Week 1

Basics of com
munication (
Wood, 2012)
1. Process
- Continuity
- Continually
changes
- Never stati
c
2. System
- Interrelated
parts affect
each other
3. Symbols
- Spoken or
written wor
ds
- Gestures
- Voice quali
ties
4. Meanings
- Meanings ar
e attached t
o the symbo
ls (verbal an
d non verbal
)
- Has 2 level
s:
1. Content l
evel – literal
meaning
2. Relations
hip level – co
nnotative me
aning

Elements of c
ommunicatio
n
-
Harold Lasw
ell, 1948 – p
olitical scien
tist who pro
vided a set o
f estions to
describe wha
t compromise
s communica
tion

- Who = sour
ce
- What = me
ssage
- Which chan
nel = mediu
m
- Whom = re
ceiver
- What effect
= producing
effect

- Pearson et a
l, 2011 – pro
vided the co
mprehensiv
e componen
ts of
communicati
on

- Comprehen
sive compo
nents of co
mmunicatio
n
1. People – i
nvolved in th
e communica
tion process (
sender and re
ceiver)
2. Message
– verbal or no
n verbal form
of idea
3. Channel –
how message
is delivered
4. Feedback
– response
5. Code – sy
stematic arra
ngement of s
ymbols used t
o create mea
nings
6. Encoding and decoding – encoding is translation of idea, decoding is
assigning meaning to idea
7. Noise or barrier – it is the interference

The communication process

1. Linear model
- Transmission model
- Straightforward manner
- One way process

a. Laswell’s verbal model, 1948

- who communicator + says what message + in which channel medium + to
whom audience + with what effect impact

b. Shannon and Weaver’s model

- Sender + encoder + channel – (noise) + decoder + receiver + feedback +
back to the sender

2. Interactive model
- Two way process
- Involves exchange of information

3. Transactional model
- Adapted from Wood
- Response to the failure of interactive model
- It has the element of time

- The key features of transactional model

1. It has the time element
2. Varying (not contrast), dynamic (not static)
3. Communication occur within system
4. It doesn’t label as sender or receiver
Principles of communication
1. Communication is transactional
– two way process, involves exchan
ge
2. Communication is inevitable – i
mpossible not to communicate
3. Communication is goal oriente
d – you should have goals in mind
4. Communication’s various levels
:
- Intrapersonal – self
- Interpersonal – 1-2 people
- Small group – 5-10 people
- Public or mass communication –
large number of audience
5. Communication is complex –
6. Communication can be learned
– it is a skill that can be learned
7. Communication is relational – i
mmediacy and control
8. Communication is guided by th
e culture – system of knowledge sh
ared by a large group
of people

Ethics in communication
1. Ethical communicators are hon
est
2. Ethical communicators are awa
re of the consequences of their tho
ught and actions
3. Ethical communication value di
versity and respect to other’s opini
on
4. Ethical communicators are just
and fair

Week 2
Communication contexts
1. Personal context – the backgro
und of the sender and the receiver
2. Physical context – the environ
ment where it takes place
3. Social context – relationship be
tween the sender and receiver
4. Psychological context – the em
otions and feelings of participants
5. Cultural context – sets of belief
s, value systems, guiding principles,
etc

Communication and culture – are i

ntertwined and inseparable
Cultural dimensions in communication
First
1. Individualistic culture – premium on pers
onal fulfillment
2. Collectivist culture – values teamwork an
d collaboration

Second
3. Low context culture – explicit words to co
nvey messages
4. High context culture – non verbal and im
plicit information

Third
5. Chronemics – pertains to concept of time
6. Monochronic culture – uses punctuality
7. Polychronic culture – flexible concept of ti
me

Fourth
8. Uncertainty avoidance – need to foresee
what is going to happen
9. Low uncertainty avoidance culture – toler
ant of the unpredictable situations, go with t
he
flow
10. High uncertainty avoidance culture – anti
cipate risk to reduce them

Fifth
11. Power distance culture – equality or ineq
uality
12. Low power distance culture – equal distri
bution of power
13. High power avoidance culture – unequal
distribution of power is normal

Sixth
14. Masculine culture – more valued than fe
minine culture
15. Feminine – Both genders are valued
Seventh
16. Short term
orientation cu
lture – perfor
mance driven
17. Long term
orientation cu
lture – more p
atience on wa
iting for outco
mes

Week 3
Verbal comm
unication – us
es spoken or
written words
to communica
te
Non verbal co
mmunication
– body langua
ge, gesture, fa
cial expressio
ns
Kinds of non v
erbal commu
nication
1. Kinesics –
use of body g
estures
2. Paralangu
age – use of v
oice quality
3. Proxemics
– use of space
Types of spac
e

1. Personal s
pace – consci
ously maintai
ns distance
2. Territorial
space – autho
rity or owners
hip
3. Acoustic s
pace – adjust
their voice to
match the spa
ce
4. Chronemi
cs – use of tim
e

