World History 7th Edition Duiker Test Bank

Chapter 18—The West on the Eve of a New World Order
ESSAY
1. Who were the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, and what were their
main contributions? What was the impact of the intellectual revolution of the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries on European society? Was the Scientific Revolution "the most revolutionary of all
revolutions"? Discuss critically, using specific examples.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
PTS: 1
2. Why were the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo so controversial in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries?
ANS:
PTS: 1
3. How did European ideas about the natures of, and the relationships between, science and religion
change during the seventeenth century? Were these changes restricted to just the intellectual classes?
Why or why not? What changes occurred in the European economy in the eighteenth century, and to
what degree were these changes reflected in social patterns?
ANS:
PTS: 1
4. What was the relationship of the Enlightenment to the Scientific Revolution? Could the Enlightenment
have occurred with the Scientific Revolution?
ANS:
PTS: 1
5. What characteristics of European civilization encouraged or mandated both the Scientific Revolution
and the Enlightenment?
ANS:
PTS: 1
6. Discuss the emergence of the social sciences in terms of their philosophical foundations and the ideas
of individuals such as John Locke and Adam Smith.
ANS:
PTS: 1
7. Describe the major innovations in art and music during the Enlightenment. Were they as important as
the era's new social and economic ideas? Why or why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1
8. Why did Europe become the engine for rapid global change in the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries rather than China or some other non-Western society? What colonies did the British and
French establish in the Americas, and how did their methods of administering their colonies differ?
ANS:
PTS: 1
9. Compare the "high" and "popular" cultures of the mid-eighteenth century to today's culture. Is there
any "high culture" left in the modern world? If so, what, and if not, why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1
10. Compare and contrast the Seven Years' War with the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.
Did the nature of war change? The causes? Motives? Tactics? Results? Be specific.
ANS:
PTS: 1
11. What do historians mean by the term "enlightened absolutism," and to what degree did eighteenth-
century Prussia, Austria, and Russia exhibit its characteristics? How "enlightened" was enlightened
absolutism as it was manifested in eighteenth-century Europe? Give examples to support your
viewpoint.
ANS:
PTS: 1
12. What were the causes, the main events, and the results of the French Revolution? Could its outbreak
have been avoided, or possibly postponed? Was the revolution inevitable? Why or why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1
13. How "revolutionary" was the French Revolution? How was France changed by the revolutionary
events between 1789 and 1799, and who benefited the most from these changes?
ANS:
PTS: 1
14. Discuss the positive and the negative contributions of Napoleon to the French Revolution and to
Europe generally in the early nineteenth century. Would France and Europe have been better off if he
had never attained political power? Why or why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1
15. In what ways did the career and policies of Napoleon fulfill, destroy, and/or move beyond the ideas
and ideals of the early French Revolution? Was his regime a realization of the hopes of the
philosophes? Why or why not?
ANS:
PTS: 1
16. In your opinion, was the American Revolution or the French Revolution most "revolutionary"? Why?
Be specific.
ANS:
PTS: 1
IDENTIFICATIONS
Instructions: Identify the following terms.
1. the Scientific Revolution
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 509

2. Nicholas Copernicus
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
3. Galileo Galilei
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
4. geocentric and heliocentric
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
5. Isaac Newton's Principia
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 510
6. Descartes and Cartesian Dualism
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 510-511
7. the Enlightenment
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 511
8. philosophes
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 511

9. John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 511
10. Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 512
11. Voltaire and "Crush the infamous thing"
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 512-513
12. Diderot's Encyclopedia
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 513-514
13. Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 515
14. Adam Smith and laissez-faire
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 514-515
15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 515

16. Rococo and Antoine Watteau
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 516
17. Balthasar Neumann's church of the Vierzehnheiligen
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 516-517
18. daily newspapers and coffeehouses
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 515 | p. 518
19. high culture and popular culture and Carnival
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 517-518
20. "cottage industry" or the "putting-out" system
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 518
21. rentiers
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 520
22. patrician
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 520

