Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Information Technology(IT)
References:-
1- “Basic Concepts of Information and Communication Technology
notes”, Dario Ilija Rendulić, 2011.
2- “Computational Science: Ensuring America’s Competitiveness”,
Marc R. Benioff Edw and D. Lazowska, 2005.
3- Basic Concepts Of Information Technology (IT), Dheeraj Mehrotra,
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Chapter one Information Technology
Understand the terms hardware, software, and Information
Technology (IT).
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Information technology(IT) plays a major role in reengineering
business processes, the speed, information processing power, and ease of
use of modern computer hardware, software, and networks can
dramatically increase the efficiency of business processes, and
communications among its people.
ً (IT) تلعب تقنية المعلومات
ويمكن أن تزيد السرعة، دورا رئيسيًا في إعادة هندسة العمليات التجارية
وقوة معالجة المعلومات وسهولة استخدام أجهزة وبرامج وشبكات الكمبيوتر الحديثة بشكل كبير من كفاءة
.العمليات التجارية واالتصاالت بين أفرادها
Information System
Information systems (IS) collect, process, store, analyze state, and
disseminate information for a specific purpose, like any other system, an
information system includes inputs (data, instructions) and outputs
(reports, calculations).
مثل، ( بجمع ومعالجة وتخزين وتحليل الحالة ونشر المعلومات لغرض معينIS) تقوم أنظمة المعلومات
يشتمل نظام المعلومات على المدخالت (البيانات والتعليمات) والمخرجات (التقارير، أي نظام آخر
.)والحسابات
It processes the inputs and produces outputs that are sent to the user or
another system. A feedback mechanism that controls the operation may be
included.
It is important to note the differences between data, information, and
knowledge.
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3- Output operation: the information which has been processed from
the data is produced in a form usable by people. Examples of output are
printed text, sound, charts, and graphs displayed on a computer screen.
يجب أن تظهر مجموعة متنوعة من الخصائص ؛ يجب، كي تكون المعلومات مفيدة للمديرين والمنظمة
ويمكن أن تؤدي المعلومات الموثوقة التي ليست ذات، أن تكون المعلومات دقيقة وكاملة وانسيابية
.كبيرا من المال
ً قدرا
ً مما يكلف المنظمة، جودة عالية إلى اتخاذ القرار السيئ
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6- People: the most important element in IS: include those persons who
work with the information system or use its output.
. يشمل هؤالء األشخاص الذين يعملون بنظام المعلومات أو يستخدمون مخرجاته:
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with the most powerful and ending with the least powerful. We describe
computers and their respective roles in modern organizations
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• The Apple Mac is a computer, but NOT a PC. It uses a different operating
system and requires special versions of application programs (such as word-
processors or
Spreadsheets). Even the hardware add-ons have to be customized to some extent
to be able to be connected to a Mac. In the early days, the thing that
distinguished the Mac over the PC was the GUI (Graphical User Interface), or in
plain English the way you could use the mouse to drive the computer. In the
early days of the PC, you had to be a bit of an expert to use and maintain your
PC. Recently the differences between the PC and the Mac have blurred ( غيرر
) واضح, with Microsoft buying a stake.
يسوتخدم نظوام تشوغيل مختلفًوا. ولكنوه لويز جهواز كمبيووتر شخصوي، هوو جهواز كمبيووترApple Mac •جهاز
حتوى الوظوائف.)ويتطلب إصدارات خاصة من برامج التطبيقات (مثول بورامج معالجوة الكلموات أو جوداول البيانوات
كوان الشويء، فوي األيوام األولوىMac. اإلضافية لألجهزة يجب تخصيصها إلى حد ما لتتمكن من االتصال بجهواز
( واجهوة المسووتخدمGUI) ( علوى جهوواز الكمبيووتر هوو واجهووة المسوتخدم الرسوووميةMac الوذي يميوز جهوواز
فوي. أو في اللغة اإلنجليزية البسويطة بالطريقوة التوي يمكنو بهوا اسوتخدام المواوق لقيوادة الكمبيووتر، )الرسومية
خبيورا إلوى حود موا السوتخدام جهواز الكمبيووتر الخواص بو
ً كان علي أن تكوون، األيام األولى للكمبيوتر الشخصي
) بشكل واضح (غيور واضوحMac اختفت الفروق بين الكمبيوتر الشخصي وجهاز، في اآلونة األخيرة.وصيانته
حصةMicrosoft حيث اشترت،
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Chapter one Information Technology
drive your computer using a mouse. Examples of operating system that uses a
GUI include Windows and IBM's OS.
GUI: a system using windows, mouse, pointer, and icons to operate a computer.
( هي ببساطة جزء إضافي من نظام التشغيل يعرض النوافذ والقوائمGUI) واجهة المستخدم الرسومية
تتضمن أمثلة نظام التشغيل الذي يستخدم. كما تمكنك من قيادة الكمبيوتر باستخدام الماوس، المنسدلة
IBM. ونظام التشغيلWindows واجهة المستخدم الرسومية نظام التشغيل
نظام يستخدم النوافذ والماوس والمؤشر واأليقونات لتشغيل الكمبيوتر:واجهة المستخدم الرسومية
Mainframe
Capacity: Very powerful computers are often connected to many individual
PCs over a network.
Speed: Much faster than PCs used for processing large amounts of data such
as mail-shots, taxes, etc.
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Typical Users: Only used by large companies including banks, building
societies, etc.
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PC
Capacity: Large hard disks combined with a work of working memory (RAM)
Speed: Fast Normally measured in GHz.
Costs: Getting cheaper by the day.
Typical Users: Home users, large and small offer users. Education, Doctors.
Just about everyone needs to know how to operate a PC these days.
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Networked PC
Capacity: Large hard disks combined with a work working memory (RAM).
Speed: Fast. Normally measured in GHz.
Costs: A PC only requires an inexpensive card to be added to it to connect it to
a network.
Typical Users: Due to the ease of networking on a PC these days just about
anyone can network PCs together.
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Laptop
Capacity: Large hard disks combined with a work working memory (RAM) –
Often less powerful than a PC of equivalent price.
Speed: Fast. Normally measured in GHz. Often speed specifications are less
than for a PC of equivalent price.
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Palmtop
Capacity: Much smaller storage capacity compared to a PC.
Speed: Much less than a PC unless you pay a lot extra.
Costs: In relative terms, expensive when compares to a PC.
Typical Users: Mostly business users.
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PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Capacity: Much smaller storage capacity compared to a PC.
Speed: Much less than a PC unless you pay a lot extra.
Costs: In relative terms, expensive when compares to a PC.
Typical Users: Mostly business users.
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