Pressure

"
* PXI The smaller the
surface
area
-

,
" "
It is The unit the the
force per area At layer "
is
pressure
produced .

Understanding concentrated
: Pressure is the concentration on smaller area
, force gets
the
or distribution of force on
surface
it is
applied .

Example #2 i.
! W
Weight = 100N
P
F- force IN ) SI Unit Pascal 1Pa )
•
= > • :
Area = 0.5m
'

A >
surface CLASSMATE
Scalar
•

quantity Physics by Kashan Rashid

area lm4 YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
P= F- so P =
101 P = 200Pa
u

Pressure A 0.5
Area increased > Pressure
Example # I :
decreased

Weight = 100N .

I
'
Area = 0.02m
1
W

P= I D= 100
:|
so
A 0.02
P -5000Pa
-
 with
Atmospheric Pressure
Why
does
atmospheric decrease
?
height
• Air molecules are in a continuous random

motion Reason 1 low air

.
:
density
collide with
They one another and with low
density less less less
•
no
>
.

> >

walls
of objects .

of air
of collisions
force
•

Upon collision , they exert a

force .
molecules
this
force
atmospheric
per unit
•
area causes

pressure .
Reason 2 : low
temperature
CLASSMATE low
temp by> Kashan
Physics slow Rashid
moving >
less
forceful
At sea level Palm 1.01×105 Pa
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
molecules collisions
of air
=

,
'

f.
less air molecules
' .

less
Atmospheric pressure measured
'

is
density of air
- •
.
.
. .

'

barometer
molecules using
'

air
'

more

/
'

:-.'
.
R .
.
.

:
-

i. more
density of
.

.
.
^
.
.
. air
sea level
-1 air molecules
 -

Barometer

ignore ①
vacuum <
th

g
•
When a tube
filled "
" level
with 760mm less
liquid mercury
:
n
Palm level
turned
'

was over in
✓ ✓ " ✓ • ✓ ✓ ✓
with
dish also filled ,
✓
a
,

the Hg
mercury , mercury
the tribe
level in
fell Move
until constant Atmospheric
it become .
Less Atmospheric
CLASSMATE Physics by Kashan Rashid
Pressure pressure
The level atmospheric
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
•

stopped because the

① ①
pressure from the outside matched "
inside the tube
the
liquid pressure . same

level
Palm 760mm
Hg at sea level
•
=
.

v v

If height Atmospheric mercury level

°

, >

in the tube thickness / Diameter does not

increases
of tube
-

pressure
decreases falls .

effect level of mercury . Atmospheric

does
pressure .
Pressure in liquids
a)
Pa =
pgha b) PB -

pgh ,

The exerted due to the

pressure
•

17=1000×9.8×121
color .mn
of liquid above 17=1000×9.8×50
a

Too
point
100
.

Pa =
4900Pa PB= 11,760Pa
P
pgh depth ha
-
-
>

Pap 1 exert
'
V •
A
• heavier
liquids more
pressure)
v
grau . acc . • Pah ( more pressure is exerted at more
depth)
liquid density CLASSMATE
his Physics by Kashan Rashid
Total Pressure at a point
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pressure • "
under
liquid
B
atm
Example Pt =P , + Patm
the
Determine
pressure exerted by E
e
) Pt 1.0×105
lp=
the -3
column
of water 1000
Kgm
=

pgh + . * ✗

A 1ha 50cm ) at Pt :( 1000×9.8×201 + 1-0×105

at
point and
-
-

B ( ?
point his -
-
120cm ) .
water
f.
1000
kgñ
17=296000 Pa
1g Nkg )
"
908
-
-
 Pressure Gases
Example in

A diver travels .

How ?
10m
from A to B .
96 gases exert
pressure
the
v • A density -3 of water
15m is 1000
Kym Gas molecules are in a continuous
•

determine the random motion

v. ps ✓

with another
change in pressure they collide one
°

with walls container

experienced by and
This
the
of
diver .
•
causes change of momentum
a

AP =
Piz -
Pa CLASSMATE •
As rate
Physics of Kashan
by change of momentum is
Rashid
Pits Patm IRA Patml
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
That
force unit is
+
force area
=

per
-

+
,

=P, Palm Pia Palm the

pressure of
*
gas
- -

+ .

DP =
PLB -
PLA
DP =

pglh ,
-

hat •
Increasing temp . increases
pressure of gas
cat constant volume )
1000×9.8×(15-10)
Temp inc
speed of molecule inc
=
→
. .

DP =
49000Pa
Pressure incos force of collision inc . <
"

As at both
*
atm pressure was same
"
frequency of collision inc .

the DP cancelled
depths ,
so effect on is .
 ( P V1
•

Increasing temp .
increases the volume Boyle 's Law -

1 at
of gas
constant
pressure )
Volume
of gas is
inventory proportional
•

to its
pressure ,
keeping temperature
Tz > T, constant
i.
-

heating
-

i. :
-

> .

.
.
.

T V Tz Vz
'
' -

, ,
.

"
.

