giorgi gogsaZe

mosaxleobis geografia
(saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba “saari”
Tbilisi
2008
 2

giorgi gogsaZe

mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo)

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia mosaxleobis geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi –

mosaxleobis dinamika, struqtura, xarisxi, migraciebi, gansaxleba da
teritoriuli ganlageba. naSromSi gamoyenebulia msoflios regionebisa da
qveynebis mosaxleobis dinamikis, struqturis, gadaadgilebis da ganlagebis
amsaxveli uaxlesi statistikuri monacemebi.

wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis bakalavriatis geografiuli da

momijnave specialobebis studentebisaTvis da mosaxleobis geografiis
sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

samecniero redaqtori

zurab daviTaSvili
politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

recenzentebi

ioseb saluqvaZe
geografiul mecnierebaTa kandidati

giorgi melaZe
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati

saavtoro uflebebi © 2008 giorgi gogsaZe

pirveli gamocema 2008

gamomcemloba “saari”
 3

wigni eZRvneba Cems maswavlebels vaJa gujabiZes, SesaniSnav qarTvel

mecniers da pedagogs, romelTanac Cemi TanamSromloba dRemde
grZeldeba.

madlobas vuZRvni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos saqarTveloSi

am saxelmZRvanelos gamocemis da misi kartografiuli masalis
momzadebis dafinansebisaTvis.

avtori

I would like to extend my acknowledgements to the Embassy of the United States of America in
Georgia for financing the development of cartographic materials and publication of the given
textbook.

The author
 4

S i n a a r s i

winasityvaoba

1. mosaxleobis geografiis zogad-Teoriuli sakiTxebi

1.1 mosaxleobis geografiis cneba, kvlevis sagani, Tematuri
mimarTulebebi, kvlevis meTodebi
1.2 mosaxleobis geografiis Camoyalibebis istoria
1.3 mosaxleobis geografiis kavSiri geografiul da sxva
mecnierebebTan

2. mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika da bunebrivi moZraoba

2.1 ZiriTadi cnebebi
2.2 msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamikis istoriuli
mimoxilva da Tanamedrove tendenciebi
2.3 bunebriv moZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi
2.4 bunebrivi moZraobis regionuli aspeqtebi
2.5 demografiuli politika
2.6 mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba

3. mosaxleobis struqturisa da xarisxis regionuli Taviseburebebi

3.1 mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura
3.2 mosaxleobis xarisxis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi
3.3 mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqtura
3.4 mosaxleobis rasobrivi Semadgenloba
3.5 lingvisturi geografia da msoflios mosaxleobis enobrivi
Semadgenloba
3.6 religiebi da msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba

4. migraciebi, gansaxleba, urbanizacia da msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuli

ganlageba
4.1 mosaxleobis migracia, rogorc sazogadoebriv-geografiuli
movlena. migraciis saxeebi. Sida migraciebi
4.2 saerTaSoriso migraciebis istoriuli mimoxilva
4.3 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migraciebi; iZulebiTi xasiaTis
saerTaSoriso migraciebi; trefikingi
4.4 SromiTi migraciebi
4.5 gansaxleba
4.6 urbanizacia
4.7 msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba

gamoyenebuli literatura

danarTi
 5

winasityvaoba

mosaxleobis geografia erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sferoa ara marto

sazogadoebriv geografiul disciplinebs Soris, aramed mTel geografiul
mecnierebaTa sistemaSi da zogadad sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. es aqtualoba
gamowveulia mosaxleobis problemebis globaluri xasiaTiT da maTi
gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT. demografiuli problemebi globalur problemebs
Soris gamoirCeva, rogorc gansakuTrebiT Znelad gadasaWreli problemebi da
maTi warmatebiT gadawyveta mTeli kacobriobis did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.
aqedan gamomdinare mosaxleobis Rrma da mravalmxrivi Seswavla Zalze saWiro
da aucilebeli amocanaa, rogorc momavali geografebisTvis, ise socialur-
politikuri da humanitaruli mimarTulebis mTeli rigi mimarTulebis
studentebisTvis.

mosaxleobis geografiis sauniversiteto kursis swavlebas saqarTvelos

umaRles saswavleblebSi xangrZlivi da mdidari tradicia gaaCnia, magram didi
xnis manZilze seriozul siZneled rCeboda qarTul enaze saxelmZRvanelos
ararseboba. 1983 wels gamovida prof. vaxtang jaoSvilis "mosaxleobis
geografia", romelic am dargSi erT-erT saukeTeso saxelmZRvanelod iqna
aRiarebuli mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. am wigniT qarTvel geografTa
ara erTi Taoba aRizarda da mas Tavis mniSvneloba dRemde ar daukargavs.
magram, bunebrivia, dRevandel moTxovnebs igi veRar akmayofilebs da
mosaxleobis geografiis axali saxelmZRanelos Seqmna da gamocema didi xania
dRis wesrigSi dadga.

prof. giorgi gogsaZis "mosaxleobis geografia" swored is sauniversiteto

saxelmZRvaneloa, romelmac arsebuli xarvezi unda Seavsos da geografiuli
mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebisa da uaxlesi faqtobrivi masalis
safuZvelze students Rrma da mravalmxrivi codna misces mosaxleobis
geografiis yvela sakvanZo da problemur sakiTxze.

saxelmZRvanelos pirveli Tavi mosaxleobis geografiis Teoriul sakiTxebs

exeba. mokled, magram amomwuravad aris ganxiluli mosaxleobis geografiis
cneba, kvlevis sagani da meTodebi, Tematuri mimarTulebebi, istoria da kavSiri
sxva geografiul da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. aRniSnuli sakiTxebi
gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria, radgan mosaxleobis geografiisadmi miZRvnili
saxelmZRvaneloebi Tu monografiebi xSirad mxolod faqtobrivi masalis
aRwerilobiT Semoifargleba da Teoriul analizs naklebi yuradReba eqceva.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo am calmxrivobisgan dazRveulia, rac mis udavod
dadebiT Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos.

Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi umTavresi globaluri problema mosaxleobis

zrda da dedamiwis gadametsaxlebis safrTxea. es sakiTxebi ganxilulia
saxelmZRvanelos meore TavSi, romelic mosaxleobis dinamikasa da bunebriv
moZraobas exeba. am TavSi ganxilulia msoflio mosaxleobis raodenobis
dinamikis istoriuli mimoxilva da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, bunebriv
moZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi, bunebrivi moZraobis geografiuli
Taviseburebani da momavlis prognozi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva
demografiul politikas da im gansxvavebebs, romelic sxvadasxva regionisa da
gansxvavebuli demografiuli qcevis qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

mosaxleobis geografiis erT-erTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawili _

mosaxleobis struqturis geografiuli aspeqtebi ganxilulia saxelmZRvanelos
 6
mesame TavSi. kerZod, mkiTxveli ecnoba msoflio mosaxleobis sqesobriv-
asakobriv, eTnikur da religiur Semadgenlobas da im gansxvavebebis mizezebs,
rac damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva qveynebisa da regionebisTvis. calkea
ganxiluli SromiTi resursebisa da dasaqmebis struqturis problemebi. Zalze
mniSvnelovania, rom am TavSi avtors ganxiluli aqvs Cveni mecnierebisTvis
SedarebiT axali sakiTxi – cxovrebis xarisxi. naSromSi sainteresod aris
warmodgenili cxovrebis xarisxis ZiriTadi socialur-demografiuli
maxasiaTeblebis geografiuli analizi.

aranaklebi mniSvnelobiTa da seriozulobiT gamoirCeva mosaxleobis migraciis

problemebi. es fenomeni gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda globalizaciis eraSi,
roca migraciam masiuri xasiaTi miiRo da mTeli rigi safrTxeebi Seqmna,
rogorc emigraciis, ise imigraciis qveynebisaTvis. saxelmZRvaneloSi calke
Tavi eZRvneba migraciis geografias, sadac ganxilulia migraciebis
istoriuliis ZiriTadi etapebi, Sida da sagareo migraciebis saxeebi, tipebi da
formebi, Tanamedrove migraciebis Taviseburebebi da momavlis savaraudo
prognozi.

saxelmZRvanelos bolo nawili exeba mosaxleobis gansaxlebas, anu

demografiuli problemebis yvelaze ufro "geografiul" mxares. uaxlesi
monacemebis safuZvelze ganxilulia mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlagebisa da
simWidrovis sakvanZo sakiTxebi, gansaxlebis tipebi, qalaqebis geografiisa da
urbanizaciis aqtualuri problemebi, sasoflo gansaxlebis geografiuli
Taviseburebebi da gansaxlebisa da geografiuli garemos
urTierTdamokidebuleba.

saxelmZRvaneloSi didi raodenobiTaa mocemuli statistikuri da

kartografiuli masala. misasalmebelia, rom rukebis SedgenaSi aqtiuri
monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis socialur-politikuri mecnierebebis fakultetis sazogadoebrivi
geografiis mimarTulebis studentebma.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobis geografiis TiTqmis yvela

problema Tu aqtualuri sakiTxi ganxilulia saqarTvelosTan kavSirSi da
saqarTvelos magaliTze, rac udavod zrdis aRniSnuli kursis praqtikul da
gamoyenebiT mniSvnelobas.

mimaCnia, rom giorgi gogsaZis "mosaxleobis geografia" uaRresad saWiro da

mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloa saqarTvelos umaRlesi skolebis
studentebisTvis. imavdroulad igi did daxmarebas gauwevs praqtikos
specialistebs da saerTod, mosaxleobis problemebiT dainteresebul
mkiTxvelTa farTo wres.

zurab daviTaSvili
politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, geografiul mecnierebaTa kandidati,
Tsu socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori
 7

1. mosaxleobis geografiis zogad-Teoriuli sakiTxebi

1.1 mosaxleobis geografiis cneba, kvlevis sagani, Tematuri mimarTulebebi,

meTodebi

mosaxleobis geografiis amosaval cnebad unda CaiTvalos TviT mosaxleoba.

mosaxleoba1 geografiuli mecnierebis poziciidan aris mocemul teritoriaze
mudmivad mcxovrebi an saxeze myofi adamianebis erToblioba.

teritoriaSi igulisxmeba mTeli msoflio, kontinenti, msoflios msxvili

regioni, qveyana, qveynis mxare an raioni, qalaqi, sofeli. ama Tu im saxelmwifos
teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen am saxelmwifos
moqalaqeebi da imigrantebi (mocemul qveyanaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi sxva
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi), xolo saxeze myofi mosaxleoba Sedgeba im
adamianebisgan, romlebic mocemul momentSi am saxelmwifos teritoriaze
imyofebian (e.i. moqalaqeebi da droebiT Camosuli pirebi: migrantebi,
ltolvilebi da turistebi2).

mosaxleoba mTlianobaSi an calkeuli jgufebis saxiT warmoadgens

mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis sagans (obieqts). mosaxleobis calkeul
jgufSi unda vigulisxmoT adamianTa jgufi, romelic gaerTianebulia
teritoriuli, demografiuli, eTnikuri, religiuri, profesiuli an raime sxva
socialur-kulturuli niSniT. aqedan gamomdinare mosaxleobis geografiis
kvlevis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes:
– teritoriuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – romelime soflis,
qalaqis, regionis, qveynis an kontinentis mosaxleoba;
– profesiuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – maswavleblebi,
eqimebi, maRaroelebi, fermerebi, studentebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi;
– eTnikuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – eTnikuri qarTvelebi,
norvegielebi, brazilielebi, Cinelebi, Turqebi;
– religiuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – qristianebi,
muslimebi, budistebi;
– demografiuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – qalebi da kacebi
an Sromis da sapensio asakis adamianebi;
– socialuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – diasaxlisebi,
umuSevrebi, invalidebi da a.S.

mosaxleobis geografia ar Seiswavlis adamianTa iseT gaerTianebebs, romelTa

Soris ar arsebobs teritoriuli, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an socialuri
kavSirebi.

mosaxleobis geografia Camoyalibda da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda,

rogorc zogadi geografiis qvedargi. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, rodesac
moxda sazogadoebrivi (ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri) geografiis,

1
sabWoTa periodSi aRmocenda termini “xalxTmosaxleoba”, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba.
1960-70-ian wlebSi mTeli rigi sabWoTa mecnier-demografebisa Seecada erTmaneTisagan
gaemijna cnebebi “mosaxleoba” (“Население”) da “xalxTmosaxleoba” (“Народонаселение”). maTi
mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. enaTmecnierebis poziciidan damtkicda, rom
xalxTmosaxleoba igivea, rac mosaxleoba.
2turistebi ar warmoadgenen mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis uSualo sagans, radgan
maTi Seswavla Sedis turizmis geografiis kompetenciaSi.
 8
rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis formireba, mosaxleobis geografia
warmoadgens mis ganuyofel nawils da erT-erT qvedargs, disciplinas.
mosaxleobis geografia, iseve, rogorc mTlianobaSi sazogadoebrivi geografia
warmoadgens sazogadoebriv-geografiul samecniero disciplinas.

mosaxleobis geografia aris samecniero disciplina mosaxleobis gansaxlebis,

moZraobis da struqturis geografiuli (teritoriuli, sivrciTi) aspeqtebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc ganmartebidan Cans mosaxleobis geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaa
Seiswavlos mosaxleobis gansaxleba da mosaxleobis ori mniSvnelovani
atributi – moZraoba da struqtura da gamoavlinos maTi geografiuli
Taviseburebebi da kanonzomierebebi. mosaxleobis geografia, aseve Seiswavlis
mosaxleobis sam sxva atributs: mosaxleobis qcevas, mosaxleobis saqmianobas
da mosaxleobis xarisxs. magram, maTi Seswavla ar warmoadgens mosaxleobis
geografiis ZiriTad daniSnulebas. aRniSnuli atributebis SeswavliT uSualod
arian dakavebuli ekologiis, meurneobis geografiis, kulturis geografiis,
biheviorizmis geografiis da politikuri, kerZod eleqtoraluri geografiis
warmomadgenlebi. ama Tu im sakiTxis Seswavlisas rTuli dasadgenia, Tu sad
gadis zRvari mosaxleobis geografiasa da sxva geografiul disciplinebs
Soris.

mosaxleobis geografias, rogorc samecniero disciplinas gaaCnia sakuTari

Tematuri mimarTulebebi. pirobiTad, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mosaxleobis
geografiis kvlevis Semdegi ZiriTadi Tematuri mimarTulebebi:
1. mosaxleobis geografiis Teoriuli sakiTxebi. es mimarTuleba moicavs
mosaxleobis geografiis cnebis, kvlevis sagnis, kvlevis meTodebis da
Tematuri mimarTulebebis gansazRvras; mis kavSirs sxva mecnierebebTan da
geografiul disciplinebTan; misi, rogorc mecnierebis disciplinis
istoriuli ganviTarebis daxasiaTebas da analizs.
2. demogeografia Seiswavlis mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis (mosaxleobis
bunebrivi moZraoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formireba)
teritoriul sakiTxebs.
3. migraciebis geografia swavlobs adamianebis gadaadgilebas sivrcesa da
droSi.
4. gansaxlebis geografia ikvlevs mosaxleobis teritoriuli organizaciis,
kerZod gansaxlebis sistemis da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis formirebis
da ganviTarebis teritoriul aspeqtebs da maT funqcionalur da
struqturul aspeqtebs.
5. mosaxleobis struqturis geografia Seiswavlis socialuri jgufebis
struqturis geografiul Taviseburebebs da kanonzomierebebs.
mosaxleobis geografiis am mimarTulebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia
eTnogeografias, lingvogeografias da konfesiaTa geografias,
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis geografias.
6. ukanasknel periodSi izrdeba geografTa daintereseba mosaxleobis
xarisxis SeswavliT. mosaxleobis xarisxis sakiTxebis geografiuli
kvleva Sedis zogadad socialuri geografiis, aseve mosaxleobis
geografiis kompetenciaSi.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom mosaxleobis geografiis kidev erTi Tematuri

mimarTulebaa mosaxleobis kartografia. mosaxleobis geografia farTod
iyenebs kartografirebas, rogorc kvlevis meTods. mosaxleobis kartografias
gaaCnia sakuTari amocanebi, magram es amocanebi wminda kartografiuli da ara
sazogadoebriv-geografiuli xasiaTisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT
mosaxleobis kartografia unda miviCnioT kartografiis da ara mosaxleobis
geografiis erT-erT Tematur mimarTulebad.
 9
mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis calkeuli mimarTulebebi mWidrod arian
urTierTdakavSirebuli da garkveulwilad erTmaneTs faraven. migraciebis
geografiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas logikurad mivyavarT gansaxlebis geografiis
aspeqtebamde da piriqiT. mosaxleobis demografiuli an eTnikuri struqturis
kvleva pirdapir kavSirSia migraciul procesebTan. mosaxleobis dasaqmebis
struqturis sakiTxebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia bunebrivi moZraobis aspeqtebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe da a.S.

qorologiuri3 TvalsazrisiT mosaxleobis geografiis Tematuri

mimarTulebebis Seswavla mimdinareobs samive geografiul doneze.
makrogeografiuli done moicavs mTel msoflios, calkeul kontinentebs an
qveynis nawilebs (evropa, azia, da a.S.). mezogeografiuli done – kontinentebis
msxvil regionebs da calkeul qveynebs. mikrogeografiuli done – qveynis
calkeul regionebs, raionebs, qalaqebs da soflebs. samive doneze adgili aqvs
mosaxleobis geografiis rogorc kompleqsur, aseve misi calkeuli Tematuri
sakiTxebis Seswavlas. mosaxleobis geografiis kompleqsur sakiTxebSi SeiZleba
gaerTiandes yvela an ramdenime ZiriTadi Tematuri sakiTxi. kompleqsuri
Seswavlis Tema SeiZleba iyos zogadi mag., msoflios (safrangeTis,
saqarTvelos da a.S.) mosaxleobis geografia an ufro konkretuli mag., SromiTi
imigracia dasavleT evropaSi da misi zegavlena saqalaqo gansaxlebaze.
calkeuli Tematuri sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros yuradReba eTmoba romelime
erT konkretul sakiTxs. mag., msoflios religiebis geografia an saqarTvelos
gansaxlebis geografia an italiis qalaqebis geografia.

qronologiuri4 TvalsazrisiT mosaxleobis geografiis Tematuri

mimarTulebebis Seswavla xdeba or doneze: statikaSi da dinamikaSi.
statikuri midgoma gulisxmobs gansaxlebis an adamianebis konkretuli jgufis
moZraobis, struqturis da xarisxis geografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavlas drois
mocemul momentSi, xolo Tu igive amocana ganixileba drois sxvadasxva
periodebTan mimarTebaSi, maSin saqme gveqneba mosaxleobis dinamikasTan.

mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxava saxis

meTodebi. maT Soris aRniSvnis Rirsia statistikuri meTodi. imdenad,
ramdenadac vikvlevT mosaxleobis moZraobas, struqturas da xarisxs an
gansaxlebis sistemas, cxadia, gvesaWiroeba maTi amsaxveli raodenobrivi
maCveneblebi. am maCveneblebis ganzogadeba xdeba statistikuri meTodis
gamoyenebis safuZvelze. xSir SemTxvevebSi martooden statistikuri masala ar
iZleva kvlevis mier dasaxuli amocanebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas da
aucilebeli xdeba arsebuli masalis Semdgomi maTematikuri damuSaveba da
misTvis garkveuli sqematuri saxis micema. am dros mecnierebi mimarTaven
maTematikuri modelirebis meTods, rac Tanamedrove geografiul kvlevebs met
mecnierul Rirebulebas sZens.

mecnieri Tavis kvlevaSi farTod iyenebs da iTvaliswinebs misi kolegebis

samecniero ideebs, naazrevs, midgomebs, rac Tavmoyrilia samecniero
literaturaSi. es meTodi mecnierebaSi saliteraturo meTodis saxeliT aris
cnobili. rogorc aRvniSneT, mosaxleobis geografiis Tematur SeswavlaSi
farTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis moZraobis, gansaxlebisa da struqturis
geografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavla dinamikaSi. es ki imaze migviTiTebs, rom
geografebi kvlevis erT-erT meTodad iyeneben istoriul meTods. unda

3
qorologia momdinareobs berZnuli sityva qorosidan, rac niSnavs adgils. qorologia swavlobs movlenebis, sagnebisa
da cocxali arsebebis teritoriuli ganawilebis aspeqtebs.
4
qronologia momdinareobs berZnuli sityva qronosidan, rac niSnavs dros. qronologia swavlobs movlenaTa droSi
ganviTarebis sakiTxebs.
 10
gaviTvaliswinoT mosaxleobis geografiis istoriuli xasiaTi. istorizmis
gareSe mosaxleobis geografiis Seswavla safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda.

mosaxleobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli amocanebis Sesaswavlad

samecniero literatura da statistikuri masalebi xSir SemTxvevebSi sakmarisi
ar aris. faqtobrivi masalis deficitis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevar-geografebs
uxdebaT damatebiTi masalebis moZieba sociologiuri anketirebis an
interviuirebis, e.i. sociologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis gziT. Tu, es meTodic
ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, maSin geografi mimarTavs procesebze an adamianebis
jgufebze dakvirvebis meTods.

Tanamedrove geografiuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda Sesaswavli

procesis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozireba. am miznis misaRwevad mecnierebi
mimarTaven prognozirebis meTods.

mosaxleobis geografiuli aspeqtebis kvleva gulisxmobs msoflios sxvdasaxva

regionebis, qveynebis da sxva dasaxlebul teritoriaTa mosaxleobis
maCveneblebis Sedarebas. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Sedarebis meTodi.

geografiul kvlevaSi umniSvnelovanesi yuradReba eTmoba mecnieruli analizis,

upirveles yovlisa ki sivrce-droiTi (dro-sivrciTi) analizis meTods. es
ukanaskneli warmodgens Sesaswavli movlenebisa da procesebis teritoriuli
da istoriuli analizis sinTezs.

geografiuli mecnierebis mZlavri iaraRia kartirebis meTodi, rac saSualebas

gvaZlevs ganzogadebuli da gaanalizebuli didZali informacia erT furcelze
gadmovitanoT da mas rukis an sxva saxis kartografiuli produqtis saxe
mivceT. amaSi kartografiuli meTodi gvexmareba. ukanaskneli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi zogadad sazogadoebriv-geografiul, maT Soris mosaxleobis
geografiis kvlevebSi farTod gamoiyeneba geografiuli informaciuli
sistemebis (gis). geoinformaciuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevs
movaxdinoT statistikuri informaciisa da geografiul monacemTa bazebis
efeqturi da operatiuli damuSaveba da vizualizacia –rukebis, diagramebis da
sqemebis da sxva grafikuli gamosaxulebebis Seqmna.
 11

1.2 mosaxleobis geografiis Camoyalibebis mokle istoria

mosaxleobis Seswavla yvela epoqaSi iyo da rCeba geografebis erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes amocanad. jer kidev antikuri xanis mogzauri-geografebis
naSromebSi centraluri adgili ekava qveynis an romelime teritoriis
mosaxleobis daxasiaTebas.

mosaxleobis geografiaSi pirveli Sroma Cvens welTaRricxvamde daiwera.

berZenma mogzaurma, istorikosma da geografma strabonma Seqmna 17 wignisagan
Semdgari naSromi “geografia”. varaudoben, rom strabonma kolxeTsa da
iberiaSic imogzaura da maTi detaluri daxasiaTeba mogvca Tavisi naSromis me-
11 wignSi5. strabonis “geografia” miCneulia saqarTvelos teritoriisa da
mosaxleobis aRweris uZveles samecniero Zeglad, romelmac Cvens dromde
moaRwia. mogvianebiT, romaelma saxelmwifo moRvawem da mecnierma publius
kornelius tacitusma, romelic Cveni welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSi
moRvaweobda, naSromSi “germania” aRwera germanuli tomebis istoria da
geografia6.

feodalur xanaSi vaWrobisa da zRvaosnobis swrafma ganviTarebam moiTxova

ukve cnobili da axlad aRmoCenili teritoriebis axleburi Seswavla. amis
Sedegad evropeli, arabi da Cineli mogzaurebis da mecnierebis mier Seiqmna
mravali mniSvnelovani geografiuli naSromi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia italieli mecnieris ludoviko gviCardinis wigni
“niderlandebis aRwera”, romelic 1567 wels gamoica. es wigni samarTlianad
aris miCneuli pirvel kompleqsur sazogadoebriv-geografiul naSromad.
“niderlandebis aRwera” ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. pirvelSi mocemulia
niderlandebis (im dros niderlandebi moicavda belgiis dRevandel
teritoriasac) zogad-geografiuli, xolo meore nawilSi - qveynis 17-ve
provinviis daxasiaTeba. am monografiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba
niderlandebis da misi calkeuli mxareebis da qalaqebis mosaxleobis aRweras.7

1650 wels niderlandebSi gamoica germanuli warmomavlobis axalgazrda

mecnieris bernard vareniusis wigni “zogadi geografia”. vareniusi iyo pirveli
mecnieri vinc geografia dayo zogad da regionul (specialur) nawilebad. igi
miiCnevda, rom regionuli geografiis Seswavlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens
qveyanaTmcodneoba. qveyanaTmcodneobaSi vareniusi gamoyofda sam qvedargs:
“dedamiwiseuls” (qveynis mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, reliefi, wiaRiseulis mopoveba,
flora da fauna); “ciurs” (adgilis grZedi da ganedi, sezonuroba, klimati,
astronomiuli dakvirvebebi) da “adamianiseuls”. am ukanaskneli mimarTulebis
amocana iyo Seeswavla qveynis mosaxleobis raodenoba, Semadgenloba,
Semosavlebi, ganaTleba, aseve - qveynis politikuri mowyoba da misi qalaqebi8.
vareniusis naSromis “adamianiseuli” nawili momavalSi safuZvlad daedo
sazogadoebrivi geografiis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis
Camoyalibebas.

evropaSi me-17 saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac absolutizmi9 Tavisi

ganviTarebis umaRles stadiaze imyofeboda, gamoCnda axali ekonomikuri da

5
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 9. Tbilisi 1985. gv. 575-576
6 iqve, gv. 671
7
Саушкин Ю.Г. Экономическая география: история, теория, методы, практика. М., 1973, с. 51
8
iqve, gv. 52-53
9
absolutizmi warmoiSva evropaSi me-15 saukunis bolos - me-16 saukunis dasawyisSi.
absolutizmis xanaSi aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis erTaderT
matarebelad aRiarebuli iyo monarqi, romelic saxelmwifos marTavda feodaluri
 12
filosofiuri doqtrinebi. am periodSi evropuli saxelmwifoebi axali
teritoriebis aTvisebiT iyvnen dakavebulebi. yovelive es moiTxovda
mosaxleobis Sesaxeb axali faqtebisa da masalebis moZiebas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom vareniusis naSromma axali suli STabera evropaSi mosaxleobis Seswavlas.
me-17 saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-18 saukuneSi evropaSi gavrcelda
mosaxleobis sakiTxebis kvlevis mimarTuleba, romelic kameraluri statistikis
saxeliT aris cnobili. kameraluri statistika gansakuTrebulad ganviTarda
germaniasa da ruseTSi. kameraluri statistika ufro aRwerilobiT xasiaTs
atarebda vidre analitikurs, radgan misi mTavari amocana iyo qveynis an
teritoriis da misi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb statistikuri informaciis mopoveba,
rac SemdgomSi mmarTveli elitis mier gamoiyeneboda qveynis socialur-
ekonomikuri dagegmarebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, kameraluri statistikis
sferoSi Seqmnilma naSromebma dadebiTi roli Seasrula zogadad geografiis
da konkretulad mosaxleobis geografiis ganviTarebaSi.

evropaSi da CrdiloeT amerikaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam

gansakuTrebuli biZgi misca sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis
ganviTarebas. rac Seexeba sazogadoebrivi geografiis ganviTarebas, unda
aRiniSnos, rom me-18 saukuneSi vareniusis mimdevrebma ganavrces misi ideebi, ris
Sedegadac daCqarda misi, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinis
formirebis procesi. amave saukuneSi Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi geografiis
oTxi Zlieri skola: germanuli, franguli, britanuli da rusuli.

me-18 saukuneSi mosaxleobis geografiis franguli skola warmodgenili iyo

komerciuli geografiiT, romlis damfuZneblad iTvleba Jan-Jak savari –
komerciuli enciklopediis Semqmneli (1723 weli)10. mogvianebiT 1740 wels
gamoica komerciuli geografiis pirveli kursi. amave saukunis bolos
komerciuli geografiis centri gaxda inglisi, mas Semdeg rac 1776 wels
gamoica cnobili Sotlandieli ekonomistis da filosofosis adam smitis
naSromi “gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb”11.
germanulma skolam gaagrZela kameraluri statistikis ideebis ganviTareba. am
periodis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvlebian g. axenvali da a.
biuSingi. mosaxleobis geografiis rusuli skola ZiriTad aqcents akeTebda
aRwerilobiT geografiaze, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom me-18 saukuneSi
ruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobda axali
teritoriebis aTviseba. am dros Seiqmna da gamoica ramdenime geografiuli
naSromi, romlebSic mocemuli iyo cimbirisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis
bunebisa da iq mcxovrebi xalxebis daxasiaTeba. Tumca amave periodSi ruseTSi
ganviTareba daiwyo Teoriulma geografiam, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlili
miuZRviT rus mecnierebs mixeil lomonosovs da vasil tatiSCevs.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia vasili tatiSCevi - saxelmwifo moRvawe,
geografi da istorikosi, romelsac miiCneven rusuli sazogadoebrivi
geografiis fuZemdeblad, radgan pirveli rusi mecnieri iyo, romelmac
geografiuli mecnierebis disciplinad aRiara politikuri geografia12
(Tanamedrove gagebiT ekonomikuri geografia – avt.). politikuri geografiis
erT-erT umTavres amocanad igi miiCnevda mosaxleobis da gansaxlebis
sakiTxebis Seswavlas. tatiSCevis, rogorc mecnieris Rvawli imaSic
mdgomareobs, rom igi Tavis naSromebSi gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobda
socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis sivrce-droiT analizs.

elitis daxmarebiT. kultura, xelovneba da mecniereba TiTqmis mTlianad monarqisa da

mmarTveli elitis mier imarTeboda.
10
Саушкин Ю.Г. Экономическая география: история, теория, методы, практика. М., 1973, с. 58
11
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 9. Tbilisi 1985. gv. 441
12
Татищев В.Н. Избранные труды по географии Росии. М., 1950, с. 211
 13
me-18 saukune uaRresad nayofieri gamodga qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis, kerZod
geografiuli mecnierebisaTvis. 1745 wels qarTvelma politikurma moRvawem da
mecnierma vaxuSti bagrationma (batoniSvilma) Seqmna Txzuleba “aRwera
samefosa saqarTvelosa”. es naSromi imiT aris mniSvnelovani geografebisaTvis,
rom igi warmoadgens saqarTvelos teritoriis pirvel fundamentur
geografiul daxasiaTebas. vaxuSti bagrationma saqarTvelo dayo 5 politikur-
eTnografiul erTeulad da mogvca maTi bunebis, meurneobisa da mosaxleobis
mecnieruli aRwera. garda amisa, vaxuStim Seqmna saqarTvelos da kavkasiis
atlasebi, romlebiTac evropeli mecnierebi daaxloebiT erTi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen13.

me-18 saukunis bolos ingliselma ekonomistma da mRvdelma Tomas malTusma

SeimuSava Teoria, romlis mixedviTac msoflioSi mosaxleobis raodenoba ufro
swrafad izrdeboda, vidre misi saarsebo saSualebebi. malTusi Tvlida, rom Tu
mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempi SenarCundeboda, maSin msoflios aucileblad
moeloda sayovelTao SimSili. aqedan gamomdinare, is dadebiTad aRiqvamda
mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebas, romelsac iwvevda omebi, epidemiebi,
mousavlianoba. malTusis Teoria im dros ar gamxdara gansakuTrebuli
msjelobis sagani. am Teorias didi raodenobiT mimdevari me-20 saukunis meore
naxevarSi gamouCnda, rodesac msoflio Sevida “demografiuli afeTqebis”
fazaSi14.

me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi geografiul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebaSi

wamyvani roli eniWeboda bunebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis Seswavlas. am
mimarTulebis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen germaneli mecnierebi
aleqsandre fon humbolti da karl riteri. maT miiCneven geografiuli
(envairomentalisturi) determinizmis warmomadgenlebad. geografiuli
determinizmis Teoria dasabams iRebs antikuri saberZneTidan. misi mimdevrebi
miiCnevdnen, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens
geografiuli garemo (hava, niadagi, zRva, reliefi da sxva). am skolis
warmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom sxvadasxva geografiul sartylebSi
mcxovrebi erebis xasiaTi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. deterministebi
amtkicebdnen, rom CrdiloeTis xalxebi mSromeli da fizikurad Zlierebi
iyvnen, xolo samxreTelebi - naklebad Sromismoyvare, magram ufro niWierebi.
frangi mecnieri monteskie ufro Sors wavida da ganacxada, rom CrdiloeTSi
mcxovrebi adamianebi ufro maRali zneobiT gamoirCevian, vidre samxreTelebi.
am skolis sxva TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen germaneli iohan gotfrid
herderi (termin "nacionalizmis" avtori) da ingliseli mecnieri henri tomas
bokli. am ukanasknelis naSromSi “inglisis civilizaciis istoria”
Camoyalibebuli ideebi SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedo anTropogeografiis
ganviTarebas15.

anTropogeografia geografiaSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gabatonda. am skolis

damaarseblad miiCneven germanel mecniers fridrix ratcels. is Tavisi
msoflmxedvelobiT evoluciis darviniseuli Teoriis mimdevari iyo. aqedan
gamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi emxroboda im ideas, rom
xalxebis ganviTarebaze gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda geografiuli garemo da
amtkicebda, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi: Sroma,
qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli im
klimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben. adamianis cxovrebis
wesis ganmsazRvrel meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebda
kulturas da Tvlida, rom iq, sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi warmoebis

13
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 4. Tbilisi 1979. gv. 339
14
Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с.238
15
Покшишевский В.В. Население и география. М., 1978, сс. 14-16
 14
kultura, miT ufro izrdeba mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove. kultura,
xazs usvamda igi, ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians, ers. saxelmwifos ratceli
ganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms. saxelmwifo
ganasaxierebs masSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis saxes, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas
povebs saxelmwifos politikaSi. radgan saxelmwifo cocxali organizmia igi
izrdeba da amisaTvis mas sivrce sWirdeba. swored amiT xsnis ratceli erTi
saxelmwifos mier meoris dapyrobas. misi azriT es bunebrivi procesia. fridrix
ratcelma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos sivrcobrivi ganviTarebis 7 kanoni. mas
miiCneven ara marto anTropogeografiis, aramed, aseve geopolitikis erT-erT
mamamTavradac. 1920-30-ian wlebSi germaniis nacional-socialisturi partiis (es
partia cnobilia aseve “nacisturi” an “faSisturi” partiis saxeliT)
ideologebma moaxdines ratcelis ideebis araswori interpretireba im mizniT,
rom daemtkicebinaT germanuli rasis (isini amgvarad germanel ers
moixseniebdnen) upiratesoba sxva erebTan, rasebTan mimarTebaSi.

anTropogeografiis ganviTarebis paralelurad mimdinareobda eTnografiis,

rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis Camoyalibeba. amas xeli Seuwyo morganis,
bahofenis, teiloris, frezeris da engelsis naSromebma. am naSromebSi
mosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebis garda ganxiluli iyo sxvadasxva xalxebis
eTnogenezis, ojaxuri urTierTobebis, ritualebis da sxva socialur-
kulturuli institutebis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi. eTnografiis geografiidan
gamoyofam da Semdgomma ganviTarebam safuZveli Cauyara eTnogeografiis,
rogorc mosaxleobis geografiis qvedargis formirebas.

me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi anTropogeografiis

sapirwoned Camoyalibda “adamianis geografiis” (“La Geographie Humaine”) franguli
skola. am skolis damfuZnebeli iyo vidal de la blaSi. adamianis geografiam
TandaTanobiT didi popularoba moipova da mogvianebiT is mis safuZvelze
Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi geografiis anglo-saqsuri skola. amJamad
sazogadoebrivi geografia (Human Geography) dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si
geografiis wamyvani disciplinaa. geografiis am mimarTulebis kvlevis mTavari
obieqti aris sazogadoeba (xalxi), xolo misi mTavari amocanaa Seiswavlos,
erTi mxriv sazogadoebis da misi zogierTi atributis (struqturis da
bunebrivi moZraobis) ganviTarebis sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi, xolo meore mxriv
sazogadoebis urTierTkavSiri bunebasTan da am procesSi adamianebis qcevis
(saqmianobis CaTvliT) Taviseburebebi. sazogadoebrivi geografiis kvlevis
saboloo mizania Seafasos dedamiwaze an mis calkeul teritoriebze
sazogadoebis mier garemoze zemoqmedebis xarisxi da efeqtianoba.

anTropogeografiam da adamianis geografiam gadamwyveti zegavlena iqonia

mosaxleobis geografiis formirebaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis
geografia, rogorc samecniero disciplina me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi
Camoyalibda.

sabWoTa kavSirSi samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba mosaxleobis geografiis

(zogadad ekonomikuri geografiis) sferoSi rTul sazogadoebriv-politikur
viTarebaSi mimdinareobda. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis ganviTareba aq
marqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebis mkacr CarCoebSi unda warmarTuliyo. sakmarisia
iTqvas, rom sabWoTa ekonomikur geografias safuZvlad daedo “goelro”-s
gegma16, xolo am mecnierebis ganviTareba leninma axalgazrda mecnier-bolSevik
nikolai baranskis miando. sabWoTa periodSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo
romelime dasavluri geografiuli mimarTulebis an naSromis pozitiuri
Sefaseba. dadebiTad fasdeboda mxolod sabWoTa an sxva socialisturi

16
“goelro”-s gegma, romelic 1921 wels miiRes, warmoadgenda eleqtrifikaciis
safuZvelze sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo gegmas.
 15
qveynebis mecnierTa naSromebi. amgvarma midgomam udidesi ziani miayena sabWoTa
mecnierebas, maT Soris mosaxleobis geografias. Tumca, samarTlianoba
moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobis geografiis aRwerilobiT nawilSi
sabWoTa specialistebi mowodebis simaRleze iyvnen. amasTan, Tavs-moxveuli
ideologizacia maT saSualebas ar aZlevda SeemuSavebinaT srulfasovani
samecniero daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. am periodSi moRvaweobda mosaxleobis
geografiis araerTi kargi specialiti, maT Soris vadim pokSiSevski, sergei
kovaliovi, nikolai maSbici, giorgi lapo, veniamin goxmani.

