physics

STEM 12
 Scientific
1 2
Method
.

3 MASOR STEPS :

1 .
Observation

2 .

Hypothesis
Experiment
3 .

1 . 3
Measurements
Units of Measurements :

Framental
-
Unit of Measurement

↳ result of direct measurement

mi , km

3
ex .

Length :
in ,
cm , m ,
.

Mass :

Ibs , 9 , kg

ur
Fundamental Physical
time S , min
:

,
Quantities
Temp : C
,
F, K
> Derived Unit of Measurement
-
-

↳ combination of fundamental write physical

queeneitile
-
.

eX speed : sance = Im
time Kr
e
* 2 systems of measurement :

·
English & Metric

14
Scientific Notation
300
0
08,000 . -> 3 0 .

X 107
*
(t) exponent
Left
=

0 9 2 x 188
w092
:

->

? = (-) exponent
righ
1.5
Measurement Calculations -

1m = 1409 m mega
1 mi = 1 61 km
.
M
=

1x 104s
milli
1 km = 0 62 mi
.
m
=

Ix 10's
micro
.

↑M
-
1x 10 m
1 mi =

5280 ft .

103
1m kg / x
g
=

= 3 .
28ft

Mg /x10'3
(x10m
=

1km =

1 , 000 or

1 in = 2 . 54 cm

1ft .
=
1 in

Thr .
=
GO min .

Tmin =

20 see

1hr =

3600 sec
 Example Probs :

1) 0 .

14mg
to
kg 4) 65 mi/hr -> m/s

0 x9 Ihr
14 mg 65 m x
i x
.

g
I mi S

=1 4 .
x 10
kg =29 . 05 m/s

maintainto
milli
2) 53 . 4
Mea"-
Ms MS

53 GMs x
"s
x
.

5 .
34 x 101ms
=15 .
12
km/min

3) 430m -

um

430m X -
1 um

1 x 10 m

4 .
3 x 108 m
 1 6
.

significant Figures
ALL NONZEROS digits ficant
1
are
.
.

sig fia
36 42-5
.

2 :
ZERO BET .
NONZERO digits are
- -
significant .

34
40 !
5
sig fig
-

. .

,
⑧ -

.
3 In numbers WITH A DEUMAL POINT
, beginning w/
the FIRST NONZERODIGIT ,
all numbers
(including zerors)
the
to
right are
rificant
-

310 00 .
-
5 sf .
4800 .
-4s f . .

800

In numbers WITHOUT ADEC POINT

4 .
.

, trailing
(those right the last
to
digit)
zeros of
nonzero

are NOT significant .

310-2sf .
4 00-2st

Est It
*
4 00x103
prove 4 , 000m has 25 f: 4 . 0 x103 or
.

I
: .

↓
2s .
f :
5
sfaman
 A. LoVo R.A .Y & P . Ro E . ( . S ..N

↓ ↓
of measurement -
of a series of measurement-

CLOSENESS to the CLOSENESS to EACH OTHER

ACTUAL VALVE .

of measuring instrument
Tolerance :
the precision a .

*
*
-
X
***
-
-

7
# *T

/
i
Precise BUT NOT A CCURATEC
Neither
accurate PRFUSE

Measurement ERROR :

Error of Measurement -
amount of inaccuracy in a measurement .

may be SYSTEMATIC or
RANDOM .

systematic error
Random Error
↳ the cause be
:

faulty include of
may ↳ can a host

measurement instru, improper meas. unpredictable & uncontrollable

procedure , or biased perception (experimenter) factors .
 17 .

Mathematic Techniques
Literal :
Equations
for 4) T rk
1) F 2
=

Solve =
ma m

I=
soin
Em
:

tee
Ea
=

2) solve d :

Late fort
*

[d= batz]
soin
:

[ m)
=

ae I

t
=E
ener
5) Apply tranformation
M
"
d Vit at for a.
=

3) = +
↓
<

[d =
xit +
at 2]
2d =
evit +
at

kit
*
I it
Y
:

a =
2d-zV it
-

+2
Ch

hector
.
7

↳ under mechanics (motion ,

speed)
L classical physics
magnitude
e
↳ represented by an ARROW >
1
I
↓Direction

MAGNINDE (plus unit]

4 In any avantity having oth

& DIRECTION

Ex
.
0
60km/hr to the
North

↳magnitude ↳ direction
-
·
Velocity - a vector quantity
<gravity
150N downwards
Weight Newton
:

·
-> in

↳ a type offorce

· Acceleration ->
2 m/s2 to
the right

· Momentum

etc .
 Vector Diagram
↳ that summarizes the various
a single picture
vectors acting on ONE POINT. (concurrent)
-

Example :

di =
5km N

dr =
2km 2 s30"w(30WS)
di =

1km E

d4 =
8km E45"s

Eld
basde en
 Crector composition)

Vector Addition
↳ the process of finding the RESULTANT of two or

more vectors .

