to the following:
Students & Teachers. The study would give students and teachers awareness of what the
public opinion is towards the police, and it would help them know what things citizens
based their opinions on in order to say that they viewed the police like this or like that.
Police Officials. The police officers in the area of the study will also benefit from this
research, as they will take the public's opinions into consideration and improve their
performance to eliminate their bad reputation.
Policymakers and Government Agencies. This study's findings can inform policymakers
on law enforcement, public safety, and community relations, guiding evidence-based
strategies to address student concerns and perceptions, resulting in more effective and
responsive policies.
Community Organizations and NGOs. The study's findings can help community
organizations and NGOs address youth development, crime prevention, and community
engagement concerns. Collaborating with the PNP, they can develop targeted
interventions addressing students' perceptions, promoting civic participation, and
empowering young people.
Future Researchers. This study will benefit future researchers as well, since it will give
them an idea, knowledge, and information from the results gathered by this study.
Scope and Limitation
This study focuses on the image of PNP personnel as perceived by students
at the Tanza National Trade School. Data would be collected from G12-HUMSS students
at TNTS - Main to assess the factors influencing students' perceptions of the police. Due
10
to a lack of funds, it is only open to G12 HUMSS students because researchers cannot
accommodate all of the schools’ students.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally defined for a clear understanding of how
they were used in the study:
Image of PNP Personnel. This self-image is important to determine the policemen's
relationship with the community. Since police organization sets an ethical standard for
their personnel. This study determines whether this image is present to the policemen.
Participants. This is a person who takes part in an investigation, study, or experiments
by answering questions set by a researcher. This refers to the Grade 12 HUMSS
(Humanities and social science) students at Tanza National Trade School.
Perceived. Is how something or someone see things based on their observation and with
the use of their senses.
Philippine National Police (PNP). A law enforcement services or local police that
prevent crimes and keep the safety of the citizens throughout the Philippines
Operational Definition
News Media. Refers to the media used by the participants including Social Media and
News Media Broadcasted in television and radio.
Interaction. Refers to the communication between the participants and the Police officers
or personnel.
Hearsay. Refers to the rumors or gossip told by your acquaintance , friends , family that
they've heard or saw from other sources.
11
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Foreign Literature
Racial biases is one of the most unchanging factor that influence the perception of
the citizens toward police. Many published research in this area found that race is a
significant factor affecting public attitudes toward police. According to Spruill & Lewis
(2022) minorities are more likely to be stopped and arrested by the police than other races,
and seem to constantly have less favorable attitudes toward police than whites. Criminal
Justice Survey in 2016 from Cato Institute resulted African American reported a police
officer personally using abusive language or profanity with them ,Blacks and Hispanics
have experienced verbal and physical misconduct as well compared to other Americans
who have had positive experiences with the police. Other report shows that lower income
African Americans are being stopped only slightly more than lower income white
Americans and even African American’s income rises and become more republican they
won’t be favorable to the police. Also, African Americans know someone who has been
physically mistreated by the police. On the other hand, Americans do not believe the US
justice system treats everyone equally, 65% think police officers regularly racially profile
Americans or commonly “stop motorists and pedestrians of certain racial or ethnic
backgrounds because the officer believes that these groups are more likely than others to
commit certain types of crime”. Indirect contextual interactions about biased police
actions had a much larger impact on the attitudes of African American citizens in contrast
to the impact of these interactions with white participants (Johnsons & Kuhns, 2009 as
cited by White & Schafer, 2023).
12
Minorities' lack of trust in the police appears to be due, at least in part, to different
experiences with the police (Jacob, 1971 as cited by Yuan & Peluso, 2023). According to
Winfree and Griffiths (2019) , the majority of the variation in police performance
assessments was due to respondents' interactions with the police. Scaglion and Condon
(1980) cited by Chang (2022) discovered that people's perceptions of police treatment are
a more important predictor of their attitudes than demographics. Campbell and Schuman
(1972) as cited in Bolger et al., (2020) discovered that Blacks had lower ratings of the
police because they were subjected to more insulting language, unnecessary frisks, and
police brutality than Whites. According to Friedman and Hott (2018), youths who were
stopped by the police were much more likely to fear the police than youths who were not
stopped. In fact, 61% of those halted reported feeling insulted, threatened, or shoved
verbally.
The results have not been as consistent regarding how gender affects a person's
perception of trust and confidence in the police as age and race have. Males appear to have
higher levels of confidence and trust in the police, according to some studies (Brown &
Coulter, 1983 as cited in Esther, 2021; Correia, Reisig, & Lovrich, 1996 as cited in
Nowotny, 2023; Weitzer & Tuch, 2002 as cited by Gaston et al., 2022). However, other
studies (Cao, Frank, & Cullen, 1996 as cited by Reynolds, 2023; Hagan, Shedd, & Payne,
2005 as cited by Metcalfe & Baker, 2022; Reisig & Giacomazzi, 1998 as cited by
Nowotny, 2023; Weitzer & Tuch, 2002) show that women have higher rates of trust and
confidence in the police. However, according to other studies (Reisig & Parks, 2003 as
13
cited by Merenda et al., 2020; Sampson & Bartusch, 1998 as cited by Sampaiao 2019 ),
gender does not significantly affect a person's level of trust and confidence in the police.
In their review of research findings on public perceptions of the police, Brown and
Benedict summarized the findings of several studies showing that positive interactions
with the police led to more positive perceptions and negative interactions with the police
led to more negative perceptions (Brown et al., 2002 as cited by Santos et al., 2023). Age,
race, and socioeconomic status had less of an impact on citizen satisfaction with police
performance than did citizen contacts with police, according to Scaglion and Condon
(1980).
According to a study conducted by Cheurprakobkit in 2000, people who initiated
contact with the police had more positive attitudes toward them, whereas people who had
contacts with the police that were initiated by the police were less satisfied with their
performance. Therefore, there is a variety of historical evidence to support the hypothesis
that one's perception of how well the police carry out their duties and whether or not one
trusts the police is significantly influenced by the quantity and type of contact with them.
The majority of the studies that looked at the connection between attitudes toward the
police and contact with them confirmed the negativity bias theory that "bad is stronger
than good" despite the inconsistent measures of police contact in the reviewed studies (Li
et al., 2018, p. 109).
Regardless of who initiated contact, Schafer, Huebner, and Bynum (2003) cited in
Krieg et al., (2022) discovered evidence to support the link between negative experiences
14
with police and more negative attitudes toward police. Positive interactions with the police,
on the other hand, have been found to only slightly increase people's trust in them
(Bradford, Huq, Jackson, & Roberts, 2014 as cited by Vazquez 2023; Mazerolle et al.,
2013 as cited by Morgan & Higginson, 2023 ). Rosenbaum (2005) as cited by Smith
(2019), on the other hand, concluded that unfavorable interactions with the police were
only significant when initiated by citizens rather than officers. This could be because
people have low expectations of encounters initiated by officers.
Therefore, a bad police-citizen encounter does not always result in a decline in a citizen's
level of trust and confidence in the police. The fact that "people tend to process, recall, and
share negative experiences more than positive experiences, which would suggest vicarious
experiences are also more likely to have a detrimental effect on confidence" (Myhill &
Quinton, 2018, p. 277) is another crucial aspect of face-to-face interactions.
Local Literature
The study conducted by Auguis et al. (2018) highlights two key circumstances that
drive the issue of public perception and satisfaction with the police. The first circumstance
is when the public has positive expectations regarding the police's ability to maintain law
and order and foster peace within the community. In such cases, if the police successfully
meet these expectations, the community will respond favorably, giving them positive
feedback and taking pride in their effective performance.
The second circumstance arises when the community's expectations regarding the
police's performance and provision of community needs are not met. If the police fail to
uphold the law while carrying out their duties or if they are unable to address the needs of
the community, it leads to a different outcome. In this scenario, the community
15
experiences disconfirmation, which refers to a state of dissatisfaction or unhappiness with
the services provided by the police.
Understanding these two situations and their influence on the public's view of the
police is critical, as it helps law enforcement agencies recognize the importance of
maintaining public trust and meeting community expectations. By consistently upholding
the law, fostering peace, and addressing the needs of the community, the police can
enhance their reputation, strengthen their relationship with the public, and ultimately