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis geografiam ekonomikur-geografiul disciplinebs

Soris 1970-iani wlebidan daimkvidra wamyvani poziciebi. mosaxleobis
geografiis qarTveli specialistebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen, rogorc
sabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia
vaxtang jaoSvili, romelmac Seqmna ramdenime fundamenturi naSromi, maT Soris
“saqarTvelos urbanizacia” da “saqarTvelos mosaxleoba”. nodar naWyebiam didi
roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis ekonomikuri geografiis
mimarTulebis CamoyalibebaSi, sadac mosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebis
Seswavlas mniSvenlovani adgili ekava. mosaxleobis geografiis qarTuli
skolis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT moqmed mecnierebs - vaJa
gujabiZes, revaz gaCeCilaZes, zurab daviTaSvils, aleqsandre rondels, vaJa
neiZes, giorgi cagarels, ioseb saluqvaZes, megi Sengelaias.
 16
1.3 mosaxleobis geografiis kavSiri geografiul da
sxva mecnierebebTan

mosaxleobis geografia, rogorc samecniero disciplina Camoyalibda da

viTardeba geografiul da sxva mecnierebebTan mWidro kavSirSi. naxazi #1
asaxavs mosaxleobis geografiis kavSirs am mecnierebebTan. naxazze es kavSiri
gvirilas saxiT aris warmodgenili. mis fesvebs qmnis filosofia, rogorc
yvela mecnierebis safuZveli, fundamenti. filosofiis mier SemuSavebuli
Zireuli debulebebiT sazrdooben danarCeni mecnierebebi. gvirilas Reroa
istorizmi. nebismier mecnierebas, iseve, rogorc process gaaCnia istoria. meore
mxriv, istorizmis gareSe warmoudgenelia romelime sazogadoebrivi mecnierebis
ganviTareba. mocemul diagramaze gvirilas gulia mosaxleobis geografia,
xolo uSualod mis garSemo mdebare eqvsi furceli misi ZiriTadi Tematuri
mimarTulebebia. gvirilas danarCeni furclebi warmodgenilia im samecniero
disciplinebiT, romlebTanac mosaxleobis geografias mWidro kavSiri gaaCnia.

mosaxleobis geografias, rogorc sazogadoebrivi geografiis Semadgenel

nawils uSualo Sexeba, bunebrivia am ukanasknelis danarCen disciplinebTan
gaaCnia. sazogadoebrivi geografiis sferoSi Sesaswavli sakiTxebi imdenad
urTierTdakavSirebulia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalze Znelia imis dadgena Tu
sad gadis sazRvari sazogadoebriv-geografiul disciplinebs Soris. amis
miuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis geografias yvelaze
mWidro kavSiri gaaCnia socialur geografiasTan. es arc aris gasakviri, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom maTi kvlevis mTavari obieqti mosaxleobaa.
sazogadoebrivi geografiis specialistTa nawili mosaxleobis geografias
socialuri geografiis nawiladac ki ganixilavs.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis warmoSobis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas

aRmovaCenT, rom msoflios regionebisa da qveynebis mosaxleoba rTuli da
mravalmxrivi istoriuli procesebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. mosaxleobis
istoriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtebis dadgenaSi gvexmareba
istoriuli geografia.

mosaxleobis teritoriuli organizaciis kvlevas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom

gansaxlebis ama Tu im sistemis Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
mocemuli teritoriis meurneobis specifikaze an piriqiT, gansaxlebis
srulyofili sistemis arseboba xels uwyobs am sistemis farglebSi warmoebis
sxvadasxva dargebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. naTelia, rom amgvari sakiTxebis
Seswavla xdeba mosaxleobis geografiis da ekonomikuri (meurneobis)
geografiis urTierTkavSiris safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi xSiria mosaxleobis masobrivi migraciebi. amis mizezi

SeiZleba iyos eTno-politikuri konfliqtebi an xelisuflebis mier adamianTa
garkveuli jgufis politikuri devna. mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis
gamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu ar SeviswavliT mocemuli
qveynis politikur-geografiul aspeqtebs.

mosaxleobis zogierTi eTnikuri an socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

konkretuli xasiaTis qceva, rac zegavlenas axdens gansaxlebis sistemis
formirebis an teritoriuli gadaadgilebis procesebze. am sakiTxebis
Seswavlisas mosaxleobis geografiis specialistebi iyeneben bihevioraluri
geografiis sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebs.
 17
nax. #1
 18
mosaxleobis gansaxlebis tipologiis SeqmnaSi, rac iTvaliswinebs msgavsi
tipis gansaxlebis raionebis gamovlenas, gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri daraionebis
principebi. ekonomikuri daraioneba ekonomikuri geografiis Semadgeneli
nawilia, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara sabWoTa kavSirSi. ekonomikuri daraioneba
sabWoTa kavSiris da sxva socialisturi qveynebis garda farTod gamoiyeneboda
sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris, safrangeTSi, braziliaSi, marokoSi.

ukve aRiniSna, rom mosaxleobis geografias mWidro kavSiri aqvs mTel rig
sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia
demografia. demografia swavlobs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebebs.
demografiuli kvlevis mTavari amocanaa gamoavlinos struqturuli
Taviseburebebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis
procesisaTvis, im dros rodesac mosaxleobis geografia am procesis
teritoriuli aspeqtebis Seswalaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

mosaxleobis geografiis momijnave mecnierebebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili

ukavia sociologias. sociologia swavlobs sxvadasxva tipis socialur
erTobaTa Camoyalibebis, funqcionirebis, ganviTarebisa da urTierTqmedebis
kanonzomierebebs. sociologiuri kvlevebis, maT Soris sociologiuri
gamokiTxvebis Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis geografiis
specialistebis mier calkeuli socialuri jgufebis da migraciebis Seswavlis
procesSi. migraciebis sakiTxebis kvlevisas sxva sakiTxebTan erTad yuradReba
eTmoba mosaxleobis qcevis Taviseburebebs. am sakiTxebs sociologiis garda
swavlobs fsiqologia.

mosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebis kvlevis sferoSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili

ukavia qalaqebis geografias, romelic Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia
qalaqmSeneblobasTan (urbanistikasTan). es kavSiri saSualebas gvaZlevs
gamovavlinoT qalaqebis dagegmarebis da funqcionirebis mniSvnelovani
teritoriuli Taviseburebebi.

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis geografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavla moiTxovs misi

struqturuli aspeqtebis Rrma codnas. am mxriv mniSvnelovania Sromis
ekonomikis sferoSi Seqmnili Sromebis gamoyeneba da ganzogadeba.

mosaxleobis eTnikuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas did daxmarebas gviwevs

anTropologia da eTnologia (es ukanaskneli moicavs eTnografiasac).
anTropologia swavlobs rasebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. eTnologia
Seiswavlis xalxis warmoSobas, yofas da kulturul Taviseburebebs.

mosaxleobis gadaadgilebasa da gansaxlebaze calkeul SemTxvevebSi

mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens politikuri procesebi. Sesabamisad,
mosaxleobis geografiuli kvleva mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli politikur
mecnierebasTan.
 19

2. mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika da bunebrivi moZraoba

2.1 ZiriTadi cnebebi

mosaxleobis dinamika aris istoriul WrilSi (drois mocemul periodSi)

ganxiluli mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlileba. msoflios an mis calkeul
teritoriaTa mosaxleobis raodenoba yalibdeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis
procesSi. mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba (kvlavwarmoeba) aris TaobaTa mudmivi
ganaxlebis procesi.

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebaze zegavlenas axdens mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba

da mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba (migracia). amasTan, xazgasmiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tu mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba damokidebuli
aris mxolod mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobaze, misi calkeuli teritoriebis
(kontinentebis, msxvili regionebis, qveynebis, qalaqebis, soflebis) mosaxleobis
raodenobis cvlileba xdeba mosaxleobis, rogorc bunebrivi, aseve meqanikuri
moZraobis safuZvelze.

mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba aris adamianebis dabadebisa da gardacvalebis

procesi. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba Sedgeba ori komponentisagan, esenia
Sobadoba da sikvdilianoba (mokvdaoba). maT raodenobriv maCveneblebs ewodeba
Sesabamisad Sobadobis koeficienti da sikvdilianobis koeficienti. sxvaoba am
or koeficients Soris aris bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti. samive saxis
koeficienti, rogorc wesi gamoisaxeba promileebSi (‰). Sobadobis koeficientiT
ganisazRvreba yovel aTas adamianze dabadebul bavSvTa raodenoba,
sikvdilianobis koeficientiT - yovel aTas adamianze gardacvlilTa
raodenoba, xolo bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti gviCvenebs yovel aTas
adamianze ramdeni adamianiT gaizarda an Semcirda mosaxleoba. magaliTad, Tu
yovel aTas adamianze ibadeba 20 bavSvi da kvdeba 12 adamiani, es niSnavs, rom
Sobadobis koeficienti tolia 20‰-si, xolo sikvdilianobis koeficienti 12‰-si
da aqedan gamomdinare bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti Seadgens 8‰-s.

mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba anu migracia aris adamianebis teritoriuli

gadaadgileba sacxovreblad da/an samuSaod maTi binadrobis adgilidan sxva
teritoriaze an dasaxlebul punqtSi. calkeuli qveynebis mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens qveyanaTaSorisi migraciebi.
mocemuli qveynidan mosaxleobis sxva qveyanaSi (qveynebSi) didi xniT an
samudamod gadasvla aris emigracia, xolo Tu xdeba sapirispiro procesi, maSin
saqme gvaqvs imigraciasTan. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo iTvleboda
imigraciis qveynad, radgan aq adgili hqonda ucxoelTa gadmosaxlebas. 1990-iani
wlebidan daiwyo saqarTvelos mosaxleobis masobrivi gadineba sxva qveynebSi,
rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo gaxda emigraciis qveyana.

mosaxleobis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba misi raodenobis

cvlilebis gansazRvras. es saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT mosaxleobis
raodenobis dinamikis tendencia. msoflios calkeuli regionebis, qveynebis,
dasaxlebuli punqtebis mosaxleobis raodenoba SeiZleba izrdebodes an
mcirdebodes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba ucvlelia SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT termini “nulovani zrda”. maCvenebels, romelic asaxavs
mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas drois garkveul periodSi ewodeba
mosaxleobis raodenobis saSualo wliuri matebis koeficienti.
 20
mocemul periodSi mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri mateba (matebaSi igulisxmeba,
rofroc zrda, aseve kleba) SeiZleba gamovTvaloT Semdegi formuliT:17
Si- So
S = ×100%
S× N
am formulaSi:
ΔS (delta esi) aris mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri matebis maCvenebeli da
gamoisaxeba %-Si.

So aris mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi.

Si aris mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasasrulisaTvis.

S aris mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba mocemul periodSi, rac tolia (So+Si)

: 2

N aris mocemul periodSi wlebis raodenoba (e.i. sxvaoba periodis bolo da

sawyis wlebs Soris).

magaliTad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1989 wels mosaxleobis aRweris

monacemebiT iyo 5400841 adamiani, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT - 4371535 adamiani.

am SemTxvevaSi:
So=5400841 (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi,
e.i. 1989 wels)

Si=4371535 (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis

dasasrulisaTvis, e.i. 2002 wels)

S=(4371535 + 5400841) : 2 = 4886188 (mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba mocemul

periodSi, e.i. 2002 da 1989 wlebis mosaxleobis raodenobebis jami gayofili 2-
ze).

N=13 (wlebis raodenoba mocemul periodSi, e.i. 2002 _ 1989 = 13)

Tu miRebul monacemebs CavsvamT mocemul formulaSi miviRebT:

4 371 535 - 5 400 841
S = ×100% = -1.62043%
4 886 188 ×13

miRebuli damrgvalebuli maCvenebeli tolia _1.6%-is (minus 1,6%-is), rac

niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1989-2002 wlebis ganmavlobaSi
yovelwliurad saSualod iklebda 1,6%-iT, e.i. daaxloebiT 79 aTasi adamianiT.

17
safuZvlad aRebulia formula, romelic mocemulia Semdeg wyaroSi: demografiis
mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Semdgeneli gia wulaZe. gaerTianebuli erebis
mosaxleobis fondi. Tbilisi, 2006. gv. 126
 21
2.2 msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamikis istoriuli mimoxilva da
Tanamedrove tendenciebi

msoflios mosaxleobam gaeros monacemebiT mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisisTvis

6 miliard adamians gadaaWarba18. eqspertebi varaudoben, rom oci saukunis win
msoflioSi daaxloebiT 150-dan 250 milionamde adamiani cxovrobda. gamodis,
rom Cvens planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba ukanaskneli 2000 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 24-jer mainc gaizarda. SesaZloa vinmem ifiqros, rom msoflios
mosaxleobis ricxvi kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze Tanabarzomierad
izrdeboda. magram, aseTi varaudi Sors iqneba sinamdvilisagan. msoflios
mosaxleobis pirvel gaormagebas Cveni welTaRricxvidan daaxloebiT 15-16
saukune dasWirda. me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi ki planetis mosaxleoba
gaormagda sul raRac ormociode weliwadSi. msoflios mosaxleobam 1
miliardi Seadgina me-19 saukunis 30 wlebSi, xolo Semdgomi 100 wlis
ganmavlobaSi Cvens planetaze ukve 1 miliardiT meti adamiani cxovrobda.
gamodis, rom dedamiwis mosaxleoba misi istoriis ganmavlobaSi
araTanabarzomierad izrdeboda (ixileT cxrili #1).

cxrili #1

msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis istoriuli dinamika19-20

weli mosaxleobis raodenoba mosaxleobis wliuri

(mln. adamiani) matebis tempi (%-Si)

Cv. welTaRricxvis IUweli 150-250

0,005
400 205
0,005
800 224
0,005
1200 400
0,2
1600 545
0,2
1700 610
0,5
1800 905
0,8
1900 1 634
1,9
1950 2 527
1,5
2000 6 071

msoflios mosaxleobis dinamikis erTiani periodizacia jer ar arsebobs.

mecnierTa erTi nawili periodizaciis mTavar kriteriumad iyenebs mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebis raodenobriv maCveneblebs, xolo meore nawili prioritets aniWebs
istoriul midgomas. saboloo jamSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs ris safuZvelze
gamoiyofa mosaxleobis dinamikis periodebi. mTavaria gamovavlinoT is
socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas

18
www.unstats.un.org; p.1
19
Брук С.И. Население мира (этнодемографический справочник). М. 1986, с. 17
20
Алисов Н.В., Хорев Б.С. Экономическая и социальная география мира. М. 2000, с. 92
 22
axdendnen mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebebze da ganapirobebdnen
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis konkretuli reJimis formirebas ama Tu im istoriul
periodSi.

msoflios mosaxleobis dinamikaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos 3 ZiriTadi periodi. Cvens

mier SemoTavazebul periodizacias safuZvlad daedo mosaxleobis raodenobis
saSualo wliuri zrdis maCveneblebi. es maCveneblebi sididis mixedviT
SeiZleba iyos: dabali, rodesac mosaxleobis ricxvis wliuri zrda ar
aRemateba 0,5%-s, zomieri - 0,5%-dan 1%-mde da maRali - 1%-ze meti.

pirveli periodi grZeldeboda kacobriobis dasabamidan me-19 saukunis Suamde,

rac moicavs srulad 3 socialur-ekonomikur formacias: pirvelyofil Temurs,
monaTmflobelurs da feodalurs da, agreTve kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyis
etaps. am periodSi msoflios mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo zrdis
neli tempi. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrda
0,5 %-ze dabali iyo, xolo garkveuli periodebis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyveteli
omebis, ganukurnebeli epidemiebis an bunebrivi kataklizmebis Sedegad
mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeboda. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo, rogorc Sobadobis, aseve sikvdilianobis Zalze maRali
done. yovelwliurad yovel aTas adamianze ibadeboda da kvdeboda saSualod
daaxloebiT 55-60 adamiani21. maRali Sobadoba ganpirobebuli iyo ori faqtoriT.
jer erTi, mTel msoflioSi qalebi adreul asakSi Txovdebodnen. garda amisa,
maRali Sobadoba iyo Sedegi adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciisa xSir
sikvdilianobaze. sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblis arseboba, garda ukve
dasaxelebuli faqtorebisa, ganpirobebuli iyo sicocxlis dabali
xangrZlivobiT, rac upiratesad mosaxleobis farTo masebisaTvis samedicino
momsaxurebis ararsebobiT iyo gamowveuli.

meore periodi moicavs me-19 saukunis meore naxevars da meoce saukunis pirvel
ocwleuls. es perodi emTxveva evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi kapitalizmis
swraf ganviTarebas da istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc ganviTarebuli
kapitalizmis da industriuli kapitalizmis epoqebi. samrewvelo revoluciis
Sedegebi aisaxa ara marto warmoebis procesze, aramed cxovrebis pirobebis
amaRlebazec. evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesda jandacva da sanitarul-higienuri situacia, ramac pirdapiri
zegavlena iqonia sikvdilianobis, upirveles yovlisa ki CvilTa sikvdilianobis
donis radikalur Semcirebaze. Sobadobis done kvlav maRali iyo, Sesabamisad
mosaxleobis zrdis tempebi sagrZnoblad gaizarda da saSualod weliwadSi 0,5
– 1%-s miaRwia. mTlianobaSi, am periodSi msoflios mosaxleobis zrda zomieri
tempiT mimdinareobda. Tumca mosaxleobis zrdis geografiaSi SeiniSneboda
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. sikvdilianobis done aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri
amerikis qveynebSi evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasTan SedarebiT jer kidev
sakmaod maRali iyo, ris gamoc ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdis
maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda ganviTarebuli samyaros analogiur
maCvenebels.

mesame periodi, saTaves iRebs me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan da dRemde

grZeldeba. am periodSi mosaxleobis zrda maRali tempiT mimdinareobs.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflios mosaxleoba TiTqmis
4-jer gaizarda. mosaxleobis aseTi swrafi zrdis mTavar mizezs
sikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba warmoadgens. mecnierebis da
warmoebis miRwevebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda manamde ganukurnebeli
daavadebebis mkurnaloba an maTi Tavidan acileba. bevr qveyanaSi Camoyalibda
jandacvis sistema. mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa daavadebaTa gadamtani mwerebis

21
vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 40
 23
winaaRmdeg qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebam, ris gamoc Semcirda magaliTad,
malariis da tifis daavadebebis gavrceleba. cxovrebis donis amaRlebasTan
erTad gaumjobesda sanitarul-higienuri situacia. gaeros, msoflios jandacvis
organizaciis, sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mecadineobiT ganviTarebad
qveynebSi ganxorcielda sxvadasxva saxis samedicino proeqtebi, Camoyalibda
mosaxleobis jandacvis ufaso momsaxurebis sistemebi. amis Sedegad, 1950-1975
wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda “demografiul afeTqebas”. am periodSi
msoflios mosaxleoba yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 60 milioni adamianiT, anu
2%-iT izrdeboda (Tu mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrda 2%-s Seadgens, maSin
misi raodenoba 35 weliwadSi gaormagdeba). mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempi
ganapiroba im faqtma, rom msoflioSi Sobadobis garkveul SemcirebasTan erTad
adgili hqonda sikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovan dacemas. aRniSnul periodSi
msoflioSi yovelwliurad yovel 1000 adamianze saSualod 12-13 adamiani
kvdeboda, im dros, rodesac Tundac me-19 saukuneSi sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli
TiTqmis 3-jer meti iyo. mosaxleobis ricxvis aseTma zrdam Cveni planetis bevr
qveyanaSi Warbmosaxleobis problebac ki Seqmna. amis sapasuxod rigi
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebma daiwyes Sobadobaze kontrolis politikis
ganxorcieleba.
1975 wlis Semdeg SeiniSneba msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis tempis
ganuxreli Semcireba (ixileT danarTi, nax. #2). 1975-1990 wlebSi msoflios
mosaxleoba yovelwliurad izrdeboda 1,6%-iT, 1990-2000 wlebSi – 1,4%-iT, xolo
Cveni saukinis dasawyisSi es maCvenebeli 1,2%-mde daeca. amJamad msoflios
regionebis mosaxleobis zrdaSi didi gansxvavebebi SeiniSneba. Tuki, evropis
mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda Zalze umniSvneloa, laTinur amerikaSi, aziaSi
da gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi mosaxleoba kvlav sakmaod maRali tempiT izrdeba.
amis sailustraciod gTavazobT msoflios msxvili regionebis
mosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebs (ixileT cxrili #2). msoflios mosaxleobis
saSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli (1,23%) erTgvari wyalgamyofia mosaxleobis
raodenobis zrdis maRali da dabali maCveneblebis mqone regionebisaTvis. am
monacemebis zedapiruli analizic ki, saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom
msoflios zogierTi regioni jer kidev “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSi
imyofeba, im dros, rodesac evropaSi adgili aqvs “demografiul kriziss”, rac
imas niSnavs, rom aq sikvdilianoba aRemateba Sobadobas, xolo mosaxleobis
raodenobis umniSvnelo, magram mainc mateba xdeba imigraciis xarjze.

cxrili #2
msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis da
bunebrivi moZraobis maCveneblebi22 (2000-2005 wlebi)

regionebi23 mosaxleobis yovel 1 000 adamianze

saSualo wliuri daibada gardaicvala bunebrivi
zrda (%-Si) mateba
evropa 0,07 10,2 11,6 –1,4
afrika 2,32 37,7 14,0 23,7
azia 1,22 20,1 7,7 12,4
laTinuri amerika 1,29 21,5 6,0 15,5
CrdiloeT amerika 1,02 13,8 8,2 5,6
avstralia da 1,43 17,8 7,3 10,5
okeaneTi
mTeli msoflio 1,23 21,1 8,8 12,3

22
UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org
23
mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi CrdiloeT amerika moicavs or qveyanas, aSS-sa da kanadas,
xolo aSS-s samxreTiT mdebare yvela qveyana warmoadgens laTinur amerikas.
 24
mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdaSi teritoriuli disbalansi kidev ufro
naTlad gamovlindeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT calkeuli qveynebis monacemebs.
#3 cxrilSi mocemulia msoflios im qveynebis sia, sadac 2000-2005 wlebSi
dafiqsirda, erTi mxriv mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali zrda, xolo, meore mxriv
mosaxleobis raodenobis yvelaze didi kleba.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans msoflioSi mosaxleobis zrdis yvelaze didi tempiT

gamoirCevian afrikis da aziis qveynebi. unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom afrikisa
da aziis qveynebis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis cxrilSi mocemul
maCveneblebs Soris mniSvnalovani gansxvaveba arsebobs. Tu afrikis qveynebSi
(dasavleT saharis garda) mosaxleoba izrdeba maRali bunebrivi matebis
safuZvelze, aziis yvela zemoxsenebul qveyanaSi bunebrivi matebis garda,
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imigracia. arabeTis naxevarkunZulis energo
resursebiT (kerZod, navTobi da bunebrivi gazi) mdidar qveynebi ukve ramdenime
aTwleulia rac masobrivi imigraciis erT-erT ZiriTad keras warmoadgenen. aq
mosaxleobis zrdis aRniSnuli tempis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi maTi mosaxleoba
sul raRac 10-11 weliwadSi gaormagdeba. rac Seexeba avRaneTs Talibebis
reJimis damarcxebis Semdeg aq adgili qonda intensiur repatriacias. evropis
yofil socialistur qveynebSi adgili aqvs mosaxleobis raodenobis klebas,
rac arasasurveli movlenaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis raodenobis
Semcireba ZiriTadad evropis qveynebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (ix. cxrili
#3).

cxrili #3

msoflios qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis saSualo wliuri zrdis

yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT24
(2000-2005 wlebi)

qveynebi mosaxleobis saSualo qveynebi mosaxleobis saSualo

zrdis yvelaze maRali wliuri zrda zrdis uaryofiTi wliuri zrda
maCvenebliT (%-Si) maCvenebliT (%-Si)
dasavleT sahara 6,68 Cernogoria –1,95
katari 5,11 moldova –1,34
arabTa gaerTianebuli 4,69 saqarTvelo –1,26
saemiroebi
siera leone 4,23 ukraina - 0,81
eritrea 4,12 latvia - 0,66
quveiTi 3,84 bulgareTi - 0,66
Cadi 3,62 serbeTi - 0,54
avRaneTi 3,79 belorusi - 0,52
nigeri 3,52 litva - 0,45
burundi 3,29 somxeTi - 0,42
benini 3,22 estoneTi - 0,38
burkina faso 3,19 ungreTi - 0,25
uganda 3,18 CexeTi - 0,06

samwuxaroa, rom saqarTvelo msoflioSi gamoirCeva mosaxleobis raodenobis

erT-erTi yvelaze didi klebiT. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom am periodSi
saqarTveloSi sikvdilianoba aWarbebda Sobadobas. piriqiT, saqarTveloSi am
periodSi adgili qonda umniSvnelo, magram mainc bunebriv zrdas. Cveni qveynis
mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri kleba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom Cveni saukunis
dasawyisSi, iseve, rogorc wina periodSi saqarTvelo datova da sxva qveynebSi

24
UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. www.esa.un.org
 25
samuSaod an sacxovreblad wavida mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili.
analogiuri mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas mosaxleobis raodenobis kleba cxrilSi
mocemul kidev sam qveyanaSi – CernogoriaSi, serbeTsa da somxeTSi. evropis
zemoT CamoTvlil danarCen qveynebSi adgili aqvs mosaxleobis bunebriv klebas.

naTelia, rom ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi ukve ramdenime

aTwleulia gansxvavebuli demografiuli reJimis pirobebSi cxovroben. am
gansxavebebSi ukeT gaverkveviT, Tu zogadad ganvixilavT demografiuli
gadasvlis Teorias (koncefcias). am Teoriis pirveli varianti Seqmna frangma
mecnierma adolf landrim da mas “demografiuli revoluciis” koncefcia
uwoda, xolo 1950 wels amerikelma demografma frenk nouTstainma SemogvTavaza
landris koncefciis modificirebuli varianti, demografiuli gadasvlis
Teoriis saxelwodebiT25. mis mixedviT socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
Sesabamis etapze ama Tu im sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aRwarmoebis
garkveuli tipi. aRwarmoebis tipi ki damokidebulia Sobadobisa da
sikvdilianobis doneebze. mecnier-demografebi Tvlian, rom sxvadasxva
sazogadoebam Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze SeiZleba gaiaros demografiuli
gadasvlis ramdenime faza. kacobriobis demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi
jerjerobiT oTxi aseTi fazaa dafiqsirebuli (ix. nax. #3).

me-3 naxazidan Cans, rom demografiuli gadasvlis TiToeuli fazisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis doneebis gansxvavebuli
kombinaciebi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, romlebmac demografiuli gadasvlis
ramdenime faza gaiares es kombinaciebi ufro mravalferovan xasiaTs atarebs
(ix. cxrili #4).

25
Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с.115
 26
cxrili #4

demografiuli gadasvlis fazebi da maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli demografiuli niSnebi

I faza: II faza: III faza: IV faza:

dasabamidan 1850 w.- 1850-1919 w.w. 1920-1970 w.w. 1971 w.-dan -
mde dRemde

mosaxleoba izrdeba mosaxleobis zrdis mosaxleobis zrdis iwyeba demogra-

neli tempiT; tempi zomieria; tempi maRalia; fiuli krizisi;
mosaxleobis zrdis mosaxleobis ricxvi mosaxleobis ricxvi mosaxleobis
tempi stabiluria sagrZnoblad imatebs mkveTrad imatebs mateba evropaSi
xdeba imigraciis
xarjze

Sobadoba maRalia Sobadoba maRalia Sobadoba ecema Sobadoba dabalia

sikvdilianoba sikvdilianoba ecema sikvdilianoba sikvdilianoba

maRalia dabalia dabalia

unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebulma da ganviTarebadma qveynebma erTdroulad

gaiares demografiuli gadasvlis pirveli faza, Semdeg ki “maTi gzebi gaiyo”.
rogorc me-5 naxazebidan Cans ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis donis
ganuxreli Semcireba daiwyo me-19 saukunis bolos da ukve me-20 saukunis
dasawyisSi man 30‰-ze, xolo imave saukunis 60-ian wlebSi 20‰-ze qveviT daiwia.
1990-iani wlebidan, rodesac ganviTarebuli samyaro “demografiuli krizisis”
fazaSi Sevida Sobadobis donis maCvenebelma 10‰-ze naklebi Seadgina. rac
Seexeba ganviTarebad samyaros (ix. nax. #4), aq Sobadobis saSualo maCvenebeli
1990-ian wlebamde 30‰-ze maRali iyo da mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo misi
Semcireba, isic imis gamo, rom Sobadobis donem SesamCnevad daiwia or
“miliarder” qveyanaSi – CineTsa da indoeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, ganviTarebadi
qveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi Sobadoba kvlav maRalia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom
amJamad msoflios 57 ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Sobadoba 30‰-ze metia, xolo 24
maTganSi es maCvenebeli 40‰-s aRemateba. sikvdilianobis donis istoriuli
dinamikis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom igi TiTqmis erTnairad icvleboda
ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. sikvdilianobis donis swrafi vardna
daiwyo me-20 aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi da saukunis bolos igi msoflios
yvela msxvil regionSi 10-15‰-ze dabali iyo. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos,
rom ganviTarebulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropam demografiuli
gadasvlis sami faza gaiara da meoTxeSi imyofeba, im dros, rodesac
ganviTarebadi qveynebis erTi nawili jer kidev meore fazaSia.
27
 28
2.3. bunebriv moZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi

Sobadobasa da sikvdilianobaze zegavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva tipis faqtorebi:

bunebriv-biologiuri, demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri,
yofiT-kulturuli, religiuri da politikuric ki.

Sobadobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens bunebriv-biologiuri faqtorebi,

upirveles yovlisa ki qalTa reproduqciuli26 asakis xangrZlivoba. es asaki
moicavs qalis sicocxlis im periods, rodesac mas bavSvis gaCena SeuZlia.
reproduqciuli asaki, rogorc wesi ganisazRvreba 16-dan 50 wlamde. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tbil klimatur sartylebSi mcxovreb qalTa reproduqciuli
asaki aRemateba civ sartylebSi mcxovreb qalTa analogiur asaks. qalma
reproduqciuli asakis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc wesi SeiZleba imSobiaros
saSualod 10-12-jer. aseT pirobebSi Sobadobis koeficientma SeiZleba miaRwios
maqsimalur maCvenebels da Seadginos 50-60‰27. Sobadobis aseT maRal dones
adgili hqonda da dResac aqvs sustad ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi. afrikis
ramdenime qveyanaSi Sobadobis done TiTqmis 50‰-s tolia (ixileT cxrili #5).
meore mxriv, adamianTa garkveuli nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
fiziologiuri mdgomareoba, romelic gamoricxavs Svilis yolis
SesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs uSvilobasTan. uSvilo ojaxebi,
romlebic mTeli ojaxebis 5-10%-s Seadgenen uaryofiT gavlenas axdenen
Sobadobis doneze.

msoflioSi mimdinare Tanamedrove demografiuli tendenciebi miuTiTebs imaze,

rom Sobadobis doneze gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdenen socialuri
(sazogadoebrivi) faqtorebi. Sobadobaze moqmedi socialuri faqtorebidan
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ojaxSi qalis uflebriv mdgomareobas.
cnobilia, rom tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebebSi bavSvTa yolaze gadamwyveti
sityva ekuTvnis mamakacs. aziisa da afrikis sazogadoebebSi miRebulia, rom
ojaxSi erTi vaJiSvili mainc unda iyos, radgan is ganixileba ojaxis qonebis
ZiriTad memkvidred da garda amisa, Tu mamakacs vaJiSvili ar hyavs es
uaryofiTad aisaxeba sazogadoebaSi mis socialur mdgomareobaze. mag.,
indoeTSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi Tu mamakacs gvaris gamgrZelebeli ar hyavs is
sazogadoebis “arasrulyofil” wevrad iTvleba. gasagebia, rom aseT
sazogadoebebSi mamakacis moTxovniT bavSvTa gaCena mimdinareobs iqamde, sanam
ojaxs vaJi ar SeeZineba. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi qalTa
socialur-ekonomikiur mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan erTad amaRlda misi
roli ojaxis dagegmvis saqmeSic. dResdReobiT, im ojaxebSi, sadac col-qmari
Tanabari uflebebiT sargebloben, swored qalis neba-survilzea damokidebuli
ojaxSi bavSvTa raodenoba. Sobadobis done dabalia maRalganviTarebul
sazogadoebebSi, e.i. im sazogadoebebSi, sadac ojaxur cxovrebaSi qali iseTive
rols TamaSobs, rogorc mamakaci.

sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi mamakacisa da qalis uflebebis gaTanabrebas (“qalTa

emansipacias”), Tan sdevs ganqorwinebebis raodenobis zrda, rac uaryofiTad
moqmedebs Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul qveynebSi yoveli mesame qorwineba
ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, kerZod ki ganviTarebul
samyaroSi ganuxrelad izrdeba martoxela dedaTa raodenoba. martoxela dedad
iTvleba qali, romelsac bavSvi (bavSvebi) hyavs, magram arasdros yofila
qorwinebaSi. aseTi socialuri statusis mqone adamianebis raodenobis zrda
Sobadobis donis Semcirebis kidev erTi mizezia.

26
agreTve, xmareben terminebs “generaciuli asaki” da “fertiluri asaki”
27
vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 26
 29
sazogadoebis socialur-kulturuli da ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTad
xdeba Sobadobis Semcireba. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Sobadoba gacilebiT
maRali iyo dabalganviTarebul xalxebSi, vidre ganviTarebul saberZneTsa da
romSi. sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, rom ganaTlebis donis
amaRlebasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi mcirdeba moTxovnileba bevri bavSvis
yolisa. umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis da Semdgom samsaxurebrivi karieris
aRmasvlis mizniT, axalgazrda adamiani qorwindeba 25-30 wlis asakSi da ara 20
wlamde asakSi, rogorc es adre xdeboda. cnobilia, rom TviT ganviTarebad
qveynebSic ki umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs Soris Sobadobis done
gacilebiT dabalia, vidre ganaTlebis armqone sazogadoebis nawilSi.
ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi “dagvianebulma qorwinebebma” masobrivi xasiaTi
miiRo, ris Sedegadac Sobadobis done minimumamde daeca.

gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos Sobadoba ufro maRalia Rarib, vidre mdidar

ojaxebSi. es azri yovelTvis ar Seefereba sinamdviles, radgan ganviTarebul
qveynebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli dabalia, rogorc mdidar, aseve Rarib ojaxebSi.
ufro metic, mag., aSS-Si SeZlebuli ojaxebi ufro mravalSviliania, vidre
Raribi ojaxebi, radgan mdidrebis qonebrivi mdgomaroba maT saSualebas aZlevs
iyolion mosamsaxureebi da bavSvebis gadiebi. ganviTarebad qveynebSi
mravalSvilianoba damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc mdidari, aseve Raribi
ojaxebisaTvis. ganviTarebad sazogadoebebSi Sobadobis dabali maCvenebliT,
rogorc wesi gamoirCevian is ojaxebi, romlebSic maRali ganaTlebis cenzi
gaaCnia erTdroulad colsac da qmarsac. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone ojaxebSi
cdiloben aqcenti gaaakeTon ara bavSvTa raodenobaze, aramed maTi aRzrdis
xarisxze, rac ganapirobebs kidec mcireSvilianobas.

sacxovrebeli adgilebis (qalaqi da sofeli) mixedviT Sobadobis donis

maCveneblebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom sasoflo
dasaxlebebSi Sobadoba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre qalaqebSi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi
swrafad izrdeboda saqalaqo mosaxleoba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
urbanizaciis procesma gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa Sobadobis donis
SemcirebaSi. qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis SesaZleblobebi gacilebiT metia, vidre
soflad. urbanul arealebSi dasaqmebis SesaZlebloba ufro maRalia, vidre
soflad, Sesabamisad aq qalebis dasaqmebis procentic matulobs. qalis
dasaqmeba ki, pirdapir aisaxeba Sobadobis donis Semcirebaze.

Sobadobaze uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenen ekonomikuri da politikuri

kataklizmebi, kerZod xangrZlivi ekonomikuri krizisebi da gansakuTrebiT
omebi. aseTi movlenebis dros Sobadobis done mkveTrad ecema. cnobilia, rom
Sobadoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, mag., aSS-Si “didi depresiis” periodSi (1929-
34 wlebi), aseve, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi “politikuri da
ekonomikuri kolafsis” Sedegad (1990 wlebis pirveli naxevari). omebis dros
Sobadobis maCveneblis mniSvnelovani Semcireba gamowveulia ori mizeziT. jer
erTi, mamakacTa garkveuli nawili frontze imyofeba, rac niSnavs, rom isini am
periodSi monawileobas ver miiReben mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesSi. garda
amisa, maTi garkveuli nawili omSi iRupeba, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebis
sqesobriv struqturaSi warmoiSveba disbalansi, rac Tavis mxriv SeuZlebels
xdis axali ojaxebis Seqmnas. meore msoflio omis dros daiRupa 50 milionze
meti adamiani. maT umravlesobas axalgazrda mamakacebi Seadgendnen, ris gamoc
omis Semdgom wlebSi ver Seiqmna milionobiT axali ojaxi, Sesabamisad aRar
daibada aTeulobiT milioni bavSvi. omebSi mamakacebis daRupviT gamowveuli
uaryofiTi demografiuli tendenciebis aRmofxvra muslimur samyaroSi
religiis Carevis Sedegad moxda. islami uSvebs mravalcolianobis institutis
arsebobas. muslimur sazogadoebebSi erT mamakacs oficialurad oTxi colis
yola SeuZlia.
 30

Sobadobaze gansakuTrebul zegavlenas axdens religiuri mrwamsi da mis

Sedegad Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi. msoflioSi gavrcelebuli yvela religia
mxars uWers sazogadoebaSi maRali Sobadobis arsebobas da misi Tavidan
acilebis xelovnuri xerxebis (mag., abortebis) winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. am mxriv,
gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT gamoirCevian islami, budizmi, kaTolocizmi.
zogierT qveyanaSi religiebis mier mravalSvilianobis institutis mxardaWera
imdenad Zlieria, rom es saxelmwifo politikazec aisaxeba. jer kidev ori
aTeuli wlis winaT bevr muslimur qveyanaSi qalis gaTxovebis minimaluri asaki
9 wliT, xolo peruSi, espaneTsa da ekvadorSi 14 wliT ganisazRvreboda. rac
ufro axalgazrda asakSi xdeba qorwineba miT ufro maRalia Sobadobis done
mocemul sazogadoebaSi. evropaSi qorwinebis asaki sakmaod maRalia, kerZod
evropis protestantul saxelmwifoebSi qalis gaTxovebis minimaluri asaki 18
wliT, xolo mamakacis – 20 wliT ganisazRvreba28. ganviTarebul qveynebSi
dafiqsirebulia “aratradiciuli orientaciis” adamianebis raodenobis
ganuxreli zrda, rac am qveynebSi bunebrivia xels uwyobs Sobadobis
Semcirebas. aSS-s zogierT StatSi oficialuradac ki aris nebadarTuli
amgvari orientaciis adamianebis qorwineba.

sikvdilianobaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen bunebrivi faqtorebi.

dedamiwis mTel rig regionebSi (antarqtida, arqtika, udabnoebi, tundra),
romlebic gamoirCevian eqstremaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT adamianebi an ar
saxloben an Zalze meCxrad arian dasaxlebulebi. adamianebi Tavs arideben iseT
adgilebSi cxovrebas, sadac ar aris wyali, nayofieri miwebi an iq
gavrcelebulia daavadebebi da stiqiuri movlenebi (vulkanuri amofrqvevebi,
miwisZvrebi, qariSxlebi).

sikvdilianobis done mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli fiziologiur

faqtorebze. am faqtorebidan mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs adamianis asakobrivi
Taviseburebebi. cnobilia, rom sikvdilianoba maRalia erT wlamde asakis
bavSvebSi, radgan am asakSi bavSvis organizms jer kidev ar aqvs
gamomuSavebuli imuniteti sxvadasxva daavadebebis da infeqciebis mimarT.
sikvdilianobis done mcirdeba 4-16 wlis asakis mozardebSi, xolo xandazmul
asakSi is Tavis maqsimums aRwevs29. mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi SeiniSneba
mamakacTa da qalTa sikvdilianobaSi. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom
qalebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mamakacebi fizikurad qalebze Zlierebi arian, es ukanasknelebi gamoirCevian
stresuli situaciebisadmi meti mdgradobiT. amis gamo, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
daavadebebi ZiriTadad mamakacebs Soris aris gavrcelebuli. garda amisa,
qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacebis adreuli sikvdilianoba gamowveulia omebiT,
sawarmoo travmatizmiT, saavtomobilo da sxva saxis avariebiT, kriminaluri
garemoebebiT. sikvdilianobaze gavlenas axdens memkvidreobiTi faqtorebi.
xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac esa Tu is daavadeba mSoblebidan Svils gadaecema.

sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebaze gadawyvet rols TamaSobs qveynis

mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba da jandacvis sistemis
ganviTareba. sakmarisi iyo aziis da afrikis navTobiT da bunebrivi gaziT
mdidar qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad
gazrdiliyo mosaxleobis keTildReoba, rac dadebTad aisaxa jandacvis
sistemis gaumjobesebaze, rom am qveynebSi mosaxleobis sikvdilianobis done
ufro dabali gaxda, vidre maRalganviTarebul, gansakuTrebiT evropul
sazogadoebebSi. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom azia-afrikis
energoresursebiT mdidari qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, evropaSi mimdinareobs

28
Максаковский В.П. Географическая картина мира (книга 1). М., 2004, с. 95
29
vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 33
 31
“mosaxleobis dabereba”, rac Tavis mxriv gamowveulia dabali SobadobiT, gviani
qorwinebebiT da a.S. amJamad evropis rig qveynebSi meti xandazmuli (60 welze
ufrosi asakis) adamiani cxovrobs, vidre axalgazrda (18 wlamde asakis).

sikvdilianobis done mniSvnelovnad matulobs omebis dros. ukve aRiniSna, rom

meore msoflio omis dros msoflioSi daiRupa daaxloebiT 50 milioni
adamiani. sabWoTa kavSirma dakarga 30 milion moqalaqeze meti, xolo
saqarTvelom daaxloebiT 350 aTasi adamiani.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi didi raodenobiT adamiani iRupeba saavtomobilo da

sxva saxis avariebSi. saavtomobilo avariebSi ufro meti adamiani iRupeba, vidre
omebsa da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. zogierT qveyanaSi, mag., aSS-Si, iaponiaSi,
ruseTSi amgvar avariebSi yoveldRiurad ramdenime aseuli adamiani kvdeba.
sikvdilianobis zrdaze zegavlenas axdens teqnologiuri xasiaTis
katastrofebi, ris Sedegadac xdeba garemos, upirveles yovlisa wylis
dabinZureba.

ukanaskneli ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi SeiniSneba

sikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, rac gamoiwvia:

 samedicino momsaxurebis donis amaRlebam da farmacevtuli nawarmis

farTo gavrcelebam;
 masobrivi epidemiuri da infeqciuri daavadebebis mkveTrma Semcirebam;
 mosaxleobis sanitarul-higienuri da kvebis pirobebis gaumjobesebam;
 adamianebis materialuri keTildReobis zrdam;
 mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam;
 adamianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis (birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri)
iaraRis argamoyenebam.
 32
2.4 bunebrivi moZraobis regionuli aspeqtebi

Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi msoflioSi sakmaod Wreli demografiuli suraTi

Camoyalibda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis procesi sxvadasxvagvarad
mimdinareobs, erTi mxriv ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xolo meore
mxriv mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi SeiniSneba TviT ganviTarebadi samyaros
farglebSi. ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris ZiriTad gansxvavebas
ganapirobebs radikaluri sxvaoba Sobadobis maCveneblebs Soris (ix. danarTi,
nax. #6). Sobadobis done arc erT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi ar aRemateba 15‰-s,
maSin, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli
25‰-ze maRalia. ganviTarebad samyaroSi Sobadobis maRali maCvenebliT
gamoirCevian afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis, xolo Sobadobis yvelaze dabali
maCveneblebiT evropis qveynebi (ix. cxrili #5). gavrcelebulia azri imis
Taobaze, rom religiuri aRmsarebloba gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis, kerZod Sobadobis procesze da, rom muslimur,
budistur, induistur sazogadoebebSi Sobadoba gacilebiT maRalia, vidre
qristianul qveynebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom religia mniSvnelovan, magram ara
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Sobadobis doneze. me-5 cxrilSi CamoTvlili
yvelaze maRali Sobadobis mqone 15 qveynidan, islami gabatonebuli religiaa
eqvs, xolo qristianoba xuT qveyanaSi. es faqti kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze,
rom Sobadobis doneze gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs qveynis socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones da ara religias.

cxrili #5

qveynebi Sobadobis yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT30

(2005 weli)

qveynebi Sobadobis Sobadoba qveynebi Sobadobis Sobadoba

yvelaze maRali (‰-Si) yvelaze dabali (‰-Si)
maCvenebliT maCvenebliT

nigeri 51.33 germania 8.33

mali 49.99 litva 8.62
uganda 47.39 ukraina 8.67
avRaneTi 47.02 avstria 8.81
Cadi 46.17 italia 8.89
siera leone 46.13 slovenia 8.95
burkina faso 45.96 andora 9.00
angola 45.63 bosnia da hercegovina 9.01
somali 45.62 latvia 9.04
liberia 45.61 CexeTi 9.07
kongos demok. resp. 44.07 monako 9.26
malavi 43.49 iaponia 9.47
iemeni 43.07 singapuri 9.49
kongo 43.01 xorvatia 9.57
burundi 42.46 bulgareTi 9.66
mTeli msoflio 20,15

rac Seexeba msoflios yvelaze dabali Sobadobis mqone qveynebs, 15-dan 13

qveyana evropas warmoadgens, xolo danarCeni 2 azias. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
arc erTi maTgani ar Sedis ganviTarebadi qveynebis siaSi.

