Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Part One: Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung

Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung covers a total area of 7711 km2
that spans from two different provinces which are West and Central Java. The districts that
belong to Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung are Sumedang, Majalengka,
Cirebon, Brebes, Kuningan, Indramayu and Garut.

Below is the assessment of Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung from

the aspect of water utilization, control of water destructive forces and water resources
conservation against the UU No. 7/2004.

 Water Utilization

Water utilization in Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung is aimed for

domestic use, agricultural use, recreational, fisheries and irrigation.

According to the Chapter IV Section 26-50 of UU No. 7/2004, water utilization is

directed onto the usage of water continuously for the purpose of human welfare and the
implementation is done for most areas except for certain areas like preserved sanctuary.
The utilization can be delivered for domestic use, sanitation, irrigation, energy sources,
industry, mining, transportation, forestry and biodiversity, water sports, recreation and
tourism, ecosystem and aesthetics. The utilization that are considered as the main priorities
are the domestic use and irrigation, these two utilizations are necessary to be fulfilled first in
order to meet sustainable basic water demand.

Figure 1. Irrigation Area Coverage in BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung

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to work in accordance with what are described at the Chapter V Section 51-58 of UU No.
7/2004.

Based on the Chapter V Section 51-58 of UU No.7/2004, the control of water

destructive forces must consist of three big major elements which are prevention,
mitigation and recovery. The implemented efforts have only directed for prevention and
mitigation elements only and this has been helpful though does not solve the roots of the
problems in BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung which soon will come back eventually.

According to Chapter V Section 53 Point 1 of UU No.7/2004, the prevention efforts

can be in the form of physical and non-physical efforts. Physical efforts are delivered as the
construction of related infrastructures that can decrease the damaging impacts of the water
destructive forces. Whereas the non-physical efforts are activities that are aimed to
minimize by analyzing the damaging impacts through software application and future
planning arrangement. Another option that contributes as the prevention effort is the
balancing act between the conservation attempts in upstream area and the utilization in
downstream area.

Mitigation is regulated at the Chapter V Section 54 Point 1 of UU No.7/2004, which

consists of activities that can decrease the suffering impacts caused by the water destructive
forces such as; providing the evacuation facilities surrounding the destructed area or urgent
patching of the collapsed reservoir. On the other hand, recovery attempts are described at
the Chapter V Section 57 Point 1 of UU No.7/2004, which are aimed to restore the
environment and water related infrastructure’s initial functions.

Parameter BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung

Flood
Prevention 1. Construction of By-Pass channels
at Indramayu.
2. Construction of flood control gate
in Bangkir.
3. Construction of dikes at the critical
slope along the riverbank.
Drought
Prevention 1. Construction of Jatigede Reservoir
2. Construction of rubber dikes for
long storage (Rambatan Kumpul
Kuista, Sigranala, Winong and
Cisanggarung).
3. Rehabilitation of Darma reservoir
(located at Cisanggarung river) and
Malahayu reservoir (located at
Kabuyutan river).
River Erosion and Degradation
Prevention 1. Construction of ground sill.
2. Construction of revetment and
retaining wall at the critical slope
of riverbank.

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

3. Relocation of the river

embankment.
Sea Water Intrusion
Prevention 1. Construction of a 8,65 km-
collector duct called Kumpul
Kuista-Winong duct which has a
purpose to store huge capacity of
insipid water.
Estuary Sedimentation
Prevention 1. Dredging of the estuaries located
at the river in Balai Besar Wilayah
Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung.
Coastal Abrasion
Prevention 1. Construction of jetty at
Karangsong and Glayem river
(Indramayu).
2. Dredging at Prajugumiwang
estuary.
 Water Resources Conservation

The total area of critical land in Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung is
about 170000 hectares which is around 22% of the total area of Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai
Cimanuk-Cisanggarung. In order to recover those critical land and the hydrologic condition,
conservation efforts must be implemented intensively and as synergic as possible. The
accomplishment of the water resources conservation involves the West Java provincial
government, local public works, forestry and agricultural department along with the GNKPA
(Gerakan Nasional Kemitraan Penyelamatan Air).

Figure 2. Critical Land in BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

effort that is implemented onto Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Cimanuk-Cisanggarung mostly
involves around the vegetation restoration and forest conservation.

Figure 3. Critical Land Rehabilitation in BBWS Cimanuk-Cisanggarung

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Part Two: Perum Jasa Tirta II

Perum Jasa Tirta II is a public company that manages the operation of providing
water for the society to fulfill the entire human’s welfare. Perum Jasa Tirta II takes care of
the Citarum river body which consists of several watersheds and Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai
Citarum.

There are three reservoirs that are constructed along the Citarum river, they are
Saguling reservoir, Cirata reservoir and Ir. H. Juanda reservoir which is more known by the
name of Jatiluhur reservoir. These three reservoirs are the main infrastructure that will be
assessed according to the water utilization, control of water destructive forces and the
water resources conservation.