improve their effectiveness in ensuring public safety.
Additionally, the study emphasizes the significance of effective communication and
engagement between the police and the community. By actively seeking feedback,
addressing concerns, and involving the community in decision-making processes, law
enforcement agencies can foster a sense of ownership and shared responsibility, leading to
higher levels of satisfaction and trust.
Furthermore, understanding the concept of disconfirmation is crucial for police
agencies to identify and address gaps in service delivery. By monitoring community
feedback and perceptions, agencies can identify areas where they may be falling short and
take corrective actions to improve their performance and meet community expectations.
Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics between the police
and the community, highlighting the importance of meeting expectations, addressing
community needs, and maintaining public satisfaction. By considering these factors, law
enforcement agencies can enhance their effectiveness and build stronger relationships with
the communities they serve.
16
Deri et al. (2020) emphasizes the significance of negative remarks in the
development of the Philippine National Police (PNP) as an organization and its service
delivery. While favorable comments may boost community confidence, it is the negative
remarks that provide valuable insights and areas for improvement. By paying attention to
and addressing these negative remarks, the PNP can identify weaknesses, rectify
deficiencies, and strive for continuous improvement. This approach ensures that the PNP
can deliver services at the highest possible level and earn greater respect from the public,
ultimately enhancing their effectiveness in maintaining harmony, peace, safety, and order
within the community.
In addition, the study emphasizes the need for building and maintaining trust
between the PNP and the community. Trust is a vital component in the success of any law
enforcement agency, as it fosters cooperation, collaboration, and public support. By
actively seeking suggestions and input from the community, the PNP can demonstrate its
commitment to engaging with the public and valuing their opinions. This inclusive
approach helps to foster trust, confidence, and a sense of partnership between the PNP and
the community, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of law enforcement efforts.
Furthermore, on the level of satisfaction of community residents with the services of
the Philippine National Police (PNP) is highly relevant and valuable given the numerous
controversies and issues surrounding the organization. The PNP has faced challenges
related to corruption, police brutality, law enforcement officials breaking the law, and
negative reputation due to the actions of some members. By assessing community
satisfaction, this study can provide insights into areas of improvement for the PNP's
17
services. The findings can help the organization in better preparing and effectively
executing its services, ultimately aiming to enhance community members' satisfaction
with the way their services are delivered. Addressing these concerns is crucial for
restoring public trust, fostering positive police-community relationships, and promoting a
safer and more secure environment for all residents (Guadamor et al., 2021).
The study by Varona (2019) emphasizes the crucial role of community relationships
in improving police programs. It acknowledges the current challenges faced by law
enforcement in establishing trust and positive connections with the community. This
indicates potential difficulties in implementing police programs that rely on community
assistance and cooperation. It underscores the criticality of community involvement, as the
police cannot operate efficiently and effectively without the full support and collaboration
of the communities they serve. These insights highlight the need for proactive measures to
address the existing gaps, foster positive relationships, and build mutual trust between the
police and the community. By doing so, law enforcement agencies can enhance program
implementation, promote community safety, and ensure effective policing practices.
Related Studies
Latonio (2018) focuses on the perception of tricycle drivers in the Municipality of
Sorsogon regarding the performance of the Philippine National Police (PNP). The study
highlights negative factors that affect police performance, particularly the disrespect
shown by police officers towards the rights of the people. This lack of respect for human
rights creates a negative image of the police force.
18
According to the study, members of the armed forces, including the PNP, are
aware of human rights. However, due to their eagerness to gather information and solve
cases, they may become less conscious of the rights of civilians. This lack of awareness
and consideration for human rights can lead to actions that violate the rights of individuals.
Another factor mentioned in the study is the tendency of the PNP to accuse
individuals without proper evidence or justification. This may be done to present a
positive image to the public and make the public believe that the police force is fulfilling
its duties effectively. However, such actions can further erode public trust and confidence
in the police.
To address these issues, the study suggests that military personnel should be
knowledgeable about the rights of the people and should act in accordance with the law.
This implies the need for increased awareness and training regarding human rights within
the armed forces, including the PNP. By integrating human rights principles into their
actions and operations, the police force can improve their image and build trust with the
civilian population.
Weitzer and Tuch (2004) as cited by Gross & Gavin (2023) investigated onto why
Latinos and African Americans have less faith in the police than Whites. In this study,
attitudes toward police were measured in a sample of 1,792 residents of U.S. metropolitan
cities using factors like race, media exposure, and contact with police. The possibility that
racial disparities continue as a result of direct interactions with police and media accounts
of police bias and misconduct were two of the hypotheses they tested. They also
contrasted the opinions of African Americans with those of Hispanic respondents. In all of
19
the developed models, Blacks and Hispanics were more likely to perceive police bias.
Additionally, their analyses showed that black people responded differently from Hispanic
people, with black people displaying significantly more negative attitudes toward police.
Weitzer and Tuch came to the conclusion in their 2005 study that the individual's
perception of the impartiality of policing is a significant factor in the differences. Over
44% of black respondents to the survey "thought that blacks are discriminated against a lot
in America. (pg. 307)" They also discovered that black respondents had more direct
interactions with the police than did white and Hispanic respondents (Weitzer & Tuch,
2005 as cited in Gross & Gavin, 2023). This contrasts with the majority of white
respondents who believe that all citizens are treated equally by the policing systems.
Studies that were more focused on a single topic also produced similar results. For
instance, a survey of adolescents Latino and African American people was carried out in
2009 by Lurigio, Greenleaf, and Flexon. According to their research, both African
American and Hispanic participants' attitudes toward police were significantly influenced
by how the participants were treated by the police and how much respect they felt the
police were showing them. The attitudes and perceived treatment during contact with
police were a key variable, even though contact with them had a negligible impact
(Lurigio et al., 2019).
A systematic, comprehensive review of both published and unpublished research
studies connected to factors influencing public attitudes toward police performance was
recently published by Alberton and Gorey (2018). They found that contact with police was
a better predictor of attitudes toward police than race, according to their review, which
included 29 studies from the United States and four studies from Canada (Alberton et al.,
20
2018). As most studies did not specifically identify the kinds and nature of the contexts,
they did point out limitations in how "contact with police" was measured. Li, Ren, and
Luo's (2018) study on public satisfaction with police (PSWP) was based on telephone
interviews with 1,143 Houston, Texas, residents. Their research made two significant
contributions to the field's body of work. The researchers discovered, first, that "police-
citizen contact is considered an important, if not the most important, factor that affects the
levels of PSWP in America" (Li et al., 2018, p. 110). Second, they came to the conclusion
that the severity of the negative contact, such as an arrest versus a warning, had a big
impact on the reaction. In the end, they came to the conclusion that the interrelationship
between the type of contact, how that contact was perceived, and other separate factors,
such as race and political conservatism, were key determinants of PSWP.
In the study of Griego (2021) Further demonstrating confirmation and negativity
bias, participant 168's previous interaction with law enforcement had such a negative
impact that it overshadowed any subsequent positive police experiences:
"I know that not all officers can be categorized as the same, but it hasn't altered my
opinion of law enforcement or the interaction I personally had. Yes, then I have my own
personal situation with an officer where it wasn't as pleasant" (Participant 168).
How the public views law enforcement is significantly impacted by the influence of
people stereotyping the police and selectively perceiving their own experiences (Brandl et
al., 1994; Skogan & Frydl, 2019). Additionally, Participant 168's response demonstrates
the propensity to confirm only particular information that is consistent with a previously
held belief, going to great lengths to defend an assumption while ignoring information that
may refute or contradict such a belief (Bullard, 2016). Furthermore, Participant 168's
21
response demonstrates an urge to confirm only particular information that supports an
already-held belief, going to great lengths to defend an assumption while ignoring
