Electric Power Components and Systems

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Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under

Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips

Erdal Bekiroglu & Muhammed Duran Yazar

To cite this article: Erdal Bekiroglu & Muhammed Duran Yazar (2023): Fault-Ride through
Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips, Electric Power
Components and Systems, DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2023.2179135

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2023.2179135

Published online: 15 Feb 2023.

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Electric Power Components and Systems, 0(0): 1–14, 2023
# 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1532-5008 print / 1532-5016 online
DOI: 10.1080/15325008.2023.2179135
Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under
Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips
Erdal Bekiroglu and Muhammed Duran Yazar
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Modeling of DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System
3. Characteristics of Voltage DIP
4. Simulation Results and Discussions
5. Conclusion
References
Keywords: DFIG, fault ride through, voltage dips, crowbar, FLC
Received 25 December 2022; accepted 6 February 2023
Address correspondence to Erdal Bekiroglu, Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu,
Turkey. E-mail: bekiroglu_e@ibu.edu.tr
Abstract—In this study, improving fault-ride through capacity of
the DFIG under symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage dips has
been investigated. Initially, a crowbar protection circuit has been
designed for the rotor side converter (RSC). With the help of the
crowbar, the fault ride-through (FRT) ability of the wind energy
conversion systems (WECS) has been increased, while the
capacitors, rotor windings, and converters are protected from
critical damage caused by the voltage dip. Then, the crowbar has
been equipped with a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to increase the
FRT capacity. The switching time of the crowbar circuit has also
been improved to protect the WECS from this serious damage.
The suggested WECS has been designed and analyzed in
Matlab/Simulink under symmetrical/asymmetrical voltage dips.
DC bus voltage, electromagnetic torque, grid currents, crowbar
current, and terminal voltage results of DFIG have been obtained.
The simulation results of the DFIG have been compared. The
results have also been contrasted with related studies. The
obtained results demonstrated the robustness, applicability, and
dependability of the suggested system.
1. INTRODUCTION
Increasing energy demand and the effects of global warm-
ing have accelerated the development of wind energy con-
version systems (WECS). This development has also been
promoted by the decrease in wind turbine production costs.
Thanks to its various advantages, doubly fed induction gen-
erator (DFIG) based WECS has a large share among
WECS. Many new challenges have arisen as a result of the
proliferation of these systems. Different techniques for
solving these challenges have been suggested in recent
years. One of the biggest challenges in grid-connected
WECS is the sustainability of the WECS under grid faults.
For the longevity and sustainability of system components,
enhancing FRT capacities of the system during symmetri-
cal/asymmetrical voltage dips is crucial. WECS must keep
connected to the grid under grid faults. Otherwise, interrup-
tion of wind power generation may embitter the outcomes
of grid fault on the grid side [1–3]. In WECS applications,
crowbar circuits are typically utilized to prevent converters
1
2 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0
from overcurrent and overvoltage brought on by grid volt-
age dips [4]. During a symmetrical grid fault, the negative
sequence stator voltage produces a lower electromotive
force (EMF) than the interacting EMF during an asymmet-
rical fault. In the event of a symmetrical voltage dip, the
crowbar protection circuit is therefore less likely to activate
[5]. For this reason, many recent studies have been pub-
lished in this area and the proposed solutions can be cate-
gorized into two main methods, control enhancements, and
hardware solutions. In Ref. [6], the main features of the
suggested solution approach in the literature were eval-
uated. Among the approaches, the crowbar circuit is the
most used solution method in industrial applications to pro-
tect the RSC and remain the WECS connected to the grid,