23. Declaration of Independence
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 521-522
24. the Constitution
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 522
25. enlightened despotism
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 522
26. Frederick the Great and "the first servant of the state"
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 522
27. Maria Theresa and Joseph II
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 523
28. Catherine the Great
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 523-524
29. Emelyan Pugachev
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 524

30. partitions of Poland
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 524
31. Seven Years' War
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 524-525
32. Robert Clive
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 524 | p. 525
33. Quebec's the Plains of Abraham
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 525
34. the taille
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 526
35. the Third Estate
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 526
36. Louis XVI
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 526-528

37. "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 528 | p. 529
38. Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen"
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 528 | p. 529
39. the Paris commune
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 531
40. nationalism
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 531
41. Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 531
42. the Reign of Terror and the guillotine
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 531
43. Toussaint L'Ouverture
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 533

44. the Directory
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 533
45. Napoleon Bonaparte
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 533
46. the Consulate
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 534
47. Napoleon's Civil Code
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 534
48. the Grand Empire
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 535
49. Continental System
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 536
50. Elba and Saint Helena
ANS:
PTS: 1 REF: p. 536-537

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The Ptolemaic view of the universe believed all of the following to be true except
a. the planets were believed to be imperfect and material.
b. the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the
universe.
c. heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that
moved in circular orbits around the earth.
d. God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the
outermost, or tenth, sphere.
e. God and the saved souls were at one end of the universe and humans at the center.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
2. A discovery made by Galileo was the

a. development of the calculus.
b. fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus.
c. five moons revolving around Pluto.
d. similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.
e. totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
3. The Catholic Church condemned the theories of Copernicus and Galileo because they
a. ended the spirituality of the earth.
b. threatened the Scriptures, as the heavens were no longer a spiritual world but a world of
matter.
c. was simpler to accept it than to reject its doctrinal challenges.
d. conflicted with those of Newton.
e. were contrary to the Council of Constance.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 509-510
4. Newton's Principia
a. placed the earth at the center of the universe.
b. rejected the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
c. mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation.
d. supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler,
and Galileo.
e. proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.
5. All of the following were relevant to Newton's discoveries except

a. they created a new cosmology.
b. they presented a basically mechanical explanation of things.
c. universal motion could be mathematically explained.
d. his theories had no spiritual ramifications.
e. Einsteinian relativity eventually came to superseded Newtonian mechanism.
6. Cartesian dualism
a. separated people on the basis of gender.
b. distinguished primarily between good and evil.
c. viewed mind and matter as two distinct and separate entities.
d. refuted the elipticism of Newton's rhetorical absolutes.
e. was initially developed by Bacon and Locke.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 510-511
7. Rene Descartes
a. was the developer of algebra.
b. had his writings approved by the Church.
c. claimed that "I think, therefore I am."
d. fled the Dutch Republic for the Holy Roman Empire.
e. discovered the moon of Jupiter.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 510
8. Which of the following was not one of the positive buzzwords of the Enlightenment?
a. reason
b. divine revelation
c. natural law
d. hope
e. progress
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 511
9. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

a. creation of a new religion of sciences.
b. use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.
c. application of religious precepts to all knowledge.
d. inversion of human development.
e. abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge.
10. The philosophes generally included all of the following except

a. the rural lower classes.
b. the urban middle classes.
c. social reformers.
d. professors.
e. journalists.
11. In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the writer who said each of us is born with a tabula
rasa was
a. John Locke.
b. Rene Descartes.
c. Voltaire.
d. Isaac Newton.
e. Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
12. Which of the following statements would John Locke find acceptable?
a. Some of us are born bad.
b. A positive environment will create positive results.
c. Everything that we are is in our genes.
d. Faith, not reason, determines what we know.
e. Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.
13. The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was
a. Diderot.
b. Voltaire.
c. Montesquieu.
d. Rousseau.
e. Descartes.
14. The most active opponent of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the
philosophes were
a. Lavisher and Rousseau.
b. Voltaire and Diderot.
c. Diderot and Bourbon.
d. Montesquieu and Adrien.
e. Quesnay and Pelletier.
15. Enlightenment advocates of economic liberalism

a. urged rulers to guide their societies in rationally determined directions.
b. were vigorously opposed by Adams Smith.
c. opposed attempts to establish laissez-faire policies.
d. were led, unofficially, by Montesquieu and ideas contained in his Encyclopedia.
e. believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 514
16. The person viewed as one of the founders of modern economics and known for the doctrine of laissez-
faire was
a. John McDonald.
b. Adam Smith.
c. Robert Walpole.
d. Robert Burns.
e. Lord Gordon Brown.
17. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

a. was idealistic and honest and never deviated from his promises or commitments.
b. argued that children's education should be strict and regimented.
c. argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."
d. believed that women were "naturally" different from men.
e. both b and c
18. Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style?
a. the profuse use of strict geometric patterns
b. emphasis on largeness and majesty
c. a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
d. a rejection of the effort to seek love, joy, and pleasure in favor of religious imagery
e. stress on formal order
19. Lyrical Rococo depictions of aristocratic life were expressed in the work of
a. William Hogarth.
b. Antoine Watteau.
c. Joachim Orlov.
d. Balthasar Neumann.
e. Johann Sebastian Bach.
20. All of the following were true about European population and food supplies except
a. as the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.
b. food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century.
c. the introduction of the potato and maize provided a much-needed staple foods.
d. the New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe.
e. more plentiful food led to improved nutrition.
21. The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was
a. spices.
b. steel.
c. coal.
d. textiles.
e. oil.
22. The system that came to be known as the "cottage industry" involved all except
a. the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production.
b. country laborers producing yarn and cloth.
c. the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur.
d. peasants grew cotton on their farms and sold the raw material to entrepreneurs.
e. it was also known as the "putting-out" system.
23. Which of the following was not an element in eighteenth-century global trade?
a. Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain.
b. Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French.
c. American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe.
d. English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for
tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany.
e. Overseas trade boomed.
24. Outside Europe, the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years' War were
a. North America and Africa.
b. Central America and India.
c. India and North America.
d. Latin America and Africa.
e. North America and Latin America.
25. In eighteenth-century Europe,

a. it was illegal for a noble-class male to marry a middle-class female without a government
dispensation everywhere except in Prussia and the Netherlands.
b. noble and bourgeois women dressed in the same fashion and were visually
indistinguishable.
c. the peasants composed less than forty percent of the populations of Austria and France.
d. nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population.
e. factory workers had replaced farmers as the majority of the population.
26. Who, among the following, should NOT be considered an "enlightened despot"?
a. Frederick II
b. Louis XIV
c. Joseph II
d. Maria Theresa
e. Catherine the Great
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 522-525
27. Which of these leaders asserted, "I have made Philosophy the lawmaker of my empire"?
a. Louis XIV
b. Napoleon
c. Joseph II
d. George III
e. Peter the Great
28. In line with mercantilist theory,

a. governments had nothing to do regarding trade and manufacturing policies.
b. Latin American countries traded exclusively with their "mother" countries.
c. Latin American colonies were encouraged to manufacture.
d. American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans.
e. the production of heavy industrial products was instituted in Mexico in 1734.
29. Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of the nature of the British Parliament in
the latter half of the eighteenth century?
a. It was primarily composed of civil libertarians who advocated individual rights.
b. Its role was primarily that of a rubber stamp for the king.
c. It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand.
d. Uniquely, women could become Members of Parliament.
e. It failed to meet between 1753 and 1792.
30. The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the
a. creation of the Articles of Confederation.
b. confrontation at Yorktown.
c. confrontation over the Stamp Act.
d. signing of the Declaration of Independence.
e. creation of the United States Constitution.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 521-522
31. In the American Revolution, the rebels

a. received the support of a number of European countries.
b. developed a number of innovative attack techniques used by Napoleonic armies.
c. was marked by the seizure of political and military power by the poorest segment of
colonial society.
d. contained a series of major battles in which American firepower literally destroyed some
of the best units of the British army.
e. was significantly enhanced by the large slave component in the rebel army.
32. Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force
defeated General Cornwallis at
a. Cowpens.
b. Newburgh.
c. Saratoga.
d. Yorktown.
e. Boston.
33. The new United States Constitution of 1787

a. employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers.
b. was rejected by most Americans until it was finally passed on a third referendum.
c. was created by delegates who, like the nation's population, were mainly small farmers.
d. was soon abolished and replaced by the Articles of Confederation.
e. abolished slavery.
34. Enlightened absolutism

a. was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform"
and free their populations.
b. was best illustrated by the activity of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
c. was truly applied only briefly, in the ten months before the death of Emelyan Pugachev.
d. was limited by the desires of the middle classes to retain their special advantages.
e. best describes the British government in the eighteenth century.
35. The eighteenth-century ruler who called himself/herself "the first servant of the state" was
a. Joseph II of Austria.
b. George III of Great Britain.
c. Catherine the Great of Russia.
d. Frederick II of Prussia.
e. Louis XVI of France.
36. The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and
instituted a new penal code, among other things, was
a. Adolf III.
b. Maria Theresa.
c. Joseph II.
d. Frederick the Great.
e. Charles VI.
37. The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was
a. Alexander II.
b. Catherine the Great.
c. Peter II.
d. Peter the Great.
e. Ivan IV.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 523-524
38. Enlightened despotism

a. was limited by the social and political reality of the hereditary aristocracy.
b. was most widely attempted in Britain, but caused confusion among the peasants and
opposition from nobles and clergy.
c. was best exemplified by the policies of Louis XV in France.
d. was abolished in Prussia by Frederick the Great.
e. was never attempted in Austria.
39. Which of the following was NOT a direct result of the Seven Years' War?
a. France ceded Canada to British control.
b. Spain ceded Florida to British control.
c. France ceded the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish.
d. The Dutch permanently withdrew from the New World.
e. Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power.
40. The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the
a. invasion of Silesia.
b. near bankruptcy of the French Treasury.
c. grievances of the French peasantry.
d. discontent in the French colonies.
e. Louis XVI's demand for more power.
41. The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the
a. meeting between Quesnay and Adam Smith.
b. storming of the Bastille.
c. mutiny of the French army.
d. action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly.
e. revolts of French peasants in the countryside.
42. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding developments in the French Revolution prior
to September 1792?
a. The fall of the Bastille weakened the government.
b. The National Assembly created a basic declaration of liberties and a new constitution to
establish a limited monarchy.
c. Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting to flee.
d. Warfare broke out between France and Austria.
e. Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events.
ANS: E PTS: 1 REF: p. 527-528
43. The Committee of Public Safety was established to

a. negotiate a military alliance with England.
b. combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion.
c. provide the nation with a renewed monarchy.
d. negotiate the safe return of French emigres.
e. control the ambitions of Napoleon.
44. The French Revolution

a. was precipitated by a noble-bourgeois dispute over the best way to deal with the large
budgetary surpluses of 1788 and 1789.
b. actually had no real impact on either the economic or political status of peasants.
c. created no major gains, even temporarily, for women in such areas as divorce and
inheritance.
d. created a "nation in arms" and an army of 650,000.
e. failed in its attempt to restore divine right monarchy to France.
45. As a direct result of the French Revolution, this nation became the first Latin American state to win its
independence from European colonialism.
a. Ecuador.
b. Brazil.
c. Nicaragua.
d. Haiti.
e. Puerto Rico.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 532-533
46. Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre?
a. A period of stagnation and corruption ensued.
b. The Reign of Terror ended.
c. Moderate forces came to control the Revolution.
d. A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in
the hands of the Directory.
e. Napoleon was elected President of France.
47. Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government by
a. becoming President of the Committee of Public Safety.
b. being elected as first director of the Directory.
c. seizing power in a coup d'etat.
d. capitalizing on his military victories to become a popularly elected president.
e. his appointment to the post by a newly restored monarch, Louis XVII.
48. Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Napoleon's Grand Empire?
a. Absolute freedom of the press.
b. Loss of privilege by nobility and clergy.
c. Equality of opportunity with offices open to talent.
d. Equality before the law.
e. Religious toleration.
49. Which of the following was not achieved during the regime of Napoleon?
a. The legal position of women was weakened with the activation of the Civil Code.
b. A concordat was arranged with the pope.
c. The laws of France were codified in the Civil Code.
d. A powerful, centralized bureaucracy was established.
e. All divorces were outlawed.
50. Which of the following is the correct order regarding Napoleon;

a. Elba, Russia, Waterloo, Italy
b. Italy, Russia, Elba, Waterloo
c. Italy, Saint Helena, Waterloo, Elba
d. Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Saint Helena
e. Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Elba, Corsica
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 536-537
TRUE/FALSE
1. In the geocentric universe model, the earth revolves around the sun.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 509
2. Isaac Newton was an inspiration for the Enlightenment in his contention that the world and everything
in it worked like a giant machine.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 510
3. Maria Winkelmann was the author of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
4. In the Enlightenment, many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men.
5. Balthasar Neumann's pilgrimage church of the Vierzehnheiligen exemplified the Baroque-Rococo

architectural style.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 516 | p. 517
6. By the end of the eighteenth century, serfdom had come to an end in eastern Europe, but it still existed
in western Europe, and was to prove one of the causes of the French Revolution.
7. By 1763, Great Britain had become the world's greatest colonial power.
8. France's revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism.
9. Toussaint L'Ouverture led a royalist rebellion against the radicalism of French Revolution in the
French colony of Saint Domingue.
10. Napoleon was ultimately defeated because of Britain's ability to sustain its military and economic
power.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 536-537

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Chapter 18—The West on the Eve of a New World Order

Instructions: Identify the following terms.

1. the Scientific Revolution

PTS: 1 REF: p. 509

PTS: 1 REF: p. 509

PTS: 1 REF: p. 509

4. geocentric and heliocentric

PTS: 1 REF: p. 509

5. Isaac Newton's Principia

PTS: 1 REF: p. 510

6. Descartes and Cartesian Dualism

PTS: 1 REF: p. 510-511

PTS: 1 REF: p. 511

PTS: 1 REF: p. 511

PTS: 1 REF: p. 511

10. Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

PTS: 1 REF: p. 512

11. Voltaire and "Crush the infamous thing"

PTS: 1 REF: p. 512-513

12. Diderot's Encyclopedia

PTS: 1 REF: p. 513-514

13. Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman

PTS: 1 REF: p. 515

14. Adam Smith and laissez-faire

PTS: 1 REF: p. 514-515

15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract

PTS: 1 REF: p. 515

PTS: 1 REF: p. 516

17. Balthasar Neumann's church of the Vierzehnheiligen

PTS: 1 REF: p. 516-517

18. daily newspapers and coffeehouses

PTS: 1 REF: p. 515 | p. 518

19. high culture and popular culture and Carnival

PTS: 1 REF: p. 517-518

20. "cottage industry" or the "putting-out" system

PTS: 1 REF: p. 518

PTS: 1 REF: p. 520

PTS: 1 REF: p. 520

PTS: 1 REF: p. 521-522

24. the Constitution

PTS: 1 REF: p. 522

25. enlightened despotism

PTS: 1 REF: p. 522

PTS: 1 REF: p. 522

27. Maria Theresa and Joseph II

PTS: 1 REF: p. 523

28. Catherine the Great

PTS: 1 REF: p. 523-524

29. Emelyan Pugachev

PTS: 1 REF: p. 524

PTS: 1 REF: p. 524

31. Seven Years' War

PTS: 1 REF: p. 524-525

32. Robert Clive

PTS: 1 REF: p. 524 | p. 525

33. Quebec's the Plains of Abraham

PTS: 1 REF: p. 525

34. the taille

PTS: 1 REF: p. 526

35. the Third Estate

PTS: 1 REF: p. 526

36. Louis XVI

PTS: 1 REF: p. 526-528