Thesis Paper

Republic of the Philippines
Don Honorio Ventura State University

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Department of Civil Engineering
Group No : GROUP #7
Yr. & Section : BSCE – 4J
Enhancing the Pedestrian Footbridge: A Proposed Steel

Curved Footbridge at Brgy. Sta. Catalina, Lubao, Pampanga
GROUP 7
DE GUZMAN, JAYMARK
GERONA, JUSTIN
LINGAD, CHARLES DANIEL
MENDOZA, ERICSON
MORALES, PATRICK JOSH
OCON, ALDRIN

1.1 INTRODUCTION
A pedestrian footbridge provides a safe way for people to cross barriers such as
rivers or roadways. Perched above the earth, these pedestrian-only structures provide a
secure barrier between oncoming car and train traffic. The world’s urban population
has grown significantly since 1950 [1]. Due to rapid urbanization and motorization,
safety is sometimes ignored or becomes an afterthought which could lead to some
serious consequences.
Road accidents is steadily increasing as one of the leading causes of death around
the world in recent times. According to the World Health Organization’s 2018 Global
Status Report on Road Safety, over 1.35 million individuals lose their lives on global
roadways every year. About 20-50 million people experience non-fatal traffic injuries
and other indirect health effects annually in addition to traffic deaths. Globally, traffic
accidents rank seventh among all age groups, above diarrheal illnesses, HIV/AIDS, and
tuberculosis, and are the top cause of mortality for young people between the ages of 5
and 29 [1].
Figure 1.1: Causes of death rankings in low-income countries

Source: World Health Organization

Figure 1.2: Causes of death rankings in lower-middle-income countries

Figure 1.3: Causes of death rankings in upper-middle-income countries


Figure 1.4: Causes of death rankings in high-income countries

Meanwhile, with a population of about 103 million, the Philippines is a lower-
middle-income archipelagic nation with major cities and economic activity
concentrated on its major islands, which result in a high volume of motor vehicle traffic.
In addition, privately owned automobiles (not for hire) climbed from 391,178 to
1,717,453, while the total number of registered vehicles increased from 446,142 to
1,904,305. In the Philippines, car accidents accounted for 1.87% of all fatalities
(WHO), making it the second most common cause of injury deaths behind assault [2].
There are a few possibilities available for designing a safe path on a roadway for both
vehicles and humans; the choice you make will depend on the area, practicality,
quantity of citizens, and presence of accidents. Installing a footbridge is the option that
sticks out the most among these since it disregards the danger of cars and people
colliding on the same level.
For numerous reasons, using steel to construct a footbridge is the best and most
sensible option. First, even under continuous load over an extended period of time,
creep and shrinkage do not exist. Furthermore, steel has the ability to endure for an
extended period without losing strength or integrity. Lastly, corrosion is a major

drawback of steel that can be avoided by applying certain coatings such as paint, plastic,
or powder.
1.2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
1.2.1 Usage and Importance of a Pedestrian Footbridge
One of the keywords that has to be highlighted is “footbridge,” as it is significant
to this study. Depending on where it is built, a footbridge may serve a variety of
purposes, but its primary use is to link people to specific destinations from public
transportation [3]. With the world’s motor vehicle population rising from 0.85 billion
in 2000 to 2.1 billion in 2016, most people are now more exposed to traffic in recent
decades. Urbanization and motorization have grown together [1].
Table 1. Number of accidents throughout the period 2008–2018 in England and Wales according to their
severity and the type of place where they happened.
Crash results can range from property damage to death and are produced by a
variety of elements associated to the transportation system, which includes the road, its
surroundings, vehicles, and road users. Notably, single vehicle accidents and two-
vehicle accidents are the two categories of classified collisions. Three categories apply
to single-vehicle crashes: off-road, collision with a stationary object (parked car), and
collision involving a pedestrian (animal). In addition, there are five types for two-

vehicle incidents: head-on, angle, rear-end, and sideswipe crashes that occur in the
same direction or opposite direction [4].
Table 2. Number of accidents at Sampaloc, Apalit, Pampanga every year.
In order to prevent conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, pedestrian

overpasses or footbridges are constructed. This enhances both the general safety and
traffic flow of the streets underneath the overpasses. A rising number of studies have
looked at the variables influencing the utilization of pedestrian overpasses [5]. Walking
and cycling are the most active modes of transportation, and they have the least
detrimental to the environment and enhance the physical well-being of bicycles and
pedestrians. The main issue preventing people from choosing to walk and bike is traffic
safety. Bridges for pedestrians and cyclists will make it possible for them to cross, travel
safely, and arrive at work or school without incident. Thus, the design and the material
utilized in the design are crucial when and where they are needed. Both “functional”
and “aesthetic” pedestrian and bicycle bridges are desirable [6]. Footbridges are an
aspect of urban planning which require to be thoughtfully planned and positioned to
accommodate various types of users. It must be remembered not to forget that the
footbridge exists to improve pedestrian safety, accessibility, and walkability. A decent
footbridge must be constructed in an appropriate location that is important when
constructing a footbridge. This study is important since pedestrians are the footbridges’
primary users, and due to this, footbridges should be made convenient for pedestrians
to use [7].