with the advantages of easy applicability and technological
simplicity [7–10]. Ref. [11] presents a new control algo-
rithm that uses machine learning to enhance the FRT per-
formance of WECS under a 3-phase grid fault. In Ref.
[12], a control scheme consisting of a series dynamic resis-
tor and supercapacitor energy storage on the rotor side of
the generator is suggested to increase the FRT capability of
the designed WECS. Refs. [13, 14] proposes a new control
approach and dc-link chopper with two protection proto-
cols. Ref. [14] aimed to make comparative tests between
the performance of Resistive-Type Superconducting Fault
Current Limiters implemented on the rotor side of DFIG
and a crowbar to improve the FRT capacity of the system
[15]. The FRT capacity of WECS has been enhanced by
the development of passive and active compensators.
Under voltage dip, while the passive compensator utilizes
rotor current limiters for overcurrents, the active compensa-
tor utilizes rotor current reference (RCR) for overvoltage.
In Ref. [16, 17], DC-link voltage control methods have
been utilized to perform grid fault tests of DFIGs and to
protect the system against overcurrents during voltage dip
[18]. The RCR method used in the RSC of the system to
control torque has been shown to increase the FRT cap-
acity of WECS under symmetrical/asymmetrical voltage
dips. In Ref. [19] to develop the FRT capability of DFIGs,
different sliding mode control (SMC) methods have been
utilized to overcome parameter ambiguities under voltage
dips [20, 21]. A different sliding mode control model
approach is presented and validated [21]. With the frac-
tional-order sliding mode controller for DFIG, the FRT
capability of the system is improved, and maximum power
is obtained [22]. An artificial intelligence-based gain pro-
gramming approach was applied to obtain the optimum
response in varying conditions [23]. A fault-tolerant control
approach is proposed for a microgrid-integrated WECS
including a SMC to promote stator voltage levels under
voltage dips [24, 25]. Various control approaches have
been suggested to decrease stator current and rotor current
fluctuations, electromagnetic torque fluctuations, and stator
active power fluctuations during asymmetrical grid faults.
However, more than 690 V rotor voltage is needed to con-
trol the rotor current and stator voltage. Also, this method
needs high rotor currents to control the grid voltage fluctu-
ations generated under asymmetrical grid faults. Ref. [26]
presents a crowbar design for a DFIG during symmetrica-
l/asymmetrical voltage dips. In Ref. [27], an extensive
comparative study on control algorithms and additional
hardware circuits for DFIG-based WECS is proposed.
While Ref. [28] explains why asymmetric voltage dips are
harmful, a simulation of DFIG during asymmetrical voltage
dips is investigated.
The purpose of this study is to improve the FRT cap-
acity of DFIG-based WECS using crowbar under both
symmetrical/asymmetrical grid fault conditions.
Matlab/Simulink was used to design DFIG-based WECS
using crowbar for this purpose. The actual wind turbine
parameters were used in the designed DFIG-based WECS.
To increase the FRT capacity of the WECS, FLC was
applied in RSC. 90% phase symmetrical dip for 200 ms
and 2 phase-ground asymmetrical voltage dip for 700 ms
applied to the WECS. The designed WECS were tested
under symmetrical/asymmetrical voltage dips. Test results
were obtained for the following parameters: terminal volt-
age, grid currents, DC bus voltage, crowbar current, and
electromagnetic torque. Comparative analysis was done
between the results of DFIG without FLC and with FLC.
Additionally, the test results were contrasted to those of
relevant studies. The proposed grid-connected DFIG-based
WECS is valuable, effective, and valid.
2. MODELING OF DFIG-BASED WIND ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEM
The block diagram of grid-connected WECS is illustrated
in Figure 1. Grid-connected DFIG-based WECS consist of
the RSC, crowbar protection circuit, and grid-side con-
verter (GSC), in which the GSC and RSC are linked with
a DC bus. While being directly linked to the grid at a con-
stant amplitude and frequency level, the stator windings
contribute to the creation of the stator magnetic field. The
rotor is supplied at different amplitude and frequency lev-
els so that the generator can reach different operating con-
ditions. For this purpose, back-to-back three-phase power
converters are used. These converters supply the AC
 Bekiroglu and Yazar: Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips 3