30
CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov
 33
saintereso tendenciebi SeiniSneba sikvdilianobis geografiaSi (ix. danarTi,
nax. #7). TiTqos mosalodneli iyo, rom sikvdilianobis yvelaze dabali
maCveneblis mqone 15 qveynis siaSi ZiriTadad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi
moxvdebodnen. magram, rogorc me-6 cxrilidan Cans Sobadobis Zalze dabali
maCvenebliT (5%0 da naklebi) CrdiloeT amerikis da evropis arcerTi
warmomadgeneli ar gamoirCeva, rac maTi mosaxleobis daberebis faqtoriT
SeiZleba aixsnas. samagierod, aRniSnul siaSi moxvdnen aziis (upiratesad
arabeTis naxevarkunZulis), CrdiloeT afrikis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebi.
siaSi mocemuli arabuli qveynebi, navTobiT mdidari qveynebi arian, xolo
navTobis eqsportiT miRebulma Semosavalma pirdapiri zegavlena iqonia maTi
mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri donis amaRlebasa da jandacvis sistemis
gaumjobesebaze. msoflios qveynebis sikvdilianobis maCveneblebis geografiuli
analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom regionebs Soris sikvdilianobis
yvelaze maRali done gvxvdeba samxreT afrikaSi. am regionis 8 qveyana Sedis
msoflioSi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebis mqone qveynebis siaSi
(ix. cxrili #6).

cxrili #6

qveynebi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT31

(2005 weli)

qveynebi sikvdilianobis sikvdilianoba qveynebi sikvdilianobis sikvdilianoba

yvelaze maRali (‰-Si) yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT (‰-Si)
maCvenebliT

botsvana 29.36 quveiTi 2.42

svazilendi 25.26 saudis arabeTi 2.62
lesoto 25.03 iordania 2.63
angola 24.50 brunei 3.42
liberia 23.93 libia 3.48
siera leone 23.43 omani 3.86
burkina faso 21.92 solomonis k-ebi 3.98
zimbabve 21.32 bahreini 4.08
samxreT afrikis resp. 21.19 singapuri 4.16
nigeri 20.99 ekvadori 4.24
mozambiki 20.75 arabTa gaerT. saemiroebi 4.26
avRaneTi 20.23 kosta rika 4,33
zambia 19.63 nikaragua 4,49
malavi 19.39 paragvai 4,53
jibuti 18.81 alJiri 4,60
8,78
mTeli msoflio

Tanamedrove msoflios qveynebi Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebis

farTo speqtriT arian warmodgenili. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis
maCveneblebis siWrele ganpirobebulia calkeuli qveynebis socialur-
ekonomikuri, demografiuli da socialur-kulturuli TaviseburebebiT (ix.
danarTi, nax. #8). sxvadasxva qveynebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli SeiZleba
meryeobdes dabalidan (5-10‰) Zalian maRal donemde (40‰-ze meti). magram, arc

31
CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov
 34
erT qveyanaSi jer ar dafiqsirebula Sobadobis Zalian dabali done – 5‰-ze
naklebi. rac Seexeba sikvdilianobas, misi maCvenebeli meryeobs Zalian
dabalidan (5‰-ze naklebi) maRal donemde (30‰-mde). Cveni saukunis dasawyisidan
sikvdilianobis Zalian maRali done (30‰-ze meti) msoflioSi arsad ar
aRricxula. 2005 wlis Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebis farTo
mozaika saSualebas gvaZlevs msoflios qveynebi 7 jgufad davyoT (ixileT
cxrili #7)32.

pirvel jgufSi Sedian qveynebi Sobadobis Zalian maRali da sikvdilianobis

maRali maCveneblebiT. am qveynebSi Sobadobis done 30‰-s aRemateba, xolo
sikvdilianobis done 20-30‰. amasTan, maTSi Sobadobis done, rogorc wesi 1,5–2-
jer aRemateba sikvdilianobis dones, Sesabamisad maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia
bunebrivi matebis maRali maCvenbeli. am jgufSi moxvdnen afrikis 8 da aziis
erTi (avRaneTi) qveyana. es qveynebi gamoirCevian, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri,
aseve jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebis uaRresad dabali doniT. am jgufis
qveynebi demografiuli gadasvlis meore fazaSi imyofebian, rodesac
SenarCunebulia Sobadobis Zalze maRali done da imavdroulad SesamCnevi
xdeba sikvdilianobis donis Semcireba.

II jgufSi Sedis samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,

erTi mxriv Sobadobis maRali (20-30‰) da sikvdilianobis Zalze maRali (20‰–ze
meti) maCveneblebi, xolo, meore mxriv am maCveneblebs Soris umniSvnelo
sxvaoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebidan oTxSi dafiqsirebulia umniSvnelo
bunebrivi mateba (namibia, svazilendi, lesoto, zimbabve), xolo danarCen orSi
(botsvana da samxreT afrikis respublika) - bunebrivi kleba. sainteresoa, rom
am jgufis danarCeni oTxi qveynisgan gansxvavebiT samxreT afrikis respublika
bolo dromde ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvSi Sedioda.
mocemuli jgufi mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis xasiaTisa da demografiuli qcevis
TvalsazrisiT aSkarad gamorCeulia sxva jgufebisagan. Sobadobisa da
sikvdilianobis maRali doneebis da umniSvnelo an uaryofiTi bunebrivi matebis
gamo SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom isini demografiuli gadasvlis I fazaSi
imyofebian, magram sikvdilianobis maCveneblis sagrZnobi Semcirebis tendencia
migviTiTebs, rom saqme gvaqvs demografiuli gadasvlis II fazasTan.

III jgufi moicavs afrikisa da aziis 30-mde qveyanas, sadac aRiniSneba Sobadobis
Zalian maRali (30‰-ze meti) an maRali (20-30‰) da sikvdilianobis saSualo (9-20‰)
done. es qveynebi jer kidev “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSi imyofebian. maT
umravlesobaSi bunebrivi moZraobis maCvenebeli 20‰-ze maRalia. sikvdilianobis
donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba metyvelebs imaze, rom am qveynebSi adgili aqvs
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, rac pirdapir aisaxeba mosaxleobis
keTildReobis zrdaze da jandacvis sistemis gaumjobesebaze. miuxedavad amisa,
isini jer kidev ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvnebian. am
jgufis qveynebis umravlesobaSi Semdgomi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia
Sobadobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba.

IV jgufSi gaerTianebulia Sobadobis Zalian maRali (30‰-ze meti) an maRali (20-

30‰) da sikvdilianobis dabali (5-9‰) maCveneblebis mqone qveynebi. es jgufi
gamoirCeva masSi Semavali qveynebis farTo geografiiT. kerZod, am jgufSi
Sedis daaxloebiT 35 qveyana, romlebic warmoadgenen afrikas, azias, okeaneTs
da laTinur amerikas. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT Soris gvxvdeba yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris muslimuri respublikebi (yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi,
uzbekeTi da azerbaijani). mocemuli jgufis qveynebis mniSvnelovani
nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saSualo
done, rac ganapirobebs sikvdilianobis dabali maCveneblis arsebobas.

32
mocemul klasifikasias safuZvelad daedo “CIA World Factbook. 2005”-is monacemebi
 35
mosalodnelia, rom Semdgom aTwleulSi am qveynebis erT nawilSi
sikvdilianobis done kidev ufro daiwevs da 5‰-ze naklebi gaxdeba. aseve,
mosalodnelia maTSi Sobadobis swrafi Semcireba.

V jgufSi Sedian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualo donis

Sobadoba (10-20‰) da dabali sikvdilianoba (5-10‰). amasTan Sobadobisa da
sikvdilianobis maCveneblebs Soris umniSvnelo sxvaoba (daaxloebiT 10‰-mde)
ganapirobebs zomier bunebriv matebas (5-10‰). aRsaniSnavia, rom am jgufSi
warmodgenilia msoflios yvela kontinentis qveyana. maT Soris arian rogorc
maRalganviTarebuli (mag., aSS, islandia), aseve saSualod an sustad
ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi.

VI jgufi warmodgenilia qveynebiT, romlebic me-20 saukunis dasasrulidan

demografiuli krizisis fazaSi imyofebian. maTSi adgili aqvs dabal (5-10‰) an
saSualo donis (9-20‰) Sobadobas da saSualo donis sikvdilianobas (10-20‰).
pirobiTad es jgufi or qvejgufad SeiZleba daiyos. pirvel maTganSi Sedian is
qveynebi, sadac adgili aqvs umniSvnelo bunebriv matebas, xolo meoreSi –
bunebriv klebas. am jgufSi evropis ocamde qveyanasTan erTad aris
saqarTveloc. demografebis prognoziT uaxloesi 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi es
qveynebi aRniSnuli krizisidan ver gamovlen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momavalSic
adgili eqneba bunebriv klebas, maSin daaxloebiT 120-150 wlis Semdeg am
qveynebis mkvidri mosaxleoba arsebobas Sewyvets.

VII jgufSi Sedian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

sikvdilianobis Zalian dabali (ZiriTadad 5‰-ze naklebi) da bunebrivi
moZraobis maRali (aranakleb 10‰-s) maCveneblebi. es jgufi moicavs axlo
aRmosavleTis, samxreT aRmosavleT aziis, CrdiloeT afrikisa da centraluri
amerikis 26 qveyanas. aRsaniSnavia, rom sam maTganSi (saudis arabeTSi, quveiTsa
da iordaniaSi) sikvdilianobis done 3‰-ze dabalia. am jgufis qveynebSi
Sobadobis, rogorc wesi, maRali donis arseboba ganpirobebulia im faqtiT,
rom arc erTi maTgani ar Sedis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis siaSi, xolo aq
wamyvani religiebia islami, budizmi da kaTolicizmi. mocemuli jgufis
centraluri amerikis da samxreT aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi uaxloes
momavalSi Sobadobis klebis xarjze varaudoben bunebrivi matebis mniSvnelovan
Semcirebas, xolo axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi Sobadobis sagrZnobi Semcireba
Semdgomi 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneli ar aris.

msoflios qveynebi mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipis mixedviT
(2005 w.)33
jgufi aRwarmoebis tipi
I Zalian maRali Sobadoba
(30‰-ze meti);
maRali sikvdilianoba
(20-30‰);
maRali bunebrivi mateba
II maRali Sobadoba (20-30‰);
maRali sikvdilianoba
(20‰–ze meti);
zomieri bunebrivi mateba
III Zalian maRali (30‰–ze
meti) an maRali (20-30‰)
Sobadoba;
saSualo donis (9-20‰)
sikvdilianoba;
maRali bunebrivi mateba
IV Zalian maRali (30‰–ze
meti) an maRali (20-30‰)
Sobadoba;
dabali sikvdilianoba
(5-9‰);
Zalze maRali bunebrivi
mateba
V saSualo donis
Sobadoba (10-20‰);
dabali sikvdilianoba
(5-10‰);
zomieri bunebrivi mateba
(5-10‰)
VI dabali (5-10‰) an
saSualo donis
Sobadoba (9-20‰);
dabali (5-10‰) an
saSualo donis
sikvdilianoba
(10-20‰);
umniSvnelo bunebrivi
mateba (5‰-mde) an
bunebrivi kleba
VII Zalian dabali
sikvdilianoba
(ZiriTadad 5‰-ze
naklebi);
maRali bunebrivi mateba
(aranakleb 10‰-si)
33
CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov
36
cxrili #7
qveynebi
angola, liberia, siera leone, nigeri, mozambiki,
zambia, malavi, jibuti da avRaneTi
samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana: namibia, svazilendi,
lesoto, zimbabve, botsvana da samxreT afrikis
respublika
maT Soris: nigeria, somali, kenia, eTiopia, togo,
spilos Zvlis napiri, sudani, senegali, kongo, gana,
haiti, bahamis k-ebi, laosi, nepali, kamboja,
bangladeSi,
maT Soris: maroko, egvipte, indoeTi, erayi,
pakistani, iemeni, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi, yirgizeTi,
uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, indonezia, malaizia, iamaika,
salvadori, peru, kolumbia, panama, fiji, papua
axali gvinea
maT Soris: aSS, avstralia, axali zelandia, samoa,
CineTi, irani, israeli, TurqeTi, libani, birma,
Sri-lanka, vietnami, argentina, urugvai, Cile,
brazilia, puerto riko, tunisi, CrdiloeT korea,
tailandi, albaneTi, islandia
umniSvnelo bunebrivi mateba:
espaneTi, didi britaneTi, Sveicaria, luqsemburgi,
niderlandebi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, portugalia,
norvegia, slovakeTi, moldova, andora, kviprosi,
fineTi, malta, bosnia da hercogovina, makedonia,
kanada, kuba, iaponia, samxreT korea
bunebrivi kleba:
avstria, poloneTi, germania, CexeTi, SvedeTi,
italia, belgia, ruseTi, ukraina, belorusi,
ungreTi, monako, latvia, estoneTi, litva,
rumineTi, bulgareTi, xorvatia, saberZneTi
quveiTi, saudis arabeTi, iordania, omani, bahreini,
katari, siria, singapuri, filipinebi, mikronezia,
meqsika, kosta-rika, venesuela, paragvai, nikaragua,
arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, ekvadori, libia,
alJiri
 37
2.5 demografiuli politika

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, erTi mxriv “demografiulma afeTqebam”, xolo meore

mxriv, “demografiulma krizisma” am qveynebs garkveuli socialur-ekonomikuri
da eTnodemografiuli problemebi Seuqmna. am problemebis gadaWris erT-erT
saSualebas demografiuli politikis34 SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba
warmoadgens. mosaxleobis demografiuli politikis mizania mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebis procesebze zemoqmedebis meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobis
raodenobis gazrdas an Semcirebas.

qveynis demografiuli politikis ganxorcieleba xdeba upirveles yovlisa

saxelmwifo institutebis mier, Tumca am procesSi aqtiur monawileobas iReben
arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. demografiuli politika
saxelmwifo politikis nawilia, Sesabamisad mas unda gaaCndes samarTlebrivi
baza da am politikis ganxorcielebis gegma, romelSic gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia ekonomikuri da saagitacio-propagandistuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebs. bevr
qveyanaSi demografiuli politika saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTi
prioritetia da misi ganxorcielebis mizniT Seqmnilia damoukidebeli
samTavrobo struqturebi. demografiuli politikis obieqtebi arian qveynis an
misi regionis (regionebis) mTeli mosaxleoba an mosaxleobis calkeuli
jgufebi.

demografiul politikas didi xnis istoria gaaCnia. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi
mTel rig qveynebSi adgili hqonda Sobadobis zrdis waxalisebas, rodesac
omebis an epidemiebis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeboda, da
piriqiT im qveynebSi, sadac Tavs iCenda Warbmosaxleoba demografiuli
politika mimarTuli iyo Sobadobis donis Semcirebisaken. aqve, unda aRiniSnos,
rom meoce saukunemde demografiuli politika spontanur da arakomleqsur
xasiaTs atarebda, ris gamoc mas ar hqonia mniSvnelovani Sedegebi. msoflioSi
kompleqsuri demografiuli politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba meore
msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo. pirvelma aseTi politika ganaxorciela
safrangeTma, xolo mogvianebiT mas dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebma mibaZes. me-
20 saukunis meore naxevarSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi Warbmosaxleobam da masTan
dakavSirebulma problemebma gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina, ris gamoc maTi
mogvarebis globaluri koordinireba Tavis Tavze aiRo gaerom. 1967 wels
gaeros iniciativiT Seiqmna mosaxleobis fondi (UNFPA), romelic daxmarebas
uwevs upiratesad ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs Sobadobaze kontrolis
ganxorcielebis saqmeSi.

demografiuli situaciis specifikidan gamomdinare demografiuli politika,

rogorc wesi mimarTulia Sobadobis Semcirebis an gazrdisaken. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs ganviTarebad qveynebTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi –
ganviTarebul qveynebTan.

ganviTarebul samyaroSi demografiuli politikisadmi gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas iCens evropa. aSS-Si demografiuli politika, rogorc aseTi, ar
xorcieldeba. avstraliaSi demografiuli problemebis gadawyveta ukavSirdeba
imigraciis regulirebas, xolo axal zelandiaSi – mosaxleobis jandacvis
gaumjobesebas. rac Seexeba evropas, unda aRiniSnos, rom aq Seqmnili
“demografiuli krizisi” TiTqmis yvela evropuli sazogadoebis SeSfoTebas
iwvevs. demografebis prognoziT evropis umetes qveynebSi dRes arsebuli
demografiuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi daaxlobiT 130-180 wlis
Semdeg am qveynebis mkvidri mosaxleobidan aRaravin darCeba. aSkaraa, rom am

34rig qveynebSi “demografiuli politika” cnobilia, rogorc “xalxTmosaxleobis

politika”
 38
fonze evropuli qveynebis mTavrobebi da sazogadoebrioba Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamosavals eZeben.

evropis qveynebSi demografiuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadad orgvari

midgoma gamoiyeneba. pirveli midgoma, romelic pirobiTad Sobadobis
waxalisebaze irib zemoqmedebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, iTvaliswinebs
saxelmwifos aqtiur monawileobas bavSvTa aRzrdaSi. am SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs bavSvTa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socialuri
uzrunvelyofis danaxarjebs. garda amisa, im axalgazrda ojaxebs, sadac ori
an meti bavSvi izrdeba saSualeba aqvT xelsayreli, SeRavaTiani pirobebiT
aiRon sabanko kreditebi. demografiuli politikis meore midgomis mizania
mravalferovani RonisZiebebis, maT Soris materialuri SeRavaTebis da
Semweobebis meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos Sobadobis zrdas. am RonisZiebebs Soris
SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:
 dedisTvis erTjeradi Semweobis gacema mSobiarobis Semdeg;
 ojaxisTvis Semweobis gacema bavSvis gaCenidan 12-18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi;
 mSoblebs bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg ericxebaT saxelfaso danamati;
 dekretuli Svebuleba xelfasis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)
SenarCunebiT;
 dedebisaTvis moqmedebs arasruli samuSao dRe sruli anazRaurebiT;
 axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvis
dawesebulia specialuri socialuri momsaxureba;
 axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebulia komunaluri SeRavaTebi;
 axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebulia grZelvadiani sesxis gacema binaTmSeneblobisTvis.

ganviTarebad qveynebSi demografiuli politikis mizania miaRwios Sobadobis

donis Semcirebas an arsebuli donis stabilizacias mainc. am miznis misaRwevad
gamoiyeneba ojaxis dagegmvis meTodika, rac gulisxmobs ojaxSi 3 da naklebi
bavSvis arsebobas. mcireSviliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrda saSualebas
miscemda ganviTarebad qveynebs SeerbilebinaT iseTi mwvave socialuri
problemebi, rogoricaa siRaribe, SimSili, bavSvebs Soris maRali
sikvdilianoba da a.S. mTavrobebis survilis miuxedavad demografiuli
politikis ganxorcieleba am qveynebSi gacilebiT ufro rTulad mimdinareobs,
vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Sobadobaze kontrolis dawesebis ramdenime
xelSemSleli faqtori arsebobs. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia religiuri
faqtori. msoflios yvela ZiriTadi religia ilaSqrebs abortebis winaaRmdeg,
upirveles yovlisa islami da kaTolicizmi. amis gamo, muslimuri qveynebis did
umravlesobaSi demografiuli politika saerTod ar xocieldeba. sxva
xelSemSleli faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia materialuri resursebis simcire.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia Sesabamisi saxsrebi, rom
daafinansos demografiuli politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba. demografiuli politikis gatarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
xelSemSleli faqtoria mosaxleobis ganaTlebis dabali done. ganviTarebadi
samyaros mosaxleobis didi nawili Zalze rTulad aRiqvams ojaxis dagegmvis
an demografiuli politikis sxva RonisZiebebis samomavlo efeqts. amgvar
RonisZiebebs isini undoblobiT ekidebian.

ganvixiloT demografiuli politikis ganxorcielebis oTxi SemTxveva

indoeTis, CineTis, ruseTis da CexeTis magaliTebze.

CineTSi demografiuli politika, kerZod ojaxis dagegmva saxelwifo politikis

erT-erTi prioritetia. CineTma demografiuli politikis gatareba jer kidev
1950-iani wlebSi daiwyo, Tumca 1980-ian wlebamde es politika spontanur da
 39
araTanmimdevrul xasiaTs atarebda, ris gamoc misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi
xSirad icvleboda. 1980-81 wlebSi CineTma miiRo ramdenime mniSvnelovani
sakanonmdeblo aqti. maT Soris, unda aRiniSnos kanoni “qorwinebis Sesaxeb”,
romlis mixedviTac saqorwino asaki gaizarda 20-dan 22-wlamde mamakacebisaTvis
da 18-dan 20 wlamde qalebisaTvis. 1981 wlidan qveyanaSi funqcionirebs
Sobadobis dagegmvis saxelmwifo komiteti. ojaxis dagegmvis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebia: adreuli qorwinebis prevencia, ojaxSi bavSvebis gaCenas Soris
intervalis gazrda da erTSviliani ojaxebis waxaliseba. ojaxis dagegmvis
politikam dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. Tu me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi CineTis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli 2%-s
aRemateboda, imave saukunis bolos es maCvenebeli 0,9%-mde daeca.35 Sobadobis
Semcirebis procesma garkveuli dadebiTi mxareebis garda warmoaCina
demografiuli politikis uaryofiTi mxareebic. Cineli eri jer kidev 1950-ian
wlebSi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze axalgazrda erad iTvleboda. misi
saSualo asaki 30 wel Seadgenda, xolo Sobadobaze kontrolis dawesebis
Sedegad es maCvenebeli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. amJamad
CineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 8%-s Seadgenen adamianebi, romelTa asaki 60
wels aRemateba anu mimdinareobs eris daberebis procesi. 1980-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi CineTis xelisufleba imedovnebda, rom 2000 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis
raodenobis zrda TiTqmis nulovani gaxdeboda, magram amgvar optimizms
ganxorcieleba ar ewera. 1980-iani wlebis bolodan CineTSi daiwyo ekonomikuri
reforma, romlis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis
SemoReba warmoadgenda. am reformis Sedegad qveynis sasoflo mosaxleobis
didma nawilma miiRo an gaifarTova miwis nakveTebi. Sesabamisad gaizarda
glexTa Semosavali, romelic erTi mxriv savsebiT sakmarisia mravalSviliani
ojaxis gamosakvebad, xolo, meore mxriv, rac ufro mniSvnelovania is
gacilebiT aRemateba mcireSviliani ojaxebisaTvis dawesebul materialur
SeRavaTebs. amis Sedegad, bevrma ojaxma uari ganacxada ganexorcielebina
Sobadobaze kontroli da daiwyo mravalSvilianobis tradiciis aRdgena.
rogorc vxedavT, ekonomikurma, kerZod, miwis reformam CineTSi didi safrTxis
winaSe daayena saxelmwifo demografiuli politikis ganxorcieleba.
eqspertebis varaudiT, CineTSi Semdgomi ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi
mosalodnelia mosaxleobis zrdis tempis amaRleba.

indoeTi mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv msoflioSi jerjerobiT meore

adgilzea, Tumca demografebis prognoziT daaxloebiT 25 weliwadSi am
maCvenebliT is CineTsac gadauswrebs. Cvens planetaze yvelaze meti adamini
swored indoeTSi ibadeba. aq yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT 44 aTasi bavSvi
ibadeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom yovelwliurad indoeTis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT
16 milioni adamianiT imatebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom indoeTi ar
miekuTvneba ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvs, naTeli gaxdeba, rom
Warbmosaxleoba bevr dabrkolebas uqmnis qveynis socialur-ekonomikur
ganviTarebas.

indoeTi pirveli ganviTarebadi qveyana iyo, romelmac Sobadobaze kontroli

saxelwifo rangSi aiyvana. 1951 wlidan Sobadobaze kontrolis ganxorcieleba
qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegmis nawili gaxda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom indoeTis xelisufleba demografiuli politikis
ganxorcielebaSi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi antihumanur meTodebs
iyenebda. kerZod, saqme exeba adamianTa ZaldatanebiT sqesobriv sterilizacias.
sterilizaciis dros qirurgiuli Carevis Sedegad adamiani kargavs bavSvis
Casaxvis unars, Tumca mas unarCundeba sqesobrivi funqciis hormonaluri

35
UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org
 40
regulaciis Tvisebebi. ZaldatanebiTi sqesobrivi sterilizacia SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc genocidis erT-erTi forma. meore msoflio omis dros
faSisturi germania am meTods samxedro tyveebis mimarT iyenebda.

1977 wels indoeTis xelisuflebam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana

demografiul politikaSi. aikrZala ZaldatanebiTi sterilizacia da igi
nebayoflobiTi formiT Seicvala. garda amisa, meti yuradReba daeTmo
kontraceptuli (Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego) saSualebebis gamoyenebas da
mcireSvilianobis agitacias. qveynis masStabiT funqcionireba daiwyo ojaxis
dagegmvis aTasobiT centrma. am centrebis mecadineobiT indoeTSi 1980-iani
wlebis Sua periodidan moyolebuli nebayoflobiTi sterilizacia
yovelwliurad utardeboda daaxloebiT 5 milion adamians, xolo ukanaskneli
30 wlis ganmavlobaSi kontraceptuli saSualeba gamoiyena daaxloebiT 60
milionma qalma. demografiuli politikis sxva RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia
qorwinebis asakis gazrda. 1950 wlebSi es asaki Seadgenda qalebisTvis 15 wels,
xolo mamakacebisaTvis 22 wels. 1960-ian wlebSi qalis saqorwino asaki gaizarda
17 wlamde, xolo 1970 wlebSi – 18 wlamde.

zemoT aRniSnuli demografiuli politikis RonisZiebebma garkveuli Sedegi

gamoiRo. Tu, 1961 wels Sobadoba Seadgenda 42‰-s, 2005 wels igi 22‰-mde
Semcirda. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom indoeTma gaiara “demografiuli afeTqebis”
faza, Tumca mosaxleobis wliuri zrdis sagrZnob Semcirebaze saubari jer
kidev naadrevia. ar gamarTlda indoeTis mTavrobis da saerTaSoriso
eqspertebis varaudi imis Taobaze, rom qveynis mosaxleobis wliuri zrdis
tempi XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis 1%-mde daecemoda. sinamdvileSi indoeTis
mosaxleobis saSualo wliurma zrdam axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi 1,5%
Seadgina. qveyanaSi Sobadobis donis radikalur Semcirebas xels uSlis
ramdenime faqtori, maT Soris religiuri (budisturi ideologia mxars uWers
mravalSvilianobas), indoel qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba sazogadoebasa da
ojaxSi, sazogadoebis ganaTlebis dabali done, qveynis susti socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba, demografiuli politikis srulyofili
ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli finansuri saSualebebis nakleboba.

ruseTi miekuTvneba im qveyanaTa rigs, sadac me-20 saukunis meore naxevridan

aRiniSneba Sobadobis mkveTri Semcireba. am problemam gansakuTrebuli
aqtualoba SeiZina sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. rusi demografebis
SefasebiT ukve Cveni saukunis SuaSi ruseTis mosaxleoba 50%-iT Semcirdeba da
misi mosaxleobis ricxvi aRniSnuli droisaTvis 100 milioni gaxdeba. ruseTi
mravaleTnikuri qveyanaa da masSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis gansxvavebuli reJimi. im dros,
rodesac ruseTis muslimebis raodenoba bunebrivi moZraobis dadebiT
maCveneblis gamo sagrZnobi tempiT izrdeba, eTnikuri rusebis raodenoba
katastrofuli tempiT mcirdeba. Tu ase gagrZelda, daaxloebiT 50 wlis Semdeg
eTnikuri rusebi mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis mxolod naxevars Seadgenen.
ruseTis mTavroba imedovnebda, rom Seqmnili rTuli situaciidan erT-erTi
gamosavali yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan eTnikuri rusebis dabruneba
iqneboda. asec moxda, rodesac 1990-ian wlebSi istoriul samSobloSi
milionobiT eTnikuri rusi dabrunda. magram es procesi 2000 wlisaTvis
praqtikulad dasrulda da mas didi demografiuli efeqti ar qonia, radgan
arc ruseTis gareT mcxovrebi eTnikuri rusebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli
mravalSvilianoba. Sesabamisad maTi CamosvliT ruseTSi demografiuli
situacia radikalurad ar Secvlila. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mkveTrad gaizarda sikvdilianobis done, gansakuTrebiT 15-60 wlis asakis
adamianebSi. am asakSi gardacvlil adamianTa Soris 80%-s mamakacebi Seadgenen.
mamakacTa mzardi sikvdilianoba pirdapir aisaxa maTi sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis maCvenebelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTSi qalebi saSualod 12
 41
wliT met xans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTSi ar
moxdeba demografiuli situaciis gaumjobeseba, maSin qveyana 10-15 wlis Semdeg
samuSao Zalis mniSvnelovani deficitis problemis winaSe dadgeba. am
deficitis aRmofxvra ki SesaZlebeli iqneba sxva qveynebidan didi raodenobis
muSaxelis SemoyvaniT, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs isedac rTul
eTnodemografiul situacias.

cxadia, ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobs demografiuli situaciis

gaumjobesebas garkveuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis meSveobiT. 2001 wels
ruseTis mTavrobam SeimuSava demografiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis
prioritetul mimarTulebebs warmoadgens sikvdilianobis donis Semcireba da
Sobadobis donis stabilizacia. qveynis xelisuflebas kargad esmis, rom am
miznebis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu uaxloes momavalSi ar moxdeba
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba, rac SesaZloa dadebiTad aisaxos
Sobadobis amaRlebasa da rac mTavaria sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebaze.
ruseTs amisaTvis gaaCnia Sesabamisi finansuri saSualebebi. ukanasknel wlebSi
navTobze fasis gazrdis Sedegad qveyanam didi mogeba naxa. navTobis vaWrobiT
miRebuli Semosavali iricxeba ruseTis stabilizaciis fondSi, romelic
amJamad 200-mde miliard dolars iTvlis. naTelia, rom am Tanxebis swori
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTs SeuZlia aamaRlos misi mosaxleobis socialur-
ekonomikuri cxovrebis done da miaRwios demogarfiuli situaciis
gaumjobesebas. ruseTSi dawesda bavSvis yovelTviuri Semweobebi, daaxloebiT 3-
6 amerikuli dolaris eqvivalentis odenobiT, xolo bavSvis SeZenis Semdeg
sanam is 18 Tvis asakis ar Sesruldeba ojaxi iRebs daaxloebiT 500 rusul
rubls (daaxloebiT 20 amerikuli dolari).36 magram, amgvari Tanxebi
arasakmarisia, rom axalgazrda ojaxebs bevri bavSvis yolis stimuli
gauCndeT. rusi mecnierebi da eqspertebi samarTlianad varaudoben, rom
Sobadobis amaRlebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba iqneba axalgazrda ojaxebis
sabinao pirobebis gaumjobeseba, kerZod maT saSualeba unda mieceT
grZelvadiani SeRavaTiani sesxebi aiRon binaTmSeneblobis mizniT. am ideis
xorcSesxma sakmaod did dafinansebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da is realurad
Sesrulebadi mxolod maSin gaxdeba, Tuki ruseTis mTavroba gamoiyenebs
stabilizaciis fondis Tanxebs.

evropis yofil socialistur qveynebSi xelisufleba sakmaod aqtiur

domografiul politikas ganaxorcielebda. socialisturi banakis daSlisa da
evropaSi komunisturi mmarTvelobis gauqmebis Semdeg am qveynebma SeinarCunes
demografiuli politikis tradiciebi. CexeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania, sadac
saxelmwifo kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis Sedegad cdilobs xeli Seuwyos
Sobadobis donis amaRlebas. CexeTis demografiuli politika moicavs, rogorc
Sobadobis waxalisebis pirdapir, aseve arapirdapir formebs. pirdapiri forma
gulisxmobs im materialur Semweobebs, romelsac saxelmwifo uxdis dedas an
orive mSobels bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg. kerZod, pirveli bavSvis gaCenisTanave
ojaxi (martoxela deda) iRebs Semweobas daaxloebiT 150 amerikuli dolaris
odenobiT. meore bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg orive Svilze – daaxloebiT 500
dolars, xolo mesames gaCenis Semdeg samive Svilze – 900 dolars, meoTxe
bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg oTxive Svilze – 1 300 dolars, yoveli Semdgomi bavSvis
gaCenis Semdeg ukanasknel Tanxas yovelTviurad emateba daaxloebiT 220
dolari. aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvis ojaxi aRniSnul Tanxebs iRebs
yovelTviurad bavSvis dabadebidan Semdgomi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. dedis
dekretuli Svebuleba ganisazRvreba 28 kviriT. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mas
unazRaurdeba xelfasis 90%. am vadis amowurvis Sedeg, mSobels ufleba aqvs
gaigrZelos dekretuli Svebuleba kidev erTi wliT, Tu mas pirveli Svili
eyola da ori wliT, Tu mas meore Svili eyola. am periodSi deda (mSobeli)

36
В.Н. Архангельский и другие. Практическая демография. М. 2005
 42
saxelmwifosgan Semweobis saxiT dReSi 6-8 dolars iRebs. garda amisa, ojaxi
Svilis dabadebidan Semdgomi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosgan
yovelTviurad iRebs Semweobas daaxloebiT 80 dolaris odenobiT. garda
materialuri waxalisebebisa saxelmwifo demografiuli politikis gatarebaSi
iyenebs SeRavaTebis arapirdapir formasac. axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebs
saSualeba aqvT bankidan aiRon SeRavaTiani sesxebi binaTmSeneblobis da avejis
SeZenis mizniT. garda amisa, dedas, romelsac hyavs 15 wlamde asakis Svili
samuSao dro umcirdeba dReSi naxevari saaTiT.

miuxedavad saxelmwifos mcdelobisa yovelmxriv waaxalisos Sobadobis zrda

da mravalSvilianoba, CexeTSi rTuli demografiuli situaciaa, rac imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom 1980-iani wlebis bolodan mimdinareobs mosaxleobis
bunebrivi kleba, Tumca bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirda am klebis
stabilizacia.
 43
2.6 mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba

mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrdis Sedegad msoflios mTel rig

regionebSi da qveynebSi warmoiSva Warbmosaxleobis problema. malTusis
Teoriis mimdevrebi dRemde amtkiceben, rom mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempi
socialur-ekonomikur da humanitarul katastrofas uqadis mTel Cvens
planetas, gansakuTrebiT ki mis ganviTarebad nawils. mosaxleobis raodenobis
zrdis prognozireba jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi daiwyo. demografiulma
prognozirebam gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba SeiZina meore msoflio omis Semdeg,
rodesac msoflios didi nawili “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSi Sevida.

demografiuli prognozi aris mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli varaudi, romlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens mosaxleobis
momavali demografiuli suraTis dadgena. demografiuli prognozis gakeTebisas
mecnierebi iyeneben arsebul faqtebs, cifrebs da Teoriul gamocdilebas, aseve,
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania samecniero intuicias. gamomdinare iqidan, rom
demografiuli situacia mWidro kavSirSia socialur-ekonomikur da politikur
procesebTan, prognozirebis dros gansakuTrebul Rirebulia movlenebis
SesaZlo ganviTarebis kompleqsuri xedva.

demografiuli prognozireba mravalvariantulia. prognozis variantTa

simravles ganapirobebs is faqti, rom zustad ar aris cnobili, Tu romel
kalapotSi warimarTeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesi. amdenad,
aucilebelia ramdenime variantis (versiis) Seqmna, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba demografiuli ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela SesaZlo scenari. mosaxleobis
aRwarmoebis maCveneblebis sididis mixedviT, rogorc wesi gamoiyeneba
demografiuli prognozis sami varianti: dabali, saSualo da maRali. dabali
saxis variantSi igulisxmeba, rom momavalSi mosaxleobis zrda warimarTeba
mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis dabali maCveneblebis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad maRal
variantSi gaTvaliswinebulia aRwarmoebis maRali maCveneblebi, xolo saSualo
varianti, romelsac yvelaze realisturad miiCneven, warmoadgens wina ori
variantis gasaSualoebul versias.

qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT demografiuli prognozi SeiZleba iyos:

moklevadiani, rac moicavs periods 5 wlamde; saSualovadiani – 30 wlamde, rac
emTxveva erTi demografiuli Taobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas; da
grZelvadiani. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs demografiuli prognozis gakeTebas
30 da meti wlis perspeqtiviT. demografTa nawili miiCnevs, rom grZelvadiani
prognozi ar SeiZleba aRematebodes 60 wels (rac moicavs or demografiul
Taobas). maTive azriT, ufro grZelvadiani gaTvla iqneba ara prognozi, aramed
ubralo varaudi.