1.2.2 Assessment for Implementation of Pedestrian Footbridge
Despite the fact that concerns about unequal access to places and modes of
movement have a long history in transport and urban research, the field of research on
transportation and mobility justice has grown rapidly recently [8]. The research proved
that the socio-demographics, constructed environment, ramps, stairs, and proximity to
the bridge all affect the decision to cross [9]. Additionally, it appears that elements like
overcrowding only have an impact under very specific conditions. These findings show
that a variety of built environments and design elements that are distinctive to a given
site might affect how pedestrians choose their routes. To ensure the best use of
resources, bridge construction must be carried out with meticulous and effective
planning. This refers to the idea of value engineering (VE), which is a methodical way
to boost a project’s functional value by making the best use of its resources. Value
Engineering can be used to apply a complete evaluation of cost, safety, structural
strength, user needs, the surrounding environment, and other pertinent elements to the
planning and construction of bridges. Thus, VE assists in locating and eliminating non-
value-added tasks, cutting down on long-term maintenance, and enhancing the
performance and service life of bridges [10]. The article uses a case study of a
footbridge that is situated on Jalan Ahmad Yani Pabelan Kartasura, a few hundred
meters from the campus of University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta (U.M.S.), as seen
in Figure 1. The research used a variety of techniques to gather data on pedestrian like
footbridge physical characteristics, traffic flow, and pedestrian behavior on assessing
the importance of the footbridge [11].

Figure 2. The pedestrian bridge’s location on Jalan Ahmad Yani Pabelan Kartasura.
Through visibility analysis, the sensory perception of a footbridge can be

converted into measurable control indications. Originally, visibility analysis was a
technique for examining the visual linkages in urban networks or between buildings. It
is based on landscape analysis, which investigates how an area appears when viewed
from a certain vantage point. Visibility analyses have been employed in recent years to
enhance the quantitative analysis of the urban visual environment, which has a
substantial impact on managing and modifying urban spatial structures [12].
1.2.3 Types of Pedestrian Footbridge
Since ancient times, bridges have been needed to cross rivers, valleys, hills, and
other obstacles. The earliest bridge may have been a fallen tree that was placed over
these obstacles. The function of a bridge and the characteristics of the area in which it
is to be built will determine its design. Natural bridges were created by the elements,
starting with a fallen log or stones in a river. With a basic support and crossbeam
configuration, the earliest bridges constructed by humans were most likely spans built
of chopped timber logs or planks [13]. Timber footbridges must meet strength and
serviceability standards. Because of their light weight, the serviceability criteria for

peak accelerations are the most exacting constraint in their design [14]. They were later
replaced with stones [13]. The Vega bridge was constructed in March 2017 to allow
commuter trains in the municipality of Haninge to go over railroad tracks. The
structure, which has three hinged arches, was manufactured and elevated in position.
This deck is a Stress Laminated Timber Deck (SLTD), consisting of many glulam
beams with a cross section of 142 x 315 mm³, transversally prestressed by steel rods
spaced 60 centimeters apart [15].
Figure 3.1: The Vega Bridge.
Figure 3.2: Dimensions, Materials and Cross-section of Vega Bridge.
Due to its advantages over other natural materials as well as its availability,
malleability, strength, and durability, stone became the primary building material used
by ancient civilizations. Few bridges from ancient civilizations still stand today, but the

stone constructions serve as a silent reminder of our ancestors' skill in creating bridges
thousands of years ago. One of the most famous footbridges in the Philippines is the
Zapote Bridge, the site of the 1897 Battle of the same name between Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo's revolutionary forces and Spanish forces. It was a stone arch pedestrian
bridge that still stands today, bridging the provinces of Cavite and Rizal [7].
Figure 4. Stone-Arched Footbridge located at Las Pinas, Metro Manila [16].
As civil engineering advanced, other types of bridges, such as “Steel and RCC
bridges,” were created, and today they are a symbol of development for any nation [13].
Steel footbridges are the preferable option when structural steel elements are readily
available and the bridges have large spans. There is a plenty of technical information
accessible regarding these members. Moreover, regional producers and suppliers of
steel members offer their standard forms and technical details. This facilitates the
designer's selection of common shapes and allows the steel bridge to be designed using
members that are readily available in the neighborhood market, leading to low-cost
manufacturing. The fact that steel has a higher strength to mass ratio than concrete or
wood makes it an excellent choice. Furthermore, painted steel has a pleasing aesthetic
[17].