FIGURE 1. Grid-connected WECS.

voltage needed to keep the DFIG within the desired operat- Similarly, the voltages can be represented in the d-q refer-
ing range and control the power produced [29]. ence frame as shown below [31]:
The mechanical energy of the wind is transformed into
torque by wind turbines. The magnitude of kinetic energy Vds ¼ Rs ids þ dwds =dt  xs wqs (11)
depends on air density and wind speed. The equations rep-
resenting the torque and power produced by the rotor are Vqs ¼ Rs iqs þ dwqs =dt þ xs wds (12)
listed below.
Tt ¼ qpR3 Vv2 Ct =2 (1) Vdr ¼ Rr idr þ dwdr =dt  xm wqr (13)

P ¼ qCp AV 3 (2)
Vqr ¼ Rr iqr þ dwqr =dt þ xm wdr (14)
The power coefficient (Cp) expresses the kinetic energy
that the wind turbine converts into mechanical energy. Vv The design and simulation of 3-phase systems in
represents the wind speed, Cp represents the power coeffi- Matlab/Simulink are quite challenging. To overcome this
cient, A represents the area swept by the rotor blades and q challenge, the system is reduced to 2 phases using Eqs.
represents the air density. (3)–(14). In this way, modeling, control, and analysis of
The steady-state space vector model of the machines has the proposed WECS in Matlab/Simulink environment
been acquired to better understand the system’s performance. become easier.
The dynamic equations of the DFIG are shown in the station- For grid-connected WECS, various protection methods
ary and rotating reference frame [30] as shown: are used that protect power converters and system compo-

!s nents against overvoltage and overcurrent during grid
! s !s d ws
vs ¼ Rs is þ (3) faults. Rotor crowbar circuits are often utilized in WECS
dt

!r nowadays. The rotor converter is disconnected when the
! r !r d ws
!r voltage dips, the crowbar protection circuit is connected in
vs ¼ Rs is þ þ jxs ws (4)
dt parallel with the rotor circuit. The crowbar circuit consists
Rotor voltage concerning the state vector in the stator ref- of crowbar resistors and bidirectional switches. During a
erence frame is given as below: fault, a new path is provided for the fault current to flow

!r with the help of the crowbar resistor [32]. Figure 2 illus-
! r !r d wr
vr ¼ Rr ir þ (5) trates the suggested DFIG-based WECS with rotor crowbar
dt
that is grid-connected.

!s
! s !s d wr
!s
vr ¼ Rr ir þ  jxr wr (6)
dt 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF VOLTAGE DIP
To obtain flux control and independent torque in the
A brief dip in the grid RMS voltage from 1 pu to 0.1–0.9
machine, the stator and rotor winding flux values are pre-
pu is referred to as a "voltage sag" or "voltage dip". The
sented below in the d-q reference frame:
duration of the voltage dip is determined by the cleaning
wds ¼ Ls ids þ Lm idr (7) duration of the protection method. The fault-clearing time
wqs ¼ Ls iqs þ Lm iqr (8) of the protective relays is between 50 ms and 2000 ms
Other protection devices with shorter fault-clearing times
wdr ¼ Lm ids þ Lr idr (9)
such as current-limiting fuses and crowbar circuits can also
wqr ¼ Lm iqs þ Lr iqr (10) be used for this purpose.
4 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0

FIGURE 2. Grid connected DFIG based WECS with rotor crowbar.

3.1. Symmetrical Voltage Dip Here E1, E2, and E3 are phase voltages of the grid after
Symmetrical voltage dips, also known as balanced voltage voltage dip, / represents phase-angle jump in the first
dips, represent an equal reduction in RMS voltage in all phase, and V represents the remaining rms voltage.
three phases [30]. After a balanced (symmetrical) voltage After two lines to ground fault occur between the first
dip, the grid voltage vector in the synchronous reference and second phases, phase voltages of the grid can be
frame is represented as follows: shown as follows:
pffiffiffi  
Eg ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ jVejh0 ¼ jVej/ (15) E1 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2V cos hg þ p =2 þ / (19)
pffiffiffi  
Here V represents the residual RMS voltage on the faulty E2 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2V cos hg þ p =2  2p =3 þ / (20)
phases, h0 represents the initial error angle and / repre- pffiffiffi  
sents the “phase angle jump”. Most of all “phase angle E3 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2VEg,nom cos hg þ p =2 þ 2p =3 (21)
jumps” are less than 45 [9] and the residual RMS voltage
V ¼ 0 in the case of a direct-to-ground grid fault. The grid phase voltages after a line-to-line grid fault
between phases 2 and 3 can be shown as follows:
pffiffiffi  
3.2. Asymmetrical Voltage Dip E1 ¼ 2Eg,nom cos hg þ p =2 (22)