1. Monochro
nic culture – ti
me is essence
2. Polychroni
c culture – lux
ury of time

1. Languages
– set of arbitr
ary symbols
2. Language
register – leve
l and style of s
poken or writt
en

3 types of lan
guage register
1. Formal – u
sed in professi
onal context
2. Informal –
casual and per
sonal
3. Neutral – f
actual and no
n emotional

Week 4
Globalization
– growth of ec
onomic, politi
cal, cultural, i
nterconnecte
dness
Global communication – use of smartphone for fast, accessible, virtual, and global
communication
Communication is mediated – text messaging, video call, emailing, chatting online, posti
ng on
social media

Week 5
Purposive communication – communicating for various purposes

Social communication – interpersonal language exchange

Technical communication – formal and professional manner

Communication for a purpose – to express not to impress

Conventional ways of disseminating information have evolved into digitization, hence th
e
emergence of digital communication in which writers are almost everywhere.

Week 6
Written communication – form of communication which involves writing

Three poled frame – Aldous Huxley’s frame of reference where essay is anchored
1. Personal (autobiographical) – writer uses autobiography to describe
2. Concrete-particular (objective-factual) – uses factual data
3. Abstract-universal – abstractions over personal experience

Opinion essay – presents an argument with 3 reasons

- To convince
- To persuade
- To influence
Steps
1. Decide on the topic
2. Prepare outline of ideas
3. Formulate a thesis statement
4. Write the introduction
5. Write the body
6. Decide on the main points
7. Write the supporting ideas
8. Elaborate on the supporting ideas
9. Write the conclusion
10. Add information when needed, upon editing and proofreading

Methods of paragraph development

- Definition – explains the meaning of the concept
- Classification – breaks down information into parts
- Process – describes the series of actions chronologically
- Comparison and contrast – discuss the reason, condition, and consequence
- Narration – tells a story in the order of occurrence

Reasons for writing essay

1. To inform
2. To explain
3. To persuade

Opinion essay
1. To convince others that one’s side is reasonable
2. To influence others way of thinking
3. To change their views and take desirable actions

Building blocks of formulating an argument

-
Claims
- Verifiable statement or facts
- Issues or faith or beliefs
- Simple opinion or personal taste

- Reasons
- Must be supported by reasons that the audience will accept

- Evidence
- Support
- Facts
- Statistics
- Examples
- Authorities
- Anecdotes
- Case studies
- Actual evidence

Formulating an opinion essay

-
Introduction
- Establish arguments
- Take positions (thesis)

- Body
- Provide evidence to defend your positions
- Refute position with evidence paragraph

- Conclusion
- Restate your position in terms of the argument defended or refuted
Week 7
Types of spee
ches accordin
g to purpose

- Expository o
r informativ
e – describe
facts, truths,
and principl
es to educat
e the
audience
- Persuasive
– to convinc
e or encour
age

- Entertainm
ent – fun

Types of spee
ches accordin
g to delivery
-
Reading fro
m a manusc
ript – most f
ormal type
- Memorized
speech – ha
rdest
- Impromptu
speech – no
preparation
- Extemporan
eous speech
– planned a
head of tim
e

Principles of
effective spe
ech delivery

- Articulation
– clear and
distinct sou
nd
- Modulation
– adequate
volume
- Facial expre
ssions, gest
ures, and m
ovements –
appropriate
ness and pr
oper
timing
- Stage prese
nce – natur
alness
- Rapport wit
h audience
– attentiven
ess

- Silence – pa
uses

10 command
ments of oral
communicati
on
1. Believe in
what you say
2. Believe in
the people to
whom you sp
eak
3. Live what
you say
4. Know wh
en you say it
5. Know why
you say it
6. Know ho
w to say it
7. Have fun
saying it
8. Show it as
you say it
9. Say it so p
eople can ow
n it
10. Say it so p
eople will do i
t
Week 8
PowerPoint p
resentation –
serves a visua
l representati
on of an othe
rwise scripted
delivery of a
topic

Pecha Kucha
-
Japanese fo
r chit chat p
resentation
style
- Max of 20 s
lides
- 20 seconds
each

Both infograp
hics and pow
erpoint are m
ultimodal in t
he sense that
communicati
on relies on
the textual, a
ural, linguistic
, spatial, and
visual.

The old defini

tion of infogr
aphics referre
d to use of gr
aphics in new
spaper and m
agazine.

5 media form
at of infograp
hics (Krum, 2
014)
1. Static – th
e most comm
on, simplest,
and easier to
format
2. Zooming
– larger desig
n
3. Animated
– motion
4. Video - ea
se of sharing
5. Interactiv
e – readers so
me control

Basic guidelin
es in the use
of infographi
cs
-
Visual conte
nt is still sup
plementary
- Visuals are u
sed to supp
ort text, con
vey informa
tion, and dir
ect action
- Visuals mus
t be audienc
e appropria
te

- Cultural awa
reness and g
ender sensi
tivity are co
nsidered ho
w the conte
nt of
infographic is
crafted