Figure 5. Steel Footbridge located at Espana-Blumentritt [7].
Footbridge have drawn a lot of attention due to small loads and a short span with
the use of lightweight and high-strength materials. Footbridges have increasingly
become longer, lighter, and more flexible, bringing their frequencies into range with
pedestrian frequencies [18].
Figure 6. Butterfly-shaped arch footbridge located at Hong Kong Polytechnic University[19].
Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites are increasingly being used in
the building of footbridges. This arises from the mechanical and structural advantages
of GFRP composites: their light weight allows for faster construction, less interruption,
and lower labor costs. While its out standing longevity and durability against corrosion
allow for cheaper upkeep, it is especially well-suited for replacing deteriorating
footbridges. Pultruded GFRP (pGFRP) is a method of producing regular GFRP

structural section forms. The combination of 1 modular construction and 2 adhesive

bonding connections was used on a limited number of pGFRP footbridges. The closest
examples the Leri and Dawlish footbridges. As a result, using the suggested pGFRP
sandwich panel in footbridges in conjunction with these two elements can broaden the
variety of feasible GFRP footbridge designs [20].
Figure 7.1: Leri Footbridge [21]. Figure 7.2: Dawlish Station Footbridge [22].
1.2.4 Design Method and Design for Pedestrian Footbridge
A bridge is a building that allows passage across an obstruction without blocking

the path below. Footbridges are more compact, lighter constructions. Various types of
steel footbridges allow people to cross roads easily and safely without blocking traffic.
The benefit of footbridges is that they offer a safer route to pass across rivers, roads,
railroads, and other obstructions. A disadvantage of footbridges can be a high cost if
there an elevators or long ramps for wheelchair users that will be installed on the
footbridge [23]. The steel-concrete composite structure has evolved into growing in
popularity because to its quick construction and economy as well. Steel is very strong
for its weight. As a result, the dead weight of steel construction is quite small. This
quality makes steel an extremely appealing structural material for tall buildings, long
spanning bridges, etc. [24]. The important factor that will be consider is the cost,
especially suited for undeveloped countries with large populations. Therefore, the

LRFD method should be considered highly for undeveloped countries with large
populations. This variation of a factor of safety and ultimately cost reduction can be
typically used for all steel footbridges with unpredictable loading that have spans of
any value [17]. The planning of pedestrian bridges holds great significance within civil
engineering, and the selection of the appropriate design approach is crucial for
guaranteeing the safety and effectiveness of these structures. The Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) technique has risen as a prominent method in engineering,
offering a more comprehensive and dependable framework for creating various
structures, including pedestrian bridges. This method, which has been extensively
studied and applied in practice, is attracting growing attention within the field of
pedestrian bridge engineering. This offers valuable insights into the application of the
LRFD approach in pedestrian bridge design. While a thorough examination of the
article's content is necessary for a deep comprehension of its discoveries, it's clear that
the LRFD technique is being utilized to enhance the structural dependability and safety
of pedestrian bridge designs. The article likely addresses factors such as load
considerations, resistance elements, and the cost-effectiveness of the LRFD method in
pedestrian bridge design. The adoption of LRFD in pedestrian bridge design represents
a promising advancement, aligning with worldwide trends in structural engineering. By
incorporating this method, engineers aim to attain the utmost safety, functionality, and
cost-effectiveness in constructing pedestrian bridges, especially in regions susceptible
to natural disasters or heavy traffic demands. This article's emphasis on LRFD in
pedestrian bridge design underscores the significance of this methodology in assuring
the structural robustness of these vital infrastructure components [25]. A comparative
assessment of four distinct bridge deck compositions was conducted using the validated
finite element (FE) analysis method. Due to the high tensile strength of the materials,
it was suggested that the bottom layer of each composite be prepared with Carbon fiber
reinforced polymer (CFRP) or Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). however,

cement composite or laminated glass layer was recommended on the top layer due to
the high compressive strength of the material. The tentative thickness of each layer of
the bi-layer of composite deck was considered as 10 mm for the comparison to the
combination of the composite between cement composite or laminated glass and CFRP
plate or GRFP plate. The FE model was built up to have two separate components, one
each for the base and upper layers. The individual layer of each composite was
considered as a solid body. Three-dimensional stress elements were defined in order to
model the bottom layer, which represented either a CFRP or GFRP plate, and the top
layer, which represented either a cement composite or laminated glass. The Standard
live loading of 5 kN/m2 was applied at the top surface of the composite deck following
Euro Code (EN 1995–2) [26]. In designing and analyzing the foot over bridge there is
need for proper estimation. Optimizing the design of foot bridge and use more resources
is one of the proper estimation that will consider, it will save a lot of money and
resources. In the past, angle sections were utilized to create the trusses for footbridge,
and currently tubular sections are preferred as they are more economical, cost-effective
and have high strength. Given that the footbridge is an open structure with several
openings, the wind load acting on it will be somewhat less forceful, however high
intensity winds and earthquakes are the main causes of the towers failing. The high
factor of safety should be given to wind loads and seismic loads [27].
1.2.4.1 STAAD.PRO
STAAD.PRO software was used for analyzing the footbridge’s different

