EEE 331

Communication System
Fundamentals

Lecture # 4
Angle Modulation and Demodulation
Overview
 The Objectives of Today’s Lecture is to
introduce angle (or exponential) modulation
 Analog Angle modulation is a non-linear
modulation technique that maps the message
signal to the angle of a transmitted carrier
 There are two basic forms:
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Read Carlson et al, Chapter 5, Lathi 4.1 –
4.8
Analog Angle Modulation
PM and FM
 There are two basic forms of angle
modulation
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 FM – the frequency of the carrier is
varied linearly with the message signal

 PM – the phase of the carrier is varied

linearly with the message signal
Frequency Modulation
FM
Phase Modulation
Non-linear Nature of Angle
Modulation
Non-linear modulation – cont.
Transmitted Signals for Angle
Modulation
Instantaneous Frequency
Description of Frequency
Modulation
FM vs. AM
Comparison of PM and FM:
Example #1
 Comparison of PM and FM:
Example #2

FM signal shows continuous

frequency increase
PM signal has single frequency shift
Comparison of PM and FM:
Example #3 Frequency change for FM

Phase change for PM

Comparison of PM and FM:
Example #4
Equivalency of Frequency
Modulation and Phase Modulation
Comparison of FM and PM
 They are very similar in signal
structure
 Both allow designer to trade bandwidth
for power efficiency
 FM has advantages in:
 Ease of implementation
 Performance in noise
 Larger range of BW/performance trade-off
 FM is used almost exclusively
FM – Tone Modulation
Sinusoidal Message Signal (Tone
Modulation)
Narrowband FM (NBFM)
NBFM
Wideband FM – Tone modulation
WBFM - Tone modulation
Spectrum of Tone Modulation
Narrowband vs. Wideband FM
Spectrum
Spectrum
Plot of the Bessel function
NBFM vs. WBFM
Example
Example- Cont.
Example- Cont.
Example- Cont.
Bandwidth
Example- Cont.
Bandwidth
Carson’s Rule – General Signals
Generation and Demodulation of
FM Signals
Generation of NBFM
Generation of WBFM
Generation of WBFM – Direct
Method
Generation of WBFM – Indirect
Method
Generation of WBFM – Indirect
Method
Demodulators for FM Signals
Practical Demodulators
Frequency Discriminator
Frequency Discriminator
Taking Derivative
Balanced Frequency Discriminator
Balanced Frequency Discriminator
Phased-Locked Loop (PLL)
PLL
PLL
Zero-crossing Detector
Zero-crossing Detector- Cont.
 Amplitude of a received signal can change, so limiter and
filter is needed.
 There is a circuit which detects zero crossings and
produces spikes.
 This peak signal is the fully rectified and so some kind of
digital signal is available.
 This near digital signal is connected to a pulse generator
which produces pulses (the same duration T for each
pulse). In electronics this means that a monostable
multivibrator is used.
 Finally this PWM-signal (Pulse Width Modulation) is
filtered by using LPF (Low Pass Filter) and the result is
modulating signal
Zero-crossing Detector_Cont.