information that might refute or contradict such a belief (Bullard, 2016).In a different
instance, Participant 213 emphasizes,
"The positive will always be present, but the negative is where attention should be focused.
Those are the stories that need to be heard. And that's where actions should be taken”.
Positive information is completely disregarded in the previous statement, while the
negative details are emphasized, leading to conflicted thinking. The tendency to value
negative experiences more highly than neutral or positive ones is known as negativity bias
(Frothingham, 2019). The findings also suggest that age, parental influence, the
environment (friends, school), media (news sources, movies, and TV shows), experiences
(youth interaction and positive and negative encounters), and the media (movies, TV
shows, and social media) all play a role in bias development. The study's findings are
consistent with Brunson (2017) and Rosenbaum et al. (2005) in that people acquire
experiences through second-hand information from a variety of sources, including contact
with family and friends, exposure to social media, and personal experiences. Participants
213 and 320 stated that negative police interactions would not affect their ability to remain
fair and open-minded. However, they acknowledged being influenced by stories of police
interactions with civilians, particularly people of color. Participants 320, who never had
personal bad interactions with the police, believed more education requirements were
needed for officers due to their loved ones' experiences. The study questionnaire asked
participants if their past negative experiences with law enforcement would affect their
22
ability to remain fair and open-minded. Their contradictory response demonstrates that
individuals may subconsciously manifest biases into words and actions, despite their
belief in objectivity (Lidén et al., 2018). Parental influence was an important determinant
of whether participants learned to respect and cooperate with law enforcement.
Participants reported being raised with respect for the police. However, many reiterated
that their parents raised them to fear and avoid the police, even if the situation was
positive. The significant impact social media has on influencing people's thoughts and
beliefs is another finding from this study that is in line with the research literature (see Nix
& Wolfe, 2017). According to Nix and Wolfe (2017), social media influences are a major
factor in the growth, encouragement, and maintenance of biases in younger people.
Synthesis
Racial biases have been identified as a significant factor influencing public
attitudes towards the police, with minorities experiencing more negative interactions and
harboring less favorable attitudes compared to whites. Studies have consistently found that
minorities, particularly African Americans, are more likely to be stopped, arrested, and
subjected to verbal and physical misconduct by the police. Furthermore, lower-income
African Americans have reported similar rates of police stops as lower-income white
Americans, indicating that income alone does not mitigate biases. Public perceptions of
police treatment and personal experiences with law enforcement have been found to be
stronger predictors of attitudes than demographics. Negative interactions with the police
have a greater impact on the attitudes of African American citizens compared to white
participants, reinforcing the negative bias theory. Gender, on the other hand, has shown
23
inconsistent effects on trust and confidence in the police, with some studies indicating
higher levels of trust among males and others among females. Positive interactions with
the police have been found to have a limited impact on trust, while negative experiences
consistently contribute to more negative attitudes. Effective communication, community
engagement, and meeting community expectations are crucial in maintaining public trust
and satisfaction with the police. Studies highlight the importance of building trust,
addressing negative experiences, and actively involving the community in decision-
making processes to strengthen police-community relationships and enhance law
enforcement effectiveness. The Philippine National Police (PNP) has also been subject to
scrutiny, with negative remarks providing valuable insights for improvement. Addressing
issues such as corruption, police brutality, and the violation of human rights is essential
for restoring public trust and fostering positive relationships. By actively monitoring
community feedback, identifying areas for improvement, and striving for continuous
enhancement, law enforcement agencies can deliver services at a higher level and promote
community safety and security.
24
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the operational framework of the study. It includes
the following: research design, research locale, population and sample, research
instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment.
Research Design
This study employs a descriptive-correlational research design. The
descriptive correlational method describes the variables and the relationships that occur
naturally between and among them. According to Creswell (2019), there are procedures
in quantitative research in which investigators administer a survey to a sample or to
the entire population of people to describe something more than just data gathering
because it describes the current condition of the study through survey questionnaires as
an instrumentation used in the research study. Because the primary goal of the study is
to analyze the perceptions and attitudes of Humss students at Tanza National Trade
School regarding police officers, this research design would be used.
Research Locale
The locale of the study would be Tanza National Trade School-Main, which is
located in Tanza, Cavite. There’s no specific number of respondents since the researchers
would utilize purposive sampling and a pre-survey in order to determine the number of
students who have interacted with police personnel.
Sampling Technique
25
Purposive sampling was used in this study since the researchers aimed to select
students based on the criteria to avoid a biased answer in the survey. The researchers
utilized a pre-survey based on the criteria, which are: 1.) participants should be Grade 12
HUMSS students. 2.) The participant should have at least interacted personally with PNP
police. 3.) The participant is planning to take criminology.
Research instrument
This study utilized a self-administered questionnaire. It consists of two (2) parts,
the first part would be the socio-demographic profile of the participants, such as their sex.
For the second part, there would be three (3) factors—personal experience, news media,
and hearsay—that might be affecting the image of PNP police perceived by G12
HUMSS students. Each of these factors contains five questions. Using a five-point Likert
scale of 1 ("strongly disagree") to 5 ("strongly agree"), participants were asked to indicate
the extent to which they agreed with certain statements. Participants are given 5–10
minutes to answer the questionnaires.
Ethical Issues
The research would strictly implement A HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL
TREATMENT to all data gather and drawn in this study since the study would be dealing
with a very sensitive issue the research would also secure a permission to the person’s
concerned before publishing articles or information.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers utilized a pre-survey to determine the students that have personal
interaction with the police before. Then, researchers personally administer the survey to
26
the respondents after asking for their consent, each participants that are selected based on
criteria were given a survey questionnaire and collected the survey after the given
time. After all the data was collected from the respondents, the data were tallied and
analyzed using the statistical tools listed in statistical treatment.
Statistical Treatment
The researchers utilized survey questionnaire to be used in a quantitative data. The
collected data was tallied analyzed using the following statistical tools:
1. Frequency and Percentage was utilized to determine the amount of male and female
respondents as well as the percentage of the participants’ responses.
2. Weighted Mean was used in calculating the average responses of the participants in
different sections of the survey questionnaire.
3. Standard Deviation was employed to measure the distribution of the data in relation to
the mean.
27
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter present the results, and interpretation of data gathered from answers
from the questionnaire distributed to the field. The said data were presented in tabular
form in accordance with the specific questions posted on the statements of the problem.
Image of PNP Personnel in terms of Personal Experience
The table 1 elow shows the image of PNP personnel as perceived by grade 12
HUMSS students in terms of personal experience. It showed that the overall mean is 3.48
with the standard deviation of 2.46 which corresponds to the verbal interpretation of
"agree" . This suggests that, on average, the students agreed with the statements or
perceptions mentioned in the table. The highest mean is 3.56 with the standard diviation
of 2.51 also interpreted as "agree", which means the students agreed with the fact that,
according to what they experience with police officers, they are not neutral to the police
regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status, and race. It also stated that, based on what
they experience, police personnel are not doing their jobs well. Furthermore, the low mean
rating of 3.32, interpreted as "agree," indicates that the students' own experiences
convinced them that police officers were performing their duties unsuccessfully and
improperly. The students perception of police officers indicates that they believe PNP
personnel are not performing their duties satisfactorily and are not upholding their
obligations. Claxton et al.(2018) stated that a participants who had experienced a negative
police encounter, majority of them saying that Police are not trusted.
Table 1. Image of PNP Personnel in terms of Personal Experience
28
Image of PNP Personnel in terms of Trust in News Media
The table 2 below shows the performance of the police officers in terms of News
Personal Experience Weighted Std. Verbal