It is difficult to model asymmetrical voltage dips, as it is Eg,nom  

E2 ¼ pffiffiffi cos hg þ p =2  p (23)
difficult to derive the impedance of each symmetrical com- 2
ponent. To simplify the modeling, the negative, zero- Eg,nom  
sequence impedances, and positive, are assumed to be E3 ¼ pffiffiffi cos hg þ p =2  p (23)
2
equal. The impedance between the two lines is neglected
when modeling the line-to-line fault.
After a single line-to-earth fault occurs in the first 4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
phase, phase voltages of the grid can be shown as follows:
pffiffiffi   To improve the applicability and consistency of the sug-
E1 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2V cos hg þ p =2 þ / (16) gested WECS, real DFIG parameters are utilized. The
pffiffiffi   Matlab/Simulink is used to develop the proposed grid-con-
E2 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2VEg,nom cos hg þ p =2  2p =3 (17)
nected DFIG-based WECS. The preferred DFIG generates
pffiffiffi  
2.5 MW of power at a wind speed of 14 m/s, according to
E3 ðt ¼ 0þ Þ ¼ 2VEg,nom cos hg þ p =2 þ 2p =3 (18)
the power curve. The FRT capability of the designed
 Bekiroglu and Yazar: Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips
FIGURE 3. Designed grid-connected DFIG based WECS in Matlab/Simulink.
FIGURE 4. The waveform of symmetrical voltage dip.
WECS was analyzed under symmetrical/asymmetrical grid
faults. First of all, a crowbar protection circuit has been
added to the rotor side of the designed DFIG-based
WECS. The suggested system was then subjected to a
200 ms, 3-phase, 90% symmetrical voltage dip at t ¼ 4 s,
and FLC control was applied to the crowbar circuit to
enhance the FRT capacity of the WECS. On the other
hand, 2 phase-ground asymmetric voltage dips were
applied to the system for 700 ms in 3 s. The influence of
symmetrical/asymmetrical grid faults on the FRT capacity
of the WECS was investigated.
The design of the grid-connected DFIG based WECS in
Matlab/Simulink environment is illustrated in Figure 3.
5
The designed DFIG based WECS consist of DFIG
model, RSC, GSC, Grid, control of RSC, Control of GSC,
and crowbar blocks. The GSC controls the DC bus voltage,
while RSC controls the power produced from DFIG, elec-
tromagnetic torque of DFIG. By means of the Crowbar
block, the RSC and rotor windings are protected against
overcurrent and overvoltage. The asynchronous machine
model in the Matlab library has been added to the designed
WECS using actual DFIG parameters.
4.1. Symmetrical Voltage Dip
In the first case, the FRT capacity of the proposed WECS
during the 90% symmetrical voltage dip that occurs at 4s
for 200 ms was investigated. A crowbar protection circuit
was added to the rotor side of WECS to protect the pro-
posed DFIG based WECS against the serious effects of
symmetrical grid fault. Then, FLC block was applied to the
crowbar to increase the FRT capacity of the system.
Busbar voltage (Vbus), terminal voltage (Vterminal), electro-
magnetic torque (Tem), mains current (Ig), and crowbar cur-
rent (Icrowbar) results are obtained. Results of DFIG without
FLC and results of DFIG with FLC were compared.
The waveform of symmetrical voltage dip applied to the
suggested WECS is presented in Figure 4.
6 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0
The FRT ability of the proposed WECS was investi-
gated under the symmetrical voltage dip. As seen from the
figure, a 90% symmetrical voltage dip occurred in 4 s.
Vbus graphic of the proposed DFIG without FLC and
DFIG with FLC at wind speed of 14 m/s is given in
Figure 5.
The reference Vbus of the proposed system is 1150 V.
After symmetrical voltage dip ceased in 4.2 s DFIG without
FLC became stable in 4.8 s. Meanwhile, DFIG with FLC
reaches the reference Vbus in 4.6 s after symmetrical voltage
dip. It can be seen that the DFIG with FLC arrived the ref-
erence Vbus faster. DC bus voltage fluctuation of DFIG
FIGURE 5. Vbus of DFIG-based WECS.
FIGURE 6. Vterminal of WECS with FLC.
without FLC is more than Vbus fluctuation of DFIG with
FLC. The simulation results revealed that DFIG with FLC
is more applicable in terms of Vbus.
Furthermore, the Vterminal of the designed DFIG-based
WECS was also analyzed. The related Vterminal graphics of
proposed DFIG without FLC and DFIG with FLC is pre-
sented in Figures 6 and 7, respectively.
As seen from the figures, after the symmetrical voltage
dip cleared in 4.2 s DFIG without FLC reached desired
Vterminal in 5 s, while DFIG with FLC reached desired
Vterminal in 4.4 s. The recovery time of the WECS is very
significant for the applicability and accuracy of the pro-
posed WECS. DFIG with FLC recovered faster than
WECS without FLC. DFIG with FLC presented more
proper results from the perspective of terminal voltage.
Furthermore, the FRT capability of designed WECS was
investigated from the viewpoint of Tem. The Tem figure of
the proposed DFIG without FLC and DFIG with FLC at
14 m/s wind speed is shown in Figure 8.
The time to reach the reference torque after asymmet-
rical voltage dip is very important for the validity of the
proposed DFIG-based WECS. Tem of the proposed DFIG
achieved the reference Tem faster by means of the FLC
when compared with the DFIG without FLC. The reference
Tem was also followed properly with the help of FLC. The
 Bekiroglu and Yazar: Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips 7

