Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive

You will get a high grade in MMW if you do every exercise in the class. THIS IS THE SAME AS
q p

If you do every exercise in the class, then you will get a high grade in MMW.
p q

Implication If you do every exercise in the class, then You will get a high grade in MMW if you do every
p q
𝑝→𝑞 you will get a high grade in MMW. exercise in the class.
q p
If p, then q. q, if p.

Converse If you get a high grade in MMW, then You do every exercise in the class if
q p
𝑞→𝑝 you do every exercise in the class. you get a high grade in MMW.
p q
If q, then p p, if q.

Inverse If you will not do every exercise in the class, then You will not get a high grade in MMW if
-p -q
¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞 you will not get a high grade in MMW. you will not do every exercise in the class.
-q -p
If ¬𝑝, then ¬𝑞. ¬𝑞, if ¬𝑝.

Contrapositive If you don’t get a high grade in MMW, then you You don’t do every exercise in the class if you don’t
-q -p
¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝 don’t do every exercise in the class. get a high grade in MMW.
-p -q
If ¬𝑞, then ¬𝑝. ¬𝑝, if ¬𝑞.
 • If 𝑥 + 12 = 19, then 𝑥 = 7.
p q

Implication If 𝑥 + 12 = 19, then 𝑥 = 7. 𝑥 = 7 if 𝑥 + 12 = 19.

𝑝→𝑞
Converse If 𝑥 = 7, then 𝑥 + 12 = 19. 𝑥 + 12 = 19 if 𝑥 = 7.
𝑞→𝑝
Inverse If 𝑥 + 12 ≠ 19, then 𝑥 ≠ 7. 𝑥 ≠ 7 if 𝑥 + 12 ≠ 19.
¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞
Contrapositive If 𝑥 ≠ 7, then 𝑥 + 12 ≠ 19. 𝑥 + 12 ≠ 19 if 𝑥 ≠ 7.
¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝

• You are inspired if you are in love.

q p

Converse: • If you are inspired, then you are in love.

𝑞 → 𝑝 or p, if q. • You are in love, in you are inspired.
Inverse: • If you are not in love, then you are not inspired.
¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞 or ¬𝑞, if ¬𝑝. • You are not inspired, if you are not in love.
Contrapositive: • If you are not inspired, then you are not in love.
¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝 or ¬𝑝, if ¬𝑞. • You are not in love, if you are not inspired.

• If two lines are parallel, then the two lines do not intersect.
p q

Converse: • If the two lines do not intersect, then the two lines are parallel.
𝑞→𝑝
Inverse: • If the two lines are not parallel, then the two lines intersect.
¬𝑝 → ¬𝑞
Contrapositive: • If the two lines intersect, then the two lines are not parallel.
¬𝑞 → ¬𝑝
Sets

- Collection of well-defined distinct objects called elements.

- If we can list the elements of each set, then it is a set otherwise, it is not.

Examples:
• Set of all positive numbers. – SET
• Set of all regions in the Philippines. – SET
• Group of honest congressmen in National Capital Region. NOT A SET
• The best volleyball teams in the world. – NOT A SET

Notations:

Let 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. 3 ∈ 𝐴 because there is an element 3 in set A.

If 𝐵 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … }, then 7 ∈ 𝐵 because the ellipsis symbol (…) means that the elements in the set are continuous, never-ending,
and infinite. However, 0 ∉ 𝐵 because there is no 0 element in B thus, it starts from 1 𝑡𝑜 + ∞.

Cardinality of a Set – denoted by 𝑛(𝐴), is the number of elements of the set. If a set has an infinite number of elements, its
cardinality is ∞.

Examples:
𝐶 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The cardinality of set C is 6, denoted as 𝑛(𝐶) = 6.

𝐷 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, … }. The cardinality of set D is ∞, denoted as 𝑛(𝐷) = ∞.