Mean Deviation Interpretation
1. In my opinion police officer is not 3.56 2.51 Agree (A)
neutral to the police regardless of age,
sex, socioeconomic status, race, etc.
2. I am not satisfied with the current 3.48 2.46 Agree (A)
state of policing.
3. It is not easy to contact police. 3.54 2.5 Agree (A)
4. The police personnel doesn't take 3.52 2.48 Agree (A)
action immediately to lower the
community crime rates.
5. PNP personnel fail to uphold the 3.32 2.34 Agree (A)
peace and guarantee citizens' safety in
the community.
Overall 3.48 2.46 Agree (A)

media. It showed that the over-all mean is 3.40 with the standard deviation of 2.19 which
corresponds to a verbal interpretation of "agree". It means that, on average, citizens
generally agree with or have a negative perception of the performance of police officers as
portrayed in news media. The highest mean is 3.64 with the standard deviation of 2.97 is
also interpreted as “agree” meaning that citizens had a negative impression of police
during the war on drugs. This indicates that a significant portion of the population holds a
negative perception of the police in relation to their actions during the war on drugs. On
the other hand, the lowest mean rating of 3.28 with the standard deviation of 2.47 is
interpreted as "neutral." It means that, on average, people tend to be impartial or have a
neutral stance towards the issue of police personnel brutality and violence commonly
shared on social media. It implies that the public's perception of police brutality and
violence shared on social media is not strongly positive or negative, but rather leans
towards a more neutral viewpoint. Overall, the results indicate a negative perception of the
29
police officers' performance as portrayed in news media, with a particularly negative view
during the war on drugs. However, the public tends to be more neutral when it comes to
the issue of police personnel brutality and violence shared on social media. A research by
(Schultz et al., 2019), said in the news media that “if it bleeds, it leads,” meaning that
violent stories have a tendency to be given more exposure. However, this mean that the
media can expose the details of a story that police brutality and harassment are widely
shared on social media.
Table 2. Image of PNP Personnel in terms of Trust in News Media
Trust in News Media Mean Std. Verbal