1960-ian wlebSi “romis klubma” SeimuSava mosaxleobis “nulovani zrdis”

koncefcia. am koncefciis Tanaxmad msoflios qveynebis mTavrobebs unda
ganexorcielebinaT praqtikuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic SeaCerebdnen
mosaxleobis swraf zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobda “demografiuli
afeTqebis” Sedegad gamowveuli socialur-ekonomikuri kataklizmebis (siRaribe,
umuSevroba, bunebrivi resursebis ukontrolo gamoyeneba, garemos dabinZureba
da sxva) Tavidan acilebas. aRniSnuli koncefciis SemuSavebisas “romis klubi”
eyrdnoboda “alarmistul” (“sagangaSo”) demografiul prognozs, romlis
mixedviTac XXI saukunis SuaSi msoflioSi daaxloebiT 50 miliardi adamiani
icxovrebda. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan advili misaxvedria, rom am prognozs
ganxorcieleba ar uweria. imave periodSi gaeros eqspertTa jgufma SeimuSava
“dedamiwis mosaxleobis raodenobis stabilizaciis” koncefcia. es naSromi
efuZneboda hipoTezas, romlis mixedviTac momavalSi mosaxleobis zrda araTu
Seneldeba, aramed Sewydeba kidec. es koncefcia realisturad SeiZleba
 44
Sefasdes, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqts, rom msoflioSi ukve gamoikveTa
mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis donis
amaRlebis tendenciebi. ZiriTadi kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rodis dadgeba
msoflios da misi msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis raodenobis stabilizaciis
periodi, kerZod ki rodis daiwyeba afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi
demografiuli gadasvlis meoTxe e.i. “demografiuli krizisis” faza?

cxrili #8

msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozi37

(2000-2050 wlebi)

mosaxleobis raodenoba (milionebSi)

regionebi
2000 w. 2025 w. 2050 w.

evropa 728 707 653

Crd. amerika 315 388 437
laTinuri amerika 523 696 782
azia 3 676 4 728 5 217
afrika 812 1 344 1 937
avstralia da okeaneTi 31 41 47
msoflio 6 085 7 905 9 075

am mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas pasuxi rom gavceT, jer unda ganvixiloT, Tu rogor

demografiul tendenciebs eqneba adgili uaxloesi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi
msoflioSi. Semdgomi naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia msoflios
mosaxleobis zrdis tempis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, rogorc globaluri, aseve
calkeuli msxvili regionebis masStabiT. Tu 2000-2005 wlebSi msoflios
mosaxleoba saSualo wliuri zrda 1,2%-s Seadgenda, gaeros demografebis
prognoziT es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 40 weliwadSi 0,4%-mde, e.i. samjer
Semcirdeba. specialistebi varaudoben, rom aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis zrdis tempis yvelaze sagrZnobi kleba iqneba laTinur amerikasa
da aziaSi. am regionebSi mosalodnelia mosaxleobis zrdis saSualo wliuri
maCveneblis mniSvnelovani Semcireba (laTinur amerikaSi - Svidjer, xolo
aziaSi – eqvsjer), rac ganpirobebuli iqneba maTi mosaxleobis Sobadobis donis
mkveTri klebiT. mosaxleobis raodenobis SesamCnevi zrda SenarCundeba mxolod
afrikaSi (ix. cxrili #8). Semdgomi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi “Savi kontinentis”
mosaxleoba TiTqmis 2,5-jer gaizrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, Sobadobis donis
Semcirebis xarjze afrikaSi bunebrivi matebis maCvenebelic mniSvnelovnad
daecema. mimdinare saukunis Sua periodSi afrikis mosaxleoba yovelwliurad
saSualod 1,2%-iT moimatebs, rac amJamindel analogiur maCvenebelze TiTqmis 2-
jer naklebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios yvela regionSi adgili aqvs
bunebrivi matebis maCveneblis sagrZnob Semcirebas, msoflios mosaxleobis
ricxovnobis “nulovan” zrdamde anu stabilizaciamde jer kidev didi droa.

mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba xdeba, rogorc msxvili geografiuli

erTeulebis (mTeli msoflios, calkeuli kontinentebis an qveynebis), aseve
mcire geografiuli erTeulebis (raionebis an dasaxlebuli punqtebis) doneze.
sakmaod gavrcelebulia mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis dinamikis
prognozireba, rasac funqcionaluri prognozireba ewodeba. misi mizania xeli

37
UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org
 45
Seuwyos viwro praqtikuli amocanebis gadawyvetas. am SemTxvevaSi
prognozistebis mizania gansazRvron mosaxleobis im jgufebis raodenobis
dinamika, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben teritoriuli erTeulis an
organizaciebis, firmebis, korporaciebis an sxva struqturebis cxovrebaSi. am
saxis prognozi gamoiyeneba moswavleebis, pensionerebis, wvevamdelebis,
amomrCevlebis, dasaqmebulTa, konkretuli produqciis an servisis
momxmareblebis samomavlo raodenobis dasadgenad. funqcionaluri
prognozirebis Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba im organizaciebis mier, romlebic
dakavebuli arian SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, jandacvis, saganmanaTleblo, savaWro,
satransporto, saarCevno, ekonomikuri, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxva
sakiTxebis SeswavliTa da gadawyvetiT.
 46
3. mosaxleobis struqturisa da xarisxis regionuli Taviseburebebi

mosaxleobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia struqtura (Semadgenloba).

mosaxleobis sturuqturis mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia biologiuri,
demografiuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebiT.

mosaxleobis struqtura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc vertikalur, aseve

horizontalur WrilSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba demografiul,
socialur, ekonomikur, politikur maxasiaTeblebTan, anu mosaxleobis iseT
niSnebTan, romlebic saerToa msoflios yvela regionisaTvis. meore midgoma
gulisxmobs msoflios calkeuli regionebis, qveynebis mosaxleobis
SemadgenlobaSi gansxvavebebis gamovlenasTan. sxvadasxva geografiuli
arealebis mixedviT ki adamianebs ganasxvaveben biologiuri (rasobrivi) da
kulturuli (eTnikuri, enobrivi) niSnebiT.

mecnierebaSi, maT Soris geografiul mecnierebaSi mosaxleobis struqturis

daxasiaTeba, rogorc wesi xdeba ufro konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT,
kerZod sqesobrivi, asakobrivi, ganaTlebis donis (cenzis), dasaqmebis,
rasobrivi, lingvisturi, religiuri da a.S.

Semdgom qveTavebSi Cven gavecnobiT mosaxleobis struqturis zogad da

regionul Taviseburebebs.

3.1 mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura

sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura mosaxleobis ara marto demografiuli, aramed

misi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri maxasiaTebelia. mosaxleobis
sqesobriv-asakobrivi Semadgenloba yalibdeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis
procesSi. Sesabamisad, sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis analizi saSualebas
gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT mocemuli sazogadoebis aRwamoebis Taviseburebebi da
kanonzomierebebi dinamikaSi.

mosaxleobis sqesobrivi struqtura gviCvenebs proporcias mamakacTa da qalTa

Soris. am stuqturis Camoyalibebaze, ramdenime faqtori moqmedebs, magram
umniSvnelovanesia Semdegi ori maTgani.
 msoflioSi ufro meti mamakaci ibadeba, vidre qali;
 qalebi ufro met xans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi.

bunebis am ori kanonis Tanaxmad gamodis, rom mosaxleobis axalgazrda

asakobriv jgufebSi (daaxloebiT 20 wlamde adamianebs Soris) mamakacebi
Warboben qalebs. es marTlac asea, Tu im faqtsac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
msoflioSi yovel 100 dabadebul gogonaze saSualod 104-106 biWi modis.
qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacTa maRali sikvdilianobis gamo mamakacTa da qalTa
raodenoba Tanabrdeba daaxloebiT 30-40 wlis asakSi (afrikaSi sikvdilianobis
maRali donis Sedegad es Tanafardoba yalibdeba daaxloebiT 20-25 wlis asakis
adamianebSi, xolo CrdiloeT evropaSi – daaxloebiT 45-50 wlis asakis
adamianebSi). Tuki cnobilia, rom mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, wesiT. xanSiSesuli asakis adaminebs Soris unda
Warbobdnen qalebi. es wesi vrceldeba msoflios yvela msxvil regionze aziis
garda (ix. cxrili #9). saqme imaSia, rom qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba yvelaze
mkafiod aziaSi vlindeba. am regionSi, qalebi bavSvobidanve uaRresad rTul
samuSaoebze arian dasaqmebulebi, rac saboloo jamSi mniSvnelovnad amcirebs
maTi sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. aziis xarjze msoflioSi 35 milioniT meti
mamakaci cxovrobs, vidre qali. mosaxleobis sqesobriv struqturaSi qalTa
 47
siWarbe bunebrivi movlenaa ganviTarebuli samyarosaTvis da im ganviTarebadi
qveynebisTvis, sadac qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi
metnaklebad damakmayofilebelia.

cxrili #9
msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis sqesobrivi Semadgenloba
(2000 w.)38

regioni mamakacTa qalTa yovel 100 qalze

raodenoba raodenoba mamakaTa
(milionebSi) (milionebSi) raodenoba

evropa 350 378 92,7

azia 1 875 1 800 104,2
afrika 405 407 99,4
laTinuri amerika 258 264 97,8
CrdiloeT amerika 154 160 96,8
avstralia da 15,4 15,5 99,4
okeaneTi
msoflio sul 3 060 3 025 101,2

regionebis da qveynebis sqesobrivi struqturebis SedarebisaTvis yvelaze

mosaxerxebelia yovel 100 qalze (an yovel 1000 qalze) mamakacTa raodenobis
maCveneblis gamoyeneba (msoflios regionebis mixedviT es maCveneblebi
mocemulia me-9 cxrilis bolo svetSi). amgvari midgoma dagvexmareba imis
dadgenaSi, Tu rogori viTarebaa calkeul qveynebSi mosaxleobis sqesobrivi
Semadgenlobis mxriv. rogorc aRiniSna, mosaxleobaSi mamakacTa raodenobis
siWarbiT gamoirCevian aziis qveynebi. iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa avRaneTi,
indoeTi, irani, pakistani, iordania, malaizia, butani yovel 100 qalze 103-108
mamakaci modis. mosaxleobis sqesobriv struqturaSi didi disbalansi
SeiniSneba im qveynebSi, sadac mniSvnelovan bunebriv matebasTan erTad adgili
aqvs intensiur imigracias. aseTi qveynebis rigs miekuTvnebian axlo
aRmosavleTis navTobmompovebeli qveynebi, kerZod quveiTi, omani, bahreini,
katari, sadac yovel 100 qalze 135-155 mamakaci modis. am maCvenebliT msoflioSi
pirvel adgilzea arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi. am qveyanaSi yovel 100
qalze 207 (!) mamakaci modis.
sqesobrivi struqtura darRveulia im qveynebSic, romlis mosaxleobas
ukanaskaneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamoaklda mamakacTa mniSvnelovani
nawili omis an masStaburi emigraciis gamo, xolo bunebrivi mateba maTSi
nulovani ar uaryofiTia. am tipis qveynebs miekuTvnebian sabWoTa kavSiris
yofili respublikebi, sadac qalebTan mimarTebaSi dafiqsirebulia mamakacTa
yvelaze dabali raodenoba. ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, belorusSi, estoneTSi,
latviaSi, litvaSi da somxeTSi yovel 100 qalze 84-89 mamakaci modis.
saqarTvelosaTvis es maCvenebeli 90,2-is tolia, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom Cven
qveyanaSi saxezea mosaxleobis aradamakmayofilebeli sqesobrivi struqtura.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT

mosaxleobis ganawileba calkeuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. asakobrivi
stuqturis zogadi daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis dayofa Semdeg 3
asakobriv jgufad:

38
am qveTavSi mocemulia statistikuri maCveneblebi Semdegi wyarodan: World Population Prospects: The 2004
Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp
 48
 0-14 weli – samuSaomdeli asakis an axalgazrda asakobrivi jgufi;
 15-59 weli - Sromis asakis jgufi;
 60 wlis da meti - sapensio asakis an xandazmuli asakobrivi jgufi.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis formireba xdeba ramdenime faqtoris

zegavlenis meSveobiT (migraciebi, socialur-ekonomikuri situacia, omebi,
epidemiebi, bunebrivi kataklizmebi), Tumca gadamwyveti rols am procesSi
TamaSobs Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis doneebis dinamika. magaliTad, Tu
ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba maRali
tempiT mimdinareobda, am SemTxvevaSi mocemuli qveynis (regionis, dasaxlebuli
punqtis) mosaxleobaSi maRali iqneba axalgazrda asakobrivi jgufis xvedriTi
wili. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis dabali tempebis pirobebSi mimdinareobs
mosaxleobis dabereba, Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba samuSaomdeli asakis
jgufis xvedriTi wili, ris Sedegadac mTel mosaxleobaSi izrdeba sapensio
asakis jgufis procentuli maCvenebeli. masStaburi imigraciis an emigraciis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad izrdeba da mcirdeba samuSao asakis jgufis
xvedriTi wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.
mTlianobaSi, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobis
Taviseburebebi pirdapir aisaxeba mis asakobrivi struqturaze. msoflios
msxvili regionebis asakobrivi struqturis maCveneblebis ganxilva saSualebas
gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT am struqturis geografiuli gansxvavebebi (ix. cxrili
#16).
msoflios yvelaze axalgazrda regionia afrika, sadac Sromisunaramdeli
asakis (15 wlamde) adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 40%-ze mets Seadgenen, im dros
rodesac evropisTvis es maCvenebeli 2,5-jer naklebia. evropis mosaxleobis
daberebaze naTlad miuTiTebs is faqti, rom yoveli mexuTe evropeli sapensio
asakis adaminia. SedarebisTvis aRvniSnavT, rom yoveli 20 afrikelidan mxolod
erTia 60 welze ufrosi asakis.
mosaxleobis asakobriv struqturaSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovan
gansxvavebebs aRmovaCenT, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT msoflios calkeuli
qveynebis maCveneblebs.

cxrili #10
msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura(2005 w.)

a s a k o b r i v i j g u f e b i
regioni 0-14 wlis asakis 15-59 wlis asakis 60 da meti wlis
adamianebi adamianebi adamianebi
milionebSi %-Si milionebSi %-Si %-Si
milionebSi
afrika 376 41,5 483 53,3 47 5,2

azia 1 086 27,8 2 454 62,9 365 9,3

evropa 115 15,9 462 63,5 151 20,7

laTinuri 168 30,0 343 61,3 49 8,8

amerika
CrdiloeT 67 20,5 207 62,7 56 16,8
amerika
avstralia da 8,2 24,8 20,4 61,3 4,6 13,9
okeaneTi
msoflio 1 821 28,2 3 971 61,4 672 10,4
 49
mosaxleobaSi axalgazrda adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCevian
centraluri da dasavleT afrikis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT maTganSi,
kerZod ugandaSi, maliSi, nigerSi, malaviSi, liberiaSi yoveli meore adamiani 15
wlamde asakisaa. mosaxleobaSi samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis aseTi maRali
warmomadgenloba mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomikur problemebs uqmnis isedac
Rarib afrikis saxelwifoebs, romlebsac ar ZaluZT mozardi Taobis
ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofa da Semdgomi dasaqmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom wera-
kiTxvis arcodnis da umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali done swored im qveynebSia
dafiqsirebuli, sadac 15 wlamde asakis mozardebi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan
nawils Seadgenen.

sainteresoa, rom msoflios yvela msxvil regionSi samuSao asakis adamianebi

mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60-65%-s Seadgenen (gamonakliss mxolod afrika
warmoadgens). samuSao asakis da danarCeni mosaxleobis amgvari Sefardeba
normalur movlenad iTvleba. Tumca, zogierTi qveyana gamoirCeva 15-59 wlis
asakis adamianebis gadaWarbebulad maRali wiliT. am qveynebisTvis,
damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv Sobadobis maRali done, xolo meore mxriv
intensiuri SromiTi imigracia. mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturaSi
disbalansi warmoiSoba qveyanaSi didi raodenobis samuSao Zalis Semosvlis
xarjze. axlo aRmosavleTis sam qveyanaSi – bahreinSi, arabTa gaerTianebul
saemiroebSi da katarSi Sromisunariani asakis adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis
3/4-s Seadgenen. am qveynebSi aRniSnuli asakis adamianTa maRali wilis gamo
mcirdeba sapensio asakobrivi jgufis xvedriTi wili. TiTqmis daujerebelia,
magram faqtia, rom 2005 wels arabTa gaerTianebul saemiroebSi 60 welze
ufrosi adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis mxolod 1,6%-s Sedgendnen. katarisa da
bahreinis analogiuri maCveneblebi aseve dabali iyo, Sesabamisad 2,6% da 4,5%.
zemoT aRiniSna, rom xandazmuli asakis adamianTa wili dabalia afrikis
qveynebSi, Tumca axlo aRmosavleTis navTobmompovebeli qveynebisgan
gansxvavebiT, am kontinentze es gamowveulia mosaxleobis sicocxlis dabali
xangrZlivobiT. sicocxlis maRali xangrZlivoba da Sobadobis dabali done
ganapirobebs evropis mosaxleobaSi samuSaos Semdgomi asakis adamianebis maRal
xvedriT wils, romelic am regionis zogierT qveyanaSi (germaniaSi, SvedeTSi,
belgiaSi) daaxloebiT 25%-s Seadgens.

mosaxleobis sqesobriv da asakobriv struqturaSi regionuli Taviseburebebis

gamovlenis kidev erTi saSualebaa calkeuli msxvili regionebis, qveynebis
sqesobriv-asakobrivi piramidebis Sedareba. mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi
piramidis ageba xdeba sqesobrivi da asakobrivi jgufebis raodenobrivi an
procentuli maCveneblebis gamoyenebiT. piramidis erT gverdze wamodgenilia
mamakacTa raodenobis, xolo moere gverdze qalTa raodenobis maCveneblebi,
romlebic dalagebulia, rogorc wesi 5 wliani asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT.
Cveni azriT mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi Taviseburebebis mixedviT
msoflios qveynebi 6 ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba daiyos. Sesabamisad, miviRebT
gansxvavebuli konfiguraciis 6 piramidas. danarTSi mocemulia 6 qveynis
sqesobriv-asakobrivi piramidebi (ix. danarTi, nax. ##9-14). TiToeuli maTgani
warmoadgens qveyanaTa konkretuli jgufis tipiur models. msoflios qveynebis
klasifikacia mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis mixedviT da maTi
mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:

1. pirvel jgufs warmoadgenen afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikis

ganviTarebadi qveynebi (modeli - kongos demokratiuli respublika; ix.
danarTi, nax. #9))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 maRali bunebrivi mateba;
 50
 sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;
 samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

2. CrdiloeT amerikis da okeaneTis ganviTarebuli, laTinuri amerikis da

aziis saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (modeli – aSS; ix. danarTi, nax.
#10))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 zomieri bunebrivi mateba;
 jgufis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
sagareo migraciebis mniSvnelovani dadebiTi saldo;
 am jgufis saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sagareo migraciebis umniSvnelo uaryofiTi
saldo.

3. dasavleT evropis qveynebi (modeli – germania; ix. danarTi, nax. #11)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 xSir SemTxvevaSi nulovani bunebrivi mateba;
 sagareo migraciebis mniSvnelovani dadebiTi saldo;
 sapensio asakis adamianebis Zalian maRali xvedriTi wili.

4. samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana: namibia, svazilendi, lesoto, zimbabve, botsvana

da samxreT afrikis respublika (modeli – zimbabve; ix. danarTi, nax. #12)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 maRali Sobadoba da Zalian maRali sikvdilianoba;
 sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;
 sicocxlis xangrZlivobis dabali done;
 samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

5. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris evropuli nawilis da aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebi (modeli – ukraina; ix. danarTi, nax. #13)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 rogorc wesi, bunebrivi kleba, zog SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo
bunebrivi mateba;
 rogorc wesi, sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;
 sqesobriv struqturaSi qalTa maRali xvedriTi wili;
 sapensio asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

6. axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis navTobmompovebeli qveynebi

(modeli arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi; ix. danarTi, nax. #14))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:
 Zalian dabali sikvdilianoba, maRali bunebrivi mateba;
 sagareo migraciebis maRali dadebiTi saldo;
 sqesobriv struqturaSi mamakacTa Zalze maRali xvedriTi wili;
 sapensio asakis adamianebis uaRresad dabali xvedriTi wili;
 samuSao asakis adamianebis Zalze maRali xvedriTi wili.
 51
3.2 mosaxleobis xarisxis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi

mosaxleobis xarisxi warmoadgens mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli da

demokratiuli maxasiaTeblebis pirobiT sistemas. es sistema moicavs iseT
komponentebs, rogoricaa Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba, mosaxleobis
socialuri Semadgenloba, mosaxleobis jandacvisa da ganaTlebis done,
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, profesiuli stuqtura da sxva.39 mosaxleobis
xarisxis Tanamedrove dasavlur kvlevebSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba
mocemuli sazogadoebis demokratizaciis donis Seswavlasac.

mosaxleobis xarisxi mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli qveynis

(teritoriis, dasaxlebuli punqtis) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze,
garemos dacvis xarisxze, bunebriv-geografiul pirobebze, sazogadoebis
tradiciebze da yofiTi kulturis doneze, aseve, politikuri reJimis
demokratiulobaze da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavisuflebaze. am TavSi Cven
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mosaxleobis zogierT socialur-demografiul
maxasiaTebelze, kerZod mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis doneebze.

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba warmoadgens adamianTa sikvdilianobis ganzogadebul

maCvenebels. mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli miuTiTebs
mocemuli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da/an jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebis
doneze. qveynis, regionis mosaxleobis xarisxis an demografiuli situaciis
daxasiaTebisas yvelaze xSirad iyeneben termins “sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivoba”, Tumca samecniero TvalsazrisiT is aris “sicocxlis
mosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba”. saqme imaSia, rom sicocxlis saSualo
xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli asaxavs ara arsebul situacias, aramed gvaCvenebs Tu
rogori iqneba axladdabadebuli Taobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba.
mag., SvedeTSi 2000-2005 wlebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ganisazRvra
80 wliT. es ar niSnavs, rom saSualod amden xans icocxlebs SvedeTis saxeze
myofi mosaxleoba. saSualod 80 wels icocxleben aRniSnul periodSi
dabadebuli Svedebi, amasTan es maCvenebeli ZalaSi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
momavali aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SvedeTSi socialur-ekonomikuri situacia
imdenad ar Seicvleba, rom es uaryofiTad aisaxos sikvdilianobis doneze.

mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom adamians 110-130 weli SeuZlia icocxlos, magram

mravali biologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad is TiTqmis orjer nakleb xans cocxlobs. adamianis sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba kacobriobis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi ganuxrelad
izrdeboda (gamonakliss warmoadgenen masStaburi omebis da sayovelTao
epidemiebis periodebi). antikur epoqaSi adamianebi saSualod 25-30 wels
cocxlobdnen. ori saukunis win msoflioSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba
daaxloebiT 40 wels Seadgenda.40 1950 wlidan dRemde sicocxlis xangrZlivobis
maCvenebeli 46-dan 65 wlamde gaizarda. me-20 saukuneSi sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis sagrZnobi zrdis tendencia ganapiroba mecnierebisa da teqnikis,
gansakuTrebiT ki farmaceftuli mrewvelobis miRwevebma, rasac moyva
mosaxleobis samedicino momsaxurebis da sanitarul-higienuri donis
gaumjobeseba. es tendencia SenarCunebuli iqneba Semdgomi 50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. demografebis prognoziT 2050 wlisaTvis msoflioSi mosaxleobis
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli 75 wlamde gaizrdeba.41

39
Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с. 183
40
В.П. Максаковский. Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с.115
41
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp
 52
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis msoflio maCveneblis sagrZnob zrdas
adgili hqonda me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde.
Semdeg es tendencia Senelda da msoflios rig msxvil regionebSi (evropaSi,
CrdiloeT amerikaSi, afrikaSi) moxda misi stabilizacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu
evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdis
Sewyveta gamowveulia am regionebis “demografiuli daberebiT”, “axalgazrda”
afrikaSi (CrdiloeT afrikis garda) ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ver
moxerxda mosaxleobis jandacvis Sedmgomi gaumjobeseba.

cxrili #11
msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis sicocxlis
saSualo (mosalodneli) xangrZlivoba42

mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba

regioni (wlebSi)
1950-1955 wlebi 1985-1990 wlebi 2000-2005 wlebi

evropa 65,6 73,1 73,7

azia 41,4 62,3 67,3

afrika 38,4 51,5 49,1

laTinuri amerika 51,4 66,7 71,5

CrdiloeT amerika 68,8 74,9 77,6

avstralia da
okeaneTi 60,4 70,9 74,0

msoflio 46,6 62,9 65,4

mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCveneblebSi kidev ufro did

gansxvavebebs aRmovaCenT, Tu erTmaneTs msoflios calkeul qveynebs SevadarebT
(ix. danarTi, nax. #15). amerikeli demografebis SefasebiT msoflios
daaxloebiT 70 qveyanaSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 75 welze metia. maT
Soris aris evrokavSiris TiTqmis yvela qveyana, agreTve axlo aRmosavleTis
xuTi (israeli, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi da arabTa gaerTianebuli
saemiroebi), afrikis ori (libia da tunisi), CrdiloeT amerikis orive (aSS,
kanada), okeaneTis ori (avstralia da axali zelandia), laTinuri amerikis
ramdenime (puerto-riko, argentina, kuba, ekvadori, urugvai, meqsika, panama,
paragvai), aziis ganviTarebuli qveynebi (taivani, samxreT korea, iaponia). 43

saqarTveloSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 2006 wlis monacemebiT 74,3

wels Seadgenda.44 es kargi maCvenebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ukanaskneli 15
wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanSi Seqmnil rTul socialur-ekonomikur situacias,
romelic uaryofiTad aisaxa mosaxleobis Semosavlebze da, Sesabamisad
jandacvis sistemaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo mosaxleobis sicocxlis

42iqve
43
CIA World Factbook. www.cia.gov
44 saqarTvelos statistika. sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas.
www.statistics.ge
 53
saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeliT pirvel adgilzea dsT-s qveynebs Soris.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli demografis giorgi melaZis azriT
arsebuli mZime demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri situaciis gamo
uaxloes momavalSi saqarTveloSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis
maCvenebeli ar gaizrdeba.45

jandacvis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc wesi, pirdapir aisaxeba

qveynis mosaxleobis xarisxsze. jandacvis sistema warmoadgens rTul
kompleqss, romelic yalibdeba da viTardeba socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
damokidebulia qveynis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebze, masSi socialuri dacvis
meqanizmebis efeqturi sistemis arsebobaze, mosaxleobis materialur
keTildReobaze da jandacvis ganviTarebaSi xelisuflebis daiteresebis
xarisxze. es ukanaskneli faqtori uaRresad mniSvnelovania. zogierTi qveyana ar
gamoirCeva ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali doniT, magram miuxedavad amisa
xelisufleba qveynis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan nawils swored jandacvis
ganviTarebaze xarjavs. kubas, mosaxleobis samedicino momsaxurebis erT-erTi
yvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli sistema aqvs, Tumca socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis mxriv is ganviTarebadi qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba.

mosaxleobis jandacvis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mravali kriteriumis

safuZvelze. Cven gamoviyenebT im kriteriumebs, romlebsac aseT SemTxvevaSi
prioritets aniWeben saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, maT Soris jandacvis
msoflio organizacia, gaeros xalxTmosaxleobis fondi da msoflio banki.

qveynis jandacvis donis saukeTeso maCvenebelia 1 adamianis samedicino

momsaxurebaze daxarjuli saSualo wliuri Tanxa. adamianis janmrTelobis
dacvaze danaxarjebis udidesi wili modis saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofil
saxsrebze, xolo danarCeni - samedicino-sadazRvevo kompaniebze. Tumca,
saboloo jamSi jandacvis danaxarjebi qveynis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis
nawiliT ifareba saxelmwifo biujetSi gadaricxuli saSemosavlo da sxva saxis
gadasaxadebis an samedicino dazRvevis polisebSi gadaxdili Tanxis saxiT.
Sesabamisad, rac ufro Semosavliania qveynis mosaxleoba, miT ufro met Tanxas
xarjavs is samedicino momsaxurebaze. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom
msoflioSi erTi adamianis jandacvaze saSualod yvelaze didi Tanxa aSS-Si
ixarjeba. ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT ganviTarebadi samyaros Rarib
mosaxleobas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi Semosavali imisTvis, rom isargeblos
damakmayofilebeli donis samedicino momsaxurebiT. rogorc qvemoT mocemuli
cxrilidan Cans, afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi wliurad erTi adamianis
mkurnalobaze saSualod imdeni Tanxa (3-10 dolari) ixarjeba, ramdenic Tavis an
yelis tkivilis sawinaaRmdego wamali Rirs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikisgan gansxvavebiT jandacvis ganviTarebas did

yuradRebas aqceven aziis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebi. maTi mTavrobebi
mosaxleobis jandacvis saWiroebebze yovelwliurad gamoyofen mSp-is 7-12%-s
anu procentulad imdenives, ramdensac ganviTarebuli qveynebi. samwuxarod,
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis jandacvis done ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mniSvnelovnad daeca. Cven qveyanaSi yoveli adamianis jandacvaze 2000-2005
wlebSi saSualod 25 amerikuli dolaris odenobis Tanxa ixarjeboda. imave
periodSi jandacvaze daxarjulma materialurma saxsrebma saSualod qveynis
mSp-s 3,8% Seadgina, rac gacilebiT naklebia vidre yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
zogierTi qveynis, magaliTad, ruseTis (6,2%), somxeTis (5,5%), belorusis (6,4%)
da moldovas (7%) analogiuri maCveneblebi.46

45 giorgi melaZe. saqarTvelos demografiuli gamowvevebi. Tbilisi, 2007. gv. 84

46
www.worldbank.org Table 2.14
 54

mosaxleobis jandacvis xarisxis mniSvnelovani indikatoria CvilTa

sikvdilianoba, romelic gviCvenebs Tu yovel 1000 dabadebulze ramdeni 1
wlamde asakis bavSvi gardaicvala. me-12 cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebs
gansxvavebebs ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. im dros, rodesac
evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi 6‰-
ze dabalia, afrikisa da aziis mTel rig qveynebSi analogiuri maCvenebeli 100‰-
ze metia. saqarTveloSi CvilTa sikvdilianoba 18‰-s tolia, rac mTlianobaSi
aradamakmayofileblad unda CaiTvalos. Tumca, aqve, unda aRiniSnos, rom dsT-is
umravles qveynebSi CvilTa sikvdilianobis done ufro maRalia, vidre
saqarTveloSi. magaliTad, Cven mezobel somxeTSi is 22‰-s, xolo azerbaijanSi
79‰-s tolia. CvilTa sikvdilianobis dabali done miiRweva orsuli qalis,
xolo mSobiarobis Semdeg dedis da axalSobilis janmrTelobis mdgomarobaze
mudmivi zedamxedvelobis gziT. am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs
mSobiarobis procesSi kvalificiuri samedicino personalis monawileobas.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi praqtikulad yvela mSobiaroba am dargis specialistis
monawileobiT mimdinareobs, xolo afrikisa da aziis qveynebis umravlesobaSi,
rogorc me-12 cxrilidan Cans, es iSviaTi movlenaa.

cxrili #12
jandacvis xarisxis maCveneblebi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi47

w l e b i
2002 w. 2002 w. 2004 2000-2005 2000-2005
wliuri jandacvis samedicino CvilTa mSobiaroba
ganviTarebuli danaxarji wliuri personalis sikvdili- medpersonalis
qveynebi jandacvaze danaxarjebi raodenoba anoba monawileobiT
mSp-sTan48 1 adamianze yovel 1000 (‰-Si) (dabadebulTa
mimarTebaSi (dolarebSi) adamianze49 saerTo
(%-Si) ricxvTan %-Si)
aSS 14,6 5 274 5,5 6 99
Sveicaria 11,2 4 219 3,5 4 -
norvegia 9,6 4 033 3,6 4 -
dania 8,8 2 835 3,7 4 -
germania 10,9 2 631 3,6 4 -
iaponia 7,9 2 476 2,0 3 100
safrangeTi 9,7 2 348 3,3 4 -
niderlandebi 8,8 2 298 3,3 5 100

ganviTarebadi
qveynebi
gvinea-bisau 6,3 9 0,0 105 35
eritrea 5,1 8 0,0 46 28
nigeri 4,0 7 0,0 118 16
somali 2,6 6 0,1 114 34
madagaskari 2,1 5 0,4 75 46
eTiopia 5,7 5 0,0 93 6
liberia 2,1 4 0,0 155 51
burundi 3,0 3 0,0 63 25

47 cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaroebis safuZvelze: www.worldbank.org-table 2.14; CIA World

Factbook. www.cia.gov; Народонаселение мира в 2004 г. UNFPA, 2004, cc.130-133
48 mSp – mTliani Sida produqti, aris yvela im saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
sabazro Rirebuleba, romelic iwarmoeba qveynis SigniT drois mocemul periodSi.
49 samedicino personalSi igulisxmeba is pirebi, romlebmac daamTavres nebismieri
donis samedicino saswavlebeli da muSaoben samedicino dawesebulebaSi
 55
N
mosaxleobis xarisxze gansakuTrebuli zegavlena aqvs misi ganaTlebis dones.
mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis daxasiaTebisas ramdenime kriteriumi
gamoiyeneba, magram maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa
raodenobis gansazRvra.

cxrili #13

wera-kiTxvis mcodne mosaxleoba msoflios regionebis mixedviT50

(2000-2004 wlebi)

wera-kiTxvis mcodne 15 welze ufrosi

regionebi asakis mosaxleoba
(%-Si mTel mosaxleobasTan)
orive sqesi kacebi qalebi
saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 62 70 54
arabuli qveynebi 62 73 51
centraluri azia 99 100 99
aRmosavleT azia da okeaneTi 91 95 88
samxreT da dasavleT azia 58 71 45
CrdiloeT amerika da dasavleT 89 90 88
evropa
aRmosavleT evropa da yofili 99 99 99
sabWoTa kavSiri (Sua aziis
respublikebis gamoklebiT)
msoflio sul 82 87 77

iuneskos51 ganmartebis Tanaxmad wera-kiTxvis armcodned anu uwignurad iTvleba

15 welze ufrosi asakis adamiani, visac ar SeuZlia wera da kiTxva.
mosaxleobis uwignurobis maCvenebeli saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT Tu
mocemul qveyanaSi (regionSi) ra mdgomareobaa sawyisi ganaTlebis mxriv.
ganaTleba moicavs dawyebiT, saSualo da umaRles doneebs. dawyebiT doneze,
romelic 4-5 weliwadi grZeldeba, adamianebi euflebian wera-kiTxvis sabazo
unarebs. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, saskolo ganaTleba, rogorc wesi mxolod
dawyebiT dones moicavs.

cxrili #14

qveynebi wera-kiTxvis armcodne mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali wiliT52

wera-kiTxvis armcodne 15
qveynebi welze ufrosi asakis
mosaxleoba
(%-Si mTel mosaxleobasTan)
nigeri 83
Cadi 75
burkina faso 74
benini 67
gvinea 65
avRaneTi 64
somali 62

50
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. www.uis.unesco.org
51
iunesko (UNESCO) aris gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organozacia
52
CIA World Factbook. www.cia.gov
 56
senegali 60
erayi 60
mavritania 59
eTiopia 58
gvinea bisau 58
bangladeSi 57

saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, upirveles yovlisa ki iuneskom ukanaskneli 50

wlis ganmavlobaSi didi Sroma gaswies ganviTarebad qveynebSi uwignurobis
daZlevis saqmeSi. 1950 wels msoflioSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinari adamianebi
Seadgendnen mTeli mosaxleobis 44%-s, xolo 2000 wels es maCvenebeli 18%-mde
Semcirda.53 miuxedavad amisa, msoflios calkeuli regionebis mosaxleobis
ganaTlebis maCveneblebSi jer kidev mniSvnelovani sxvaoba SeiniSneba.

ganviTarebad samyaroSi saxezea wera-kiTxvis armcodne mosaxleobis maRali

xvedriTi wili. amis ZiriTadi mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom bevri
ganviTarebadi qveyana ganicdis maswavleblebis da skolebis deficits. garda
amisa, am qveynebSi Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebis umravlesoba iZulebulia adreuli
asakidan Caebas SromiT saqmianobaSi, ris gamoc ver axerxebs skolaSi swavlas.
am mxriv savalalo mdgomareobaSi arian azieli (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
aziuri nawilis gamoklebiT) da afrikeli qalebi. maTi naxevari wera-kiTxvis
ucodinaria, rac kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs sazogadoebaSi maT uuflebo
mdgomareobaze. socialistur qveynebSi dawyebiTi ganaTleba savaldebulo iyo,
ramac ganapiroba am qveynebSi uwignurobis likvidacia. amiT unda aixsnas is
faqti, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi, centralur aziaSi (es regioni moicavs
yofili ssrk-is xuT qveyanas) da danarCen yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi wera-kiTxvis
mcodneTa xvedriTi wili ufro maRalia vidre dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT
amerikaSi.

mTlianobaSi, cxovrebis xarisxis geografiis Seswavla erT-erTi yvelaze

aqtualuri sakiTxia. misi SeswavliT dakavebuli arian ara marto samecniero
kvleviTi organizaciebi, aramed iseTi cnobili da prestiJuli gamocema,
rogoricaa amerikuli Jurnali “ekonomisti” (“The Economist”). igi yovelwliurad
aqveynebs cxovrebis xarisxis indeqss msoflios qveynebis mixedviT. TiToeuli
qveynis indeqsis dadgena xdeba 9 sxvadasxva ekonomikuri, demografiuli,
politikuri da geografiuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze. maT Soris gamoiyeneba
iseTi kriteriumebi, rogoricaa: mSp erT sul mosaxleze, sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, genderuli Tanasworoba, mas-mediis
Tavisufleba, qveynis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da a.S. msoflioSi cxovrebis
xarisxis yvelaze maRali ideqsiT gamoirCevian dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeT
amerikis qveynebi (ix. danarTi, nax. #16). aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis, belorusis
da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris aziuri nawilis rig qveynebSi cxovrebis xarisxis
indeqsi ufro dabalia, vidre magaliTad CrdiloeT afrikaSi an laTinur
amerikaSi. amis ZiriTadi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom centraluri aziis
qveynebSi sakmaod dabalia sazogadoebis demokratizaciis done, xolo ruseTsa
da belorusSi dafiqsirebulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobis uaRresad dabali da
ganqorwinebis maRali maCveneblebi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa am qveynebis saerTo
maCvenebelze (indeqsze).