Types of Sets

1. Finite Set – contains a definite or countable number of elements.

Examples:
a. Set of vowels in the English alphabet.
b. Set of continents in the world.
c. Set of universities in the Philippines.
2. Infinite Set – contains an unlimited or uncountable number of elements.
Examples:
 a. Set of leaves on a tree
b. Set of real numbers
3. Empty Set or Null Set – contains no elements. It is denoted by ∅. The cardinality of empty set or null set is zero.
Examples:
a. Set of all even numbers that are also odd.
b. Set of talking pigs.
4. Singleton Set or Unit Set – contains only one element.
Examples:
a. 𝐺 = {0}
b. 𝐻 = {1,000}
5. Universal Set – collection of all elements in a particular situation.
Examples:
a. Let ∪ be the set of all animals on earth.
b. Let ∪ be the set of all students in SLC.
6. Subset – a set A is a subset of B if every element of A is an element of set B.
Examples:
a. Let U be the set of all animals on earth.
set of all mammals is a subset of U
set of all fishes is a subset is U
set of all insects is a subset of U
6.1 Proper Subset – “subset of but not equal to”. A set A is a proper subset of set B if every element of A is an element
of set B. It is denoted by ⊂.
Examples:
a. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔} and 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐}. Here, set 𝑩 ⊂ 𝑨 since all elements in B are contained also in A and set A
has at least one element more than set B.
b. Let 𝑪 = {𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒆, 𝒇, 𝒈, 𝒉, 𝒊} and 𝑫 = {𝒃, 𝒄, 𝒅, 𝒇, 𝒈, 𝒉, 𝒊}. Here set 𝑫 ⊂ 𝑪 since all elements in D are contained also
in C and set C has at least one element more than set D.
6.2 Improper Subset – contains all elements of the original set. A set A is an improper subset of set B if every element
of A is an element of set B and n(A)=n(B).
Examples:
a. Let 𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓} and 𝑩 = {𝟓, 𝟒, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟏}. Here, set 𝑩 ⊆ 𝑨 since all elements in B are contained also in A and set
B has the same cardinality as set A.
7. Equal Set – sets A and B are equal sets if they have the same elements. In symbols we write 𝑨 = 𝑩.
 Examples:
a. If 𝑨 = {𝒔, 𝒆, 𝒂} and 𝑩 = {𝒆, 𝒂, 𝒔}, they are equal because every element of set A is an element of set B and every element
of set B is also an element of set A. In symbols, 𝑨 = 𝑩.
b. If 𝑪 = {𝟐, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎} and 𝑫 = {𝟗, 𝟐, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟔}, they are equal because every element of set C is an element of set D and every
element of set D is also and element of set C. In symbols, 𝑪 = 𝑫.
8. Equivalent Set – sets A and B are equivalent sets if they have the same cardinalities. In symbols we write 𝑨 ≡ 𝑩.
Example:
a. If 𝑱 = {𝒂, 𝒓, 𝒄} and 𝑲 = {𝒇, 𝒖, 𝒓}, they are equivalent because the sets have the same cardinality. Hence, 𝑱 ≡ 𝑲.

Set Operations
1. Union of Sets - 𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 – this means, the elements of the sets are being combined.
Example:
𝐴 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
𝐵 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}
2. Intersection of Sets - 𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 – this means, it is the set elements which are in both A and B.
Example:
𝐿 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
𝑀 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
𝑳 ∩ 𝑴 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗}
3. Difference between Sets
𝑨 − 𝑩 = What is/are the element/s of A that is/are not found in B.
𝑩 − 𝑨 = What is/are the element/s of B that is/are not found in A
Examples:
𝐴 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
𝑨 − 𝑩 = {𝟎, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖}
𝑩 − 𝑨 = {𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟓}
4. Complement of a Set – the complement of set A, denoted by A’, is the set that contains the elements which are NOT in set
A or the element/s that can be found in the universal set that is/are not in set A.
Examples:
 𝑼 = {𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎} Elements that are not in set A
𝑨 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}
𝑨′ = {𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎}
5. Cartesian Product or Cross Product – all possible ordered pairs.
Examples:
𝑨 = {𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑}
𝑩 = {𝟐, 𝟒}
𝑨 × 𝑩 = {(𝟔, 𝟐), (𝟔, 𝟒), (𝟗, 𝟐), (𝟗, 𝟒), (𝟏𝟏, 𝟐), (𝟏𝟏, 𝟒), (𝟏𝟑, 𝟐), (𝟏𝟑, 𝟒)}

𝑪 = {𝟏, 𝒃}
𝑫 = {𝒂, 𝟒}
𝑫 × 𝑪 = {(𝒂, 𝟏), (𝒂, 𝒃), (𝟒, 𝟏), (𝟒, 𝒃)}

EXERCISES:

Determine if it is a SET or NOT.