↓
I
W a single vector that rep-
resents the algebraic
rent
sum of 2 or more vectors .

vectors
acting on
-

the same point .

↓
It is commutative ,

A +
B =
B +

A
cont .

Vectors (one. dimension)

Colinear
el
:

sol'n :

A) Same Direction
d =
dit da +

d5
ex .
di =
25 mE
dr =
25 +
2 +
10

da =
8 mE

name
d3 =
LOmE

B) Opposite Direction
:
Sol'n
Ex . .

di
= 25mE
dr d, dz d3
=
+
+

dz =

Sm W
( 8) ( 10)
dr
+ -

25
-
+

d3 VOm N
=

dp=
TmE since +)

yung answer
case 2
:

Perpendicular Vectors (2 din ) .

Ex1
d, =
30mW

da
=

40mS

Sol'n :

di
30 m
=

<
=

d
Dom
I
W
dre=
↑

to find magnitude ,
use Pythagorean theorem :

dr de
(E)
=

to Find direction use TOA :

,

dR =
302 402
- tan= thn
q-> F :

I
dire
IWM
30 m

f W33 13's
=

/ .

50m & W53

13"s .

· dr is
.
 Vector Resolution

↳ the replacement of one skewed rector by 2

perpendicular rectors that ,

when acting jointly
have the same net
effort as the Oc vector
.

-> Each of the perpendicular vector is known

as a component of the OG vector .

To resolve a vector V into its components use :

7
Nx =

Vost < x-component

or vertical
y-
component
of V

Xy =
Vsint = y-component
X
-

or
>
horizontal

component of V

Idi example de ha)

q may
na
 Mector Composition using

COMPONENT METHOD

To determine the magnitude of Resultant (R) of som of the

X &
y components , use :
-

↳X-
comp
Derived from
*

ZVy
Pythagorean
theorem R =

ZVx +

to determine the direction (no .

of
degrees) I
, ,
of the

resultant R use : ,

tan/EV)
*
-comp

O =

EX :

sa nb ko examples :)
Dami en ⑰
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

ACCELERATION is defined as
any change in velocity
e
per unit time .

↳ change in
position over

Occurs When a
moving object : time

speeds up magnitude
of velocities
·
slows down (decelerate)
L
negative () acceleration
·
Change direction

Types of Acceleration

·
Average Acceleration
velocity divided for
change in by the time required
change
↓
.

Have
·
Uniformly Accelerated Motion

a motion of a
body wherein the acceleration is

CONSTANT or UNIFORM from one time interval

to the next .

Formulag :

studyo a
Vi+ at

3
1
=

Vf
.

↑or
Kinematic
2 .
d =

Vit +
bat Equations

3 .
V
=

Vie + Zad

MADAM
in
are
Examples
Free Fall
↳ a fall (vertical motion) of an object due to the presence

of
Gravity alone I no air resistance .

Formulas
:

at
misY
/
constant

V =

Vi+ gt

d =

Vit +

1gt2

V2 V 2
2gd
i

+
=

sa nb po viet ang Examples =>

FINALLY !
AAAAA projective -

MOTION

PROJECTILE is
anything hurled/thrown through the air or
space

-any object thrown wI an Vi & acted

upon the
Earth's pull of
quanity ,

Trajectory is a curved path folled by a projective ...

i
-> highest pt
0
m/s
=

i
Vy V =

Vx
Vyn ~ vx

-
-

I->
=mis
7
-> Vx
Yx
-

↓ s

vi ->
vi

Vix
I

, tn t
=
~
->
VFX
↓
I

I -
max horizon d If
Range
-
. .

Vf y
·
symmetrical
/

Vertical MA :
-

Horizontal MA :

Vix Vx R Vy Viy gt
=

Vi
+
=

I R
=

Vigt + 19t
Vy
* =

Vi +
2gd
 Half -

Projectile Example :

A projectile is firewd horizontally w/ a velocity of 30 m/s from the top of a cliff 88 m

high.

Find Diagram
:

: Vix
30 m/s
=

·
t
-

a .

b .
R dy
2 .

VE ↓ -- VfX
I +
↳
↓ xe

Vfy
Vertical motion analysis b
:

a .

. HMA :

ready-
=

r Vix
Vyt+ Egt E
=

R
R

, 19.8) + 2]
**
[88 [30 i)
=

-
=

1
a .
8a =

R =
127 2
.
M

I= s

4 243
-

t =
.
"I
Vix
->

Zu I
18
-> I Ufy
W

it
pytha
.

Vf
Vfy =
Vify +

gt

:
Vix2
=
+

Vfy 8(4 2x)

=
9 . .

Vf =

(30)
2
+

Vey < Vfy = 41 55 .

(41 55)2
2

V+ =
(303 + .

For the Direction :

V = 51 .
25 MIs
O =
tan"
/
E
tan
=

& 54
. 11°ES

↓ =54 17. .

MORE #AMPE in NB =)