53
UNESCO Institute for Statistics. www.uis.unesco.org
 57
3.3. mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqtura

Sromis ufleba adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis ganuyofeli nawilia. gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1948
wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 23-e muxlis
mixedviT: “yovel adamians aqvs Sromis ufleba, saqmianobis Tavisufali arCevis,
Sromis samarTliani da xelsayreli pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan Tavdacvis
ufleba.”54 samwuxarod, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba saSualebas ar iZleva, rom samuSaoTi dakmayofildes
yvela, visac amis survili aqvs. Sesabamisad, msoflios mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma imyofeba.

adamianebis dasaqmebis done da xarisxi upirveles yovlisa damokidebulia

sazogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da mis demografiul maxasiaTeblebze.
asakobrivi stuqturis specifikidan gamomdinare SromiT saqmianobaSi SeiZleba
Cabmuli iyos mosaxleobis mxolod garkveuli nawili. maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi, sadac akrZalulia mozardebis, kerZod 15 an 16 wlamde adamianebis
Sromis gamoyeneba, dasaqmebulia sazogadoebis samuSao da sapensio asakis
kontigenti. ganviTarebad qveynebSi am kategoriis adamianebs ematebaT
dasaqmebuli mozardebi. calkeuli qveynebis kanonmdebloba sxvadasxvagvarad
adgens Sromisunariani asakis CarCoebs. mag., ruseTSi samuSao asakis
mosaxleobaSi Sedian 16-59 wlis mamakacebi da 16-54 wlis qalebi; aSS-Si – orive
sqesis 15-64 wlis adamianebi; did britaneTSi – 16-64 wlis mamakacebi da 16-59
wlis qalebi.

mniSvnelovania samuSao asakis mosaxleobis Sefardeba samuSaomdeli da

sapensio asakis mosaxleobasTan, romelic gviCvenebs mosaxleobis demografiul
datvirTvas. msoflioSi yoveli 100 Sromisunariani adamiani arCens saSualod 70
mozardsa da xandazmul adamians. ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli
daaxloebiT 50-55-is tolia, xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi – 100-is. ruseTSi,
sadac mosaxleobis samuSao asaki 5-10 wliT ufro mcirea, vidre msoflios
qveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis datvirTvis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 67-is
tolia. mosaxleobis maRali demografiuli datvirTva damatebiT sirTuleebs
uqmnis ganviTarebadi samyaros socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas.

demografiuli viTareba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis specifika aisaxeba qveynis

SromiTi resursebis formirebaze. “SromiT resursebs miekuTvneba samuSao
asakSi myofi mosaxleoba (invalidebis gamoklebiT) da is kontingentebi, vinc
jer ar Sesula samuSao asakSi an gadascilda mas, magram faqtobrivad
monawileobs sazogadoebriv SromaSi”.55

SromiTi resursebi pirobiTad sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos:

 samuSao asakis adamianebi am asakis invalidebis gamoklebiT;
 samuSaomdeli asakis momuSave adamianebi;
 sapensio asakis momuSave adamianebi.

SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba. gaeros ganmartebiT ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas (eam)
warmoadgenen sazogadoebrivi Sromis procesSi Cabmul adamianebi (ganurCevlad
maTi asakisa) da oficialurad registrirebuli umuSevrebi. am kategoriaSi,
rogorc wesi ar SehyavT diasaxlisebi da pirad sakarmidamo meurneobaSi
dasaqmebuli adamianebi. msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis ricxovnoba naklebia, vidre SromiTi resursebis raodenoba.

54 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. Tbilisi, teqinformi, 1990, gv. 23

55 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 116
 58
ganviTarebul qveynebSi miRebuli meTodologiiT ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleoba (Economically Active Population) igivea, rac samuSao Zala (Labour Force).
am kategoriaSi ar SehyavT diasaxlisebi da pirad sakarmidamo meurneobaSi
dasaqmebuli adamianebi.

cxrili #15

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis maCveneblebi msoflios regionebis

mixedviT (1996 da 2006 wlebi)56

eam-is wili umuSevarTa

regionis wili regionis
regionebi mosaxleobaSi (%- eam-Si (%-Si)
Si)
1996 w. 2006 w. 1996 w. 2006 w.

msoflio 62.6 61.4 6.1 6.3

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi 55.9 56.7 7.8 6.2

centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa 54.8 53.0 9.7 9.3

(araevrokavSiris qveynebi) da dsT
aRmosavleT azia 75.1 71.6 3.7 3.6

samxreT aRmosavleT azia da 67.5 67.1 3.7 6.6

okeaneTis ganviTarebadi qveynebi
samxreT azia 58.4 56.5 4.4 5.2

laTinuri amerika da karibis zRvis 58.5 60.3 7.9 8.0

auzi

axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT 44.9 47.3 13.0 12.2

afrika
saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 68.8 67.0 9.2 9.8

qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da mosaxleobis keTildReobis erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia dasaqmebis done. saerTaSoriso
organizaciebi dasaqmebis donis gansazRvrisas orgvar midgomas iyeneben.
pirvelis mixedviT gamoiTvleba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi
wili mTeli mosaxleobis mimarT, xolo meores mixedviT - ekonomikurad
aqtiuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili samuSao asakis mosaxleobis mimarT.

umuSevroba aris sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis dausaqmebloba. umuSevrebs warmoadgenen 16 wlis (rig qveynebSi 15
wlis) da ufrosi asakis adamianebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT dasaqmeba. am
kategoriaSi ar SehyavT dausaqmebeli invalidebi, fsiqiurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, patimrebi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mosamsaxureebi. umuSevroba
warmoiSveba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dasaqmebaze moTxovna aWarbebs realurad
arsebuli samuSao adgilebis raodenobas. ganarCeven realur da faqtobriv
umuSevrobas. faqtobriv umuSevrad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebismieri dausaqmebeli
aramozardi, xolo realuri umuSevroba moicavs mxolod registrirebul
umuSevrebs, e.i. maT, vinc dausaqmebelia da oficialuri arxebiT cdilobs

56
Global Employment Trends. Brief, January, 2007, p.11. International Labour Office. www.ilo.org
 59
samuSaos povnas. umuSevrobis done aris dausaqmebel adamianTa xvedriTi wili
eam-Si.

cxrili #16

msoflios qveynebi dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali doniT (XXI

saukunis dasawyisi; Sefaseba)

dasaqmebis done umuSevrobis

qveynebi (eam-is wili samuSao qveynebi done (%-Si)58
asakis mosaxleobaSi -
%)57
islandia 83.0 nauru 90.0
Sveicaria 78.0 liberia 85.0
norvegia 76.0 zimbabve 80.0
dania 75.0 TurqmeneTi 60.0
Svecia 74.0 zambia 50.0
niderlandebi 73.0 aRm. timori 50.0
didi britaneTi 73.0 jibuti 50.0
axali zelandia 72.0 senegali 48.0
kanada bosnia da 45.0
72.0
hercegovina
aSS 71.0 lesoto 45.0
avstralia 69.0 nepali 42.0
iaponia 68.0 kenia 40.0
avstria 68.0 svazilendi 40.0
fineTi 67.0 avRaneTi 40.0
portugalia 66.0 makedonia 38.0

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Internatioanl Labor Organization – ILO)

monacemebiT 2005 wels msoflioSi daaxlobiT 192 milioni umuSevari iyo.59
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis statistikuri monacemebi asaxavs realur
umuSevrobas. miuxedavad amisa, qveynebis Sedareba umuSevrobis donis mixedviT
rTulia, radgan maTSi umuSevrobis aRricxva gansxvavebuli meTodikiT xdeba.
mTeli rigi qveynebi eam-s miakuTvneben diasaxlisebs da pirad sakarmidamo
meurneobaSi dasaqmebul adamianebs. Sesabamisad, am qveynebSi umuSevrobis done
dabali iqneba. mag., uzbekeTis da azerbaijanis oficialuri statistikiT
umuSevrobis done am qveynebSi Seadgens Sesabamisad 0,7 da 1,2%-s, rac ar asaxavs
arsebul mdgomareobas. Tu qveynis oficialur statistikas ekonomikurad
aqtiur mosaxleobaSi Seyavs ara sazogadoebriv SromaSi Cabmuli, aramed
nebismieri formiT dasaqmebuli adamiani, aseT SemTxvevebSi am qveyanaSi saqme
gvaqvs farul umuSevrobasTan, rac sakmaod gavrcelebulia ganviTarebad
samyaroSi.

umuSevroba, misi warmoSobis mizezebis mixedviT SeiZleba ramdenime saxis iyos,

kerZod:
 sezonuri umuSevroba warmoiSoba Sromis bazris moklevadiani
cikluri cvlilebebis dros.
 friqciuli umuSevroba umuSevrobis moklevadiani formaa. is
moicavs erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadasvlis periods.

57
www.oecd.org
58
CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov
59
www.laborsta.ilo.org
 60
 struqturuli umuSevroba Tan axlavs ekonomikis
restruqturizaciis process.
 cikluri umuSevroba warmoiqmneba produqciaze moTxovnis dacemis
an warmoebis moculobis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi. es umuSevrobis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawilebas ekonomikis seqtorebis
mixedviT, romelic asaxavs mocemuli regionis, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis dones. ganviTarebad samyaroSi maRalia soflis meurneobaSi
dasaqmebul adamianTa xvedriTi wili, xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi es
maCvenebeli sakmaod dabalia, samagierod dasaqmebis done aq maRalia
momsaxurebis e.i. ekonomikis mesameul seqtorSi. rogorc me-17 cxrilidan Cans,
ekonomikis pirvelad seqtorSi (soflis meurneobaSi) dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi
wili uaRresad maRalia “Sav afrikaSi”, sadac mocemul sferoSi mTeli eam-is
TiTqmis 2/3 Cabmuli. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli, aseve maRalia TiTqmis mTel aziaSi
(gamonakliss warmoadgens samxreT-dasavleT azia).

cxrili #17
msoflios regionebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba
ekonomikis seqtorebis mixedviT (2006 w.)60

calkeuli regionebis ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba
regionebi ekonomikis seqtorebis mixedviT (%-Si)
soflis mrewveloba momsaxureba
meurneoba

msoflio 38.7 21.3 40.0

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi 3.2 24.2 72.6
laTinuri amerika da karibis zRvis 18.8 19.8 61.4
auzi
aRmosavleT evropa (araevrokavSiris 22.0 27.7 50.3
qveynebi) da dsT
axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeT 29.7 22.9 47.4
afrika
samxreT aRmosavleT azia da 47.0 17.8 35.2
okeaneTis ganviTarebadi qveynebi
aRmosavleT azia 48.4 25.8 25.8
samxreT azia 51.7 25.8 29.5
saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 63.0 8.8 28.2

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis eam-is mxolod 3% dakavebuli dasaqmebis

pirvelad seqtorSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis maRali
produqtiulobis xarjze fermerTa es mcire raodenoba TiTqmis srulad
akmayofilebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas kvebis
produqtebze. momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva
evrokavSiri, CrdiloeT evropa da iaponia, sadac Cabmulia eam-is TiTqmis sami
meoTxedi. ukanasknel wlebSi ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli warmatebebis
gamo laTinur amerikaSi mkveTrad gaizarda mesameul seqtorSi dasaqmebul
adamianTa wili (61,4%). am maCvenebliT laTinurma amerikam gauswro aRmosavleT
evropis yofil socialistur qveynebs.

60
Global Employment Trends. Brief, January, 2007, p.12. International Labour Office. www.ilo.org
 61
3.4. mosaxleobis rasobrivi Semadgenloba

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi ramdenime mosazreba arsebobs adamianis warmoSobis

Sesaxeb. maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia ori Teoria – policentruli da
monocentruli. pirveli Teoriis mixedviT adamiani warmoiSva sxvadasxva
regionebSi da amis gamo arsebobs gansxvavebebi rasebs Soris. monocentruli
Teoriis fuZemdeblis Carlz darvinis mixedviT, ki adamiani warmoiSva Crdilo-
aRmosavleT afrikaSi. Semdgom, migraciis meSveobiT adamianTa jgufebi
aRmoCndnen msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, ganicades adaptacia da
Sesabamisad ramdenime rasa Camoyalibda.

am Teoriebis miuxedavad saxezea rasebis arseboba. rasa aris garkveul

geografiul arealSi adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufi, romlis
wevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTnairi morfologiuri da fiziologiuri
niSnebi. rasa (adamianTa fenotipi) yvelaze msxvili anTropologiuri
dajgufebaa.

arsebobs rasebis klasifikaciis ramdenime modeli, maT Soris yvelaze

gavrcelebulia: 1) tipologiuri (morfologiuri), 2) mosaxleobebis Serevis da
3) klinaluri (biologiuri variaciebis, upiratesad fiziologiuri) modelebi.

tipologiuri modeli ufro miRebulia. rasebisadmi tipologiuri midgomis

mTavari mizania adamianebi ganasxvavos morfologiuri niSnebiT, rac moicavs
kanis fers, tuCebisa da cxviris formas, yvrimalebis formas, Tmis fers da a.S.
rasebis yvelaze zogadi tipologiuri klasifikacia ganasxvavebs oTx ZiriTad
rasas:
 afrikuls,
 avstraloidurs,
 monRoloidurs da
 kavkasiurs (evropeoidurs)

afrikul rasas xSirad negroiduli rasis saxeliTac moixsenieben.

civilizebul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli eTikuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiT
sasurvelia es termini ar vixmaroT. kavkasoiduri rasa jer kidev sabWoTa da
amJamad rusul literaturaSi garkveuli politikuri mosazrebebiT
moixsenieboda da moixsenieba, rogorc evropeoiduri rasa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli 500 wlis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri migraciuli

procesebis safuZvelze Seicvala rasebis gavrcelebis geografia. amJamad
afrikuli rasis warmomadgenlebi mravlad arian CrdiloeT da samxreT
amerikaSi, xolo avstraliaSi da amerikaSi gacilebiT ufro meti kavkasoidi
cxovrobs, vidre avstraloidi da monRoloidi. msoflios mosaxleobis
rasobrivi struqturis dinamikaze zusti informacia ar arsebobs, magram
garkveuli Sefasebebis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mravalricxovani
kavkasiuri rasaa, romlis warmomadgenlebi umravlesobas Seadgenen orive
amerikaSi, evropaSi, aziis did nawilSi (samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis garda),
avstraliasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi. raodenobiT Semdeg adgilebze arian
monRoloidebi, afrikelebi da avstraloidebi.

rasebi iyofa subrasebad. anTropologi riCard makkaloqi mag., kavkasoidur

rasaSi 10 subrasas gamoarCevs, romlebic Tavis mxriv kidev saxeobebad iyofa.61
rusi mecnieri valeri tiSkovi Tavis klasifikaciaSi gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad da 6

61
Richard McCulloch. Races of Humanity. www.racialcompact.com
 62
gardamaval rasas.62 am klasifikaciis mixedviT qarTvelebi Sedian evropeoiduri
rasis samxreTuli formis balkanur-kavkasiur jgufSi. rasebis gardamavali
formebis arseboba ganapiroba sxvadasxva rasebis warmomadgenlebis Serevam, rac
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. ase Seiqmna gardamavali rasebi,
rogorebicaa samxreT induri rasa, romelic Camoyalibda kavkasoidTa da
avstraloidTa Serevis Sedegad. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom dRevandeli
iaponelebi avstraloidebis da monRoloidebis STamomavlebi arian. rasebis,
xalxebis Serevis sakiTxis Seswavla warmoadgens mosaxleobebis Serevis
specialistebis kvlevis ZiriTad sagans.

aucilebeli araa, rom rasaTa Serevis procesi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobdes. dRevandel mobilur msoflioSi sxvadasxva rasaTa
warmomadgenlebis Sereva ufro xSirad erT an or Taobas moicavs. cxadia,
amgvari Serevis Sedegad miRebul STamomavlobas Sesabamisi terminebiT
moixsenieben. mag, kavkasoidis da afrikelis STamomavals mulati ewodeba,
indielis da kavkasoidis STamomavals – metisi, indielis da afrikelis
STamomavals – zambo, xolo adamians, romelic gaCnda samxreT amerikaSi an
afrikaSi am regionis mkvidri warmomadgenlis frangTan, portugalielTan an
espanelTan qorwinebis Sedegad kreols uwodeben.

zogadad xalxebis, kerZod ki rasebis Seswavlis klinaluri meTodis mTavari

mizania gamoavlinis genebis is tipebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im
xalxisaTvis, rasisaTvis. am dargis specialistebis ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba
sxvadasxva rasebis sisxlis SemadgenlobaSi gansxvavebebis gamovlenas. es
gansxvavebebi ki, rogorc maTma kvlevebma aCvena realurad arsebobs. mag.,
evropis xalxebSi sisxlSi e.w. aleles Semcveloba iklebs dasavleTidan
aRmosavleTisaken.63 klinaluri meTodiT rasebis an xalxebis Seswavla
adasturebs im faqts, rom geografiul garemos mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvs
adamianebis ara marto morfologiur, aramed fiziologiur Tvisebebzec.

62
В.А.Тишков "Единство и многообразие культур". www.cbook.ru/peoples
63
Models of Classification. www.anthro.palomar.edu
 63
3.5 lingvisturi geografia da msoflios mosaxleobis enobrivi Semadgenloba

ena aris niSnebis dinamikuri sistema, romelsac gaaCnia sakomunikacio,

azrovnebisa da Sinaarsis gadmocemis funqciebi.64 ena warmoiSva pirvelyofili
adamianebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, xolo misi ganviTareba da daxvewa
mimdinareobda sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis paralelurad. ena adamianis da
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mZlavri wyaroa. religiasTan erTad is kulturis
umniSvnelovanesi komponentia, romelic erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs individebs
da socialur-kulturul erTobebs. enis kulturis ganviTarebis da
gavrcelebis umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa.

enaTa da enobrivi movlenebis gavrceleba warmoadgens geografebis Seswavlis

sagans. micnierebis is dargi, romelic Seiswavlis enaTa gavrcelebis
geografiul (teritoriul) Taviseburebebs aris lingvisturi geografia
(lingvogeografia).

lingvogeografiis kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadgens lingvisturi areali.

SeiZleba gamovyoT didi da mcire lingvisturi arealebi. maTi sidide xSir
SemTxvevaSi damokidebulia geografiuli garemos tipze. amerikeli lingvisti
johana nikolsi gamoyofs gavrcobil da Caketil lingvistur arealebs.
Caketili lingvisturi arealis sazRvrebi, rogorc wesi gadis teritoriis
landSaftur-geografiul msxvil erTeulebze (okeaneebze, mTebze, mdinareebze
da a.S.). im dros, rodesac gavrcobili lingvoarealebi did sivrceze arian
gadaWimuli, rac am teritoriaze xels uwyobs erTi enis mravali dialeqtis
Seqmnas. Caketil lingvistur arealebSi ki viTardeba damoukidebeli enebi.
aseTi arealebis tipiur magaliTs warmoadgens kavkasia, xolo gavrcobili
lingvisturi arealisas – evraziis stepebi.65

geografiuli garemos zemoqmedebiT iqmneba lingvisturi arealis genetikuri

simWidrove, romelic gvaCvenebs enis genetikuri ojaxebis raodenobas mocemuli
teritoriis farTobis erTeulze. genetikuri simWidrovis maCveneblebis
Sedarebam saSualeba misca mecnierebs gamoetanaT daskvna imis Taobaze, rom
axali samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebelia enaTa ojaxebis ufro meti raodenoba,
vidre evraziis kontinentisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi farTobi evraziis
farTobTan SedarebiT mcirea. msoflioSi genetikuri simWidrovis yvelaze
maRali maCvenebeli ki damaxasiaTebelia axali gvineisaTvis – 88.8. amis mizezad
johana nikolsi geografiul faqtorebs asaxelebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa dabali
ganedi, topografiuli barierebi, romlebic ganapirobeben SedarebiT mcire
teritoriaze mravali lingvisturi jgufebis, Sesabamisad enobrivi
mravalferovnebis warmoSobas.66 geografiuli garemos tipi, romelSic
vrceldeba ena, mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens formirebul enebsa da
dialeqtebs Soris genetikuri kavSiris xasiaTze. geografiuli garemo xSirad
qmnis zust sazRvrebs da piriqiT – mkafio landSaftur-geografiuli
sazRvrebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs e.w. dialeqtebis jaWvis
warmoqmnasTan.

geografiuli faqtori sakmaod mniSvnelovania iseTi lingvisturi

procesebisaTvis, rogorebicaa enobrivi kavSiri da enis difuzia. termini _
`enobrivi kavSiri~ gulisxmobs mosazRvre teritoriebze gavrcelebuli enebis
struqturul msgavsebas, amasTan, am enebs Soris lingvisturi axlonaTesaoba
amisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli. msxvili enobrivi kavSiris yvelaze naTel
magaliTs warmoadgens samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis izolirebuli da analitikuri

64 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. tomi 4. Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv.141

65
Андрей Кибрик. Лингвистическая география. www.krugosvet.ru/articles/77/1007726/1007726a1.htm
66 iqve
 64
enebi – es kavSiri aerTianebs enebs, romlebic warmoadgenen enaTa oTx ojaxs.
enebis urTierTkavSiris procesSi adgili aqvs gramatikul urTierTqmedebas,
romelic axdens gavlenas enis mTlian struqturaze.

enaTa urTierTkavSiris Sedegad xdeba `difuzia~, kerZod erTi ena gramatikuli

TvalsazrisiT zemoqmedebs meoreze. termini `difuzia~ ufro zogadia, vidre
`enobrivi areali~. difuziis Sedegad drois didi intervalis Semdeg SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, rom erTi arealis aramonaTesave enebi, tipologiurad ufro axlos
arian erTmaneTTan, vidre monaTesave enebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva geografiul
arealebSi mdebareoben.

zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebidan naTlad gamoikveTa, rom erTi enis gavlenas

meoreze geografiuli safuZveli gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT mezobeli
teritoriebisaTvis. Tumca, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi ar aris aucilebeli, rom
erTi enis gavlena meoreze geografiuli faqtorebiT iyos gamowveuli, amis
magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT rusuli ena, romelic ganicdida gavlenas
Zvelslavuri, germanuli da franguli enebisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusuli
enis gavrcelebis areali ar esazRvreboda arc erTi zemoTCamoTvlili enis
gavrcelebis areals. yvela SemTxvevaSi lingvisturi zegavlena gamoiwveuli
iyo mocemuli enebis maRali socialuri prestiJiT. dRevandel msoflioSi
inglisuri enis sxva enebze zegavlena xdeba ara geografiuli faqtoris, aramed
am enaze mosaubreTa meSveobiT.

enobrivi niSani erovnulobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, misi

ganuyofeli nawili. gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom eri lingvistur
kategorias warmoadgens. amitomac xalxebis klasifikaciaSi enobrivi siaxlovis
princips iyeneben. aseTi naTesaoba, Cveulebriv, ramdenime eris erTi fuZidan
warmomavlobas ukavSirdeba. yoveli eri saerTo enaze saubrobs, mxolod
ramdenime SemTxveva arsebobs, rodesac eris calkeuli nawili sxvadasxva enaze
saubrobs. mag., mordva saubrobs or Zalze gansxvavebul – moSkanur da
erzianul enebze. irlandielTa mxolod 1/5 saubrobs mSobliur enaze, danarCeni
ki – inglisur enaze. Sesabamisad arsebobs erTerovani saxelmwifoebi, sadac
saxelmwifo enis statusi miniWebuli aqvs im enas, romelzec metyvelebs
mosaxleobis umravlesoba. arsebobs mravalenovani saxelmwifoebi, sadac
erovnuli umciresobebi, garda mSobliuri enisa, iyeneben aseve gabatonebul
erovnul enas. aseTi orenovani xalxTa jgufebi gvxvdeba upiratesad aziisa da
afrikis axalgazrda saxelmwifoebSi, sadac lokalur enebTan erTad sul ufro
did mniSvnelobas iZens da Zalze farTod vrceldeba oficialuri saxelmwifo
enebi (mag.: indoeTSi – hindi, pakistanSi – urdu, indoneziaSi – baxasa indonezia,
filipinebze – pilipino). orenovnebas bilingualizms uwodeben, xolo Tu
qveyanaSi or enaze meti aris gavrcelebuli – multilingualizmi. orenovneba,
rogorc wesi gavrcelebulia eTnikuri sazRvrebis gaswvriv. bilingualizmis
movlena damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qveynebisTvis, romelSic imigrantTa didi
raodenobaa.

evropis bevri saxelmwifo orenovani an mravalenovania (ix. danarTi, nax. #17).

mag., SveicariaSi germano-Sveicarielebi laparakoben erT-erT zemogermanul
dialeqtze, franko-Sveicarielebi – safrangeTis mosazRvre raionebis
dialeqtebze, italo-Sveicarielebi – italiuri enis Crdilour dialeqtebze.
gvxvdeba meoTxe enac – retoromanuli, romelzec romauli legionerebis
STamomavalni saubroben. qveyanaSi es oTxive ena saxelmwifo enad aris
gamocxadebuli. orenovania belgiac: flandriaSi, romelic qveynis CrdiloeTiT
mdebareobs saubroben enaze, romelic mezobeli holandiuris msgavsia, xolo
valoniaSi – frangulad. avstriaSi oTxi oficialuri enaa. esenia: germanuli
mTels qveyanaSi, sloveniuri – karinTiaSi, xorvatiuli da ungruli –
burgenlandSi. espaneTSic oTxi oficialuri ena gvxvdeba – espanuri
 65
oficialuria mTeli qveynisaTvis, xolo kataloniuri, galiciuri da baskuri
enebi oficialuria Sesabamis provinciebSi.

orenovneba xSiri movlenaa aseve afrikisa da aziis, amerikis zogierT

saxelmwifoSi, iq, sadac, romelime adgilobriv enasTan erTad oficialurad
aRiarebulia yofili metropoliiis ena, rac xSiri movlenaa. mag., afrikis 55
qveynidan 21-Si oficialurad aRiarebulia franguli ena, maT Soris 9-Si
inglisur da adgilobriv enebTan erTad, 19-Si ki oficialuri inglisuria, maT
Soris 9-Si romelime adgilobriv enasTan erTad. 5 qveyanaSi oficialuri ena
portugaliuria67. afrikis garda yofili metropoliebis ena adgilobrivTan
erTad oficialuria aziisa da amerikis saxelmwifoebSic. mag., pakistanSi
oficialuri enis statusi miniWebuli aqvs inglisurs da urdus., indoeTSi –
inglisursa da hindis, Sua aziis saxelmwifoebSi – yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi,
TurqmeneTSi, tajikeTsa da uzbekeTSi yofili metropoliis ena – rusuli ara
mxolod farTod gamoiyeneba, aramed yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi oficialuri enis
statusic ki gaaCnia. samxreT amerikis saxelmwifoebSi ki adgilobriv indiel
tomTa enebTan erTad oficialuria yofili metropoliis ena – espanuri.

saxelmwifo enebi lingvisturad mravalferovan qveynebSi “lingva frankas”

(Lingua franca) rols asruleben. Elingva franka anu narevi ena warmoadgens
sxvadasxva enebis sinTezs, romelic gamoiyeneba erTaSorisi urTierTobis
procesSi. es termini momdinareobs franguli enis dialeqtidan, romelic
miRebul iqna jvarosnebis urTierTobis enad wminda miwaze laSqrobis dros.
mogvianebiT is iyo ena vaWrebisTvis da mogzaurebisTvis aRmosavleT
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.

Cv.w.aR-mde me-3 da Cv. w. aR-is me-5 saukuneebs Soris xelmTaSua zRvis samyaro
iyo erTiani da enac saerTo iyo – berZnuli. mogvianebiT romis batonobis dros
lingva franka gaxda laTinuri ena, vidre evropulma regionalurma enebma ar
daiwyes damoukidebeli ganviTareba. aseve arameuli ena TamaSobda amave rols
Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-5 saukunidan axali welTaRicxvis me-4 saukunemde
axlo aRmosavleTsa da egvipteSi da xalifatis periodSi (da sakmaod didxans,
momdevno xanaSic) arabuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTis lingva franka.

arsebobs enebis tipologiuri da genetikuri klasifikacia. pirveli efuZneba

morfologias, fonetikas, sintaqss, semantikas. genetikuri klasifikacia
gulisxmobs enaTa dajgufebas naTesaobis, anu saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT.
monaTesave enaTa jgufi Seadgens enaTa ojaxs. enaTa ojaxi aris enaTa
genealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi erTeuli – erToblioba monaTesave
enebisa, romlebic erTi fuZe-enis diferenciaciis Sedegad aris warmoSobili.
maTSi gamoiyofa Stoebi (jgufebi).68 diferenciaciis procesi sxvadasxva dros
ramodenimejer SeiZleboda momxdariyo, amis Sesabamisad ojaxi iyofa ufro
axlo monaTesave enaTaAStoebad da kidev ufro mcire qvejgufebad. TiToeul
Stos an qvejgufs Tavisi fuZe ena qonda, es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv mTeli
ojaxis saerTo enisagan momdinareobs.

enaTa ojaxis formirebis procesi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dedamiwaze

mosaxleobis gansaxlebasTan. yvelaze axali enebi, rogorc wesi gvxvdeba
mezobel xalxebs Soris, rac ganpirobebulia saerTo warmomavlobiT an erTi
regionis SigniT xangrZlivi erToblivi TanacxovrebiT. garkveul SemTxvevebSi
enobrivi msgavseba SeiniSneba im xalxebs Sorisac, romlebic erTmaneTis
moSorebiT cxovroben (mag., iakutebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris, ungrelebsa da

67 vaJa neiZe da sxv. msoflios socialur-ekonomikuri geografia, Tbilisi, lega, 2004,

gv. 46
68 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. tomi 4. Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv.145
 66
mansebs Soris da a.S.) es aixsneba imiT, rom am enebze molaparake xalxebs an
saerTo genetikuri fesvebi gaaCniaT an Soreul warsulSi mosazRvre
teritoriaze cxovrobdnen.

enaTa ojaxebisa da jgufebis gavrcelebis geografiuli sazRvrebi

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze ganuwyvetliv icvleboda. mag.,
arabul enaze, romelsac VII saukenemde iyenebda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis
mosaxleobis mcire nawili, dResdReobiT saubrobs mTeli samxreT-dasavleTi
azia da CrdiloeT afrikis saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba, rac mTeli dedamiwis
10%-s Seadgens. sakmaod did arealzea gavrcelebuli Turquli enebis jgufi,
romelic moicavs teritorias balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan Crdilo-
aRmosavleT cimbiris CaTvliT.

sxvadasxva SefasebiT 30-dan 100-mde enaTa ojaxia cnobili. yvelaze kargad indo-
evropuli enaTa ojaxia Seswavlili. misi gavrcelebis areali yvelaze didia da
moicavs evropas, samxreT-dasavleT da samxreT azias, CrdiloeT da samxreT
amerikas, avstralias. indo-evropuli ojaxis enebze saubrobs mTeli msoflios
mosaxleobis 45%.

indoevropuli enebis ojaxs ori Sto gaaCnia (aRmosavluri da dasavluri).

aRmosavlur Stos ekuTvnis enebi indoariuli (sanskriti, hindi, urdu,
bengaluri, gujaraTi, oria da sxv.) da iranuli jgufisa (dasavluri-sparsuli
anu farsi, tajikuri, qurTuli, belujuri, taturi, TaliSuri da sxv.
aRmosavluri _ dari, puStu anu avRanuri, osuri, pamiris enebi _ vaxanuri,
Suganuri, iSkaSimuri da sxva) amave Stos ekuTvnis nuristanuli enebi (aSkuni,
paruni), aseve berZnuli da somxuri enebi.

dasavlur Stos miekuTvneba _ romanuli, kelturi da germanuli (germanikuli)

enebi. romanuli enebi ganviTarda laTinuri enebis dialeqtebidan, 2000 wlis
winaT laTinuri ena iyo saerTo mTel romis imperiaSi. me-5 saukuneSi ki romis
imperiis dacemis Semdeg, evropis erTianoba dairRva da laTinuri enis
regionalurma variantebma daiwyes ganviTareba erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad
da Semdgom saukuneebSi Camoyalibdnen damoukidebel enebad. esenia: espanuri,
franguli, portugaliuri, masTan axlo mdgomi galiciuri, kataloniuri,
oqitanuri (privansaluri), retoromanuli, italiuri, sardiniuri, ruminuli.
kelturi enebi aerTianeben goidelur enebisa (irlanduri, geluri, menuri) da
britanul enebis (bretonuli, uelsuri, TiTqmis mkvdari ena _ kornueluri)
qvejgufebs. germanuli enebis jgufi sam qvejgufad iyofa: aRmosavleT
germanuli (mkvdari goTuri ena), Crdilogermanuli anu skandinaviuri (Sveduri,
norvegiuli, fareruli, islandiuri) da dasavleT germanuli qvejgufi
(inglisuri, frizuli holandiuri, afrikaansi, germanuli, idiSi).

zemoT CamoTvlili enebis garda indoevropuli enebis ojaxSi Sedis aseve

baltiuri da slavuri enebi. baltiurSi Sedian (dasavleTbaltiuri _ mkvdari
prusiuli ena da aRmosavleTbaltiuri _ litvuri da latviuri). slavuri enebi,
Tavis mxriv iyofa aRmosavleT slavur (rusuli, ukrainuli, belorusuli),
dasavleT slavur (Cexuri, slovakuri, polonuri, leJicuri) da samxreT slavur
(bulgarul, makedonur, slovenur, serboxorvatul) enebad.

evropaSi gvxvdeba, agreTve izolirebuli ena _ baskuri, romelic arc erT

enaTa ojaxSi ar Sedis. is gavrcelebulia espaneTsa da safrangeTSi. misi
sintaqsi da struqtura specifiuri da rTulia da yvela mcdeloba,
daekavSirebinaT euskara romelime enobriv jgufTan warumateblad dasrulda.
zogierTi lingvisti cdilobs mis dakavSirebas kavkasiur lingvistur jgufTan,
magram mecnierebi miiCneven, rom miuxedavad bevri mniSvnelovani msgavsebisa,
euskaris kargi codnac ki ver uzrunvelyofs Zveli iberiuli enis gagebas.
 67

enaTa ojaxebis yvelaze didi mravalferovnebiT (15 enobrivi ojaxi) gamoirCeva

azia. ricxobrivad yvelaze didia Cinur-tibeturi (sino-tibeturi) ojaxi.
romelic lokalizebulia aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic Sedgeba sami
jgufisagan, esenia: Cinuri, centraluri da dasavleThimalauri. aziaSi
ricxobrivad meore adgilze indoevropuli enebis ojaxia, romelic zemoT ukve
davaxasiaTeT da am enebze molaparake xalxebi umTavresad gansaxlebulni arian
samxreT aziis Crdilo nawilSi, iransa da avRaneTSi. mesame adgilzea
avstroneziuli ojaxi, romelic ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samxreT-aRmosavleT
aziis kunZulebze, Tumca avstroneziuli enebi okeaneTis da samxreT-
aRmosavleT aziis garda kunZul madagaskarzec gvxvdeba. ricxovnobis mixedviT
rigiT mexuTe ojaxi aziaSi aris avstraziuli ojaxi, romelzec laparakobs
indoCineTis zogierTi xalxi, Sesabamisad misi gavrcelebis areali samxreT
aRmosavleTi da samxreTi aziaa.

sakmaod did geografiul arealze gavrcelebuli altais ojaxis enebi -

TurqeTidan aRmosavleTiT _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT cimbiris CaTvliT. altais
ojaxs miekuTvneba Turqul, monRolur da tunguso-manjurul enaTa jgufebi.
Turquli enebis jgufSi gamoiyofa enaTa Semdegi qvejgufebi: CuvaSuri,
oRuzuri anu samxreT-dasavluri (Turquli, azerbaijanuli, Turqmenuli da
sxva), Crdilo-dasavluri qvejgufi (TaTruli, baSkiruli, yazaxuri, yirgizuli,
balyaruli, yaraCauli), samxreT aRmosavluri (uzbekuri da uiRuruli), aseve
iakuturi (iakuturi da dolganuri) da samxreTcimbiruli qvejgufi (nakasuri,
tuvinuri da sxva).

Tanamedrove monRolur enebs, romelic gavrcelebulia centralur aziur

raionebSi miekuTvneda sakuTriv monRoluri, buriatuli, yalmuxuri, da sxva
enebi. tunuguso-manjuriul enebs ki miekuTvneba manjuriuli _ CineTSi, aseve
evenkuri da masTan axlos mdgomi evenuri da aRmosavleT cimbirisa da Soreuli
aRmosavleTis sxva enebi. taiuri (parataiuri) ojaxi lokalizebulia
indoCineTsa da CineTis samxreTiT.

afroaziul anu semito-qamitur enaTa ojaxi gavrcelebulia afrikis, CrdiloeT,

da Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi. is Sedgeba 5
jgufisagan, esenia: semituri, egvipturi, berberolibiuri, quSituri da Caduri.
avstroaziuli enebis calkeuli jgufebi erTmaneTs Soreul warsulSi
daSordnen, ris Sedegadac naTesaobis niSnebi ufro sustia, vidre indoevropul
ojaxSi. egvipturi enebis jgufSi Semavali enebi mkvdari enebis ricxvSi Sedis.
XVII saukunidan69 misi memkvidrea kopturi ena, romelsac RvTismsaxurebaSi
iyenebs egviptis qristianuli mosaxleoba, magram bolo saukunebSi salaparako
enad kopturis nacvlad egviptis qristianebic arabulis egviptur dialeqts
iyeneben.

semituri jgufi erT-erTi klasifikaciiT ori ZiriTadi Stosagan Sedgeba.

aRmosavluri da dasavluri. es ukanasknelic Tavis mxriv iyofa Crdilour da
samxreTul jgufebad. aRmosavluri enebis jgufs ki warmaodgens asureTisa da
babilonis mkvdari aqaduri enebi.

dasavleT semituri enebis Stos CrdiloeT qvejgufebs miekuTvneba qanaanuri da

arameuli enebi. pirvelSi Sedis mkvdari ena _ Zvelqanaanuri, finikiuri da aseve
Zvelebrauli ena da misi dRevandeli forma ivriTi. sainteresoa, is faqti, rom
me-20 saukunemde ivriTic mkvdar enad iyo miCneuli. mas, rogorc `Toras enas~
iyenebdnen mxolod iudaisturi ritualebis aRsrulebisas da is ar iyo

69 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.
110
 68
salaparako ena, vinaidan ebrauli diaspora amjobinebda Tavis ufro
mravalricxovan mezoblebTan kontaqtis damyarebas maTive enaze. salaparako
enad diasporas ebraelobisaTvis iqca maTi mimRebi qveynis ena. mag: espaneTSi es
iyo kastiliuri, romelic espaneTidan gandevnis Semdeg ebraelebma osmaleTSic
SeinarCunes `ladinos~ saxelwodebiT. arabul samyaroSi ebraelebi saubrobdnen
arabul dialeqtebze da a.S. meore msoflio omis Semdeg palestinis
teritoriaze ebrauli saxelmwifos _ israelis warmoSobisTanave, saxelmwifo
enad gamocxadda ivriTi. amJamad arabeTis naxevarkunZulze arabulis Semdeg is
yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli semituri enaa70.

Crdilour qvejgufs dasavleT semituri enebis jgufs qanaanuris garda,

rogorc ukve vaxseneT miekuTvneba arameuli ena, igive siriuli an aisoruli ena.
arameuls farTo gavrceleba hqonda Cven welTaRricxvamde I aTaswleulSi71 da
is erTaSorisi urTierTobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ena iyo. ieso qriste
arameul enaze esaubreboda Tavis mociqulebs. aRmosavleTis qristianebi Tavisi
teqstebis Casawerad iyenebdnen arameulis edesur dialeqts _ siriuls. amJamad
es ena mxolod CrdiloeT eraySia SemorCenili.

dasavleT semituri enebis samxreTul qvejgufs ki miekuTvneba arabuli ena

(romelic saxelmwifo enaa aziisa da afrikis 20-ze met qveyanaSi da masze
laparakobs 250 milion adamianze meti. mTeli muslimuri samyaro arabul enas
iyenebs locvebisa da religiuri ritualebis enad.

afraziul enaTa ojaxis danarCeni jgufebi _ berberuli, quSituri da Caduri

gavrcelebulni arian CrdiloeT da Crdilo aRmosavleT afrikaSi. (berberuli
_ saharis oazisebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT, quSituri _ saharis aRmosavleTiT,
xolo Caduri enebi saharis samxreTiT).72

aziaSi sxva enobrivi ojaxebidan gvxvdeba _ qarTvelur enaTa ojaxi, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri) da svanuri enebi.
yvela am enaze saubroben qarTvelebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze da aseve mis
farglebs gareTac, sadac maTi gansaxlebis upiratesi arealia TurqeTis
SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT nawili. SavizRvispireTis centralur da
dasavleT nawilSi, marmarilos zRvispireTSi qarTul da lazur enebze
laparakoben me-19–me-20 saukuneebSi TurqeTis aRmosavleTidan da samxreT-
dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebisa da lazebis
STamomavalni, romelTa raodenoba dResdReobiT naxevar milionamdea. qarTul
enaze iranSic laparakoben, kerZod im regionebSi, sadac me-17 saukuneSi moxda
qarTvelebis gadasaxleba kaxeTidan. amJamad qarTuli ena gavrcelebulia
ispahanis provinciis 14 sofelSi (fereidanSi) da im qalaqebSi, sadac cxovroben
fereidneli qarTvelebi73.