components, including the main truss, columns, and footings and the most economical
and safe sections are being carried out through manually design. In comparison to
reinforced concrete structures, the cost of building a footbridge has been reduced by
using steel as the construction material. The footbridge’s components were designed
with the highest level of safety and the adaptability of the structure to the upcoming

modifications that has been also given due consideration. The LRFD and ASD methods
are two designs that will be taken into consideration when creating a design of a
structure using STAAD.PRO software. The ASD design method used only one factor
which is the factor of safety. Against failure, the ASD design method cannot provide a
true factor of safety, although its application is very simple. All of the uncertainties in
the material and loading resistance are included in the safety factor for the ASD method.
The LRFD design approach has two factors which are the load type and resistance. This
approach is more reliable because it utilizes two factors and it takes into consideration
the fact that live load has greater uncertainty than dead load [28]. Around the world,
steel truss is typically utilized to build footbridges of various lengths. Steel is a very
useful material that can provides solution that can be proven. Including the design and
analysis of footbridge using STAAD.PRO software, it observes that the study mainly
includes the static and dynamic seismic analysis, specifically seismic coefficient
method and response spectrum method was used in designing and analyzing steel
footbridge but, bay spacing for economical design of steel foot over bridge has not been
yet studied. In the present dissertation work, it is suggested to implement bay spacing
for optimize/economical design of a steel footbridge. Several studies indicate that,
conventional reinforce cement concrete (RCC) or Prestressed concrete (PSC) bridges
produces massive amount of bulk unit weight which may results into uneconomical
conditions by cost as well as by efficiency parameters such as deflection, high cost and
construction time etc. it concludes that footbridges with a steel structure are more
affordable and quicker to build, thus they are practical [29]. The various components
of the footbridge namely Main Truss, Columns along with the footings have been
analyzed using STAAD.PRO software and the most economic and safe sections are
accomplished through manual design. Using of steel on a footbridge as the construction
material has resulted in the overall economy of construction when compared to
Reinforced Concrete structure. The components of the footbridge are designed for the

maximum safety and the adaptability of the structure to future changes has also been
given due consideration [30].
Figure 8. STAAD.PRO modeling for footbridges [31].
1.2.4.2 midas Civil
First and foremost, in the planning and design of the safety system for mid-level
civil computer technology roads and bridge projects, there must be a logical and
scientific approach to the planning and design of the roads and bridges should be built
in a way that better suits the unique circumstances of the construction site in order to
efficiently drain or obstruct surface water from the roadbed and improve the stability
of the roadbed in the midas civil computer technology design [32]. Bridge Design &
Analysis software like Midas Civil, which combines powerful pre- and post-processing
features with an extremely quick solver, makes bridge modeling and analysis simple,
quick, and effective. With Midas Civil, we can swiftly design nodes and pieces much
like we would while making drawings by utilizing the fundamental capabilities of CAD
tools. Finite element analysis is the cornerstone of MIDAS CIVIL. It provides an
extremely unique and user-friendly interface along with capability for the best design
solutions that can take into account various time-dependent attributes such as creep and
shrinkage and building stages. The typical drawbacks of Finite Element Analysis are
no longer an issue for engineers because to advanced modeling and analysis
technologies [33].

Figure 9. midas Civil modeling for footbridges [34].
1.2.4.3 ETABS
With excellent visualization tools and cost-effective design capabilities for many
structural kinds, ETABS provides 3D object-based modeling. It has both linear and
nonlinear analysis engines, and it has an extremely pleasant and user-friendly way of
displaying graphs, tables, reports, and schematic drawings [35]. Bridges often have
complex and varied geometry, like shifting cross-sections and curved alignments. It can
be difficult to appropriately model such geometries in ETABS. We can get around this
by segmenting the geometry into easier parts and applying the right modeling strategies
to each one. For instance, we can make several frame objects in ETABS to represent
various bridge parts. For girder bridges, precise load distribution analysis is necessary
to ascertain internal forces and create reinforcement designs. It’s critical to make sure
the load is distributed evenly across the bridge model. Line loads, area loads, and load
patterns can all be specified in ETABS in accordance with the specifications of the
design code [36].