Figure 1. Reservoirs in Citarum River Basin

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Figure 2. Area Coverage of Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur Reservoir

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

landslides and mud flows are frequent during the rainy season. These areas have erosion
rates in excess of 60 tonnes per ha per year. Wet season floods carry large amounts of
sediment into the three reservoirs, especially at Saguling. Here, the average annual
sediment inflow was estimated at 8 million m3 (based on bathymetric surveys of the
reservoir conducted in 2004 by Indonesia Power, a state-owned company). Relative to the
Saguling reservoir’s catchment area, the sediment load is equivalent to an erosion rate of 3
mm per year, nearly times the original design rate. A similar alarming rate of watershed
erosion is reported for the Cirata reservoir.

The three cascading reservoirs (Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur) were built to regulate
flows, provide hydropower, and store/supply water for irrigation, industrial and domestic
use. They also trap sediments. However, the rate at which sediments are being deposited in
the reservoirs is rapidly reducing storage capacity and shortening their useful life. In the
lower Citarum basin, regulated discharges coming from the Jatiluhur reservoir combine with
the flow from the Cikao River. The latter transports considerable quantities of sediment into
the Curug diversion weir. Although much of the sediment is prevented from entering the
canals (WTC, NTC and ETC), the large quantities of sediment are transported downstream by
the Citarum River. The Cibeet River, which joins the Citarum River, adds a significant volume
to the latter’s sediment load. This load is then deposited in the delta where it silts up the
river outlet and exacerbates flooding.

2. Flooding

Flooding is a consequence mainly of changes in the river flow regime, in turn caused
by changes in watershed conditions. As water retention capacity of the river catchments is
reduced by denudation and land conversion for urban development, flood peaks have
increased.
As mentioned above, the ratio of wet season peak flows to dry season low flows in
the upper basin has increased from 3.4 in 1992 to 7.3 in 2003. The increased flood
frequency and severity are also invariably associated with destructive landslides and mud
flows. In the upper basin (Bandung area), recent severe flooding and mud flows occurred in
February 2005 affected an area covering 2,000 ha. The flooding submerged parts of the area
for 7 days and up to 2 meters deep – 50,000 inhabitants had to be evacuated. Flooding
around Bandung has become more frequent and severe. Here, however, there is no single
cause. The problem is due to a combination of:
a. Watershed denudation
b. Effects of past re-alignment/straightening of the Citarum River (through cut-offs)
which, while alleviating flooding upstream, increase peak flows downstream
c. Localized land subsidence due to groundwater over-pumping that impair
drainage
d. Clogging of drainage canals and streams by garbage.

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Currently, measures to reduce or mitigate flooding problems in the upper basin are
being undertaken through the Upper Citarum Flood Control Project. Remediation measures
include re-greening/reforestation and introduction of structural erosion control measures in
the watershed, as well as improvement of the urban drainage system around Bandung. At
the lower basin (near Jakarta) where the Cikeas and Cileungsi Rivers join to become the
Bekasi River, converging floodwaters from the two tributaries have caused perennial
flooding in Bekasi City. Already naturally prone to flooding due to the area’s location
downstream of the confluence of two rivers, the flooding problem is expected to worsen as
more of Bekasi’s upper catchment is subjected to land conversion for urban and industrial
development. Along the lower Citarum River levees and other flood control works built
during the Dutch period help confine flooding within the river’s meander zone and provide
protection to the surrounding settlements. However, large areas of the flood zone within
the levees have been planted with crops and fruit trees that have the effect of retarding
flood flow, contributing to high water levels. In addition, a long term effect of the river
embankments has been to raise the river bed due to sediment accumulation, since the
levees prevent the spilling of sediments onto the surrounding plain. Consequently,
floodwater levels inside the levees have risen above the level of the surrounding land,
putting the population at risk in case of levee failure.
At the Citarum River mouth, the build-up of deposited sediments has created sand
dunes that impede floodwater discharge. Combined with the effect of high tides, the
constricted river outlet causes perennial inundation of the lower basin near the delta as the
water is forced to back up into the alluvial plain.

Figure 6. Flooding Prone Area in Citarum River Basin

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Massive attempts have been attempted to be implemented to conserve the water

resources at Citarum river basin through watershed management and restoration of
watershed ecological function (re-greening of degraded lands). There have been seven
attempts to ‘re-green’ parts of the Basin since 1976. All these, including the recent Citarik
Upland Plantation and Land Development Project, have failed in this regard. It is widely
considered these failures are because projects have not sufficiently educated villagers about
the importance of their role in such activities, have not empowered villagers and have tried
to accomplish reforestation in short time frames.