FIGURE 7. Vterminal of WECS without FLC.

FIGURE 8. Tem of WECS.

8 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0
FIGURE 9. Grid current of DFIG with FLC.
FIGURE 10. Grid current of DFIG without FLC.
test results demonstrated that the proposed DFIG with FLC
is also valid and robust in terms of Tem.
Moreover, the proposed DFIG-based WECS was also
tested in terms of Ig. The grid current graphics of DFIG
are presented in Figures 9 and 10, respectively.
The phase currents of the DFIG without FLC are 150 A
higher than DFIG with FLC after symmetrical grid fault.
The response time of DFIG with FLC is much better than
the response time of DFIG without FLC under symmetrical
grid fault. Ig with lower overshoot after symmetrical grid
 Bekiroglu and Yazar: Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips
FIGURE 11. Crowbar current of DFIG with FLC.
fault is very significant for grid-connected wind energy
conversion systems. DFIG with FLC offers more valid
results in terms of grid current.
Additionally, the proposed system was investigated from
the viewpoint of Icrowbar. The graphic of Icrowbar of DFIG
with FLC and DFIG without FLC is expressed in Figure 11.
During the voltage dip, the rotor windings, capacitors,
and converters were protected against overcurrent with the
help of the Crowbar, while the crowbar was disconnected
after the fault. In both cases DFIG with FLC and DFIG
without FCL, the crowbar circuit has successfully absorbed
the fault current. DFIG with FLC was disconnected in
4.2 s, meanwhile DFIG with FLC was disconnected in
4.5 s. With the help of FLC, the proposed WECS offers
more applicable results.
4.2. Asymmetrical Voltage Dip
To prove the reliability and applicability of the proposed
WECS, the FRT capability was also tested under the asym-
metric voltage dip. FRT performance during asymmetrical
voltage dip of the WECS is essential for the accuracy and
suitability of the proposed WECS. 2 phase-ground asym-
metrical grid fault was applied to the WECS during 700 ms
from t ¼ 3 s. Terminal voltage, electromagnetic torque, DC
bus voltage, and crowbar current results were acquired.
9
The waveform of asymmetrical voltage dip applied to
the proposed WECS is presented in Figure 12.
The FRT ability of the WECS was also investigated
under the asymmetrical grid fault. As seen from the figure,
an asymmetrical 2 phase-ground voltage dip occurred
in 3 s.
DC bus voltage graphic of the DFIG based WECS
under asymmetrical grid fault is proposed in Figure 13.
The reference Vbus voltage of the proposed system is
1150 V. The DFIG with FLC caught the reference Vbus
voltage in 0.6 s, and it became settled in 1.1 s. While the
DFIG without FLC caught the reference Vbus in 0.8 s, and
it became settled in 1.5 s. The Vbus overshoot of the DFIG
with FLC is lower compared with the DFIG without FLC
after the asymmetrical voltage dip. The results showed that
DFIG with FLC is more viable from the viewpoint of Vbus
under asymmetrical voltage dip.
Moreover, the performance of the suggested system was
evaluated in terms of the Vterminal of DFIG. Obtained ter-
minal voltage graphic of the DFIG is demonstrated in
Figure 14.
Recovery time after asymmetrical voltage dip is signifi-
cant for the validity of the designed DFIG-based WECS.
After the error cleared in 3.7 s, the system continued to
operate at the rated terminal voltage after 2 phase-ground
asymmetrical voltage dip. It is clearly seen that the
10 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0
FIGURE 12. Waveform of asymmetrical voltage dip.
FIGURE 13. DC bus voltage of DFIG.
proposed DFIG-based WECS offers realistic and reason-
able results.
Furthermore, the DFIG without FLC and the DFIG with
FLC were tested from the perspective of Tem. The electro-
magnetic torque of the DFIG without FLC and the DFIG
with FLC at wind speed of 14 m/s is expressed in
Figure 15.
As seen from the electromagnetic torque graphic of
DFIG, the Tem overshoot of the system without FLC is
quite high compared with the system with FLC. After the
 Bekiroglu and Yazar: Fault-Ride through Improvement of DFIG under Symmetrical/Asymmetrical Voltage Dips 11