Figure 10. ETABS modeling for footbridges [37].
SYNTHESIS:
The study heavily relies on the emphasized phrase "footbridge," which is primarily
used to connect people to designated destinations from public transportation while
improving traffic flow and safety. In order to improve safety and traffic efficiency,
pedestrian overpasses and footbridges are built to avoid confrontations between
pedestrians and automobiles. Bicycle and pedestrian bridges are intended to reduce
traffic safety barriers that walking and bicycling, two environmentally friendly forms
of transportation, face. The study highlights the necessity of both utility and aesthetics
in urban planning by highlighting the significance of thoughtfully planned and
judiciously positioned footbridges to improve pedestrian safety, accessibility, and
walkability.
The area of transportation and mobility justice research has grown quickly in
recent years. It has been discovered that pedestrian route choices are influenced by
various elements, including socio-demographics, the built environment, ramps, stairs,
and proximity to bridges; congestion has a special impact under certain conditions. The
idea of value engineering (VE), which entails a methodical assessment of cost, safety,

structural strength, user needs, and environmental issues, emphasizes efficient and
careful bridge construction. Bridge performance and longevity are improved,
maintenance costs are decreased, and non-value-added duties are eliminated with the
use of VE. Examining a footbridge close to the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta
provides a case study that highlights the significance of visibility analysis in evaluating
pedestrian behavior and the influence of the urban visual environment on spatial
structures.
Because of its mechanical and structural benefits, glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP) composites are being used more often in the construction of footbridges.
Because of their remarkable corrosion resistance and lightweight design, which
minimizes construction disruptions and increases speed and cost-effectiveness, they are
the perfect choice to replace failing footbridges. A technique called pultruded glass fiber
reinforced polymer (pGFRP) is used to create regular GFRP structural sections. These
sections are then combined with adhesive bonding connections and modular
constructions to create pGFRP footbridges such as the Leri and Dawlish footbridges.
These design components, along with pGFRP sandwich panels, allow for a greater
variety of workable GFRP footbridge designs. On the other hand, because of their high
strength-to-mass ratio and attractive appearance, steel footbridges are the material of
choice for big spans and are easily fabricated using widely accessible structural steel
elements, technical information, and affordable production alternatives. Stone was the
primary building material utilized by ancient civilizations to construct bridges; a few
of these structures still stand as testaments to their mastery in engineering. Notably, the
Philippines' Zapote Bridge, which was the scene of the Battle of Zapote in 1897, is still
a standing stone arch pedestrian bridge that links the provinces of Cavite and Rizal.
In discussing footbridge design and construction, the paragraph highlights steel

footbridges’ benefits, such as affordability and safety. Additionally, using engineering

software for analysis and design like STAAD Pro, midas Civil and ETABS are
mentioned. For designing pedestrian bridges, the Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) method is emphasized as a dependable technique. In addition, the literature
studies highlight the significance of taking seismic and wind loads into account and
recommends improving footbridge design to save resources. The benefits and
usefulness of steel footbridges are the main topics of the study, along with the
significance of accurate estimating in their design.
RESEARCH GAP:
Curved steel footbridges are not commonly built or probably not yet present in our
nation, most likely because their costs may be too high for many projects, even with
the increased strength and structural integrity they offer. In this study, the researchers
wanted to include another set of individuals which are the cyclists. Since it takes a lot
of muscle to carry the bike and climb stairs at the same time, cyclists are unlikely to
use footbridges. That concern will be alleviated by the constructed bike ramps because
riders will just push their bikes up the stairs this time around rather than lifting them.
In a time characterized by notable technological and infrastructural advances, it is also
concerning to witness the continued lack of knowledge and focus on the usage of ramps
as an alternative to elevators for people with disabilities (PWDs), the elderly, and
expectant mothers. While many articles and research papers have examined different
facets of accessibility, there is still a discernible knowledge vacuum regarding ramps'
potential as a practical means of guaranteeing inclusion in urban infrastructure.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
One of the community problems that is happening at Sta. Catalina, Lubao,

Pampanga is the crossing within the two-highway road where the PTT gas station is
present. It will be unsafe for the people to cross on that road due to the high-speed
vehicles passing by that highway road.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the convenience and safety of the
people crossing the two-highway road at Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga and to reduce
the time they spend on walking and crossing that road since the road was very wide to
cross.
The research is intended to present a Steel curved footbridge at Sta. Catalina Lubao,
Pampanga. Steel footbridges are the preferable option when structural steel elements are
readily available and the bridges have large spans. The fact that steel has a higher strength-
to-mass ratio than concrete or wood makes it an excellent choice. Furthermore, painted
steel has a pleasing aesthetic [17]. Various types of steel footbridges allow people to cross
roads easily and safely without blocking traffic. The benefit of footbridges is that they offer
a safer route to pass across rivers, roads, railroads, and other obstructions. [23].
This steel curved footbridge can be used by all the people, especially the students
at DHVSU Lubao Campus. It is a steel-type footbridge having a curved design to allow
the entire footbridge to carry the load and sustain the vertical load acting on it. This
footbridge can also have access to the cyclist since this proposed steel curved footbridge
has a bike ramp that will be installed to easily carry the bike while crossing the steel
footbridge.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The study addresses the lack of safety measures or structures despite the presence
of some important establishments in the area and it became an obvious concern at
present. With a planned urbanization in the near future, the domino effect of what