Deviation Interpretation
1. All of the information posted in 3.32 1.8 (Neutral) N
social media about police.
2. Police brutality and violence are 3.28 2.47 (Neutral) N
widely shared on social media.
3. I believe that police officer 3.34 1.95 (Agree) A
abused their power based on what
I’ve seen in social media.
4. I’ve seen videos of police online 3.44 2.19 (Agree) A
treating other races unfairly.
5. Many citizens shared negative 3.64 2.97 (Agree) A
impression toward PNP police on
television during war on drugs.
Overall 3.40 (Agree) A
The table 3 below shows the image of PNP personnel as perceived by grade 12
HUMSS students in terms of hearsay. It showed that the overall mean is 3.57 with the
standard deviation of 2.52 which corresponds to a verbal interpretation of "agree". This
suggests that, on average, the students agreed with the statements or perceptions
mentioned in the tabe. The highest mean is 3.74 with the standard deviation of 2.64 also
interpreted as “agree," which means the students agreed with the fact that, according to
what they heard, the police officers are abusive. This suggests that the students'
30
acquaintances or sources have shared information or experiences that portray PNP
personnel as engaging in abusive behavior. It also stated that, based on what they had
heard, police officers are not trustworthy. Furthermore, the lowest mean rating of 3.48
with the standard deviation of 2.46 interpreted as "agree," indicates that the students
agreed that their acquaintances have told them that police officers are performing their
duties poorly, inefficiently, and ineffectively. It means that the image of police officers in
terms of the students' sources or acquaintances believe that PNP personnel are not
adequately fulfilling their responsibilities or are not effective in carrying out their duties.
Table 4. Image of PNP Personnel in terms of Hearsay