FIGURE 14. The terminal voltage of DFIG.

FIGURE 15. Electromagnetic torque of DFIG with and without FLC.

asymmetrical voltage dip cleared, the Tem of the DFIG With the help of FLC, the reference torque was followed
with FLC reached reference Tem in 3.7 s while the Tem of successfully. The proposed system with FLC offers
the system without FLC reached reference Tem in 4.1 s. smoother electromagnetic torque.
12 Electric Power Components and Systems, Vol. 0 (2023), No. 0
FIGURE 16. Crowbar current of DFIG.
Icrowbar figure of the developed WECS for both DFIG
without FLC and DFIG with FLC at wind speed of 14 m/s
is demonstrated in Figure 16.
During the voltage dip, the rotor windings, capacitors,
and converters were protected against overcurrent with the
help of the Crowbar, while the crowbar was disconnected
after the fault. In both cases with FLC and without FCL,
the crowbar circuit has successfully absorbed the fault cur-
rent. The DFIG with FLC has absorbed the fault current
from 3 s to 3.7 s, while the DFIG without FLC has
absorbed the fault current from 3 to 4.1 s. With the help of
FLC, the proposed system offers more appropriate and
valid results compared with the DFIG without FLC.
5. CONCLUSION
In this study fault-ride through improvement of DFIG
under symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage dips have
been achieved. FLC based crowbar protection circuit has
been designed. To improve the consistency, reliability, and
applicability the proposed wind energy conversion system,
it has been modeled and simulated with Matlab/Simulink
by using real DFIG parameters. Initially, a crowbar was
applied in the RSC to protect DFIG-based WECS against
fault currents. The fault-ride through capability of the pro-
posed DFIG under symmetrical/asymmetrical grid faults
was then increased by integrating FLC to the crowbar
protection circuit. The proposed DFIG-based WECS was
analyzed at a constant wind speed of 14 m/s both during
700 ms 2 phase-ground asymmetrical voltage dip and
200 ms, 3-phase, 90% symmetrical voltage dip.
Electromagnetic torque, crowbar current, grid currents, ter-
minal voltage, and dc bus voltage results were acquired
from the tests. The test results of the DFIG with FLC and
the DFIG without FLC under symmetrical/asymmetrical
voltage dips have been compared. The test results were
also contrasted with those from relevant studies in the litera-
ture. The results revealed that the fault-ride through capacity
of the proposed WECS has been improved under symmetrica-
l/asymmetrical voltage dips. Simulation results verified that
the proposed WECS including FLC based crowbar protected
DFIG is feasible, applicable, and reliable.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Erdal Bekiroglu received his B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D.
degrees from the Gazi University in the field of Electrical
Technologies. He worked as a research assistant at Gazi
University between 1996 and 2003. He is currently profes-
sor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet
Baysal University. His research interests are design, drive
and control of electrical machines, special electrical
motors, computer control, intelligent control, and renew-
able energy systems.
Muhammed Duran Yazar received his B.Sc. degree from
the Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering. He is currently research assistant
at the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet
Baysal University. His research interests are renewable
energy systems and electrical machines.