Performance of TR Line

Performance of
Transmission Line
Dr. Manoj Kumar Maharana
Associate Professor & Associate Dean
Course Coordinator
School of Electrical Engineering

Introduction
¾ The design and operation of Tr. Line are the determination of
voltage drop, line loss and efficiency of transmission.
¾ These values are greatly influence by the line constant: R, L &
C of the Tr. Line.
¾ The voltage drop in the line depends on the value of line
constant.
¾ R of tr line causes power loss in the line & determine the Tr.
Line efficiency
¾ So we are going to calculate voltage regulation, line losses
&Efficiency of Tr. Line
¾ These calculation provides an opportunity to understand the
effect of the parameters of the line on bus voltage and flow of
power.
Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 2
Classification of OH Transmission lines

Classification of OH Transmission lines

Important Terms

Important Terms

Performance of 1-PhTransmission lines (Short)
¾ The effects of line capacitance are neglected in short
Transmission line. Therefore while studying the
performance of such line, only the resistance and
inductance of the line are taken into account. The
equivalent circuit is shown in the figure.
Let

Let
The phasor diagram of the line for the lagging power factor .From right
angled triangle ODC,

Approximate Method
Solution in complex notation

Approximate Method

Effect of Load power Factor on Regulation & Efficiency

Effect of Load power Factor on Regulation & Efficiency
2.Effect of Efficiency: Power delivered to load depends upon
power factor.
¾ VR.the load current I is inversely proportional to the load

power factor cosΦR. Consequently, with the decrease in load
p.f, the load current and hence the line losses are increased.
This leads to the conclusion that transmission efficiency of a
line decreases with decrease in load p.f and vice-versa.
Medium Transmission line

End Condenser Method:



Nominal T Method:


Nominal π Method:

Let

Examples: Short line

Examples: Short line

Examples: Medium line: End Condenser



Examples: Medium line: Nominal T





Examples: Medium line: Nominal π




¾ Nominal T Method:






The Long Transmission Line:

Analysis of Long Transmission Line (Rigorous Method)






Generalized Circuit Constant of Tr. Line






Ferranti Effect
¾ A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of

charging current.
¾ If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the
receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become
greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as
Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across
the line inductance (due to charging current) being in
phase with the sending end voltages.
¾ Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible
to produce this phenomenon.
¾ The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in
short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in
long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium
and long lines.
Ferranti Effect
Line capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the receiving end.
Figure (a) Nominal π model of the line at no load (b) Phasor diagram

Ferranti Effect
¾ From π model

Ferranti Effect
i.e. receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this
effect is called Ferranti Effect. It is valid for open circuit condition of long
line.
Surge Impedance
¾ The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z0) of
a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and
current of a single wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave
travelling in one direction in the absence of reflections in the other
direction. Characteristic impedance is determined by the geometry and
materials of the transmission line and, for a uniform line, is not
dependent on its length. The SI unit of characteristic impedance is
the ohm.

Surge Impedance
¾ The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the ratio of the
voltage and current of a wave travelling along the line. When the wave
reaches the end of the line, in general, there will be a reflected wave
which travels back along the line in the opposite direction. When this
wave reaches the source, it adds to the transmitted wave and the ratio of
the voltage and current at the input to the line will no longer be the
characteristic impedance. This new ratio is called the input impedance.
The input impedance of an infinite line is equal to the characteristic
impedance since the transmitted wave is never reflected back from the
end. It can be shown that an equivalent definition is: the characteristic
impedance of a line is that impedance which when terminating an
arbitrary length of line at its output will produce an input impedance
equal to the characteristic impedance. This is so because there is no
reflection on a line terminated in its own characteristic impedance.

Surge Impedance
¾ Applying the transmission line model based on
the telegrapher's equations, the general expression for the
characteristic impedance of a transmission line is:
¾ Applying the Tr. Line model based on the telegrapher's
equation, the general expression for the characteristics
impedance of a Tr. Line is:

Surge Impedance
¾ Lossless line: The lossless line is defined as a transmission
line that has no line resistance and no dielectric loss, i.e for
this both R and G are zero, so the equation for
characteristics impedance derived above reduce to
¾ Since the imaginary term reduced the Zo is purely resistive.

For this line there is no losses of current and no voltage
remain constant along the line.

Surge Impedance
¾ Surge impedance loading: In Transmission the
characteristics impedance of a Tr. line, is expressed in
terms of the surge impedance loading(SIL), or natural
loading i.e. the power loading at which reactive power is
neither produced nor absorbed.
¾ Loading below SIL, a line supplies reactive power to the

system, tending to rise system voltage, Above SIL, the line
absorbs reactive power tending to depress system voltage

Surge Impedance
¾ Surge Impedance Loading Limits
¾ As power flows along a transmission line, there is an
electrical phase shift, which increases with distance and
with power flow. As this phase shift increases, the system in
¾ which the line is embedded can become increasingly
unstable during electrical disturbances.
¾ Typically, for very long lines, the power flow must be limited
to what iscommonly called the Surge Impedance Loading
(SIL) of the line.
¾ Surge Impedance Loading is equal to the product of the end
bus voltages divided by the characteristic impedance of the
line. Since the characteristic impedance of various HV and
EHV lines is not dissimilar, the SIL depends approximately
on the square of system voltage.
Surge Impedance Loading
¾ Surge Impedance loading of a Tr line is the power

transmitted when the line is terminated through a
resistance equal to Surge Impedance.
¾ The approximate value of surge impedance of OH line is

400ohm whereas for cable is 40ohm
¾ The lower value of surge impedance of cable is due to
the relatively large capacitance and low inductance of
the cable.

Example of ABCD Parameters








Circle Diagram
Power Flow Through Transmission Line

Circle Diagram Contd…




Power Flow through Short Transmission Line





Circle Diagram









Procedure to Draw Receiving End Circle Diagram




Analytical Method Receiving End Circle Diagram

Analytical Method Receiving End Circle Diagram

Sending End Circle Diagram




Analytical Method Sending End Circle Diagram

Analytical Method Sending End Circle Diagram

Circle diagram Problem


Question: The sending and receiving end voltage of a 3-ph line are
240kV and 220kV line to line respectively. Its generalized constant
per phase are given below.
Determine the circle diagram and determine the active and reactive
power received when the angle between the sending and receiving
end voltage phase is 30 degree.


Draw the reference line
making an angle
β=81.47° with the
horizontal and another
line O1M making an
angle δ = 30° with the
reference line or 81.47° -
30° = 51.47° with the
horizontal axis cutting
the arc of the circle at
point M.
Draw perpendicular
from Point M on the X-
axis cutting the X axis at
the point N. Then
Active power received =
ON = 3.7 x 40 = 148MW
Reactive power supplied
= MN = 0.9 x 40 =
Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University
36MVAR (leading) 111

Performance of TR Line

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Performance of TR Line

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Performance of

School of Electrical Engineering

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 3

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 4

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 5

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 6

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 7

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 9

Solution in complex notation

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 10

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 11

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 12

¾ VR.the load current I is inversely proportional to the load

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 14

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 15

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 16

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 17

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 18

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 19

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 20

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 21

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 22

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 23

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 24

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 25

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 26

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 27

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 28

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 29

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 30

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 31

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 32

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 33

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 34

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 35

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 36

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 37

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 38

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 39

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 40

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 41

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 42

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 44

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 45

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 46

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 47

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 48

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 49

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 50

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 51

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 52

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 53

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 54

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 55

¾ A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 57

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 58

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 60

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 61

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 62

¾ Since the imaginary term reduced the Zo is purely resistive.

Dr. MKM School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University 63