Hearsay Weighted Std. Verbal
Mean Deviation Interpretation
1. I heard from a friend that police officer 3.6 2.54 Agree (A)
are not trustworthy.
2. They said that police personnel are not 3.54 2.5 Agree (A)
skilled in handling concerns and disputes
of the citizens.
3. My acquaintance told me that police are 3.48 2.46 Agree (A)

doing their duties poorly, inefficiently, and
ineffectively.
4. According to what I heard, police 3.5 2.47 Agree (A)

ignored citizens complains.
5. According to what I heard, police 3.74 2.64 Agree (A)

officers are abusive.
Over-all 3.57 2.52 Agree (A)
31
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter includes the summary, conclusion and recommendations that was
prepared by the researchers based on their findings. The study of the gathered data and
research information provided answers to the research question found in the statement of
the problem. Additionally, a few recommendations are offered for relevant future research.
Summary
The results of the survey are interpreted as participants being convinced that police
officers they encounter are not neutral toward individuals of different races, genders, and
socioeconomic statuses. According to Claxton et al. (2018), individuals who have had
negative experiences with the police will have negative impressions of them. Also,
participants agreed that law enforcement is not doing its job effectively. The Philippine
National Police has become politicized, militarized, and corrupt, with bad actors within its
system. Its relationship with powerful powers has allowed political elites to exercise
power over the less privileged, affecting the country's political and economic reality
(Commoner, 2021).
Research also found that students are likely to be neutral when it comes to the
issue of police misconduct and have a negative impression of PNP Personnel influenced
by the media. According to Claxton (2018), how individuals interpret and react to seeing
stories of police brutality influences their perceptions of police legitimacy. Students who
were less likely to believe the news stories about police brutality saw the police as more
legitimate.
32
Moreover, the influence of others perceptions on the perception of students is significant;
others who have bad experiences with police that are shared with someone they know
influence that "someone's" impression of the police (Rosenbaum, 2005).
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the survey results indicate that participants hold negative
perceptions of police officers, perceiving them as lacking neutrality towards individuals of
different races, genders, and socioeconomic statuses. These negative impressions may be
influenced by personal negative experiences with the police, as well as media portrayals
of police misconduct. Additionally, the politicization, militarization, and corruption within
the Philippine National Police, along with its ties to powerful entities, have contributed to
a loss of trust and effectiveness in law enforcement. The research highlights the
importance of individual interpretations of news stories on police brutality in shaping
perceptions of police legitimacy, with those who are less inclined to believe such stories
viewing the police as more legitimate. Furthermore, the influence of others' experiences
with the police, when shared with someone they know, can significantly impact that
person's impression of law enforcement. Overall, these findings suggest a need for
addressing issues of police misconduct, fostering trust, and promoting fairness and
accountability within law enforcement agencies.
RECOMMENDATION
In order to improve the community-police relationship. Police officers should
actively engage in community outreach programs and initiatives. By actively participating
in community events, such as neighborhood meetings, cultural celebrations, and local
33
sports events, police officers can establish positive relationships with community
members. This will help break down barriers and foster a sense of trust and familiarity.
Police officers should also prioritize regular foot patrols in neighborhoods,
allowing them to interact directly with residents on a more personal level. This visibility
not only deters potential criminal activity but also provides an opportunity for officers to
engage in informal conversations, listen to concerns, and address any issues raised by
community members. Building these personal connections can go a long way in creating a
sense of mutual respect and understanding between police officers and citizens.
Another important aspect is to actively involve the community in shaping policing
strategies. Police departments should establish formal channels for feedback and input
from community members, such as advisory boards or citizen forums. By including the
community in decision-making processes, residents will feel empowered and valued,
knowing that their opinions and perspectives are being considered.
Moreover, the instrument of this study should include the type of community the
participants are currently living in, whether urban or rural; it should also include the
amount of time the respondents spend on social media and news media; how often does
he/she see news or issues about police; and has she/he had positive or negative encounters
with the police before? How many times? Does it affect his or her perception of the police
when she or he overhears someone experiencing bad things with the police?
These are the things that should be considered to have a strong instrument and gather
credible data that will help future studies.
Furthermore, future researchers should also think about exploring the sides of the
police, such as how the police perceived the police-community relationship, and
34
investigate further to identify additional factors that may affect the reputation of PNP
Personnel as perceived by the public.
35
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47
APPENDIX
Survey Instrument
I. Demographics
Gender:___ Male ___Female
II. Factors affecting the perception of students in PNP Personnel
Direction: Please fill in the following by putting a check (/) on the space and box
provided.
5 = Strongly Agree
4 = Agree
3 = Neutral
2 = Disagree
1 = Strongly Disagree
A. Personal Experience 5 4 3 2 1
1. In my opinion police officer is not neutral to the police
regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status, race etc.
2. I am not satisfied with the current state of policing .
3. It is not easy to contact police.
4. The police personnel doesn’t take action immediately to lower

the community crimes rates.
5. PNP personnel fail to uphold the peace and guarantee citizens’
safety in the community.
48
B. Trust in News Media 5 4 3 2 1
1. All the information posted in social media about police

personnel are not true.
2. Police brutality and violence are widely shared on social
media.
3. I believe that police officer abused their power based on what
I’ve seen in social media.
4. I’ve seen videos of police online treating other races unfairly.
5. Many citizens shared negative impression toward PNP

personnel on television during war on drugs.
C. Hearsay 5 4 3 2 1
1. I heard from a friend that police officer are not