Crdilokavkasiur ojaxs miekuTvneba abxazur-adiReur da naxo-daRestnur enaTa

jgufebi. pirvelSi Sedis afxazuri, adiReuri, yabardouli, Cerqezuli,
abazinuri, ubixuri, xolo meore jgufi or qvejgufad iyofa: naxuri (CeCnuri,
inguSuri, bacbiuri) da daRestnuri romelSic Sedis daRestnis 30-mde ena, aseve
avaro-anduri enebi, cezuri, lako-darginuli da lekuri enebi.
Crdilokavkasiuri ojaxis enebi samxreT dasavleT aziaSic aris gavcelebuli,

70 iqve, gv. 103-104

71 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.
125-126
72
Грошев И.И., Синельников А.Б., Архангельский В.А., Брук С.И., Борисов В.А.. Этнодемографический
справочник., «Мысль», Москва 1989, стр. 386
73 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.
107-110
 69
am enis matareblebi arian axlo aRmosavleTSi gadasaxlebuli CrdiloeT
kavkasielebi, romlebic saxloben TurqeTSi, siriaSi, iordaniaSi, israelSi.

uralis enebi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia ruseTis evropuli nawilis

CrdiloeTSi, aseve ungreTSi, baltiispireTSi, fineTsa da skandinaviaSi. es
enaTa ojaxi ori jgufisagan Sedgeba: fino-ugoruli da samoduri.

eskimosur-aleuturi enebis gavrcelebis arealebia aziis ukidures Crdilo-

aRmosavleTi, aseve amerikis arqtikuli nawili. am ojaxis enebs miekuTvneba
eskimosuri da masTan axlomonaTesave aleuturi enebi.

kidev erTi enaTa ojaxi, romelic warmodgenilia ukidures Crdilo aRmosavleT

aziaSi, aerTianebs Cukotkur, koriakul, itelmenur da sxva enebs.

gansakuTrebul ojaxs qmnian ricxobrivad umniSvnelo andamanuri enebi

(Crdiloandamanuri, jerva, ongio da sxv. enebi), romlebic andamanis
kunZulebzea gavrcelebuli (indoeTis okeanis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi).

rogroc aRiniSna, afrikelTa 1/3 afroaziul enaTa ojaxis enebze saubrobs,

xolo am kontinentis mosaxleobis naxevari _ saharis samxreTiT gavrcelebul
sam enaTa ojaxis enebze. esenia: nigero-kordofanuli (kongo-kordofanuli),
nilos-saharuli da koisanuri. yvelaze mravalricxovania pirveli, romelic or
jgufad iyofa: niger-kongo da kordofanuli. niger kongos jgufSi gamoiyofa
qvejgufebi: benue-kongo, romelSic Sedis Bbantus enebi (suahili, kiniaruanda,
Kkirundi, kikongo, kiluba, luganda, lingala, sxva). bantus enebidan yvelaze
gavrcelebulia suahili, romelzec saubrobs 35-50 mln adamiani74. is keniis da
tanzaniis oficialuri enaa, aseve gavrcelebulia ugandaSi, mozambikSi, zairSi,
malakSi, zambiaSi. zairSi da kongoSi.

nilos-saharis enaTa ojaxi gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT afrikaSi da 6

jgufisagan Sedgeba. maT Soris yvelaze msxvili Sari-nilosuria.

koisanur enaTa ojaxi, romelic gvxvdeba afrikis samxreT-dasavleTSi,

aerTianebs buSmenur da hotentonur enebs.

amerikis mosaxleobis enobrivi Semadgenloba evraziisgan da afrikisgan

gansxvavebiT gacilebiT ufro erTgvarovania. evropuli kolonizaciis Sedegad
iq gavrcelda espanuri, portugaliuri, inglisuri, holandiuri da sxva
evropuli enebi. amerikis 18 qveyanaSi saxelmwifoo enaa espanuri, romelzec 230-
240 mln kaci laparakobs75. Tumca, mosaubreTa raodenobis mxriv pirvel
adgilze inglisuri enaa. inglisuri oficialuri enaa aSS-Si, kanadaSi, iamakaSi,
trinidadsa da tobagoSi, gaianaSi, barbadosSi da a.S. ricxovnobiT
portugaliuri braziliis saxelmwifo enaa. franguli saxelmwifo enaa
kanadaSi, haitSi, gvadelupeSi da safrangeTis gvianaSi, xolo holandiuri -
surinamsa da niderlandebis antiliis kunZulebze.

meqsikaSi, peruSi, boliviasa da paragvaiSi espanurTan erTad oficialur enebad

indielTa enebic iTvleba. indielTa enebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia
keCua, romelic gvxvdeba peruSi, ekvadorSi, boliviaSi, argentinasa da Ciles
sasazRvro zolSi. aseve ena guarani, romelic gavrcelebulia paragvaiSi,
braziliaSi, boliviasa da argentinaSi. kidev erTi farTod gavrcelebuli
indielTa enaa _ aimara, romelzec saubroben boliviaSi, perusa da CileSi,
xolo actekur enaze _ meqsikaSi.

74 v.p. maqsakovski. msoflios geografiuli suraTi. Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 182

75 iqve, gv. 275
 70

avstraliaSi saxelmwifo enaa inglisuri, romelzec mosaxleobis 97%

saubrobs76. aqve sxva evropul enebTan erTad gvxvdeba avstraliel aborigenTa
enebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT saerTo arc erT sxva enaTa ojaxebTan da
lingvistebis mier gaerTianebulia avstraliur enaTa ojaxSi.

okeaneTSi gavrcelebul enaTa ojaxebs rac Seexeba, erT-erTi maTgani zemoT

ukve vaxseneT, rodesac aziis enaTa ojaxebze gvqonda saubari, es aris
avsroneziuli ojaxi. mas garda regionSi gvxvdeba papuasebis enebi, romlebic
axal gvineasa da masTan axlos mdebare kunZulebzea gavrcelebuli. maT sxva
enebisagan izolirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, papuasebis enaTa raodenoba aTasze
metia da isini qmnian armonaTesave 11 enis jgufs. am jgufebidan udidesia _
trans-axalgvineuri, dasavleT papuasuri, sepik-ramu, toriCelisa da
aRmosavleTpapuasuri enaTa ojaxebi.

cxrili #18
msoflios ZiriTad enaTa ojaxebi da jgufebi
indoevropul enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi, xalxi

slavuri rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, polonelebi,

bulgarelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, slovenebi, serbebi,
xorvatebi, bosnielebi, makedonielebi

germanuli germanelebi, ingliselebi, holandielebi, frizebi,

flamandielebi, avstrielebi, danielebi, Svedebi,
Sotlandielebi, germanoSveicarielebi,
norvegielebi, elzaselebi, olsterelebi,
islandielebi, luqsemburgelebi, aSS-s amerikelebi,
anglokanadelebi, afrikanerebi, lixStenSteinelebi,
angloavstralielebi, angloaxalzelandielebi

baltiuri litvelebi, latvielebi

romanuli italielebi, frangebi, espanelebi, portugalielebi,

katalonielebi, valonebi, galicielebi,
frankoSveicarielebi, retoromanebi, korsikelebi,
italoSveicarielebi, ruminelebi, moldovelebi,
laTinuri amerikis xalxebis didi umravlesoba

kelturi irlandielebi, bretonelebi, uelselebi, gelebi

indoariuli hindustanelebi, bengalielebi, penjabelebi,

bixarelebi
albanuri albanelebi

berZnuli berZnebi, kviproseli berZnebi

iranuli iranelebi, avRanelebi, tajikebi, osebi, qurTebi

76
www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook
 71
somxuri somxebi

altais enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

Turquli Turqebi, Turqmenebi, uzbekebi, yazaxebi, yirgizebi,

azerbaijanelebi, TaTrebi, iakutebi, baSkirebi,
CuvaSebi, yaraCaevelebi, balyarebi

semito-qamitur enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

semituri arabebi, ebraelebi

sino-tibeturi enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

mandarini (Cinuri) Cinelebi, dunganelebi

uralis enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

fino-ugoriuli finelebi, ungrelebi, estonelebi, ugorielebi

kavkasiur enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

afxazur-adiReuri afxazebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, abazinebi,

adiReelebi

naxo-daRestnuri CeCnebi, inguSebi, lekebi, avarelebi, darginelebi

koreuli enis ojaxi

koreelebi

iaponuri enis ojaxi

iaponelebi

baskuri enis ojaxi

baskebi

qarTuli enis ojaxi

qarTvelebi, qarTveli ebraelebi
 72

3.6 religiebi da msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba

religiis erTmniSvnelovani da zusti gansazRvrebis mocema albaT SeuZlebelia.

mecnierebaSi ganmartebaTa didi raodenoba arsebobs. maTi xasiaTi
damokidebulia im mecnierTa msoflmxedvelobaze, romlebic maT formulirebas
ukeTeben. kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris religia adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi gvpasuxobs:
“RmerTis rwmena”.

sityva religia etimologiurad modis laTinuri “religare”-dan, rac qarTulad

gaerTianebas, raimesTan xelmeored dakavSirebas niSnavs. SesaZlebelia, rom
Tavdapirvelad igi adamianis raime wmindasTan, mudmivTan, ucvlelTan miCvevas
niSnavda. es sityva pirvelad Cven welTaRricxvamde I saukuneSi iqna
gamoyenebuli cnobili romaeli oratorisa da politikosis, ciceronis mier,
sadac igi religias sxva cnebas, kerZod ki crumorwmuneobas upirispirebs.
termin “religiis” farTo gamoyeneba qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi daiwyo
da aRiniSneboda, rom axali rwmena iyo Rrmad filosofiuri da zneobrivi
sistema da ara veluri crurwmena.

budizmi – pirveli msoflio religia indoeTSi warmoiSva. samxreT aziis

regionis religiebis ganviTarebaze didi zegavlena iqonia misma geografiulma
da socialur-demografiulma Taviseburebebma. indostanis naxevarkuZuli
klimatur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli adgili
iyo. amis gamo, aq uZvelesi droidan saxlobdnen sxvadasxva xalxebi. indostanze
ar xdeboda monebis importi. muSa Zalis nakleboba aq arasdros igrZnoboda.
evropisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac xdeboda klasebis Camoyalibeba, aq sazogadoeba
kastebad daiyo. Cven welTaRricxvamde me-6 saukuneSi aziaSi gavrceleba daiwyo
“disidenturma” religiebma budizmma da jainizmma, romlebic sazogadoebis
kastobrivi struqturis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. albaT amis gamo, am religiebma
indostanze fexi ver moikides. mogvianebiT, feodaluri urTierTobebis
ganviTarebis dros oficialurma religiam brahmanizmma transformacia ganicada
da Camoyalibda induizmis saxiT. induizmma makonsolidirebeli roli iTamaSa
indostanis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebi xalxebis cxovrebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
iseve rogorc brahmanizmi, induizmic winaaRmdegi iyo sxva xalxebis dapyrobisa.
Sesabamisad arasdros momxdara am religiis eqsporti sxva regionebSi.
samagierod, budizmi Seqmnidan mcire xanSi gascda indoeTis farglebs da
moicva samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziis mniSvnelovani nawili.
budizmis ZiriTadi debuleba aseTia: yovelives safuZveli aris maradiuli,
Seucnobeli sulieri sawyisi, romelic imyofeba absolutur myudroebaSi –
“nirvanaSi”. xiluli materialuri samyaro mxolod iluzia da moCvenebaa.
cxovreba, romelic am moCvenebiT samyaroSi mimdinareobs, boroteba da tanjvaa.
amitom adamiani mudam unda cdilobdes, rom rac SeiZleba male daaRwios Tavi
tanjvis qveyanas. aqedan gamomdinare, budizmi qadagebs asketizmsa da pasiurobas.
igi adamians mouwodebs uari Tqvas cxovrebis yvela sikeTeze, daTrgunos yvela
cduneba, raTa miaRwios xsnas – “nirvanas”.
budisturi religiis fuZemdeblad gadmocema asaxelebs Sakiebis mefeTa gvaris
Svils gautamas, romelmac 29 wlis asakSi miatova mefuri cxovreba da mkacri
asketuri yofiT daasrula sicocxle; jer kidev sakmaod axalgazrdam Seicno
WeSmariteba, adamianis cxovrebis namdvili azri, romelic oTxi WeSmaritebis
saxiT Camoayaliba. amis Semdeg mas ewoda buda – gasxivosnebuli. meoTxe
WeSmaritebaSi buda adamians aswavlis gzas, Tu rogor daZlios survilebi da
moTxovnilebani rvasafexuriani cxovrebis gzis gavliT. es safexurebia:
WeSmariti fiqri, WeSmariti moZRvreba, WeSmariti miswrafeba, WeSmariti sityva,
WeSmariti Wvreta, WeSmariti CaRrmaveba, WeSmariti cxovreba, WeSmariti qceva.
iseve rogorc sxva religiebi, budizmi adamianis cxovrebas or nawilad yofs:
 73
saaqaod – sansarad da saiqiod – nirvanad. Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSi
budizmi or mimdinareobad gaiyo: Theravadad da mahaianiad. pirvelis mimdevrebi
amtkiceben, rom sikvdilis Semdeg nirvanaSi pirdapir xvdebian mxolod
umaRlesi kastis warmomadgenlebi. mahaianelebs, ki miaCniaT, rom nirvanaSi
SeiZleba daubrkoleblad moxvdes yvela WeSmariti budisti, ganurCevlad misi
kastobrivi kuTvnilebisa.
erT-erTi uZvelesi monoTeisturi religiaa iudaizmi77, romelic Zv. w-is II
aTaswleulSi Seqmnes momTabare ebraulma tomebma. iudaizmi Caisaxa gvarovnuli
wyobilebis dros, roca jer kidev ar iyo klasebi. istoriuli ganviTarebis
msvlelobaSi, roca gaCnda klasobrivi sazogadoeba, cvlilebebi ganicada
iudaizmmac. monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis gaCenis periodSi, aTasgvari
sulebisa da winaparTa kultis rwmenam TandaTan dauTmo adgili jer
adgilobriv da Semdeg ki erTiani RmerTis rwmenas.
iudaizmis ZiriTadi dogmati aris erTi RmerTis rwmena. es dogmati im qveynad
adamianis piradi xsnis pirobad cxaddeba. iudaizmSi erTi RmerTis rwmenas
uSualod ukavSirdeba dogmati mesia-mxsnelis mosvlis Sesaxeb. am dogmatis
mixedviT, mesia mova imisaTvis, rom adamianebi gaasamarTlos damsaxurebis
mixedviT. miwieri samyaro, iudaizmis mixedviT aris mzadeba maradiuli
momavlisaTvis. iudauri religiis dogmatikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs
ideas Zveli aRTqmis, rogorc RvTiuri gamocxadebis da umaRlesi WeSmaritebis
Sesaxeb. aq, upirveles yovlisa gamoyofen moses xuTwigneuls – Toras.
iudaizmis safuZvels TorasTan erTad qmnis Talmudi, romelic aris am
religiis eTikuri da samarTlebrivi kodeqsi.

qristianoba oc saukunes iTvlis. qristianuli religia warmoiSva pirvel

saukuneSi romis imperiaSi. dapyrobili xalxebi sasowarkveTamde mividnen,
radgan RmerTebisa da sakuTari ZaliT Tavis gadarCenis imedi dakarges, ris
gamoc swrafad moikida fexi mesianizmis ideam. ieso qristes gamoCenis Semdeg is
swrafad gavrcelda palestinaSi. misma movlinebam gamoacocxla romis imperiis
erTi nawili. qristianoba ilaSqrebda warmarTuli religiis winaaRmdeg,
minimumamde amartivebda religiur wes-CveulebaTa sistemas. aqve isic unda
iTqvas, rom qristianoba opoziciaSi edga, rogorc warmarTul, aseve
monoTeistur iudaizms.
V s.-Si qristianoba or mimarTulebad gaiyo, rodesac Seiqmna dasavleT romis
imperia sataxto qalaq romiT da aRmosavleT romis imperia sataxto qalaq
konstantinopoliT. am ori imperiis eklesiebs Soris dawyebuli dava mxolod
1054 wels dasrulda, roca sabolood Camoyalibda marTlmadidebeli da
kaTolikuri eklesiebi. me-16 s.-Si kaTolicizms gamoeyo protestantizmi,
romelic amJamad mravali subreligiis saxiT gvevlineba.
marTlmadidebloba Tavidanve daeqvemdebara bizantiis imperatoris
xelisuflebas. masSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebli, avtokefaluri
marTlmadidebluri eklesiebi. dReisaTvis msoflioSi 15 avtokefaluri
(konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis, saberZneTis,
saqarTvelos, rumineTis, bulgareTis, ruseTis, kviprosis, eladis, albaneTis,
poloneTis, CexeTis da amerikis) da 3 avtonomiuri (sinais, fineTis da iaponiis)
marTlmadidebluri eklesiaa.
marTlmadideblobisagan gansxvavebiT kaTolikuri eklesiis struqtura mkacrad
centralizebulia. misi centri vatikanSi mdebareobs. kaTolicizmsa da
marTlmadideblobas bevri saerTo gaaCnia, Tumca sarwmunoebisa da kultis

77 mecnierul wreebSi dRemde mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, Tu romeli religia unda
CaiTvalos pirvel monoTeistur religiad, iudaizmi Tu zoroastrizmi. savaraudoa, rom
monoTeizmi ufro adre iyo warmodgenili zoroastrizmSi, vidre iudaizmSi. Tumca,
mecnier-TeologTa nawili zoroastrizms saerTod ar miiCnevs monoTeistur religiad.
 74
gagebaSi arsebobs calkeuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. kaTolikuri eklesia
kanonikurad Tvlis biblias mxolod laTinur enaze, im dros, rodesac
marTlmadideblur qveynebSi gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi qveynis enebze naTargmni
biblia. gansxvavebiT marTlmadideblobisagan, romelic amtkicebs, rom
suliwminda mama RmerTidan gadmodis, kaTolikebi miiCneven, rom suliwminda
gadmodis, rogorc mama RmerTidan, ise Ze RmerTidan. marTlmadideblebisagan
gansvavebiT, kaTolikebi samoTxisa da jojoxeTis garda aRiareben
salxinobels, sadac unda moxdes samoTxisaTvis arasakmarisad ganwmendili
sulis ganwmenda. kaTolicizmis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa romis papis
ucodvelobisa da pirvelobis aRiareba.
qristianuli sarwmunoebis safuZvelia biblia (wminda werili, wigni) anu Zveli
da axali aRTqma. qristianuli moZRvrebisa da kultis erT-erTi mTavari wyaroa
saxareba (evangele). saxareba warmoadgens axali aRTqmis pirvel oTx wigns,
romlebic Seicaven xarebas qristes Sobis, cxovrebis, vnebisa da aRdgomis
Sesaxeb. arsebobs oTxi kanonikuri saxareba: maTesi, markozis, lukasi da
ioanesi.
islami, msoflio religiaTa Soris yvelaze axalgazrdaa da Caisaxa arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze axali welTaRricxvis me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi. am droisTvis
arabebis nawili qristianobas eziara, magram umravlesoba warmarTi iyo. arabebi
udides pativs miagebdnen meqas oazisSi mdebare taZars, sadac inaxeboda
maTTvis uwmindesi “Savi qva” _ qaaba.

islamis fuZemdebeli muhamedi (arabulad misi saxeli gamoiTqmis, rogorc

“mohamad”), meqis erT-erTi SeZlebuli da warCinebuli ojaxis warmomadgeneli
iyo. adre daoblebuli mohamedi sxvadasxva dros mwyemsad, aqlemebis gamyolad,
vaWradac ki muSaobda. rogorc patiosanma adamianma daimsaxura metsaxeli “al-
amin” (sando).78

40 wlis asakSi muhameds (miCneulia, rom es 610 wels moxda) hqonda xilvebi,
romlis drosac mas Caesma alahis qadagebani. muhamedi wera-kiTxvis armcodne
iyo, amdenad yuranis teqsts igi zepirad gadascemda mis mimdevrebs. misi gamo-
naTqvamebi Caiweres da imisaTvis, rom ar yofiliyo kiTxvaTsxvaoba, Canawerebis
sxvadasxva versiebi mospes. arabuli ena, romelzec yurani aris Sesrulebuli
islamis erTaderT enadaa miCneuli. wesiT is arc unda iTargmnebodes sxva
enebze, radgan SesaZloa WeSmariti azri daikargos.

muhamedi kargad icnobda iudaizmisa da qristianobis principebs, rac garkveul-

wilad yuranSic aisaxa. yuranSi mravladaa nasesxobebi bibliidan, rac srulebi-
Tac ar amcirebs mis TviTmyofadobas.

yurani qristianebsa da iudevelebs miiCnevs “ahl al-qiTab”-ad (“wignis xalxad”)

da muslimebisgan moiTxovs, rom maT mimarT tolerantoba gamoamJRavnon. islami
winaswarmetyvelebad scnobs imave pirebs, rasac iudaizmi da qristianoba,
kerZod noes, abrams, iesos, moses, adams. yurani mowiwebiT moixseniebs mariams,
rogorc winaswarmetyvel iesos dedas. magram yvelaze maRla yurani ayenebs
islamisTvis udides winaswarmetyvels, mociqulTa mociquls – muhameds. magram
arc iudevelebi da arc qristianebi ar scnoben muhameds RmerTis mociqulad da
winaswarmetyvelad.

islamis safuZvels yuranTan erTad qmnis SariaTi, romelic aris misi

religiur-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis krebuli. islami sakmaod male
Camoyalibda mwyobr religiur sistemad. warmarTul arabuli sazogadoebaSi

78informacia islamis warmoSobis Sesaxeb aRebulia Semdegi wyarodan: revaz gaCeCilaZe.

axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv. 138-145
 75
sikvdili arsebobis dasasrulad iyo miCneuli, xolo muhamedma daarwmuna
arabebi, rom WeSmariti morwmuneni (mis SemTxvevaSi _ muslimebi) sikvdilis Sem-
deg samoTxes eziarebian, xolo codvilni jojoxeTSi moxvdebian. islamis mim-
devarTaTvis es didi stimuli iyo ebrZolaT “WeSmariti rwmenisaTvis” da
Semdgomi cxovreba samoTxeSi gaetarebinaT.

islamis, rogorc religiis, saboloo saxiT Camoyalibeba moxda iasribSi,

qalaqSi sadac muhamedma rva weli gaatara, mas Semdeg rac iZulebuli iyo meqa
mietovebina. muhamadis gadasaxlebas meqadan iasribSi (savaraudod es moxda
qristianuli kalendriT 622 wlis 16 ivliss) muslimebma uwodes hijra da
Tavisi welTaRricxva swored am TariRidan daiwyes. muhamedma Tavisi meqeli
Tanamoazreebis (“muhajirebis”) mxardaWeriT iasribSi safuZveli Cauyara muslim-
Ta pirvel saxelmwifos. mogvianebiT iasribs daerqva medina, romelic muslim-
TaTvis meqas Semdeg meore wminda qalaqia.

630 wels muhamadma mokavSireTa laSqriT aiRo meqa. gamarjvebulebma

gaanadgures warmarTuli kerpebi, magram SeinarCunes qaaba. is amJamad
mdebareobs mohamedis mier dafuZnebuli meqis mTavari mizgiTis al-masjid al-
haram-is ezos centrSi. es adgili muslimTa mTavari salocavi da yvelaze
wminda adgilia.

muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg misi adgili daikava, xalifam, muhamedis nacvalma.

Semdegi 29 wlis ganmavlobaSi xalifats marTavdnen abu-baqri, omari, osmani da
ali. islami am oTx xalifas umwikvlod an “marTlmorwmuned” (“ar-raSidun”) mi-
iCnevs, xolo maTi mefobis periodi miCneulia muslimTa “oqros xanad”.

661 wels samoqalaqo omSi daiRupa meoTxe xalifa ali, romlis sikvdilis
Semdeg islamSi ganxeTqileba warmoiSva. alis momxreebis azriT xalifas
tituli unda gadasuliyo misi qaliSvilis STamomaval hasanze (huseinze).
magram isic mokles da xalifa gaxda umianTa gvaris warmomadgeneli umavia,
romelmac sataxto qalaqad damasko gamoacxada. alis momxreebma misi gamefeba
aralegitimurad aRiares da islami or – sunitur da Siitur Stoebad gaiyo.
sunitebi yuranTan erTad wminda wignad aRiareben sunas, sadac mohamedis
cxovreba aris aRwerili. Siitebi sunas mxolod nawilobriv cnoben.

islami mTel msoflios kulturuli TvalsazrisiT or nawilad hyofs. pirveli

aris dar al-islami (islamis saxli, mxare), e.i. teritoria, sadac muslimebi
cxovroben. meore ki dar al-harbi (omis saxli, mxare) anu msoflios is nawili,
romelSic islami ar aris gavrcelebuli. islamis mixedviT muslimebi unda
Seecadon, rom mTeli msoflio “dar al-islamad” iqces.

amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom dRidan xalifatis Seqmnisa daiwyo arabuli
dapyrobebi, romelTa mizani iyo ara mxolod axali miwebis dapyroba, aramed am
teritoriebze islamis gavrceleba. unda iTqvas, rom samxreTeli xalxebis didi
umravlesobisaTvis islami misaRebi aRmoCnda, radgan igi kargad pasuxobda am
xalxebis moTxovnilebebs da Seesabameboda maT adaT-wesebs. islamis
ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo im faqtmac, rom arabuli kultura iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda ufro maRla idga, vidre maT mier dapyrobili xalxebis
kultura. arabebma dapyrobil teritoriebze islamis garda gaavrceles
damwerloba. islamma da arabulma damwerlobam fexi ver moikides evropaSi, iq
sadac ukve arsebobda qristianoba da sakuTari damwerloba, kerZod, espaneTSi,
portugaliaSi, safrangeTSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. XIII saukuneSi islami
gavrcelda wina aziaSi, iq sadac Turquli tomebi saxlobdnen. am droisaTvis
Turqomanebma, romlebic samxreT cimbiris da Sua aziis mkvidrebad
iTvlebodnen, daipyres Sua aziisa, iranis da wina aziis teritoriebi.
mravalricxovanma Turqomanebma anu osmaloebma daiwyes jer Crdiloeli
 76
mezoblebis, xolo Semdeg arabebis Seviwroebac. sabolood maT gaanadgures
bizantiis imperia da arabTa xalifati. amasTan, osmaloebma daipyres samxreT-
aRmosavleT evropis da kavkasiis nawili, sadac gaavrceles islami, magaliTad
albaneTSi, bosniaSi, azerbaijanSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. arabebisa da
bizantielebisagan gansxvavebiT osmaloebi ar gamoirCeodnen kulturis
ganviTarebis maRali doniT. amis gamo, islamur samyaroSi daiwyo kulturuli
stagnacia, ramac uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa am civilizaciis Semdgom
ganviTarebaze.

religiebis (konfesiebis) Tanamedrove geografia ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis

manZilze didi stabilurobiT gamoirCeva. religiebis eqspansiuri ganviTareba
faqtobrivad SeCerebulia, magram amave dros, gansakuTrebiT XX-XXI saukuneebSi,
tradiciul religiaTa gverdiT, iqmneba mravali axali, aratradiciuli
rwmenebi, romelTa didi nawilsTvis damaxasiaTebelia mimdevarTa raodenobis
ganuxreli zrda.

msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenlobis dadgena sakmaod rTulia da

arsebuli monacemebi mxolod miaxloebiT suraTs iZleva. yovelive es
gamowveulia sxvadasxva qveynebSi statistikuri aRricxvis gansxvavebuli
meTodebis gamoyenebiT (calkeul qveynebSi aRricxva warmoebs saeklesio
organizaciebSi da sakmaod arazustad) da zogSi ki maTi sruliad ararsebobiT.
realur suraTs cvlis is faqtic, rom aRmosavleT aziis zogierT qveyanaSi
adamiani erTdroulad ramodenime religiis mimdevari iyos da is ramdenime
gansxvavebuli religiis mimdevrebis siaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

2005 wlis monacemebiT, aRmsarebelTa raodenobis mixedviT, pirvelobas

qristianoba inarCunebs. mas msoflioSi daaxloebiT 2,1 miliardi mimdevari
hyavs. meore adgilzea islami – 1,3 miliardi mimdevari. STambeWdavia
aramorwmuneTa (aTeistebis, sekularebis, agnostikosebis, arareligiurebis)
raodenobac – 1,1 miliardi. eTnikur religiebSi mimdevarTa ricxviT gamoirCeva
induizmi – 900 mln. adamiani. mas mosdeven: Cinuri tradiciuli religiebi – 394
milioni; budizmi – 376 milioni; adgilobrivi religiebi – 300 milioni,
afrikuli tradiciuli religiebi –100 milioni, sikxizmi – 23 milioni da a. S.

zemoT aRniSnuli, mosaxleobis konfesiuri Semadgenlobis dadgenasTan

dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis gamo, sakmaod Znelia calkeul religiaTa
mimdevrebis dinamikis gansazRvra. arsebuli statistika saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevadaroT 1987-2005 wlebSi sxvadsxva rteligiis mimdevarTa raodenobis
dinamika. aRniSnul periodSi gaizarda muslimebis (17%-dan 21%-mde) da
induistebis (12%-dan 14%-mde) xvedriTi wili yvela religiis aRmsarebelTa
raodenobaSi. es faqti aixsneba imiT, rom swored im qveynebSi, sadac
dasaxelebuli religiebia gavrcelebuli, aRiniSneba mosaxleobis yvelaze didi
bunebrivi mateba. garda amisa, afrikaSi islami aqtiurad miiwevs samxreTiT, mis
tropikul nawilSi, xolo induizmi vrceldeba sxvadasxva indur tomebSi.

ramdenadme Seicvala calkeul religiaTa da maT mimdinareobaTa Tanafardoba

msoflios msxvili regionebis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, afrikaSi (saharidan
samxreTiT) misionerebis moRvaweobisa da rigi politikuri faqtorebis
gavleniT mniSvnelovnad gaizrda qristianTa da muslimTa raodenoba,
adgilobriv tradiciul religiaTa mimdevrebis Semcirebis xarjze. laTinur
amerikaSi, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlav kaTolicizmis citadelia,
izrdeba protestantTa ricxvi.

qristianoba msoflioSi yvelaze farTo gavrcelebuli religiaa (ix. danarTi,

nax. #18). pirvel rigSi es exeba kaTolicizms. kaTolikeebi, evropis bevr
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qveyanaSi, morwmuneTa umravlesobas, xolo zogierTSi ki metnaklebad
mniSvnelovan religiur jgufebs qmnian. aziaSi isini mxolod filipinebze
Seadgenen aRmsarebelTa umravlesobas, Tumca maTi calkeuli jgufebi
warmodgenilia bevr sxva qveyanaSic. afrikaSi kaTolikuri rwmena ZiriTadad
espaneTisa da portugaliis yofil koloniebSi SemorCa. avstraliaSi isini
morwmuneTa daaxloebiT 1/3-s warmoadgenen. magram maTi gavrcelebis yvelaze
farTo areali warmodgenilia laTinur amerikaSi, sadac isini yvela qveynis
moxaxleobis umravlesobas qmnian. es espanuri da portugaliuri kolonizaciis
Sedegia. kaTolikeebi sakmaod farTod arian warmodgenili CrdiloeT
amerikaSic.

gavrcelebis farTo geografiuli areali damaxasiaTebelia, agreTve,

protestantizmisaTvis, romelsav mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia CrdiloeT,
centralur da centralur-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konfesiur
SemadgenlobaSi. protestantebi qmnian morwmuneTa ZiriTad gjufebs samxreT da
dasavleT afrikaSi; isini mravlad arian avstraliasa da okeneTSi, xolo aSS-
sa da kanadaSi Seadgenen morwmuneTa Sesabamisad naxevars da mesameds.

marTlmadideblobis gavrcelebis areali gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia.

yvelaze didi raodenobiT marTlmadideblebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi (ruseTi,
ukraina, belorusia, moldova, saqarTvelo) da samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropis
qveynebSia (saberZneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, kviprosi, makedonia, serbeTi,
Cernogoria) warmodgenili (ix. danarTi, nax. #19).

islami, mimdevarTa raodenobiT meore adgilzea. geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,

qristianobisagan gansxvavebiT misi gavrcelebis arealebi aziisa da afrikis
teritoriebiT SemoisazRvreba. muslimebis koncentraciis ZiriTadi regionebia
samxreT-dasavleTi da centraluri azia, CrdiloeTi afrika da nawilobriv
samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia. samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi islami Warbobs yvela
qveyanaSi, garda israelisa da kviprosisa, samxreT aziaSi – pakistansa da
bangladeSSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi – indoneziaSi, centralur aziaSi –
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi. islami dominanti religiaa CrdiloeT
afrikis yvela, xolo centralur-aRmosavleT afrikaSi ki zogierT qveyanaSi.
evropaSi muslimebi umravlesobas mxolod albaneTsa da bosnia-hercegovinaSi
Seadgenen.

dResdReobiT msoflioSi 50-ze meti islamuri saxelmwifoa. maT Soris 28-Si

islami saxelmwifo religiadaa gamocxadebuli. yvelaze mravalricxovani
islamuri saxelmwifoebia: indonezia, pakistani, bangladeSi, nigeria, irani,
TurqeTi, egvipte.

budizmi, religiebis msoflio rukaze gacilebiT kompaqturad aris

warmodgenili da moicavs centralur-aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTi
aziis zogierT raionebs. amasTanave, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi Warboben
Theravadas da mahaianas aRmsareblebi, xolo centralur-aRmosavleT nawilSi
lamaizmis mimdevrebi. mniSvnelovania budizmis gavlena iaponiaSi, CineTsa da
koreis respublikaSi.

eTnikuri da regionuli religiebis gavrcelebis arealebi, rogorc wesi, kidev

ufro SezRudulia. ase, induizmis adeptebis 99% modis aziaze, upiratesad ki
indoeTsa da nepalze. konfucionizmma SeinarCuna gavlena Tavis samSobloSi –
CineTSi, xolo sintoizmi ki wminda iaponur religiad rCeba. sruliad
gansxvavebuli geografia gaaCnia iudaizms, romelic ramdenime qveyanaSi,
metwilad israelsa da aSS-Sia warmodgenili. adgilobrivi tradiciuli
religiebi umeteswilad afrikaSi da fragmentulad aziaSi, amerikasa da
okeaneTSia SemorCenili.
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konfesiaTa geografiis erT-erTi amocanaa qveynebis Seswavla maTSi

gavrcelebuli religiis (religiebis) mixedviT da msoflios klasifikacia
mono-, bi- da polikonfesiur qveynebad. msoflioSi qveyanaTa umravlesoba
ganekuTvneba monokonfesiur saxelmwifoTa ricxvs, anu maTi mosaxleobis 70%-ze
meti erTi religiis aRmsarebelia. bikonfesiuri da polikonfesiuri qveynebis
raodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria. polikonfesiuri qveynebis umravlesoba afrikaSi
mdebaraobs. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom afrika istoriul warsulSi axlo
aRmosavluri da evropuli kolonializmis obieqti iyo, ris Sedegadac aq
arsebul adgilobriv tradiciul religiebTan erTad, farTod gavrcelda
islami da qristianoba.

amrigad, Tanamedrove msoflios religiuri suraTi sakmaod rTuli da

mravalferovania. miuxedavad imisa rom religia sakmaod konservatiuli
socialur-kulturuli fenomenia, masSi mimdinare procesebs garkveuli
cvlilebebi Seaqvs msoflios konfesiaTa geografiaSi.

cxrili #19

msoflios religiuri Semadgenloba

qristianebi

kaTolikeebi:
laTinuri amerikis xalxebi, avstrielebi, germanelebis naxevari, valonebi,
flamandielebis umravlesoba, irlandielebis umravlesoba, ungrelebis
umravlesoba, xorvatebi, slovenielebi, polonelebi, espanelebi, baskebi,
katalonielebi, galicielebi, litvelebi, korsikelebi, lixtenSteinelebi,
maltelebi, portugalielebi, frangebi, slovakebis umravlesoba, Cexebis
umravlesoba, frankoSveicarielebis umravlesoba, italoSveicarielebi,
retoromanebi, filipinelebi.

protestantebi: ingliselebi (anglikanebi), Sotlandielebis umravlesoba

(presvitorianebi), uelselebis umravlesoba (anglikanebi), germanelebis naxevari
(luTeranebi), finelebi (luTeranebi), danielebi (luTeranebi), norvegielebi
(luTeranebi), islandielebi (luTeranebi), holandielebis umravlesoba
(kalvinistebi), luqsemburgelebis umravlesoba (luTeranebi), Svedebi
(luTeranebi), germanoSveicarielebis umravlesoba (kalvinistebi), samxreT
koreelTa meoTxedi (anglikanebi da presvitorianebi), estonelebi (luTeranebi),
latvielebis umravlesoba (luTeranebi).

marTlmadideblebi:
qarTvelebi, berZnebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, serbebi, bulgarelebi,
makedonielebi, ruminelebi, moldovelebi, Cernogorielebi, kviproseli berZnebi,
osebi, afxazebis naxevari.

monofizitebi: eTiopelebis umravlesoba, libaneli arabebis 1/3, asirielebi.

somxeTis samociqulo eklesiis mimdevrebi (grigirianelebi): somxebi.

muslimebi

muslimi Siitebi: iranelebi, bahreinelTa umravlesoba, erayelTa umravlesoba,

iemenelTa umravlesoba, azerbaijanelebi, iordanelebis 10%, avRanelebis 10%,
sirielebis 20%.
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muslimi sunitebi: arabebi (wina punqtSi CamoTvlili Siiti arabebisa garda),

qurTebi, indonezielebi, avRanelebi, pakistanelebi, malaizielebis 2/3, Turqebi,
pakistanelebi, kviproseli Turqebi, daRestnelebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi, Cerqezebi,
yabardoelebi, balyarebi, yaraCaevelebi, TaTrebi, baSkirebi, yazaxebi,
Turqmenebi, uzbekebi, yirgizebi, tajikebis umravlesoba, albanelebi,
bosnielebi, afxazebis naxevari.

budistebi

birmelebi, vietnamenelebi, Cinelebi, koreelebis umravlesoba, laoselebi,

malaizielebis 1/3, tailandelebi, Sri-lankelebis umravlesoba, iaponelebi.

induistebi

indoelTa umravlesoba, nepalelebi.

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4. mosaxleobis migraciebi

4.1 mosaxleobis migracia, rogorc sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlena.

migraciis saxeebi. Sida migraciebi.

mosaxleobis migracia anu mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba kacobriobis

istoriaSi uZvelesi sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlenaa. migracia (migratio)
laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs gadasaxlebas. uxsovari droidan adamianebi erTi
teritoriidan meoreze gadaadgildebodnen sakvebis mopovebis, sacxovreblis
povnis, dasaqmebis, vaWrobis, mkurnalobis, ganaTlebis miRebis, mogzaurobis,
axali teritoriebis aTvisebis an dapyrobis, kulturuli identobis da
sicocxlis SenarCunebis mizniT.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom migraciebi

gamowveulia sxvadasxva, maT Soris bunebriv-geografiuli, ekonomikuri,
demografiuli, saomari, politikuri, kulturuli (maT Soris religiuri da
eTnikuri), socialuri mizezebiT da faqtorebiT. adamianebis meqanikuri
moZraoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos erTi an erTdroulad ramdenime
faqtoriT.

migraciebze moqmedi faqtorebidan uZvelesia bunebriv-geografiuli faqtori.