urbanization can do will become increasingly noticeable. This study sought to find
evaluations to the following statements:
1. What are the steps, conditions and requirements to implement a footbridge?
2. What are the improvements that a "curved" steel footbridge provides?
3. What is the projected cost of the footbridge's design and construction?
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objectives:
The objective of this title is to create a new passageway and at the same time
keeping our pedestrians and vehicles to pass safely at the two highways on Sta.
Catalina Lubao, Pampanga. To ensure the structural integrity of a building or any
construction, it’s essential to thoroughly analyze and address all structural
components and potential issues. In other words, every aspect of the structure must
be fully resolved or addressed to maintain its stability and safety.
Specific Objectives:
•To assess the feasibility of the specific area about the need for a pedestrian footbridge
in the future.
•To design a structure that meets the safety standards, code requirements, and aesthetic
considerations.
•To analyze the costs and benefits it can present to determine whether the structure is
economically feasible in the future.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Footbridges are giving easy access to people walking across the roads, lessen foot
traffic and incidents. This study aims to give safety and convenient road for the
pedestrians and road cyclists across the highway.
This study aims to benefit the following:


Students, Municipal workers, Cyclists. This study will help people to cross the
said vicinity with safer, quicker and less foot traffic. Giving more access not only within
the cars passing by but always for the pedestrian crossing the highway/s.
Community. This output will benefit the community because it can lessen the
accidents or injuries that have/may happen within the vicinity as the area is a prone to
accidents.
Car Vehicle. This study can also help drivers concern less as if there's no
pedestrians crossing along the highway because of the footbridge. Give more access to
the vehicle in the road as footbridges separates pedestrians from road traffic.
Future Researchers. The study will continue to open for further suggestions for
the improvement of the study. This result can serve as a model for similar footbridges.
1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The general intent of this study will be developing on the design of a pedestrian
steel footbridge, which is mainly composed of pedestrian footbridge and bike ramp for
cyclists. This study is convenient and accessible for the students, employees and
cyclists. The research will be conducted to support and guide the development of the
study.
The scope of this study is limited to the design aspect of the footbridge and its
potential implementation. It does not delve into concerns such as sanitary drainage,
electrical systems, plumbing, and soil testing. The focus is solely on the structural and
architectural elements of the footbridge, excluding other infrastructural considerations.
1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The study commenced with an assessment aimed at determining the feasibility of

implementing a pedestrian footbridge in the designated area. The IPO model offers
researchers a systematic approach to plan and arrange their investigation. It helps

researchers identify the variables and factors that are essential to their investigation by
outlining the input, process, and outcome components. This design clarity improves
research efforts' accuracy and guarantees a targeted and methodical investigation of the
selected subject.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•Feasibility •Architectural & Enhancing the Pedestrian
•Investigation Structural design Footbridge: A Proposed
-Number of -ETABS
Vehicles and -STAAD.PRO Steel Curved Footbridge at
Accidents -MIDAS CIVIL Brgy. Sta. Catalina, Lubao,
•Survey
• Cost-Benefit Pampanga
Analysis
Figure 11. The IPO model

1.9 LIST OF TERMS
Footbridge - a narrow, raised structure used to traverse over barriers like railroad
tracks, rivers, and roadways by foot.
Alleviate - to lessen the severity or ease the burden of a situation.
Glulam - a word that comes from "glued laminated timber." It describes a class
of engineered wood product where individual lumber pieces are bonded together
using strong, moisture-resistant adhesives.
1.10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
ASD - Allowable Stress Design
LRFD - Load and Resistance Factor Design
STAAD - Structural Analysis and Design
CAD - Computer-aided design
ETABS - Extended Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building System


REFERENCES:
[1] C. Cabrera-Arnau, R. P. Curiel, and S. R. Bishop, “Uncovering the behaviour of road

accidents in urban areas,” R Soc Open Sci, vol. 7, no. 4, Apr. 2020, doi:
10.1098/rsos.191739.
[2] R. L. Rodriguez, J. Tricia, B. Villamaria, and M. I. Noroña, “Analysis of Factors Affecting

Road Traffic Accidents in the City of Makati Philippines.”
[3] M. Adam, H. Syahrunnizam, M. Hafiz, M. Shahrol, N. H. Muhamad, and B. Hamid, “A

Study Towards Pedestrians’ Usage and Behavior on Footbridge MALAYSIA *Corresponding
Author Designation,” Multidisciplinary Applied Research and Innovation, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
327–337, 2022, doi: 10.30880/mari.2022.03.02.038.
[4] J. S. Peter Agustin et al., “Correlation Of Factors Affecting Road Traffic Accidents in
Macarthur Highway, Barangay Sampaloc, Apalit, Pampanga Using Multinomial Logit
Model,” 2023.
[5] L. T. Truong, H. T. T. Nguyen, H. D. Nguyen, and H. V. Vu, “Pedestrian overpass use and its
relationships with digital and social distractions, and overpass characteristics,” Accid Anal
Prev, vol. 131, pp. 234–238, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.004.
[6] M. Hełdak, S. S. K. Konakoglu, B. C. Kurdoglu, H. Goksal, B. Przybyła, and J. K. Kazak, “The

role and importance of a footbridge suspended over a highway in the opinion of its users-
trabzon (Turkey),” Land (Basel), vol. 10, no. 4, Apr. 2021, doi: 10.3390/land10040340.
[7] J. A. Moriones, “A Formulation of Footbridge Design Standards through an Assessment of

Footbridges and its User Experience along Espana Boulevard”, doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.28888.57604.