'
-
'
.

.
.
- .

9.
.

V,
.

'

ofCLASSMATE
Pz V2
Temp molecules inc
Physics by Kashan Rashid
•

speed
. -

inc
'

>
.
.

YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE

molecules exerted hence PV=k

Pdf P=ky
volume in c. <
gas a so

more
force and
pushed ( constant )
piston out
l pressure remains same because Pill , = k BY =
Pdk
molecules are now
further apart .
So pzy, , ,,

the force per unit area is still same . )

When volume molecules come PIPA 171Pa
> a n

decreases closer to
gather
P
,
-
•

Average force rate É collision inc .

( more molecules collide

of molecules <
p, •

with container)
on container walls
of 0

v1 v12
>

increase Hm ? 0 -3

µm
,
⇐
As
temperature of gas
✓ CLASSMATE
is constant so speed
P=ky PityPhysics by Kashan Rashidk.ly
F- PXI
Pressure
of molecules is also V
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE

increased constant
"
 235

6.
P -
-

pgh

7.

CLASSMATE
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
Physics by Kashan Rashid

8.

P, V
,
= Pzvz
P (2001--131300)
231=12

0
 236

9.

-
10.
'
-614cm
' " M" " '

P=¥ :-, 5--8,0-0=1

¥oN

CLASSMATE
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Physics by Kashan Rashid

11.

PV= constant

4320

✓ 4800
✓ 4800
✓ 4800
"

12. P=pgh

④
t
 238

16.
Pil, = Pzvz
Pz 0.5
240×2 = ✗

Pz 960hPa
☐ =

17.

\
18.
CLASSMATE
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
Physics by Kashan Rashid
 239

19.

\
20.

CLASSMATE
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
Physics by Kashan Rashid

21.

100 kPa +200K Pa : 300hPa

0 30-20=150 kPa
 240

22.

:
i
p=F 96000=96000
i
"

I 0.8×-2 T.co
W 960100N 60000Pa
! P =

- -

O
23.

CLASSMATE
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Physics by Kashan Rashid

24.

25.
 244

35.

36.

PN, __
Pzvz - - - - - - - - -

:
(10011/0)=25×4 ;
V2
1¥ -_ I
i

vi. 40 CLASSMATE
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE ! Physics by Kashan Rashid
I

0
37.
 250

54 Air is trapped in a cylinder by a piston. The pressure of the air is p and the length of the air
column is 20 cm.

The piston is moved outwards until the length of the air column has increased by 40 cm.
P, V, Pzvz =

The temperature of the air remains constant.

pl # ✗
)
20 = Pz / ☒ ✗ 60 )
V=A±h 20 cm 40 cm
2 Op = 60 Pz
h
T
P,
%P
=

A p
A
trapped air 1
Pr =

Iz
What is the new air pressure?

A
p
2 0
B
p
3
C 2p D 3p

55 A long tube, full of mercury, is inverted in a small dish of mercury.

CLASSMATE
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
Physics by Kashan Rashid

R
S

The mercury level in the tube falls, leaving a vacuum at the top.

When the atmospheric pressure decreases, which length decreases?

A PQ B PS C QR D RS

56 Some gas is trapped in a closed container. The gas is cooled and the volume of the container is
kept constant.

What happens to the gas molecules?

A They collide with the walls more often.

B They contract.
C They get closer together.
D They move more slowly.
 257

Li 4-
-
=

Air molecules collide with walls

of cylinder and

exert a
force which
produces pressure .

Due to less molecules collide more

space ,

frequently
CLASSMATEwith walls
cylinder
ofPhysics
This increases
by Kashan Rashid
YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE
.

the
average force
and hence increases
pressure
.

V= AXL P ,
V, = Pzvz
11.0×10511 # 6) ✗ =
Pz ( A/ ✗ 4)

1.0×10,5-116=12
Pz = 1.5×105 Pa
1.5×105 Pa
 267

8.

P
pgh
-
-

= 1000×10×15
P 150,000Pa
CLASSMATE
=

Physics by Kashan Rashid

YOUR PARTNER FOR PURSUING EXCELLENCE 1. 5×105 Pa

Pi= Put Patm

= 1.5×105+1.0×105 2.5×105 Pa

P ,V , = Pzvz

(2.5×105110.048)=11.0×105 )Vz
}
V2 =
0.12m
}
0.12m
 268

When volume increases

,
molecules move
further apart .

The rate
of collision
of molecules with surface
of
balloon decreases .
This decreases average force
exerted and Thus decreases
by molecules
pressure

water molecules are closer to one another as clusters .

Air molecules are

separated and
far apart .

Upthrust
111 ¥1 Upthrust force causes the balloon and tray to rise

up Drag force acts along with weight in downward

.

110 111 CLASSMATE Physics by Kashan Rashid

direction Drag force increases and downward force
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.

V
vw
Drag eventually becomes equal to upward force .

1) + W= Upthrust

const speed
speed so const grad .

-
-

gfa-ta.int
•

inc .

speed so

incr .

gradient