Tavisi ganviTarebis adrindel etapze adamianebis gadasaxlebis erT-erT
umniSvnelovanes mizezad gvevlineboda bunebrivi kataklizmebi, kerZod
vulkanuri amofrqvevebi, miwisZvrebi, wyaldidoba, zvavebi, qariSxlebi da a.S.
garda amisa, antikur epoqaSi adamiani xSirad icvlida sacxovrebel adgils Tu
misi naTesebi gvalvis an sxva bunebrivi movlenis Sedegad nadgurdeboda.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda adgilis
geografiul mdebareobas da mis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs. adamianebi
cdilobdnen ecxovraT, erTi mxriv Tbil klimatur sartylebSi, xolo meore
mxriv wyalTan axlos, kerZod zRis an mdinaris sanapiroze. mosaxleobis
gadaadgileba, aseve dakavSirebuli iyo niadagebis nayofirebasTan, ris gamoc
mTis mosaxleoba sacxovreblad barSi Cadioda.

omebi adamianebis masobrivi teritoriuli gadaadgilebis erT-erT

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. omebis Sedegad icvleboda ara marto qveynebis
sazRvrebi, aramed maTi mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba.
dapyrobili xalxi xSirad iZulebuli iyo daetovebina Tavisi binadrobis
adgilebi da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo. swored omebis da mosaxleobis
masobrivi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiRo dRevandeli eTnodemografiuli saxe
CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikebma, avstraliam, CrdiloeT afrikam, cimbirma,
ruseTis Soreulma aRmosavleTma da a.S. TviT evropis qveynebis umetesobaSi
mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenen is xalxebi, romlebic aq dapyrobiTi
omebis Sedegad Casaxldnen. Tanamedrove msoflioSi regionuli omebis an
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis mizeziT aseulobiT aTasi adamiani iZulebuli iyo
mietovebina sacxovrebeli da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo. ase moxda yofil
iugoslaviaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanSi, ruandaSi da a.S.

Tanamedrove migraciul procesebSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia

ekonomikuri faqtoriT gamowveul teritoriul gadaadgilebas.
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi, bunebrivi matebis dabali donis gamo ganicdian
samuSao Zalis deficits da misi aRmofxvra, rogorc wesi sxva qveynebidan
Camosuli adamianebis xarjze xdeba. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am process
aSkarad gamoxatuli socialur-geografiuli mimarTuleba gaaCnia, radgan
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleoba dasaqmebis mizniT miemarTeba ekonomikurad
maRalganviTarebul an ganviTarebad, magram energo resursebiT mdidar
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qveynebSi. aqve, unda aRiniSnos, rom ukanasakneli ramdenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi ekonomikurma emigraciam masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo
maRalganviTarebul qveynebSic. Tu ganviTarebadi qveynebis migrantTa udides
nawils warmoadgens dabali kvalifikaciis adamianebi, ekonomikurad
ganviTarebuli erTi qveynidan meoreSi samuSaod miemgzavrebian maRali donisa
da kvalifikaciis mqone specialistebi. maT emigracias aSkarad gamoxatuli
materialuri xasiaTi aqvs, radgan igi dakavSirebulia ufro maRali
anazRaurebis miRebasTan. aRniSnuli saxis migracias adgili aqvs evropis
farglebSi da evropidan amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

demografiuli situacia garkveul gavlenas axdens migraciul procesebze.

cnobilia, rom ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Warbmosaxleoba
pirdapir aisaxeba umuSevrobis zrdaze, ris gamoc mosaxleobis garkveuli
nawili iZulebulia samuSao sxva qveynebSi eZebos. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis
emigracia, rogorc wesi, maRalia im qveynebSi, romlebic gamoirCevian
mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maRali doniT.

qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis maRali potencialis arsebobam xeli Seuwyo maTi

mosaxleobis swraf zrdas soflis mosaxleobis mizidvis xarjze. es procesi
gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobs ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac
Warbmosaxleobis da aqedan gamomdinare dasaqmebis problema gansakuTrebiT
mwvaved dgas sasoflo dasaxlebebSi.

adamianebs, romlebic migraciul procesebSi monawileoben zogadad migrantebs

uwodeben. amasTan, migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
migrantebis ramdenime kategorias. am naSromis 2.1 TavSi mocemulia emigraciis
da imigraciis ganmartebebi. mocemuli ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom adamiani, romelic tovebs samSoblos da samudamod an didi
xniT miemgzavreba sxva qveyanaSi aris emigranti, xolo es adamiani mis mimReb
qveyanaSi iqneba imigranti. sxvaoba emigraciisa da imigraciis maCveneblebs
Soris aris migraciis saldo. migraciis saldo gamoisaxeba, rogorc
absolturi maCveneblebiT, aseve procentebiT an promileebiT. Tu imigracia
aWarbebs emigracias, am SemTxvevaSi qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia migraciis
dadebiTi saldo, xolo Tu adgili aqvs piruku movlenas, maSin migarciis
saldo uaryofiTi iqneba.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom adamianTa teritoriuli gadaadgileba yovelTvis

nebayoflobiT ar xdeba. msoflios istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia iZulebiTi
migraciebis mravali SemTxveva. iZulebiTi migraciis klasikur magaliTad
iTvleba evropelebis mier milionobiT afrikelis datyveveba da amerikaSi maTi
monebad gayidva. calkeuli adamianebis, iseve, rogorc adamianTa jgufebis
iZulebiTi gadaadgileba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos politikuri, eTnikuri an
religiuri devniT. aseTi saxis movlenebic mravlad iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi.
mag., osmaleTis imperiaSi religiuri Seviwrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi
gadmosaxldnen qurTi iezidebi, berZnebi da somxebi. imave mizeziT arabuli
qveynebidan saqarTveloSi Camosaxldnen asirieli qristianebi. jer kidev meore
msoflio omamde naxevari milioni adamiani, iZulebuli iyo daetovebina
nacisturi germania, italia, espaneTi, sadac isini ganicdidnen devnas
politikur da gansakuTrebiT eTnikur (upirveles yovlisa ebraelebi) niadagze.
maT Soris aRmoCdnen iseTi genialuri adamianebi, rogorebic iyvnen albert
ainStaini, lion foixtvangeri, Tomas mani, enriko fermi. sabWoTa kavSiris
arsebobis adreul etapze aTeulobiT aTasma adamianma, romelic ar eTanxmeboda
komunisturi partiis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikur kurss miatova es
qveyana da ZiriTadad evropaSi ipova TavSesafari. maTi emigracia drouli
aRmoCnda, radgan mogvianebiT sabWoTa xelisuflebis represiebma Seiwira asi
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aTasobiT “politikurad arasando piris” sicocxle, xolo milionobiT adamiani
gadaasaxles cimbirSi, Soreul aRmosavleTsa da yazaxeTSi.

omebis, adamianebiT vaWrobis, politikuri devnis, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniT

Seviwroebis, bunebrivi movlenebis da ekologiuri kataklizmebis mizeziT
gamowveul migracias adamianTa iZulebiT gadaadgilebas uwodeben. iZulebiT
gadaadgilebuli pirebi SegviZlia davyoT xuT Semdeg kategoriad:
ltovlilebad, devnilebad, ekologiur migrantebad, politikuri TavSesafris
maZieblebad da trefikingis msxverplad.
 Tu omma an bunebrivma kataklizmebma gamoiwvia adamianis gadasaxleba
sxva qveyanaSi is iTvleba ltolvilad.
 saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad Tavisi qveynis sxva regionSi
gadasaxlebuli piri aris devnili.
 adamiani, romelmac bunebrivi movlenebis an ekologiuri katastrofis
mizeziT misive qveynis farglebSi Seicvala adgilsamyofeli aris
ekologiuri migranti.
 pirs, romelic sakuTar qveyanaSi ganicdis devnas politikuri
mrwamsis, religiuri aRmsareblobis an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis
safuZvelze da am mizeziT surs samSoblos datoveba da sxva qveyanaSi
gadasaxleba politikuri TavSesafris maZiebels uwodeben.
 trefikingis msxvrepli aris adamiani, romelic misgan damoukidebeli
mizezebis Sedegad gaxda adamianebiT aralegaluri vaWrobis obieqti.

me-20 saukuneSi sakmaod didi gavrceleba hpova migraciis erT-erTma saxeobam,

romelsac repatriacia ewodeba. repatriacia gulisxmobs adamianis mier Tavisi
moqalaqeobis qveynis datovebas da winaprebis samSobloSi samudamod
gadasvlas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac Seiqmna israeli, masSi
msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan milionobiT ebraeli Cavida. 1960-ian wlebSi
somxeTSi sacxovreblad gaemgzavra aTasobiT eTnikuri somexi, ZiriTadad axlo
aRmosavleTis da evropis qveynebidan. 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi aseulobiT aTasma eTnikurma germanelma datova sabWoTa
kavSiri da germaniaSi sacxovreblad wavida. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia
intensiuri repatriacia, romelmac yvela yofili mokavSire respublika moicva
da masSi milionobiT adamiani monawileobda. am procesSi repatriantTa did
umravlesobas eTnikuri rusebi Seadgendnen, romlebic ZiriTadad ruseTSi
gadavidnen sacxovreblad.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT migraciebi, kerZod ki saerTaSoriso migraciebi

SeiZleba iyos legaluri an aralegaluri xasiaTis. Tu erTi qveynis moqalaqe
meoreSi SeaRwevs am qveynis imigraciis dadgenili wesebis darRveviT, am
SemTxvevaSi misi migracia aralegalurad CaiTvleba.

drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT migraciebi SeiZleba iyos samudamo, droebiTi,

sezonuri da qanqariseburi.

 migracia samudamoa, Tu adamiani samudamod tovebs Tavis sacxovrebel

adgils da sxvagan miemgzavreba.
 migracia droebiTia, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla xdeba garkveuli
vadiT. droebiTi migraciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa turizmi.
garda amisa, droebiTi migracia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dasaqmebis,
mkurnalobis Catarebis an ganaTlebis miRebis mizeziT.
 sezonuri migraciis dros adamiani sezonuri dasaqmebis mizniT mokle
vadiT tovebs Tavis sacxovrebel adgils. sezonuri migraciis erT-erTi
gavrcelebuli formaa mwyemsebis mier pirutyvis gadadena sazafxulo an
sazamTro ialaRebze. es procesi ramdenime Tve grZeldeba xolme. meore
 83
magaliTia, “sezonuri muSebis” migracia sasoflo-sameurneo raionebSi
mosavlis aRebis da dabinavebis periodSi. sezonuri migraciebis es forma
sakmaod gavrcelebulia, magaliTad, samxreT evropis qveynebSi - espaneTSi,
italiasa da safrangeTSi yurZnisa da citrusebis mosavlis aRebis
periodSi Cadian sezonuri migrantebi CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebidan.
 qanqariseburi migracia gulisxmobs, rom migranti yoveldRiurad midis
samuSaoze erTi punqtidan meoreSi da samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg Tavis
mudmiv sacxovrebel adgilze brundeba. qanqariseburi migracia sakmaod
gavrcelebulia im patara qalaqebSi da sasoflo dasaxlebebSi, romlebic
msxvili qalaqebis maxloblad mdebareoben. am soflebisa da patara
qalaqebis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili dasaqmebulia msxvili qalaqis
sawarmoebSi an iq savaWrod miemgzavreba. qanqariseburi migracia
ganviTarebulia erTmaneTTan axlos mdebare or msxvil qalaqs Sorisac
(magaliTad, Tbilisi da rusTavi). amgvar gadaadgilebas yoveldRiuri an
TiTqmis yoveldRiuri xasiaTi aqvs.

mosaxleobis migraciebs udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnda da gaaCnia. migraciuli

procesebis Sedegebi dadebiTad aisaxa kacobriobis cxovrebis mraval aspeqtze.
kerZod, migraciebi xels uwyobs (uwyobda):
 axali teritoriebis ekonomikur aTvisebas;
 samuSao Zalis racionalur gamoyenebas;
 adamianebs Soris urTierTkavSirs, ris Sedegadac xdeba akulturacia
(akultacia) e. i. xalxebs Soris kulturis miRwevebis, tradiciebis, wes-
Cveulebebis urTierTgacvlas;
 mecnierebis ganviTarebas da samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebis
saerTaSoriso gavrcelebas;
 vaWrobis ganviTarebas;
 turizmis ganviTarebas;
 sportis ganviTarebas;
 dasaqmebas, Sesabamisad adamianis materialuri donis amaRlebas;
 ganaTlebis, kulturuli da profesiuli donis amaRlebas;
 jandacvis ganviTarebas da adamianebis mkurnalobas;

adamianebis teritoriuli gadaadgilebis masStabis mixedviT migraciebi iyofa

Sida da sagareo (saerTaSoriso) migraciebad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamianebis
teritoriuli gadaadgileba xdeba erTi qveynis farglebSi saqme gvavs Sida
migraciasTan, xolo Tu aseTi gadaadgileba xdeba qveynis farglebs gareT,
maSin saxezea sagareo anu saerTaSoriso migracia.

Sida migraciebi oTxi Semdegi mimarTulebiT SeiZleba ganviTardes:

 sofeli-sofeli;
 sofeli-qalaqi;
 qalaqi-qalaqi;
 qalaqi-sofeli.

Sida migraciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli mimarTulebebia sofeli-qalaqi da

qalaqi-qalaqi. soflis mosaxleobis migracia qalaqebSi yovelTvis didi
aqtualobiT gamoirCeoda. mTlianobaSi es dadebiTi da bunebrivi procesia.
Tavis droze, kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam da samecniero-
teqnikurma progresma xeli Seuwyo warmoebis, maT Soris sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebis intensifikacias. xeliT Sroma manqanuri SromiT Seicvala, ris
Sedegadac soflad adgili hqonda didi raodenobiT samuSao Zalis
gamoTavisuflebas. soflis Warbi mosaxleoba qalaqebSi gadasaxlda, sadac jer
mrewvelobis da Semdgom momsaxurebis sferos swrafma ganviTarebam moiTxova
 84
damatebiTi SromiTi resursebis arseboba. evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis
qveynebSi es procesi metnaklebad harmoniulad da Tanmimdevrulad
mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi
mosaxleobis raodenobis zrda gacilebiT winmswrebi tempiT xdeba, vidre
ekonomikuri ganviTareba, ris gamoc Warbmosaxleobis problema erTnairad
mwvaved dgas, rogorc sasoflo dasaxlebebis, aseve qalaqebis winaSe.

Sida migrantebis garkveuli nawili garkveuli drois Semdeg Tavisi mudmivi

binadrobis adgilze brundeba. es Sida migraciebis kidev erTi gavrcelebuli
formaa, romelsac “uku migracia” ewodeba. masSi ZiriTadad Cabmuli arian
soflebisa da patara qalaqebis mcxovrebni, romlebic garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi msxvil qalaqebSi imyofebodnen ganaTlebis miRebis an dasaqmebis
mizniT. soflis mosaxleobis uku migracia dadebiT gavlenas axdens sasoflo
raionebis ganaTlebis da kulturis donis amaRlebaze, aseve maT ekonomikur
ganviTarebaze.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac soflis mosaxle jer patara qalaqSi gadadis

sacxovreblad, xolo Semdeg msxvil qalaqSi. iseT migracias, romlis drosac
migranti ramdenjerme icvlis sacxovrebel adgils da amasTan, Tanmimdevrulad
gadadis mcire dasaxlebuli punqtidan ufro didi zomis dasaxlebul punqtSi
safexurebrivi migracia ewodeba.

Sida migraciebi did gavlenas axdenen qveynis calkeuli regionebis an

dasaxlebuli punqtis demografiul situaciaze. Tu maRalganviTarebul
qveynebSi Sida migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad organizebul xasiaTs atarebs
da xels uwyobs qveynis calkeuli teritoriebis aTviseba-ganviTarebas, xolo
ganviTarebad samyaroSi amgvari gadaadgilebebi, rogorc wesi ukontrolod,
spontanurad mimdinareobs.

migraciul procesebSi ZiriTadad Sromisunariani asakis adamianebi

monawileoben. Sida migraciuli umTavresi nakadebi miemarTeba sasoflo
dasaxlebebidan qalaqebisaken. soflebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis gadineba
dadebiTad aisaxeba im qveynebis soflis mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur
mdgomareobaze, romlebSic arsebobs Warbmosaxleobis problema. magram, im
qveynebSi, sadac adgili aqvs demografiul kriziss es procesi mZime uaryofiTi
Sedegebis momtania. is upirveles yovlisa, xels uwyobs soflis mosaxleobis
daberebas, rac, Tavis mxriv iwvevs sasoflo regionebSi samuSao Zalis
deficits.

sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis SesaZleblobebi

uaRresad limitirebulia, miT ufro araorganizebuli migraciebis pirobebSi.
Sesabamisad, msxvil qalaqebSi izrdeba umuSevroba, rac upirveles yovlisa
aisaxeba soflebidan an patara qalaqebidan Camosul adamianebze. saboloo
jamSi es procesi iwvevs qalaqis kriminogenuli situaciis gauaresebas.
ukontrolo migraciebis Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis qalaqebSi adgili aqvs
sxva saxis socialuri problemebis warmoSobas, maT Soris arasrulwlovanTa
aralegalur dasaqmebas, siRatakes, antisanitarias, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis gauaresebas, CvilTa sikvdilianobis zrdas.
 85
4.2 saerTaSoriso migraciebis istoriuli mimoxilva79

migraciebi yvela istoriuli epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, amasTan

adamianebis teritoriuli gadadgileba yovel konkretul istoriul periodSi
gamoirCeoda Sesabamisi formiT, masStabiT, geografiuli mimarTulebiT da
SedegebiT.

adamianebis teritoriuli gadaadgilebis istoriaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba

gamovyoT 7 Semdegi periodi:
 uZvelesi xana, romelic saTaves iRebs daaxloebiT 700 aTas wels Cvens
welTaRricxvamde da grZeldeboda Cveni welTaRricxvis me-4 saukunemde.
es xana moicavs or istoriul epoqas - pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebas
da monaTmflobelobis TiTqmis mTel periods;
 IV-IX saukuneebi - adrindeli feodalizmis epoqa;
 X-XV saukuneebi - ganviTarebuli feodalizmis epoqa;
 XVI-XVIII saukuneebi - gviandeli feodalizmis da adreuli kapitalizmis
epoqebi (“absolutizmis xana”);
 XIX saukune – ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis periodi;
 XX saukunis pirveli naxevari – msoflio omebis periodi;
 Tanamedrove periodi - XX saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde.

uZvelesi xanis, kerZod ki pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis epoqis migraciebze

SeiZleba vimsjeloT mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli
informaciis safuZvelze. es informacia ki imdenad mwiria, rom mecnierebs
dRemde uWirT bevr kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. magaliTad, daudgenelia, Tu ra
mizeziT gadmovidnen adamianebi sacxovreblad Tbili afrikidan SedarebiT civ
evropaSi80. es gadasaxleba daaxloebiT 700 aTasi wlis win moxda. pirveli
evropelebi warmoadgendnen adamianTa im modgmas, romlebic homo ereqtusis
saxeliT arian cnobili. msoflios sxva regionebSi mimdinareobda homo
sapiensis gavrceleba. am ukanasknelis warmomadgenlebi evropaSi Semovidnen
axlo aRmosavleTidan daaxloebiT 35 aTasi wlis winaT. mTeli am xnis
ganmavlobaSi adamianebis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava nadirobas.
evropis teritoriaze maTi migracia xdeboda gareuli cxovelebis jogebis
gadaadgilebasTan erTad. amasTan, mimdinareobda evropis axal-axali miwebis
aTviseba da garkveuli teritoriebis dasaxleba. adamianebis gansaxlebaSi
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi. gamyinvarebebma didi
cvlilebebi Seitana evropis mosaxleobis gadaadgilebaSi. meoTxeulma da
mexuTeulma gamyinvarebebis gamo CrdiloeT da centralur evropaSi binadari
tomebi iZulebuli gaxdnen samxreT evropaSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. 12 aTasi wlis
winaT evropaSi moxda klimaturi pirobebis stabilizacia. am droisaTvis ukve
ganviTarebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba da Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba, ris
Sedegadac iqmneboda dasaxlebebi.

msoflios sxva regionebSi, kerZod afrikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, adamianTa

migraciebi da pirveli dasaxlebebis Seqmna gacilebiT adre daiwyo, vidre
evropaSi.

uZveles xanaSi msoflios regionebSi adgili hqonda mniSvnelovan teritoriul

gadaadgilebebs. Cvens welTaRricxvamde ukve me-7 aTaswleulSi dasaxlebuli
iyo msoflios civilizaciis uZvelesi kera – mesopotamia, igive SuamdinareTi

79
am TavSi, garda miTiTebulisa, gamoyenebulia informacia Semdegi wyarodan: History of
International Migration. www.let.leidenuniv.nl
80
am TavSi evropa ganxilulia mis fizikur-geografiul sazRvrebSi, Sesabamisad mis
SemadgenlobaSi ar unda vigulisxmoT mcire azia da kavkasia.
 86
(Tanamedrove erayis teritoria). samxreT mesopotamia dasaxlebuli iyo
SumerebiT, xolo CrdiloeT mesopotamia - aqadielebiT. imave periodis me-3
aTaswleulis bolos es teritoriebi arameelebma daikaves, romlebic aq
samxreTidan movidnen.

daaxloebiT 40 aTasi wlis winaT samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi mcxovrebma

tomebma samxreTis mimarTulebiT didi manZili gadalaxes da avstraliaSi
dasaxldnen.81

me-4 aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde egvipteSi, mdinare nilosis napirebze sakmaod

kompaqturad saxlobdnen berberuli, prosemituri da kuSituri tomebi.
varaudoben, rom mogvianebiT berberebi gavrceldnen dasavleTiT, xolo
prosemituri da kuSituri tomebi – aRmosavleTiT.

Cven welTaRricxvamde me-3 aTaswleulis SuaSi indoeTis teritoriaze

dasaxldnen ariuli tomebi. maT dasabami misces indoariuli tomebis
gavrcelebas dasavleTiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda maT migracias da
gansaxlebas iranSi, sadac isini dominirebdnen daaxloebiT 15 saukunis
ganmavlobaSi sparselebisa da midielebis gamoCenamde.

uZveles xanaSi daiwyo CrdiloeT amerikis dasaxleba, mas Semdeg rac Crdilo-
aRmosavleT aziidan beringis srutis gavliT moxda indieli tomebis migracia.

daaxloebiT 9-10 aTasi wlis winaT filipinebis kunZulebidan iaponiaSi

gadasaxldnen ainebi, xolo erTi saukunis Semdeg iaponiaSi gansaxleba daiwyes
koreuli wamoSobis tomebma82. daaxloebiT amave periodSi avstroneziuri,
proatlantikuri, Cinur-tibeturi da avstroaziuri tomebis migraciebis Sedegad
moxda samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziis teritoriis aTviseba83.

Cven welTaRricxvamde daaxloebiT 8 aTasi wliT adre evropis teritoriaze

Seiqmna axali dasaxlebebi. am periodSi evropis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi
gadmosaxldnen aziuri warmomavlobis tomebi. mogvianebiT, Cvens
welTaaRricxvamde 5 aTasi wliT adre dunaispira tomebma moaxdines jer
dRevandeli bulgareTis, rumineTis, ungreTis, slovakeTis da balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilis, xolo Semdgom dRevandeli safrangeTis,
niderlandebis da belgiis kolonizacia. imave periodSi mcire aziis
mosaxleobam daiwyo aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis da balkaneTis samxreT
nawilis dasaxleba. aRniSnuli procesebi daaxloebiT aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobda. amave periods emTxveva iberiuli tomebis gansaxleba evropis
teritoriaze. iberTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb ori mosazreba arsebobs. erT-erTis
mixedviT isini evropaSi, kerZod espaneTis teritoriaze CrdiloeT afrikidan
movidnen da maT araferi aqvT saerTo saqarTvelos iberebTan. meore versiis
mixedviT iberebi espaneTSi saqarTvelodan gadasaxldnen. iberebi evropaSi
espaneTis garda saxlobdnen italiaSi, safrangeTSi da britaneTSic ki.

Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-8 – me-5 saukuneebSi momTabare tomebis mier

mimdinareobda evropis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis dapyroba da aTviseba. maT
Soris mniSvnelovani iyo germanuli tomebis gavrceleba centralur, samxreT
da dasavleT evropaSi. aseve, aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi (dRevandeli ruseTis
teritoria) mcxovrebi momTabareebis, upirveles yovlisa skviTebis gansaxleba
dRevandeli ukrainis, moldovis da slovakeTis teritoriebze. mogvianebiT isini
iZulebulni gaxdnen es adgilebi sarmatebisaTvis daeTmoT. Cvens

81
Страны и народы. Австралия и Океания. Антарктида. М, 1981, с.11
82
Брук С.И. Население мира (этнодемографический справочник). М., 1986, cс. 446-447
83iqve gv. 372
 87
welTaRricxvamde me-6 saukuneSi centralur da dasavleT evropaSi gamoCdnen da
Semdgomi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi iq dominirebdnen keltebi.

monaTmflobeluri epoqis ganmavlobaSi evropis politikaSi liderobda jer

saberZneTi, xolo Semdeg karTageni da romi. saberZneTi, karTageni da romi
miznad isaxavdnen dapyrobil teritoriebze gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi ena,
religia da kultura. amis Sedegad evropis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT
afrikis teritoriebze Seiqmna ara erTi polisi (qalaqi). mag., daarsda qalaqebi
karTageni, aleqsandria, marseli. romaelebma evropis did teritoriaze
gaavrceles laTinuri ena, romlis modificirebuli variantebi bevri
xalxebisTvis (maT Soris frangebisTvis, espanelebisTvis, ruminelebisTvis)
mSobliuri ena gaxda. aRniSnul periodSi moxda egeosis zRvispireTis,
CrdiloeT afrikis, safrangeTis, britaneTis, germaniis, espaneTis, siciliis,
korsikis, maltis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis dasaxleba da aTviseba.
romaelebma CrdiloeT safrangeTidan britaneTSi gadaasaxles aTasobiT gali,
xolo am ukanasknelebis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serevis safuZvelze
Seiqmna uelseli eri. saberZneTisa da romis wyalobiT dasavleT aziisa da
CrdiloeT afrikis nawili evropul kulturas eziara.

monaTmflobelur epoqaSi gadaadgilebis masStabis TvalsazrisiT

rekordulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos hunebis migracia. hunebis migracia daiwyo
CineTSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-2 saukuneSi, mimdinareobda eqvsi saukunis
ganmavlobaSi da dasrulda Savi zRvis mimdebare CrdiloeT teritoriebze. Cveni
welTaRricxvis me-6 saukuneSi analogiuri gza gaiares avarebma, kidev erTma
Turqulenovanma tomma. isini im teritoriebs daeuflnen, sadac oTxi saukuniT
adre hunebi cxovrobdnen. avarebma, iseve, rogorc hunebma dunaispireTSi Tavisi
adgili ver daimkvidres da sxva xalxebs Seerwynen.

evropis mosaxleobis formirebaze didi zegavlena iqonia goTebis migraciam,

romelsac adgili hqonda Cveni welTaRricxvis 4-5 saukuneebSi. goTebi
gadmovidnen SvedeTidan centralur evropaSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi orad,
ostgoTebad (ostguTebad) da vestgoTebad (vestguTebad) gaiyvnen. ostgoTebi
dasaxldnen mdinare donsa da mdinare dneprs Soris, xolo vestgoTebi
gansaxldnen maTgan dasavleTiT, mdinare dunais mimdebare teritoriebze. amiT
goTebis migraciebi ar damTavrebula. 378 wels vestgoTebi SeiWrnen romis
imperiis teritoriaze. romma ver gauZlo maT gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs,
TandaTanobiT sustdeboda da 476 wels es imperia sabolood daiSala84. me-5
saukunis dasawyisSi vestgoTebma italiis gavliT SeaRwies da daikaves
CrdiloeT da centraluri espaneTi. ostgoTebma ki 488 wels daipyres italiis
mniSvnelovani teritoria da Camoayalibes samefo, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxda
ravena. 554 wels es samefo gauqmda bizantielebTan gadamwyvet brZolaSi
marcxis Sedegad85. ostgoTTa nawili centralur evropaSi dabrunda, xolo
meore nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seeria.

me-6 saukuneSi iwyeba slavebis, romlebic manamde dunais SesarTavs, mdinarebis

dneprsa da vislas Soris mdebare teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, masobrivi
migracia evropaSi. maTi migracia Semdgomi oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi sami
ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda. slavebis erTi Sto dasaxlda
teritoriaze, romelic moicavda dRevandeli ruseTis evropuli nawilis da
ukrainis mniSvnelovan areals, sadac mogvianebiT Seiqmna kievisa da novgorodis
slavuri samTavroebi. meore Sto gaemarTa dasavleTiT da dasaxlda baltiis
zRvis sanapiroze, bohemiasa (dRevandeli CexeTis teritoria) da aRmosavleT
alpebSi. xolo, mesame Sto gadaadgilda samxreTisaken da daikava balkaneTis

84 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 8. Tbilisi 1984. gv. 436

85 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 3. Tbilisi 1978. gv. 296
 88
naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawili. me-7 saukunis bolos da me-8 saukunis
dasawyisSi mas Semdeg rac, bulgarelebma dunais samxreTiT mdebare teritoria
daipyres, xolo xazarebi gabatondnen volgasa da samxreT urals Soris, maT
daiwyes slavebis Seviwroeba. 885 wels kievisa da novgorodis samTavroebs
daepatronen SvedeTidan mosuli variagebi. aRniSnul teritoriebze mcxovrebi
slavebis mniSvnelovani nawili gadasaxlda dRevandeli ruseTis evropuli
nawilis centralur da CrdiloeT nawilebSi.

me-8 saukuneSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze islamis gavrcelebisa da arabTa

xalifatis SeqmnasTan erTad iwyeba arabTa mier CrdiloeT afrikis, samxreT-
dasavleT aziis da kavkasiis dapyroba. maT gansakuTrebiT warmatebiT moaxerxes
CrdiloeT afrikis naklebad dasaxlebuli teritoriebis dapyroba da aq
dasaxleba. manamde CrdiloeT afrikaSi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen
egviptelebi (koptebi) da berberebi. Semdgomi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobdaa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis islamizacia da arabizacia. arabebma
agreTve daipyres TiTqmis mTeli espaneTi, sadac oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi
batonobdnen, Tumca aq dasaxleba ver moaxerxes, iseve, rogorc ver moaxerxes es
siciliaSi, bizantiaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi.

me-9 saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi skandinaviidan normanebi (vikingebi) SeiWrnen.

ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi normanebma daipyres da dasaxldnen CrdiloeT
safrangeTSi, holandiaSi, fareris kunZulebze, inglisSi, islandiaSi,
grenlandiaSi. inglisSi normanebisa da anglo-saqsebis Serwymis safuZvelze
Camoyalibda ingliseli eri da inglisuri ena.86

me-10 saukuneSi samxreT uralidan centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSi

Semovidnen da gansaxleba daiwyes fino-ugoriulma tomebma. ungrelebi
(madiarebi) dasaxldnen panoniis dablobze, xolo mogvianebiT finuri tomebi –
dRevandeli fineTisa da estoneTis teritoriaze.

zemoT ganxiluli migraciebis Sedegad dasrulda dasavleT evropis

mosaxleobis ZiriTadi eTnosebis formireba. Semdgom saukuneebSi mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovanma gadaadgilebebma gamoiwvia Camoyalibebuli eTnosebis Semdgomi
ganaxleba-ganviTareba, magram am migraciebis Sedegad dasavleT^evropis
eTnikuri portreti mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila.

evropaSi eTnosebis Camoyalibebis procesi ufro adre dasrulda vidre

msoflios sxva regionebSi, Sesabamisad aq ufro adre daiwyo saxelmwifoebis
formireba. garda amisa, evropa msoflios yvelaze ufro dasaxlebuli regioni
gaxda. maRali simWidroviT gamoirCeoda misi dasavleT nawili, im dros,
rodesac aRmosavleT evropa SedarebiT dausaxlebeli iyo. dasavleT evropis
xalxebisaTvis Semdgomi teritoriuli gafarToebis saSualebas mxolod axali
teritoriebis SemoerTeba warmoadgenda. amis realizacia ki SesaZlebeli iyo
axlo aRmosavleTis da ruseTis miwebis dapyrobis da aTvisebis Sedegad.

me-11 – me-15 saukuneebi evropis, kerZod ki dasavleT evropis istoriaSi

cnobilia, rogorc “jvarosnuli laSqrobebis” xana. 8 jvarosnuli laSqrobis
Sedegad axlo aRmosavleTSi, kerZod mcire aziaSi, kviprosze da arabeTis
naxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, daaxloebiT 250 aTasi evropeli,
upiratesad frangi, dasaxlda. dRevandeli libanis teritoriaze evropelebma
daarses tamplierebis samefo, romelic ramdenime saukunis Semdeg Turqebis da
arabebis Semotevebis Sedegad daeca.

86 zurab daviTaSvili. msoflios istoriuli da politikuri geografia. Tbilisi, 2001.

gv. 64
 89
germanuli warmoSobis xalxebma daiwyes aRmosavleT evropis teritoriebis
dalaSqvra. daaxloebiT 300-400 aTasi germaneli dasaxlda sileziis dablobze,
pomeraniaSi, baltiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, fineTis ubis
sanapiroze da prusiaSi. manamde aq mcxovrebi slavebi iZulebuli iyvnen
aRmosavleTSi gadasuliyvnen an Sereodnen axladmosul germanul mosaxleobas.

me-11–me-15 saukuneebSi inglisSi gadasaxlda 100 aTasi frangi. maTi umravlesoba

iq am or qveyanas Soris 100 wliani omis Sedegad moxvda.

me-14 saukuneSi kaTolikuri eklesiis mier wamowyebuli kampaniis Sedegad moxda

ebraelebis gandevna inglisidan, safrangeTsa da gansakuTrebiT espaneTidan.
Semdgomi 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi asi aTasobiT ebraeli aRmosavleT evropaSi
ZiriTadad, poloneTsa da litvaSi gadasaxlda.

me-13 saukuneSi ruseTi TaTar-monRolTa Semosevis obieqti gaxda. maTi batonoba

TiTqmis sami saukune gagrZelda. amis Sedegad TaTrulma tomebma TavianTi
poziciebi ganimtkices volgispireTSi, sadac dRemde kompaqturad saxloben.

meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan migracias adgili hqonda

aziaSi. am periodSi cimbiris samxreT nawilidan da centraluri aziidan
mimdinareobda Turquli tomebma daiwyes migracia samxreT-dasavleTiT. maT jer
sparseTi daikaves, xolo Semdeg gansaxleba daiwyes mcire aziasa da samxreT
kavkasiaSi (dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze). 1453 wels Turqebis mier
konstantinopolis (dRevandeli stamboli) aRebiT dasrulda bizantiis imperiis
istoria da safuZveli Caeyara osmaleTis imperiis formirebas.

amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg migraciebis istoriaSi axali era dadga. XVI-XIX

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis yvelaze masStaburi gadaadgileba
swored amerikis mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda. evropelTa migracia amerikaSi
ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime faqtoriT. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi iyo
ekonomikuri, radgan amerikis aTviseba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali Semosavlebis
miRebasTan. garda amisa, evropelebis mniSvnelovan nawils sjeroda, rom
amerikaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda iseTi saxelmwifoebis Seqmna, sadac
damkvidrdeboda socialuri samarTlianoba, ris Sedegadac aRmoifxvreboda
wodebrivi gansxvavebebi da rac mTavaria, dakanondeboda sityvis, politikuri
Sexedulebebis da religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba. azielTa da CrdiloeT
afrikelTa (arabTa) amerikaSi migracia ZiriTadad ekonomikuri motivebiT iyo
ganpirobebuli.

amerikis aTviseba Tavidan neli tempiT mimdinareobda. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom

1720 wlisTvis samxreT amerikaSi 1 milionze cota meti evropeli imyofeboda,
xolo 1776 wels, rodesac amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma damoukidebloba
gamoacxada am qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 4,5 milioni adamiani cxovrobda. amerikaSi
evropelTa emigraciaSi SeiniSneboda mkafiod gamoxatuli geografiuli
kanonzomierebebi. dRevandeli aSS-sa da kanadis teritoriebis aTvisebaSi
monawileobdnen ZiriTadad britanelebi, frangebi da germanelebi, im dros,
rodesac espanelebma da portugalielebma moaxdines centraluri da samxreT
amerikis kolonizacia. am wesidan gamonakliss holandielebi warmoadgendnen,
radgan maT emigracias amerikaSi ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli geografiuli
mimarTuleba. isini cdilobdnen koloniebi SeeqmnaT yvelgan, sadac amis
saSualeba miecemodaT.

evropidan amerikaSi masobrivi emigracia kapitalisturi urTierTobebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad daiwo. me-19 saukuneSi da me-20 saukunis pirvel
meoTxedSi aSS-Si evropelTa gadasaxlebaSi ori periodi SeiZleba gamoiyos.
pirveli periodi moicavs 1790-1870 wlebs da masSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
 90
daikava am qveyanaSi dasavleT evropelTa masobrivma imigraciam. meore periodSi
(1870-1924 wlebi), evropuli emigraciis mTavari kera gaxda samxreT da
aRmosavleT evropa. 1860 wlisaTvis aSS-Si cxovrobda 5 milioni imigranti,
xolo Semdegi 65 wlis ganmavlobaSi aq evropidan 35 milionamde adamiani
Camovida, maT Soris 5,5 milioni germaneli, 2 milion ebraelze meti marto
ruseTis imperiidan, 15 milionze meti aRmosavleT evropidan (rusebi,
ukrainelebi, polonelebi, ungrelebi, litvelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi), 2 milionze
meti skandinavieli (Svedebi, danielebi, norvegielebi). gansakuTrebuli
aRniSnvis Rirsia aSS-Si irlandielTa imigracia. me-19 saukuneSi da me-20
saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si gadasaxlda 4 milionze meti irlandieli, ris
Sedegadac aRmoCnda, rom aSS-Si meti irlandieli cxovrobda, vidre TviT
irlandiaSi. aRniSnul periodSi kanadaSi Cavida 7 milioni adamiani, magram
maTgan 6 milioni momdevno 2-3 aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi aSS-Si gadavida
sacxovreblad.

amerikaSi evropelTa da azielTa migracias ZiriTadad nebayoflobiTi xasiaTi

hqonda, Tu ar CavTvliT aq patimarTa gadasaxlebas safrangeTidan da
britaneTidan. samagierod, am periodSi masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo amerikaSi
afrikelebis Cayvanam da iq maTi monebad gayidvam. 1600-1900 wlebSi mxolod aSS-
Si 12,5 milioni afrikeli Caasaxles, romelTa umravlesobas gvineis ubis
mimdebare teritoriebisa da samxreT-dasavleT afrikis mkvidri mosaxleoba
Seadgenda.

1830-iani wlebidan amerikaSi daiwyo samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziis

mosaxleobis, ZiriTadad CinelTa imigracia. evropelebi CinelebTan kontraqtebs
aformebdnen da amerikaSi samuSaod CayavdaT. Cinelebis didi raodenoba
gamoiyenes aSS-s dasavleT nawilSi rkinigzebis da portebis mSeneblobaze. me-19
saukunis ganmavlobaSi amerikaSi asi aTasobiT azieli Cavida, Tumca imave
saukunis bolo meoTxedSi aSS-s mTavrobam maTi imigracia SezRuda.

evropelTa emigracia samxreT amerikaSi naklebad masStabur xasiaTs atarebda

vidre CrdiloeT amerikaSi, Tumca is mainc mniSvnelovani iyo. 1820-1924 wlebSi
evropulma imigraciam samxreT amerikaSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni adamiani
Seadgina. am kontinentze evropelTa imigraciis mTavar kerebs warmoadgendnen
brazilia da argentina. argentinaSi Casuli evropelebis umravlesobas
espanelebi Seadgendnen, Tumca migrantTa mniSvnelovani nakadi italiidan,
safrangeTidan, ruseTidan, holandiidan Cadioda. koloniuri periodis brazilia
upiratesad portugaliuri imigraciis kera iyo, xolo am qveynis
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg iq Casvla daiwyes upiratesad
italielebma, xolo portugalielTa mniSvnelovani nawili samSobloSi
dabrunda. aRniSnul periodSi samxreT amerikaSi intensiuri xasiaTi hqonda
azielTa, kerZod iaponelTa, CinelTa, indoelTa da arabTa (upiratesad
alJirelTa) imigracias. afrikeli monebiT vaWrobis procesis Sedegad samxreT
amerikaSi 2,5 milioni Savkaniani gadaasaxles. maTi umravlesoba braziliis
plantaciebSi daasaqmes.

me-17 – me-19 saukuneebSi amerikis garda evropuli kolonizacia Seexo afrikas,

azias da avstralia-okeaneTs, ramac xeli Seuwyo axal intensiur migraciul
moZraobas.

maRribis qveynebis (alJiri, maroko, tunisi) kolonizaciis Sedegad am regionSi

milionze meti frangi Cavida.