[8] E. Verlinghieri and T. Schwanen, “Transport and mobility justice: Evolving discussions,” J
Transp Geogr, vol. 87, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102798.
[9] R. Hasan, O. Oviedo-Trespalacios, and M. Napiah, “An intercept study of footbridge users
and non-users in Malaysia,” Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav, vol. 73, pp. 66–79,
Aug. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2020.05.011.
[10] Sudarso, “APPLICATION VALUE ENGINEERING ON PROJECT DEVELOPMENT BRIDGE

KALITUWUH BLITAR JAVA EAST,” 2023.
[11] Y. Arsandrie and A. D. P. Prakoso, “The need of pedestrian footbridge to promote

sustainable living; case study: Footbridge jln a Yani pabelan, Kartasura,” Civil Engineering
and Architecture, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 541–548, 2020, doi: 10.13189/cea.2020.080418.
[12] J. Li et al., “Evaluating the Friendliness of Pedestrian Footbridges Using Visibility Analysis:
A Case Study in Wuhan,” Journal of Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis, vol. 5, no. 1,
Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s41651-021-00074-x.
[13] A. Hasan ugli Sultonov, J. Kushokovich Choriyev, and O. Rustamovich Achilov,

“CONSTRUCTION OF VARIOUS ROAD AND BRIDGES,” 2022. [Online]. Available:
https://t.me/ares_uz
[14] D. A. García, M. B. Rosales, and R. Sampaio, “Dynamic behaviour of a timber footbridge

with uncertain material properties under a single deterministic walking load,” Structural
Safety, vol. 77, pp. 10–17, Mar. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2018.11.001.
[15] J. H. Neilson et al., “Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Properties of Two Timber
Footbridges Including Seasonal Effects,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, vol. 19,
no. 10, pp. 1239–1250, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s40999-021-00624-w.
[16] “Zapote Bridge”, Accessed: Nov. 02, 2023. [Online]. Available:

https://eilyly.wordpress.com/2015/01/18/digman/

[17] A. Naeem, M. Muneeb, A. Yousaf, and M. M. Naeem, “Design of Steel Footbridges for
Unpredictive Loadings by STAAD Pro: LRFD vs. ASD for Cost Saving,” Computer Assisted
Methods in Engineering and Science, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 351–367, 2021, doi:
10.24423/cames.399.
[18] Q. Xia et al., “System design and demonstration of performance monitoring of a butterfly-
shaped arch footbridge,” Struct Control Health Monit, vol. 28, no. 7, Jul. 2021, doi:
10.1002/stc.2738.
[19] “Buttered-fly Footbridge”, Accessed: Nov. 01, 2023. [Online]. Available:

https://www.polyu.edu.hk/bre/study/taught-postgraduate-programmes/doctor-of-
international-real-estate-and-
construction/?fbclid=IwAR1vz0ryGbOJ9H2xaq0Eabv3zzgYL1UL8OoqpZRwj8RMnK9ms0NC
OggDweI
[20] C. C. Caprani, J. W. Ngan, E. Ahmadi, S. H. Zhang, Y. Bai, and S. Satasivam, “Design,

construction and performance of the Monash pultruded glass fibre-reinforced polymer
footbridge,” Structures, vol. 51, pp. 970–984, May 2023, doi:
10.1016/j.istruc.2023.03.090.
[21] “Leri Footbridge Built with Strongwell’s Lightweight Corrosion Resistant FRP”, Accessed:
Nov. 02, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.strongwell.com/case-study-leri-
footbridge-built-with-strongwells-lightweight-corrosion-resistant-
frp/?fbclid=IwAR0NV5nAzLwYaEd93I4qN9fnYuE2q8eDS0-JdNEidbLRAzpdgAkYKw4KIbg
[22] “Dawlish Station Footbridge”, Accessed: Nov. 02, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.lusas.com/case/bridge/dawlish_station_footbridge.html?fbclid=IwAR0NV5n
AzLwYaEd93I4qN9fnYuE2q8eDS0-JdNEidbLRAzpdgAkYKw4KIbg
[23] A. M. Pachpute, “Comparative Analysis and Design of Steel Footbridge using Conventional
and Hollow Section,” Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1209–1212, Jun.
2019, doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2019.6208.