1. List of handsome students in SLC. – NOT A SET
2. List of sexy women in La Union. – NOT A SET
3. The cities in Manila – SET
4. The barangays in the City of San Fernando. – SET
5. List of cellphone brands in the world. – SET

Determine whether the following sets are FINITE, INFINITE, or EMPTY.

1. Set of colors in the rainbow – FINITE

2. Set of positive integers – INFINITE
3. Set of whole numbers less than zero – EMPTY
4. Set of talking dogs – EMPTY
5. Set of sections in the Basic Education Department of Saint Louis College – FINITE
Refer to the following sets.

𝐴 = {𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙}
𝐵 = {5, 10, 3, 8}
𝐶 = {𝑅𝑒𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝐾𝑎𝑡𝑘𝑎𝑡, 𝑁𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑒}
𝐷 = {𝑝𝑖𝑔, ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟}
𝐸 = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, … }
𝐹 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚}
𝐺 = {𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑔}
𝑁 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, … }

Determine whether each statement is TRUE or FALSE.

1. 10 ∈ 𝐵 – TRUE
2. 𝑛(𝐴) = 𝑗 – FALSE (It should be 6 not j)
3. 𝐵 ⊆ 𝑁 – FALSE (This is false because they don’t have the same cardinality)
4. 𝑝𝑖𝑔 ⊂ 𝐷 – TRUE
5. 𝑛(𝐶) = 𝑛(𝐺) – TRUE (They have the same cardinality which is 3)
6. {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3} ⊆ 𝐸 – TRUE
7. 𝑛({∅}) = 0 – TRUE
8. 𝐸 ⊂ 𝑁 – TRUE
9. 𝐶 ≡ 𝐺 – TRUE (They are equivalent sets because they have the same cardinality which is 3)
10. 𝐵 = 𝐶 – FALSE (They don’t have the same elements)

Given:
𝑈 = {2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 50, 57 }
𝐴 = {2, 4, 6, 8, 12}
𝐵 = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}
𝐶 = {8, 9}

Find: (DON’T FORGET TO WRITE CURLY BRACES { } IN YOUR ANSWER. NO CURLY BRACES IN EXAM IS AUTOMATIC
WRONG. NO COMMA “,” IS ALSO WRONG EXCEPT FOR ONE ANSWER ONLY JUST LIKE EXAMPLE 1 BELOW)
1. 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 = {𝟖}
2. 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′
𝐴′ = {3, 9, 13, 14, 20, 24, 50, 57}
 𝐵′ = {2, 6, 8, 12, 14, 20, 24, 50, 57}
𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟕}
3. 𝐶 ′ = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟕}
4. 𝐵 − 𝐶 = {𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟓}
5. (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′
𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 = {9}
(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)′ = {𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟔, 𝟖, 𝟏𝟐, 𝟏𝟑, 𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟕}

Problem Solving – art of identifying problems and implementing the best possible solutions.
Inductive Reasoning – starts from specific observation to general conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning – starts from general conclusion to specific observation.

1. Every quiz has been easy. Therefore, the test will be easy. – INDUCTIVE
specific general

2. All students in this class play guitar. Sam is a student of this class. Therefore, Sam plays guitar. – DEDUCTIVE
general

3. What is the next term in the sequence 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ___? – INDUCTIVE
4. The daughters of Ms. Lanie are kind. Lia is a daughter of Ms. Lanie. Therefore, she is kind. – DEDUCTIVE
general specific

5. If x=3, then 2x+10=16. – INDUCTIVE

specific general

6. If you brush your teeth daily then you will have no cavities. Taylor brushes her teeth daily. Thus she will have no cavities.
– DEDUCTIVE