trustworthy.
2. They said that police personnel are not skilled in handling
concerns and disputes of the citizens.
3. My acquaintance told me that police doing their duties
poorly, inefficiently, and ineffectively,
4. According to what I heard, police ignored citizens
complains.
5. According to what I heard, police personnel are abusive.
49
Scoring Manual
This scoring manual will presents on how the research, entitled The
Image of Philippine National Police (PNP) Personnel as Perceived by
Grade 12 Humanities and Social Science Students was interpreted.
The instrument consists of two (2) domains: the demographic profile,
and the factors affecting the perception of the students towards PNP Police.
In the first domain,the participants were asked for their demographic
profile. It will determine the gender of the participants whether they’re male or
female students.
The second domain, the factors affecting the perception of the students
in PNP Police, consists of three (3) factors: Personal Experience, Trust in
News Media, and Hearsay. Each factors have five (5) self-administered
questions to be asked for the participants. This domain used likert scale to
determine the scale of participants approval in the statements. Five (5)
represents Strongly agree , four (4) for agree, three(3) for Neither Agree nor
Disagree, two (2) for Disagree, and one (1) for Strongly Disagree.
For the interpretation of mean, the higher the mean, the more the
participants likely to believe the misconduct of the Police Personnel stated in
the statement according to the participant’s personal experience, trust in news
media and to what they’ve heard.
Refer to the table below for the interpretation of the mean.
Personal experience
Verbal
Scale Description Class Interval
Interpretation
50
The
Statements are
certainly true.
The
participants are
certainly
5 Strongly Agree 4.24 - 5.00
unsatisfied with
the job
performance
and behavior
of the PNP
Police.
The
Statements are
true. The
participants are
unsatisfied with
4 Agree 3.43 - 4.23
the job
performance
and behavior
of the PNP
Police.
The
Statements are
somehow true.
The
participants are
Neither Agree nor somehow
3 2.62 - 3.42
disagree unsatisfied with
the job
performance
and behavior
of the PNP
Police.
51
The
Statements are
not true. The
participants are
satisfied with
2 Disagree 1.81 - 2.61
the job
performance
and behavior
of the PNP
Police.
The
Statements are
absolutely not
true. The
participants are
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 - 1.8 very satisfied
with the job
performance
and behavior
of the PNP
Police.
Trust in news media
Verbal
Scale Description Class Interval Interpretatio
n
The
Statements
are certainly
true. The
participants
certainly
5 Strongly Agree 4.24 - 5.00
believed the
police
misconduct
that’s
showed in
news and
52
social
media
The
Statements
are true.
The
participants
believed the
4 Agree 3.43 - 4.23 police
misconduct
that’s
showed in
news and
social
media
The
Statements
are
somehow
true. The
participants
somehow
3 Neither Agree nor disagree 2.62 - 3.42 believed the
police
misconduct
that’s
showed in
news and
social
media .
53
The
Statements
are not true.
The
participants
don’t
believed the
2 Disagree 1.81 - 2.61
police
misconduct
that’s
showed in
news and
social
media
The
Statements
are
absolutely
not true.
The
participants
absolutely
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 - 1.8 don’t
believed the
police
misconduct
that’s
showed in
news and
social
media .
Hearsay
54
Verbal
Scale Description Class Interval Interpretati
on
The
Statements
are
certainly
true. The
participants
5 Strongly Agree 4.24 - 5.00 certainly
believed to
what other
say
regarding
PNP
Police.
The
Statements
are true.
The
participants
4 Agree 3.43 - 4.23
believed to
what other
say
regarding
PNP Police
The
Statements
are
somehow
true. The
participants
3 Neither Agree nor disagree 2.62 - 3.42
somehow
believed to
what other
say
regarding
PNP Police
55
The
Statements
are not
true. The
participants
2 Disagree 1.81 - 2.61 don’t
believed to
what other
say
regarding
PNP Police
The
statements
are
absolutely
not true.
The
participants
1 Strongly Disagree 1.00 - 1.8 absolutely
don’t
believe
what
others say
regarding
PNP
police.
56
Validity of Instrument
57
\\\
58
RELIABILTY ANALYSIS
59
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA OF THE RESEARCHERS
My name is Kimberly Gecoso. I'm 18 years old, born on January 20, 2005, in Jaen,
Nueva Ecija. I am a Grade 12 student in the academic strand of Humanities and Social
Sciences (HUMSS) of Tanza National Trade School. I am the youngest of the four (4)
children of Melchor and Daisylyn Gecoso. My father is a fruit checker, and my
mother is a housewife. I attended primary school at Antonio B. del Rosario Memorial
Elementary School and went to Tanza National Trade School, Annex, for secondary
education. I took a food technology course when I was in junior high and shifted to a
humanities and Social Sciences Course in senior high school. I am currently a
graduating grade 12 student, pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Hospitality
Management (BS HM) as my course of study for college.
60
Hanna D. Saberon is the first child of Rosana Saberon and Arnel Saberon. She has
one younger sister. Her parents support the family by operating a garments business in
their home community, ensuring a stable source of income. Hanna's educational
journey began in Rosario, Cavite, where she attended kindergarten to 2nd grade.
However, due to a family business, she transferred to Tres Cruses Elementary School
in Tanza, Cavite, where she continued her studies. Hanna's academic path continued
at Tanza National Trade School, where she spent her first year in junior high school
and has chosen to pursue the Humanities and Social Sciences track in senior high
school to prepare herself for a future criminology course in college. She is currently in
Grade 12, dedicated to advancing her knowledge and skills in this field of study. In
addition to her academic pursuits, she has a strong passion for helping her mother in
their family business, particularly in sewing tasks. She has become skilled in using
various sewing machines and actively contributes to the success of their enterprise.
This experience has provided her with practical skills, a sense of responsibility, and a
deep commitment to supporting her family. While she continues her academic journey,
she remains focused on her education, personal growth, and the well-being of her
family, nurturing her skills in the sewing business alongside her studies
61
Franchesca Nicole A. Gonzales, 17, was born in Cavite on July 27, 2005. At Tanza
National Trade School, she is in Grade 12 and studies Humanities and Social Sciences.
She is the first of three siblings. Her Father is selling a car and her Mother is a house
wife with a mini grocery. She attend her education at Pasong Kawayan 2 Elementary
School in General Trias, Cavite. She went to Tanza National Trade School for four
years, finishing in 2019 and continue her Senior high school where she would finish
her last year . She is currently in Grade 12,and a future police
Althea Janelle R.Dumandan 18,was born in trece martires city on April 1,2005.At
Tanza National Trade School,she is in Grade 12 and studies Humanities and Social
Sciences.she is the second of five siblings.Her father provide their needs by being a
Security Guard and her mother is a house wife, she's attended elementary at Tres
Cruses Elementary School in Tres Cruses Tanza Cavite.she went to Tanza national
trade school for 7years,she spent her senior high school at tanza national trade school
where she would finish her last year as a humanities and social sciences student
62
RENEBE E CLEMENTE is a 18-year-old She was born on May 5, 2005, in Makati

City. She is a Grade 12 student in the academic strand of Humss of Tanza National
Trade School.
She is the second child among the three (3) children of Renato R. Clemente and
Maribel E. Clemente. Her father is a driver, and her mother is a housewife for daily
living. She spent her kindergarten through elementary school years at New Era High
School in Quezon City.
She studied at Tanza National Trade School since Grade 8 until now. She took a
Drafting course when she was in junior high school and Humanities and Social
Sciences when she was G-11 until now she's G-12. She pursued Senior High School
to pursue tourism in the future.
63
Trisha Mae C. Caminero she is 19 years old, a Senior High School Student
specialized
on course of Humanities and Social Science (HUMSS). She was born on
February 13, 2004
She is the eldest among the 3 children of Norena Caminero and Christopher
Caminero. Her father is a painter while her mother is a housewife.
She spent her Elementary days in YMES. she graduated highschool in
MRVNHS. On her 1st semester of senior high is at TSHS. Then she
transferred in Tanza National Trade School where she spent her Senior High
life.
64
65

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TANZA NATIONAL TRADE SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – ACADEMIC TRACK

TERESA O. ADDANGANA, MAT Socsele

Marlou M. Tangalin, MAEd

Marivic T. Climacosa, Ph.D.

Marlou M. Tangalin, MAEd

Rodel A. Auxtero, MAEd Harold Pangilinan EdD

As we draw to a close, we are interested in expressing our deep thankfulness to

improvements to reshape public perception.

Keywords: police legitimacy, hearsay, media , personal experience, students perceptio

Statement of the Problem…………………………………. 10

Objectives of the Study…………………………………… 11

Significance of the Study…………………………………. 14

Scope and Limitation of the Study……………………….. 15

Operational Definitions of Terms………………………… 16

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Participants of the Study……………………………….. 23

Data Gathering Procedure ……………………………… 27

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4. Validity of the Instruments…………………………………. 43

6. Researchers Biographical Data…………………………….. 45

BACKGROUND AND ITS SETTING

The Philippine National Police (PNP) is a critical component of the country's

PNP among the public, particularly students, is an important consideration. These

and should be considered as an important element of a successful police training and

such as reporting a crime, seeking assistance during an emergency, or participating in

of the PNP, making media an important independent variable to consider. Hearsay, or

opinion is influenced by the independent variables of personal interaction, media, and

hearsay, making it the variable that is affected by these independent factors.

and black people that've been mistreated due to economically disadvantaged

& Triplett. 2009 as cited in Yuan, Wu, & Sanchez 2022).

personnel, provides a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted dynamics that

on the relationship between public image, job performance, and perception of

contribute to performance. Lastly, Claxton (2018) explores student perceptions of police

Claxton (2018) explores external perceptions and their impact on police-community

relationships. These contrasting perspectives offer a comprehensive understanding of the

De Leon (2022) highlights the fundamental principle of public service and

accountability in the Philippines, as outlined in the Philippine Constitution. The

government organizations established in the country have a responsibility to serve and

of public officers upholding ethical standards, demonstrating a commitment to the welfare

In the Philippines, officials in law enforcement reported an increase in anti-police

School – Main perceive PNP Personnel as a result of the lack of outcomes.

Statement of the Problem

Grade 12 students in Tanza National Trade School - Main.

Specifically, this study attempted to answer the following questions:

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

b.) News Media

c.) Personal Experience

Objectives of the Study

HUMSS students in Tanza National Trade School – Main.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. To determine the perception of the participants toward the PNP Personnel.

b.) News Media

c.) Personal Experience

This study is mainly anchored on the theory of George Gerbner, Cultivation

on television. To this end, primetime television, with its repeated messages of

violence, was seen as a force for cultivating public fear of crime.

The overemphasis by news media on reporting about crime, particularly,

emphasis (Lowry, Nio, and Leitner, 2018). Examinations of how audience

characteristics might moderate the influence of news media on fear of crime,

entertainment television has. To truly understand cultivation effects is to also