[24] “IJRESM_V2_I3_95”.
[25] V. Yepes, M. Dasí-Gil, D. Martínez-Muñoz, V. J. López-Desfilis, and J. V. Martí, “Heuristic

techniques for the design of steel-concrete composite pedestrian bridges,” Applied
Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 9, no. 16, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.3390/app9163253.
[26] S. Ali, D. Thambiratnam, X. Liu, and S. Fawzia, “Performance evaluation of innovative

composite pedestrian bridge,” Structures, vol. 26, pp. 845–858, Aug. 2020, doi:
10.1016/j.istruc.2020.05.010.
[27] R. Kapse, Dr. R. A. Dubal, and Prof. B. V. Mahajan, “A Review on Design and Analysis of
Foot over Bridge using Plated Fabricated Steel Member,” Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 767–769, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.22214/ijraset.2023.49131.
[28] L. Mayur, S. Dharmendra, P. Darshan, P. Neel4, P. Hiren5, and C. Dixit6, “Appraisal and
Design of Foot Over Bridge,” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology, p. 2134, 2008, [Online]. Available: www.irjet.net
[29] KT Shaikh and SS Kadam, “Design Optimization of Bay Spacing of Steel Foot Over Bridge,”
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science,
Jun. 2023, doi: 10.56726/irjmets42695.
[30] S. Rajesh, “Article ID: IJCIET_08_08_167 Cite this Article: S. Rajesh, Design of A Steel Foot
Over Bridge In A Railway Station,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://ttp://iaeme.com
[31] P. Scholar and A. Professor, “Analysis and Design of a Steel Foot Over-bridge with Tubular
Sections using STADD.Pro.”
[32] Q. Chu and S. Yue, “Analysis of seismic safety of highway bridges based on midas civil
computer technology,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing Ltd, Oct.
2020. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1648/3/032004.

[33] “DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SUSPENDED STEEL GIRDER BRIDGE USING MIDAS CIVIL,”
International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science,
Dec. 2022, doi: 10.56726/irjmets32539.
[34] K. Zlatuška, M. Olšák, J. Stráský, R. Nečas, and J. Koláček, “Progressive spatially curved
footbridges,” in Solid State Phenomena, Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2019, pp. 183–190.
doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.292.183.
[35] J. Choubisa, “Structural Behavior of Steel Structures on the Basis of Computer Simulation
Software,” Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 1284–1292, Feb. 2023, doi:
10.22214/ijraset.2023.49234.
[36] R. Mahmud, S. Sultana, L. M. Bakhtiar, E. Sakib, and M. N. Haque, “Report on Structural

Analysis and Design of Pedestrian Bridge in Urban Residential Area Final Year Project
TEAM Structural Analysis and Design of Pedestrian Bridge in Urban Residential Area Final
Year Project (CE498) ADVISOR Department of Civil Engineering,” 2023.
[37] M. A. Alhassan, R. Z. Al-Rousan, and S. I. Al-Khasawneh, “Control of Vibrations of

Common Pedestrian Bridges in Jordan Using Tuned Mass Dampers,” in Procedia
Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., 2020, pp. 36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.202.

Thesis Paper

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thesis Paper

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

Don Honorio Ventura State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Enhancing the Pedestrian Footbridge: A Proposed Steel

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1.1: Causes of death rankings in low-income countries

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1.2: Causes of death rankings in lower-middle-income countries

Figure 1.3: Causes of death rankings in upper-middle-income countries

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 1.4: Causes of death rankings in high-income countries

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Table 2. Number of accidents at Sampaloc, Apalit, Pampanga every year.

In order to prevent conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles, pedestrian

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1.2.2 Assessment for Implementation of Pedestrian Footbridge

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Through visibility analysis, the sensory perception of a footbridge can be

1.2.3 Types of Pedestrian Footbridge

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 3.1: The Vega Bridge.

Figure 3.2: Dimensions, Materials and Cross-section of Vega Bridge.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 4. Stone-Arched Footbridge located at Las Pinas, Metro Manila [16].

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 5. Steel Footbridge located at Espana-Blumentritt [7].

Figure 6. Butterfly-shaped arch footbridge located at Hong Kong Polytechnic University[19].

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

structural section forms. The combination of 1 modular construction and 2 adhesive

1.2.4 Design Method and Design for Pedestrian Footbridge

A bridge is a building that allows passage across an obstruction without blocking

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

STAAD.PRO software was used for analyzing the footbridge’s different

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 8. STAAD.PRO modeling for footbridges [31].

1.2.4.2 midas Civil

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 9. midas Civil modeling for footbridges [34].

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Figure 10. ETABS modeling for footbridges [37].

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

In discussing footbridge design and construction, the paragraph highlights steel

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

One of the community problems that is happening at Sta. Catalina, Lubao,

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to benefit the following:

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

1.8 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study commenced with an assessment aimed at determining the feasibility of

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

1.9 LIST OF TERMS

Alleviate - to lessen the severity or ease the burden of a situation.

1.10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome