PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS

Atmospheric Pressure

Variations in Pressure
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Pressures below Layers of Different Liquids

Pressure Head -------- convert pressure head of liquid A to liquid B

Steps in Solving Manometer Problems

1. Decide on the fluid in feet or meters, of which
the heads are to be expressed, (water is
most advisable).
2. Starting from an endpoint, number in order,
the interface of different liquids.
3. Identify points of equal pressure. Label these
points with the same number.
4. Proceed from level to level, adding (if going
down) or subtracting (if going up) pressure
heads.

1. If a depth of liquid of 1m causes a pressure of 7kPa, what is the specific

gravity of the fluid?
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS

2. What is the pressure 12.5m below the ocean? For salt water, S=1.03.

3. If the pressure 23 meters below a liquid is 338.445 kPa, determine its unit
weight, mass density, and specific gravity.

4. If the pressure in the air space above an oil (s=0.75) surface in a closed tank
is 115 kPa abs, what is the gauge pressure 2m below the surface?

5. An open tank contains 5.8m of water covered with 3.2 m of kerosene (𝜸 =

8kN/m3). Find the pressure at the interface and at the bottom of the tank.

6. In the figure shown, if the atmospheric pressure is

101.03 kPa and the absolute pressure at the bottom of
the tank is 231.3 kPa, what is the specific gravity of
olive oil?

7. Assuming the specific weight of air to be

constant at 12 N/m3, what is the approximate
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS

height of Mount Banahaw if a mercury barometer at the base of the mountain

reads 654 mm and at the same instant, another barometer at the top of the
mountain reads 480 mm.

8. For the tank shown, h1 = 3m, and h3 = 4m.

Determine the value of h2.

9. In the figure shown, what is the static pressure in

kPa in the air chamber?

10. In the figure shown, determine the height h of

the water and the gage reading at A when the
absolute pressure at B is 290 kPa.

11. For the manometer shown, determine the pressure at

the center of the pipe.
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12. Determine the value of y in the manometer shown in

the figure.

13. For a gage reading of -17.1 kPa, determine the (a)

elevations of the liquids in the open piezometer
columns E, F, and G, and (b) the deflection of the
mercury in the U-tube manometer neglecting the
weight of the air.

14. For the manometer setup shown, determine the

difference in pressure A and B.

15. In the figure shown, determine the difference in

pressure between points A and B.
PRINCIPLE OF HYDROSTATICS

16. Assuming normal barometric pressure, how deep in the ocean is the point
where an air bubble, upon reaching a surface, has six times its volume than
that it had at the bottom? Sp gr of salt water is 1.03.