Figure 7. Deforestation at Upper Citarum

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Part Three: Water Balance

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

Part Four: Hydro Economy

1. Financial Analysis and Economic Analysis are methods to estimate the net benefits
of a project investment through the benefit over costs ratio based on the difference
between the with-project and without-project situations. It has to be noted
that economic and financial analysis are complementary. For a project to be
economically viable, it must be financially sustainable and vice versa. However, they
have differences regarding to some various aspects which are described on the table
below;

Parameter Financial Analysis Economic Analysis

Object of Analysis
Point of View
Process of Analysis
Treatment of Externalities
Example
Market price Economic price (market price
excluded with taxes, profit or
subsidy)
Main entities (stakeholders) Society
Separately As a whole
Invaluable Valuable
Construction of water sport recreational venue in Jatiluhur
reservoir
With Project
B/C ratio is obtained from B/C ratio is obtained from
the comparison between the comparison between the
construction and payment needs to be made
maintenance cost that the for purchasing the tickets
stakeholders have to provide with the leisure and good
in order to build the water health that we obtain by
sport recreational venue and spending our time in playing
the profit made from selling water sport in Jatiluhur
the tickets to the visitors. reservoir.
Without Project
The B/C ratio is obtained The B/C ratio is obtained
from the comparisons from the comparisons
between the normal cost (no between the normal ticket
extra cost for construction price need to be spent to
and maintenance of water enter Jatiluhur reservoir and
sport recreational venue) the fewer activities can be
and the cleaner done during the visit.
environment around the
Jatiluhur reservoir water
body due to the fewer
number of visitors.

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

2. In the following table are presented flows of costs and benefits of a water-related
project:

Incremental Cost Incremental Benefit

Year
(Billion Rp) (Billion Rp)
1 50 0
2 210 40
3 370 80
4 300 140
5 200 210
6 50 250
7-30 50 (per year) 290 (per year)

Please present the sensitivity analysis related to the possibilities of:

a. Increment of construction cost of 10% from year 1 up to year 5.

b. Decreasing benefit of 20% throughout the project life-time.
c. 5 and 10 years delay of implementation.

Use the investment criteria EIRR (Economic Internal Rate of Return).

If the interest rate on the market is 12%, should the project ”go” or ”not go”?

Answer:

In order to obtain the economic internal rate of return (investment’s interest), we

have to assume that the summation of present worth for both the benefit and final cost of
the project is equal to zero (breakeven point). Therefore, the equation will be in the form of
polynomial with the degree of n and we can solve the variable i. In this case, we use what-if
analysis in Ms.Excell to solve the variable i.

PW benefit −PW finalcost =0

1
PW final cost =−( Final Cost Year−n)×
( 1+i )n

1
PW benefit =+(Benefit Year−n) ×
( 1+i )n

 Scenario 1 (Increment of construction cost of 10% from year 1 up to year 5)

Cost (Billion Rp.) Income

Year
Initial 10% Increment Final (Billion Rp.)
0 0 0 0 0
1 50 0 50 0
2 210 5 215 40

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

3 370 21,50 391,50 80

4 300 39,15 339,15 140
5 200 33,92 233,92 210
6 50 0 50 250
7-30 50 0 50 290
*n = 30

From the what-if analysis, for scenario 1, we obtain the value of rate of return (i) =
20,48 %. Because the Rate of Return is higher than the market interest, this project is
considered advantageous.

 Scenario 2 (Decreasing benefit of 20% throughout the project life time)

Income (Billion Rp.) Cost

Year
Initial 20% Decrease Final (Billion Rp.)
0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0,00 0 50
2 40 0,00 40 210
3 80 8,00 72 370
4 140 14,40 125,6 300
5 210 25,12 184,88 200
6 250 36,98 213,02 50
7-30 290 42,60 247,40 50
*n = 30

From the what-if analysis, for scenario 2, we obtain the value of rate of return (i) =
18,51 %. Because the Rate of Return is higher than the market interest, this project is
considered advantageous.

 Scenario 3 (Five years delay of implementation)

Cost Income
Year
(Billion Rp.) (Billion Rp.)
0 0 0
1 50 0
2 210 40
3 370 80
4 300 140
5 200 210
6 50 250
7-35 50 290
*n = 35

From the what-if analysis, for scenario 3, we obtain the value of rate of return (i) =
22,28 %. Because the Rate of Return is higher than the market interest, this project is
considered advantageous.

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Integrated Water Resources Management December 30, 1899

 Scenario 4 (Ten years delay of implementation)

Cost Income
Year
(Billion Rp.) (Billion Rp.)
0 0 0
1 50 0
2 210 40
3 370 80
4 300 140
5 200 210
6 50 250
7-40 50 290
*n = 40

From the what-if analysis, for scenario 4, we obtain the value of rate of return (i) =
22,3 %. Because the Rate of Return is higher than the market interest, this project is
considered advantageous.

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