1788-1868 wlebSi inglissa da irlandiidan avstraliaSi da kunZul tasmaniaze

162 aTasi msjavrdebuli gadaasaxles. avstraliis mTavari qalaqi sidnei
patimrebma aaSenes da misi pirveli mosaxleebic isini gaxdnen.
 91

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi italiasa da saberZneTSi Seqmnili mZime

ekonomikuri sitaciis gamo am qveynebidan daiwyo am qveynebis mosaxleobis
masobrivi emigracia avstraliaSi. 1820-1924 wlebSi avstraliaSi 3 milionze meti
italieli da berZeni Cavida.

me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda samxreT afrikis kolonizacia, ris

Sedegadac me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi aq 1 milionze meti ingliseli da buri
(polandieli) cxovrobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynis kolonizaciaSi
germanelebic monawileobdnen, magram isini ver Seeguen adgilobriv pirobebs da
ukan dabrundnen.

me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda bunebrivi da mineraluri resursebiT

mdidari cimbiris aTviseba ruseTis imperiis mier. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi am
regionSi ukve 10 milion adamianze meti cxovrobda.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTma daasrula CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyoba.

ruseTis imperiam aqedan gaasaxla aTeulobiT aTasi adamiani, maT Soris
Cerqezebi, afxazebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi. maT TavSesafari osmaleTis imperiaSi
miiRes. ruseTis imperiis administracia cdilobda kavkasiis da volgispireTis
teritoria rusebiT da germanelebiT daesaxlebina. am mizniT germaniidan, am
regionebSi sacxovreblad gadmovida aTeulobiT aTasi adamiani. saqarTveloSi
germanelebi qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze daasaxles.

zemoT aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan migraciebs adgili hqonda

evropis farglebSic. rogorc aRiniSna, me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi
saberZneTi da italia moicva ekonomikurma krizisma. ramdenime aTeuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi es qveynebi datova milionobiT adamianma. maTgan, 2 milioni
italieli evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, ZiriTadad safrangeTSi gadasaxlda,
xolo berZenTa mniSvnelovani nawili dasaqmebis mizniT avstro-ungreTis
imperiis CrdiloeT nawilSi gaemgzavra.

me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi TurqeTis teritoriaze somexTa masobrivi xocva-

Jletis Sedegad milionze meti somexi iZulebuli iyo TavSesafari evropis
qveynebSi epovna, ZiriTadad ruseTsa da safrangeTSi, aseve axlo aRmosavleTis
arabul qveynebSi da aSS-Si.

pirvelma msoflio omma didi zegavlena iqonia msoflios mosaxleobis

teritoriul gadaadgilebaze, rac upirveles yovlisa evropas Seexo.

pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebis Sedegad germaneli mosaxleoba iZulebuli

iyo daetovebina is teritoriebi, sadac is manamde cxovrobda. kerZod, 1,8
milioni germaneli poloneTidan, ruseTidan, elzas-lotaringiidan (aRmosavleT
safrangeTi), aseve aziis da afrikis koloniebidan germaniasa da avstriaSi
dabrunda.

safrangeTidan germanelTa emigraciisa da omiT miyenebuli adamianuri zaralis

Sedegad qveyanaSi Seiqmna samuSao Zalis deficiti, romlis aRmofxvrac sxva
qveynebidan aTi aTasobiT muSis Semoyvanis xarjze moxda. omis Semdeg
safrangeTSi samuSaod Cavida 300 aTasi arabi maRribis qveynebidan, 46 aTasi
poloneli, 33 aTasi Cexi, 67 aTasi rusi da amdenive somexi.

osmaleTis imperiis daSlisa da TurqeTis respublikis Seqmnis Sedegad

saberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris moxda mosaxleobebis “gacvla”. 1923 wels
saberZneTi datova da TurqeTSi gadasaxlda 500 aTasi Turqi, xolo 1,3 milioni
berZeni TurqeTidan saberZneTSi wavida.
 92

ruseTis imperiis ngrevas da mis teritoriaze sabWoTa diqtaturis damyarebis

Sedegad jer kidev me-20 saukunis 10-iani wlebis bolos da 20-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi asobiT aTasi adamiani, romelic imperiis arsebobis dros maRal an
saSualo fenas miekuTvneboda iZulebuli gaxda TavSesafari sxva qveynebSi
epova. ruseTidan wasuli adamianebis umravlesoba safrangeTSi an aSS-Si
gadasaxlda. 1917-1926 wlebSi ruseTidan mxolod safrangeTSi 64 aTasi adamiani
Cavida. 20-30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa represiebis msxverpli gaxda SeZlebuli
adamianebis didi nawili, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi darCa. 1932 wels cimbirSi
da sabWoTa kavSiris sxva naklebad aTvisebul adgilebSi 5 milioni
SeZlebuli glexi (“kulaki”) gadaasaxles. garda amisa, qveyanaSi dawyebulma
industrializaciis procesma moiTxova msxvil qalaqebsa da industriul
centrebSi didi raodenobis muSa-xelis arseboba. am mizniT sabWoTa
xelisuflebam 1929-39 wlebSi qveynis evropuli nawilis sasoflo regionebidan
did qalaqebSi, aseve donbassa da uralSi 18 milioni adamiani gadaasaxla.

30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropis rig saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris germaniaSi,

italiasa da espaneTSi, xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatoruli reJimebi movidnen.
am qveynebSi daiwyo adamianTa devna politikuri mrwamsisa da eTnikuri
kuTvnilebis niadagze. eTnikur ebraelTa da boSaTa didi nawili, agreTve
faSisturi ideologiis mowinaaRmdegeebi iZulebulni gaxdnen es qveynebi
daetovebinaT. maTi umetesoba sacxovreblad gaemgzavra safrangeTSi, did
britaneTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi.

espaneTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omis Sedegad 30-iani wlebis bolos qveyana

datova 200 aTasma adamianma. maTi umravlesoba (140 aTasi adamiani)
sacxovreblad safrangeTSi wavida, xolo danarCenebi samxreT amerikasa da
CrdiloeT afrikis frangulenovan qveynebSi.

msoflioSi migraciuli moZraoba kidev ufro intensiuri gaxda meore msoflio

omis dros. am omis ganmavlobaSi nacistebma maT mier dapyrobili qveynebidan
germaniaSi gadaasaxles daaxloebiT 9-10 milioni adamiani. maTi erTi nawili
dasaqmebuli iyo mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobebze, meore nawili ki
sakoncentracio banakebSi moaTavses. 1942-45 wlebSi germaniisa da poloneTis
teritoriebze mdebare sakoncentracio banakebSi milionobiT adamiani, maT
Soris 5,2 milioni ebraeli da 400 aTasi boSa imyofeboda.

imave periodSi sabWoTa kavSirSi adgili hqonda sxvadasxva eTnosebis

deportacias (ZaldatanebiT gasaxlebas) maTi binadrobis adgilebidan qveynis
sxva teritoriebze. sabWoTa xelisuflebas eSinoda, rom Tu germaniis mokavSire
TurqeTi sabWoTa kavSirSi SemoiWreboda, maSin mas mxars dauWerdnen
saqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi muslimebi. am mizeziT, iqedan
1943-44 wlebSi yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi gaasaxles CeCnebi, inguSebi,
yaraCaevelebi, balyarebi da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimi mesxebi.

meore msoflio omis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Seicvala msoflios politikuri

ruka, ramac pirdapiri zegavlena moaxdina mosaxleobis migraciebze.
aRmosavleT evropidan 10 milioni germaneli gadaasaxles germaniis federaciul
respublikaSi, germaniis demokratiul respublikasa da dasavleT berlinSi.87
imavdroulad, 2 milionamde poloneli germaniidan poloneTSi dabrunda.88

meore msoflio omis dros ganxocielebulma ebraelTa devnam gamoiwvia

evropidan da CrdiloeT afrikidan maTi masobrivi emigracia CrdiloeT

87
В.П. Максаковский – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с. 137
88
vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 106
 93
amerikasa da palestinaSi. 1947 wels istoriuli palestinis teritoriaze
Seiqmna israelis saxelmwifo. Tu omamde iq ramdenime aTeuli aTasi ebraeli
cxovrobda, 1966 wels maTma ricxvma israelSi ukve 2,5 milioni Seadgina. meore
mxriv israelis Seqmnis Semdeg arabul qveynebSi gadasaxlda daaxloebiT 700
aTasamde palestineli arabi.89

meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 6 milionma iaponelma

datova CineTis, koreis da ruseTis okupirebuli teritoriebi da samSobloSi
dabrunda.90

1947 wels pakistanis indoeTidan gamoyofis Sedegad daaxloebiT 7-8 milioni

adamiani gadaadgilda am qveynebs Soris. imavdroulad, es qveynebi datova
aseulobiT aTasma britanelma da samSobloSi dabrunda.91

meore msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo afrikisa da aziis dekolonizaciis procesi,

romelic gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT gamoirCeoda 1950-iani wlebis meore
naxevarsa da 1960-ian wlebSi. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis ganTavisuflebas
mohyva daaxloebiT 2 milioni evropeli kolonistis repatriacia.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropis ekonomikurma aRmSeneblobam da aziisa da

afrikis dekolonizaciam axali impulsi misca ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mosaxleobis masobriv emigracias evropis mimarTulebiT.

89
Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 152
90
vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv.106
91
Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 152
 94
3.3. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migraciebi.
iZulebiTi xasiaTis saerTaSoriso migraciebi. trefikingi

saerTaSoriso migraciebi globalizaciis epoqis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. am procesSi Cabmuli adamianebis raodenoba
ganuxrelad izrdeba, rac gamowveulia mravali, maT Soris ekonomikuri,
demografiuli, socialuri, politikuri, bunebriv-geografiuli, omis
92
faqtorebiT. 1960-2005 wlebSi migrantTa raodenoba msoflioSi ornaxevarjer
gaizarda (75 milionidan 191 milionamde)93. am zrdaze gansakuTrebuli zegavlena
iqonia socialistur qveynebSi komunisturi marTvelobis gauqmebam da maTma
Semdgomma socialur-ekonomikurma integraciam danarCen msoflioSi.

1960-ian wlebSi da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saerTaSoriso migrantTa didi

umravlesoba (43 milioni 75 milionidan) ganviTarebad qveynebSi Cadioda. 1975-
1990 wlebSi ganviTarebadma da ganviTarebulma qveynebma migrantTa daaxloebiT
Tanabari raodenoba miiRes. 1990-iani wlebidan situacia Seicvala, Sesabamisad
gafarTovda imigracia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. 1990-2005 wlebSi 36 milioni
imigrantidan 33 milioni maRalganviTarebulma qveynebma da ruseTma miiRes. ukve
2005 wels msoflioSi (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gamoklebiT) aRricxuli iyo
164 milioni migrati, romelTa Soris umravlesoba (90 milioni) ganviTarebul
qveynebSi cxovrobda. migrantTa raodenobiT msoflioSi gamoirCeva evropa,
sadac 64 milioni migrantia Tavmoyrili, rac mTeli evropis mosaxleobis 9%
Seadgens. mTel mosaxleobaSi migrantTa xvedriTi wiliT msoflioSi gamoirCeva
avtralia da okeaneTi, aseve CrdiloeT amerika. migrantebi am regionebis
mosaxleobis Sesabamisad 15 da 13%-s Sedgenen.

ukanaskneli TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda

masobrivi imigraciis qveynebis ricxvi. 1960 wels 500 aTasze meti imigranti
msoflios mxolod 30 qveyanaSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, xolo 2005 wlisaTvis aseTi
qveynebis ricxvi 64-mde gaizarda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom tradiciuli
imigraciis qveynebis roli saerTaSoriso migraciebSi kvlav sakmaod maRalia.
sakmarisia iTqvas, rom 2005 wels imigrantTa mTeli raodenobis TiTqmis ori
mesamedi¾koncentrirebuli iyo 18 qveyanaSi, xolo maTi TiTqmis erTi mesamedi –
sam qveyanaSi (aSS-Si, ruseTsa da germaniaSi). msoflioSi yoveli mexuTe
imigranti aSS-Si cxovrobs. aSS-Si garda 38 milionze met legaluri
imigrantisa, kidev daaxloebiT 16 milioni aralegaluri imigranti imyofeba.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saerTaSoriso migraciebSi

ZiriTadad mamakacebi monawileoben. es mcdari mosazrebaa. jer kidev 1960 wels
qalebi saerTaSoriso migrantTa 47%-s Seadgendnen, xolo 2005 wels maTi wili
50%-mde gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT swrafad izrdeba qal migrantTa ricxvi
tradiciuli emigraciis qveynebSi. am saukunis dasawyisSi filipinebis, Sri-
lankis da indoneziis emigrantebs Soris did umravlesobas qalebi Seadgendnen.
qalebi, ZiriTadad maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi miemgzavrebian. amJamad,
ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcxovreb migrantTa Soris ufro meti qalia, vidre
mamakaci.

gavrcelebulia kidev erTi araswori mosazreba, imis Taobaze TiTqos migrantTa

umravlesobas dabalkvalificiuri da uwignuri adamianebi Seadgenen.
sinamdvileSi ganviTarebuli samyarodan gamosuli emigrantebi ufro
maRalkvalificiuri adaminebi arian, vidre isini vinc samSobloSi rCeba.
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (Organisation for

92
am gverdze mocemuli informacia aRebulia wyarodan: Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2005
Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration
93 es raodenoba moicavs ltolvilebsac.
 95
Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD) wevr qveynebSi Casul migrantTa
umravlesobas, rogorc wesi saSualo an umaRlesi ganaTleba gaaCnia.94

cxrili #20

msoflios udidesi qveynebi imigrantTa raodenobis mixedviT95

(1990 da 2005 wlebi)

imigrantTa raodenoba imigrantTa

qveynebi 1990 w. 2005 w. raodenobis
saerTo zrda
milionebS %-Si milionebS %-Si 1990-2005 w.w.
i i (%-Si)
aSS 23,3 15,0 38,4 20,2 +64,8
ruseTi 11,5 7,4 12,1 6,4 +5,2
indoeTi 7,4 4,8 5,7 3,0 –22,9
ukraina 7,1 4,6 6,8 3,6 –4,4
pakistani 6,6 4,2 3,3 1,7 –50,0
germania 5,9 3,8 10,1 5,3 +71,1
safrangeTi 5,9 3,8 6,5 3,4 +10,1
saudis arabeTi 4,7 3,1 6,4 3,3 +36,1
kanada 4,3 2,8 6,1 3,2 +41,9
avstralia 4,0 2,6 4,1 2,2 +0,2
irani 3,8 2,5 2,0 1,1 –47,4
didi britaneTi 3,8 2,4 5,4 2,8 +42,1
yazaxeTi 3,6 2,3 2,5 1,3 –30,6
honkongi 2,2 1,4 3,0 1,6 +36,3
spilos Zvlis 2,0 1,3 2,4 1,2 +2,0
napiri
israeli 1,6 1,1 2,7 1,4 +68,8
italia 1,3 0,8 2,5 1,3 +38,5
arabTa gaerT. 1,3 0,8 3,2 1,7 +46,1
saemiroebi
danarCeni qveynebi 54,5 35,2 67,1 35,2 +23,1
mTeli msoflio 154,8 100 190,3 100 +22,9

migrantebi sazRvargareT maTi gamgzavrebis mizezebis mixedviT, pirobiTad

SegviZlia 6 ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:
 emigrantebi – adamianebi, romlebmac miatoves samSoblo da samudamod
gadasaxldnen sxva qveynebSi;
 “mSromeli migrantebi” – adamianebi, romlebic dasaqmebis mizniT
ganusazRvreli vadiT gaemgzavrnen sazRvargareT;
 migrantebi, romlebic sazRvargareT gaemgzavrnen ojaxTan SeerTebis
mizniT. am kategorias miekuTvnebian sazRvargareT myofi imigrantis
(mSromeli migrantis) meuRle da misi arasrulwlovani Svili (Svilebi);
 adamiani, romlmac sicocxlis, Rirsebis, kulturuli identobis
SenarCunebis mizniT datova (an cdilobs datovos) samSoblo da
TavSesafari sxva qveyanaSi ipovna (cdilobs ipovnos);

94
Adams R.H Jr. 2003”International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A Study of 24 Labour Exporting
Countries”, p.3. Policy Research Working Paper No 3069, Washington, DC. Poverty Reduction and Economic
Management Network, Poverty Reduction Group, The World Bank
95
cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaros monacemebis safuZvelze: Trends in Total Migrant Stock:
The 2005 Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration
 96
 pirebi, romlebic sazRvargareT wavidnen ganaTlebis miRebis an
kvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT (studentebi, staJiorebi, xelovnebisa da
samecniero sferoebis muSakebi da a.S.);
 adamianebi, romelTa ucxoeTSi wasvlis mizans warmoadgens turizmi
(dasveneba, garToba) da mkurnaloba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso migraciebSi

SesamCnevad amaRlda iZulebiT migraciebSi monawile adamianTa (ltolvilebis
da politikuri TavSesafris maZieblebis) xvedriTi wili. Tu 1950-ian wlebSi im
pirTa ricxvi, romlebic iZulebulni iyvnen Tavisi samSoblo daetovebina omis
an politikuri, eTnikuri da religiuri devnis mizeziT ar aRemateboda 2
milions, 2003 wels maTma raodenobam 17 milions miaRwia.96 amJamad, kidev 22
milioni adamiani devnilad iTvleba sakuTar qveynebSi.97 es imaze miuTiTebs, rom
Tanamedrove msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani xdeba saomari moqmedebebisa da
arademokratiuli reJimebis msxverpli. ltolvilebisa da politikuri
TavSesafris maZieblebis didi umravlesoba ganviTarebadi samyaros
warmomadgenelia.

ltolvilTa sakiTxebis samarTlebrivi gadawyveta saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis prioritets warmoadgens. gaerom jer kidev 1951 wels miiRo
konvencia, romelic gansazRvravs ltolvilis statuss, xolo Semdgom wlebSi
miRebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adgenen am statusis miniWebis
procedurebs. gaeros egidiT ltolvilTa sakiTxebs 1951 wlidan
xelmZRvanelobs gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeeebis umaRlesi komisari. aRsaniSnavia,
rom ganvlili naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ltolvilis statusi miiRo
msurvelTa daaxloebiT 15-20%-ma. ltolvilis an TavSesafris maZieblis
statusis miReba garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme imaSia, rom
aRniSnuli statusis miReba msoflioSi bevr adamians surs ganurCevlad imisa,
realurad arian Tu ara isini saomari moqmedebebis, ekologiuri katastrofis
an politikuri da sxva saxis devnis msxverpli. amis dadgena saerTaSoriso
da/an ltolvilTa mimRebi qveynis Sesabamisi institutebis prerogativaa.
ltolvilis statusis maZiebeli gancxadebiT mimarTavs im qveynis sagareo
saqmeTa uwyebas, romelSic TavSesafris miReba surs. xSir SemTxvevaSi devnili
adamiani gancxadebas akeTebs mas Semdeg, rac sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze
aRmoCndeba. nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelsac xeli aqvs mowerili konvenciaze
ltolvilTa Sesaxeb (maT Soris aris saqarTveloc) valdebulia ganixilos
aseTi gancxadeba, xolo gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi valdebulia Tavis
teritoriaze SeuSvas devnili adamianebi. romelime saxelmwifos teritoriaze
SeRweva jer ar niSnavs ltolvilis statusis miRebas, xolo ltolvilad
aRiareba ar niSnavs, rom am statusis mqone adamiani samudamod darCeba mis
mimReb qveyanaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ltolvilis warmoSobis qveyanaSi
politikuri situacia ukeTesobisken Seicvleba da dadgindeba, rom mocemuli
adamianis sicocxles da mis ZiriTad uflebebs safrTxe aRar emuqreba, maSin is
samSobloSi unda dabrundes. ukanasknel wlebSi, ltolvilTa raodenoba
msoflioSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. es gamowveulia ori faqtoriT. upirveles
yovlisa, daixvewa ltolvilis statusis miRebis procedura, ris gamoc am
statuss sul ufro da ufro naklebi adamiani iRebs. garda amisa, 1990-ian
wlebTan SedarebiT Semcirda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi - ltolvilTa
warmoSobis ZiriTadi wyaro.

me-9 cxrilSi mocemulia ltolvilTa raodenoba maTi warmoSobis regionebis

mixedviT. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom magaliTad afrikasa da evropaSi
ltolvilTa raodenoba praqtikulad Tanabaria. evropaSi ltolvilTa

96
US Committee for Refugees. World Refugee Report, 2002
97
iqve
 97
raodenobis zrda daiwyo me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis SuaSi, rac daemTxva
“socialisturi banakis” qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis rRvevas. am periodSi
daiwyo eTnikuri ebraelebis, germanelebis, berZnebis repatriacia maT
istoriul samSobloebSi. garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan
mosaxleobis nawili dasavleT evropaSi gaemgzavra. evropaSi ltolvilTa
ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac daiSalnen sabWoTa kavSiri da
iugoslavia da am qveynebis teritoriebze gaCnda SeiaraRebuli eTnopolitikuri
konfliqtebis kerebi.

cxrili #21

ltolvilTa raodenoba msoflios regionebis mixedviT (2003 w.)98

regionebi raodenoba
(milioni adamiani)
msoflio 16,9
azia 6,2
afrika 4,2
evropa 4,1
laTinuri amerika 1,3
CrdiloeT amerika 1,0
avstralia da okeaneTi 0,07

momdevno cxrilSi mocemulia monacemebi ltolvilTa raodenobis Sesaxeb maTi

warmoSobis qveynebis mixedviT. am siaSi warmodgenilia aziis 4 da afrikis 6
qveyana. yovel maTganSi ltolvilTa gaCena dakavSirebuli iyo samoqalaqo
omebTan, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebTan an diqtatoruli reJimebis arsebobasTan.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia avRaneTi, qveyana, romelSic TiTqmis 30 welia
gamudmebuli omebi mimdinareobs. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac avRaneTi
okupirebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mier, masSi partizanuli brZolebi
mimdinareobda. Semdgom periodSi qveyanaSi gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi, romelic
dRemde ar aris Camqrali.

cxrili #22
ltolvilTa warmoSobis 10 udidesi qveyana (2003 w.)

qveynebi ltolvilTa raodenoba

(aTasi adamiani)
avRaneTi 1 032
sudani 606
burundi 532
kongos dem. respublika 453
israeli (palestinis 428
avtonomia)
somali 402
erayi 369
vietnami 363
liberia 353
angola 330

Tuki ltolvilTa warmoSoba ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSi xdeba, maTi

mimRebi qveynebis geografia ufro farToa. qvemoT moyvanili cxrilidan Cans,

98
cxrilebi 9, 10 da 11 aRebulia Semdegi wyarodan: www.oecd.org
 98
rom msoflioSi ltolvilTa mimReb 10 udidesi qveynidan 3
maRalganviTarebulia, xolo 4 ganviTarebuli. ltolvilTa daaxloebiT 90%
ganviTarebad samyaroSi imyofeba.99

cxrili #23
ltolvilTa mimRebi 10 udidesi qveyana (2003 w.)

qveynebi ltolvilTa raodenoba

(aTasi adamiani)

pakistani 1 124
irani 965
germania 960
tanzania 650
aSS 453
CineTi 299
serbeTi da Cernogoria 291
didi britaneTi 277
saudis arabeTi 241
somxeTi 239

ltolvilTa miRebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben mezobeli qveynebi. aziisa

da afrikis qveynebis mosaxleoba, romelic iZulebuli iyo daetovebina
samSoblo, droebiT mainc mezobel qveyanas afarebs Tavs. swored amiT aixsneba
me-11 cxrilSi pakistanisa da iranis mowinave poziciebi. orive qveyanam
TavSesafari misca asi aTasobiT avRanel ltolvils. garda amisa, pakistanSi
imyofebian muslimi ltolvilebi qaSmiridan (indoeTi), xolo iranSi
TavSesafari miiRes erayelma Siitebma. 1990-ian wlebSi kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi (yofili zairi) mimdinare samoqalaqo omis Sedegad gaCenili
ltolvilebis didi nawili tanzaniaSi gadasaxlda. mTian yarabaRSi
SeiaraRebul konfliqtis Sedegad somxeTSi Cavida eTnikur somexTa didi
raodenoba, romelic manamde azerbaijanSi cxovrobda.

mezobel qveyanaSi droebiTi ganTavsebis Semdeg ltolvilTa nawili cdilobs

sacxovreblad ganviTarebul qveynebSi gadavides. ganviTarebuli samyaros didi
umravlesoba ramdenime aTeuli welia iRebs ltolvilebs msoflios sxvadasxva
regionidan. ltolvilebis miRebis raodenobis mixedviT gamoirCevian germania,
aSS, didi britaneTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar hyavT
ltolvilebi. ganviTarebuli qveynebidan aseTia iaponia. iaponia winaaRmdegia
mis teritoriaze ltolvilebis ganTavsebisa, Tumca is yovelwliurad didi
odenobis Tanxas uricxavs ltolvilTa daxmarebis fondebs. TurqeTs,
gansakuTeruli politika aqvs ltolvilebis mimarT. is TavSesafars aZlevs
mxolod Turquli warmoSobis adamianebs an yofili osmaleTis imperiis
teritoriebis mosaxleobas. Tavis droze TurqeTma miiRo da Tavis teritoriaze
ganasaxla Turquli warmoSobis ltolvilebi bulgareTidan, aseve bosnielebi
da muslimi mesxebi.

gansakuTrebuli ganxilvis Rirsia trefikingi - Tanamedrove migraciebis

yvelaze maxinji saxeoba. trefikingis daniSnulebas warmoadgens motyuebis,
yalbi dapirebis safuZvelze adamianis sazRvargareT gayvana da Semdgom misi
ukanono eqspluatacia an gayidva. samwuxarod, adamianebiT vaWroba yovelTvis
iyo msoflios istoriis Semadgeneli nawili. XX saukunemde mas legaluri
xasiaTic ki hqonda, radgan ar arsebobda adamianebiT vaWrobis amkrZalavi

99
UNHCR 2006. The State of World’s Refugees 2006: Human Development in the Millennium, p.70. Oxford
United Kingdom and New York. Oxford University Press.
 99
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi. am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove msoflioSi
situacia radikalurad Seicvala. Cveni planetaze aRar darCa arc erTi
saxelmwifo, romlis kanonmdeblobiTac ar isjebodes trefikingi an misi
calkeuli gamovlinebebi. miuxedavad amisa, trefikingma globaluri xasiaTi
miiRo. am mxriv is SeiZleba kontrabandas SevadaroT, romelic aseve ukanono
saqmianobad aris miCneuli. trefikingis da kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZola
rTulia, radgan orive sarfian bizness warmoadgens, Sesabamisad maTSi Cabmuli
arian organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi da calkeuli qveynebis
korumpirebuli moxeleebi (xandaxan samTavrobo struqturebic ki). trefikingi,
iaraRiT da narkotikebiT vaWrobis Semdeg yvelaze momgebiani biznesia.
yovelwliurad am bizness misi mesveurebisTvis 7-12 miliardi dolari moaqvs.100

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (International Labour Organization – ILO)

monacemebiT amJamad msoflioSi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni adamiani SeiZleba
CaiTvalos trefikingis msxverplad.101 qalebiT vaWroba trefikingis yvelaze
gavrcelebuli saxeobaa, romelSic centraluri adgili “seqsis turizms”
ukavia. saubedurod am biznesSi ara marto srulwlovani qalebi, aramed 12-16
wlis gogonebic monawileoben. trefikingis msxverpli ukanono eqspluataciis
gamo, rogorc wesi sarCeliT ar mimarTavs Sesabamis instanciebs, radgan, jer
erTi misi “damqiraveblebis” mxridan angariSsworebis eSinia da garda amisa,
miaCnia, rom kanonma SeiZleba gaamtyunos, radgan formalurad is aralegalur
biznesSi monawileobs.

trefikingis yvelaze meti monawile amJamad samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT

aziaSi imyofeba. eqspertTa SefasebiT am regionebSi daaxloebiT 375 aTasi
adamiani ganicdis ukanono eqspluatacias.102 am mxriv, gamoirCevian aseve aSS,
germania, iaponia, TurqeTi, italia, saberZneTi, belgia, niderlandebi, brazilia,
meqsika, tailandi.

socialisturi banakis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg am qveynebis

moqalaqeebi intensiurad monawileoben trefikingSi. aSS-is saxelmwifo
departamentis informaciiT yovelwliurad trefikingSi Cabmulia yofili
sabWoTa kavSiris 100 aTasi da aRmosavleT evropis 75 aTasi moqalaqe.103 maTi
mniSvnelovani nawili TurqeTis danaSaulebrivi sindikatebis moRvaweobis
msxverpli xdeba. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Internatioanl
Organization for Migration – IOM) SefasebiT 2005 wels am qveynis sindikatebma
qalebiT ukanono vaWrobis Sedegad 3,6 miliard dolaris odenobis mogeba
miiRes. TurqeTis kriminaluri dajgufebebis mier organizebul “seqs
industriaSi” monawile qalebis 60% ukrainidan da moldovidan iyo.104

ramdenime welia, rac trefikingis winaaRmdeg brZolam masStaburi xasiaTi

miiRo. am brZolaSi Cabmulia ramdenime saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlebsac
gaero uwevs koordinacias. maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ukve saxezea
dadebiTi Zvrebi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi da samxreT afrikaSi,
sadac trefikingis masStabebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. warmatebis
mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda am regionebis qveynebis aqtiuri TanamSromloba
Sesabamis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.

100
Omelaniuk I. 2006. “Trafficking in Human Beings: CEE and SE Europe.” 50 th Session of Commission on Status
of Women. New York, 2 March, 2006
101
ILO 2005. Report of the Director General: A Global Alliance against Forced Labour. Global Report under the
Follow-up to ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, 2005 Report 1 (B) pp. 55-56.
International Labour Conference, 93rd Session. Geneva, International Labour Office, ILO
102
Народонаселение мира в 2006 году. UNFPA, 2006, c. 51
103
Miko F.T and G. Park 2000. “Trafficking in Women and Children: The US and International Response.”
Congressional Research Service Report No 86-649 C. Washington DC. United States Department of State.
104
IOM 2006. 2005: Turkey, Trafficking and Trends, p.p. 6, 11, and 20-23. Ankara, Turkey, IOM
 100

4.4 SromiTi migraciebi

saerTaSoriso migraciebSi centraluri adgili SromiT migraciebs ukavia.

amJamad msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni mSromeli
migranti imyofeba. maT umravlesobas ganviTarebad qveynebSi dabadebuli
adamianebi Seadgenen, xolo maTi 2/3 ganviTarebul qveynebSi cxovrobs.

Tanamedrove SromiTi migraciebis masStaburi xasiaTi ganapiroba meore

msoflio omis Semdeg dasaqmebis axali bazrebis gaCenam an arsebuli Sromis
bazrebis gafarToebam. Tu me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saerTaSoriso
migraciuli nakadebi ZiriTadad amerikisken miemarTeboda, 1950-iani wlebidan
situacia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. evropaSi “saerTo bazris” (mogvianebiT is
evrokavSirad gardaiqmna) Seqmnam dasaqmebis didi SesaZleblobebi misca
ganviTarebadi samyaros warmomadgenlebs. amiT, Tavdapirvelad evropis qveynebis
yofili koloniebis gansakuTrebiT indoeTis, pakistanis, CrdiloeT afrikis
qveynebis moqalaqeebma isargeblebs. TandaTanobiT gaCnda SromiTi emigraciis
axali kerebi: TurqeTi, kviprosi, filipinebi, samxreT korea, bangladeSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1950-60-ian wlebSi centraluri da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSi
didi raodenobiT Cadiodnen mSromeli migrantebi SedarebiT CamorCenili
samxreT evropis qveynebidan, kerZod espaneTidan, italiidan, saberZneTidan da
portugaliidan. axlo aRmosavleTis (saudis arabeTi, quveiTi, irani, baxreini),
laTinuri amerikis (venesuela), CrdiloeT afrikis (libia) qveynebSi navTobis
mopovebis gafarToebam xeli Seuwyo am qveynebis swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebas,
ris Sedegadac Seiqmna axali samuSao adgilebi, romelTa didi nawili
ucxoeTidan Camosulma migrantebma daikaves.

SromiTi migraciebi maTi marTvis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos organizebuli

da spontanuri. organizebul migraciebs ganaxorcieleben saxelmwifo
organizaciebi da/an mSromeli migrantebis daqiravebis licenzirebuli kerZo
saagentoebi. Tavdapirvelad isini molaparakebebs awarmoeben mimRebi qveynis im
kompaniebis, firmebis da a.S. warmomadgenlebTan an kerZo pirTan, romlebsac
surT ucxoeli muSebis daqiraveba. maTTan xdeba SeTanxmebis miRweva
migrantebis raodenobaze, maT profesiul Semadgenlobasa da kvalifikaciaze,
aseve SromiTi kontraqtis pirobebze. amis Semdgom, sakonkurso an sxva saxis
proceduriT mimdinareobs sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa SerCeva. mimRebi qveynis
Sesabamisi saxelmwifo struqturebi SerCeuli pirebisaTvis gascemen qveyanaSi
Sesvlisa da dasaqmebis nebarTvas. is saagento, romelic monawileobda mSromel
migrantTa SerCevaSi uzrunvelyofs maT sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas da
dabinavebas. SromiTi kontraqtis vadis gasvlis Semdeg mSromeli migranti
brundeba samSobloSi an mimarTavs mis damqiravebel saagentos SromiTi
kontraqtis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb an TviTon agvarebs mocemul qveyanaSi darCenisa
da dasaqmebis sakiTxebs.

msoflioSi daaxloebiT 20 qveyanaa, romelsac kargad aqvs awyobili SromiTi

emigraciis sistema. emigraciis qveyanaTa did umravlesobaSi mSromel migrantTa
sazRvargareT gamgzavreba araorganizebul da xSir SemTxvevaSi (maT Soris
saqarTveloSic) ukontrolo xasiaTs atarebs.

SromiTi migraciebis geografia mravalmxrivia, amasTan naTlad ikveTeba

geografiuli xasiaTis erTi Tavisebureba. SromiT migraciaSi gadamwyvet rols
TamaSobs emigraciis da imigraciis qveynebis geografiuli siaxlove.
ganviTarebadi qveynebis mSromeli migrantebisTvis mimRebi qveynis teritoriuli
siaxlove uaRresad sasurvelia. am SemTxvevaSi maT uadvildebaT, rogorc
mimReb qveyanaSi moxvedra, aseve samSoblosTan mWidro kavSiris SenarCuneba.
amis kargi magaliTia meqsika, romlis mSromel migrantTa TiTqmis mTeli
 101
kontingenti aSS-ia koncentrirebuli. ruseTSi, Tavmoyrilia yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris mSromel migrantTa didi umravlesoba. quveiTsa da saudis arabeTSi
samuSaod ZiriTadad mezobeli qveynebis moqalaqeebi Cadian.

SromiT migraciebSi mniSvnelovania qveynebs Soris istoriuli kavSiri.

imigraciis qveynebSi CasulTa mniSvnelovani nawili maTi yofili koloniebis
moqalaqeebi arian. isini kargad floben mimRebi qveynis oficialur enas, ris
gamoc maTTvis advilia am qveyanaSi adaptacia da integracia. es kanonzomiereba
kargad vlindeba didi britaneTis, safrangeTis da ruseTis magaliTebze.
istoriulad damkvidrebuli mWidro socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri
urTierTobebiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom germaniaSi dasaqmebul ucxoelTa
umravlesobas Turqi, italieli, xorvati migrantebi Seadgenen.

cxrili #24
imigraciis qveynebSi mSromeli migrantebis raodenoba
maTi warmoSobis qveynis mixedviT105

mocemul wels imigraciis mocemul wels mSromeli

imigraciis qveyana qveyanaSi mSromeli migrantebis migrantebis raodenoba maTi
saerTo raodenoba warmoSobis qveynis mixedviT

aSS 2000 w. - 14 milioni meqsika - 4,2 milioni

CineTi (taivanis CaTvliT) -
920 aTasi
filipinebi - 910 aTasi
germania 2001 w. - 3 milion 616 aTasi TurqeTi - 1 milioni
italia - 403 aTasi
saberZneTi - 210 aTasi
xorvatia - 193 aTasi
safrangeTi 2002 w. - 1 milion 623 aTasi portugalia - 376 aTasi
maroko - 200 aTasi
alJiri - 199 aTasi
avstralia 2001 w. - 994 aTasi didi britaneTi da irlania
- 255 aTasi
axali zelandia - 115 aTasi
iaponia 2001 w. - 169 aTasi CineTi - 39 aTasi
italia 2000 w. - 850 aTasi maroko - 115 aTasi
albaneTi - 89 aTasi
filipinebi - 53 aTasi

ganviTarebul qveynebs gansxvavebuli politika aqvT SromiTi imigraciis mimarT.

CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropis da okeaneTis qveynebi tradiciulad didi
raodenobiT imigrantebs iReben (ix. danarTi, nax. #20), im dros rodesac aziis
ganviTarebul qveynebSi (iaponia, samxreT korea) imigracia Zalze SezRudulia.
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis statistikuri
monacemebiT luqsemburgSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 61%-s ucxoelebi
Seadgenen. es maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad fineTSi
(45%), ungreTSi (38%), avstraliaSi (23%), kanadaSi (20%), SveicariaSi (19%), aSS-
Si (14%), avstriaSi (11%), germaniaSi (9%), xolo iaponiasa da samxreT koreaSi
mxolod 0,2-0,3%-s Seadgens. 2001 wels iaponiaSi 169 aTasi mSromeli migranti
imyofeboda, im dros, rodesac germaniaSi am kategoriis adamianTa raodenoba 3,6
milions aRemateboda, e.i. iaponiasTan SedarebiT 21-jer meti iyo.106

105
am gverdze mocemulia informacia Semdegi wyarodan: www.oecd.org
106
iqve
 102

SromiTi migraciebis procesSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaa Cabmuli.

ganviTarebul qveynebs SromiTi imigraciis politikis SemuSavebisa da
ganxocielebis didi xnis gamocdileba aqvT. am qveynebis mTavrobebi
yovelwliurad an TiTqmis yovelwliurad adgenen saimigracio qvotas. am
qvotiT ganisazRvreba misaReb imigrantTa raodenoba da maTi profesiuli
Semadgenloba. imigraciis qvota da imigrantTa profesiuli Semadgenloba
SeiZleba wlidan wlamde icvlebodes da damokidebulia mimRebi qveynis
ekonomikur koniunqturaze. imigraciis qveynis mTavroba, rogorc wesi
prioritets aniWebs organizebul jgufur migracias. miuxedavad amisa, vercerTi
qveyana ver axerxebs aralegaluri imigraciis Tavidan acilebas. aSS-Si
yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 1 milionamde imigranti Cadis, romelTa Soris
3/4¾aralegaluri imigrantia.

nebismieri qveynis mizania xeli Seuwyos SromiTi migraciebis dadebiTi

mxareebis gaZlierebas da maqsimalurad aicilos Tavidan maTi uaryofiTi
zemoqmedeba. SromiTi migraciebi mniSvnelovan socialur, ekonomkur,
eTnodemografiul da politikur zegavlenas axdenen, rogorc imigraciis, aseve
emigraciis qveynebze (ixileT cxrilebi ##13-14).

emigraciis qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania daicvas sazRvargareT myofi misi

moqalaqeebis uflebebi, xeli Seuwyos maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebas
da SromiTi emigraciidan miiRos ekonomikuri mogeba. am mxriv gadamwyvetia, rom
saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes misi moqalaqeebis sazRvargareT dasaqmebis
politika da am politikis aRmasrulebeli stuqturebi. sasurvelia qveyanaSi
arsebobdes specialuri saagento, romelic sxva saxelmwifo struqturebTan
urTierTkavSirSi warmarTavs sazRvargareT dasaqmebis samarTlebrivi da
praqtikuli sakiTxebis ganxorcielebas. mniSvnelovania, rom emigraciis qveynis
doplomatiuri samsaxurebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli mimReb (imigraciis)
qveyanaSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis uflebebis dacvaSi. emigraciis qveyna xels
unda uwyobdes, erTi mxriv mSromeli migrantebis eqsportis zrdas, xolo
meore mxriv unda cdilobdes gaafarTovos misi moqalaqeebis importiori
qveynebis geografia, e.i. – maTi mimRebi qveynebis ricxvi. es ukanaskneli sakmaod
mniSvnelovania, radgan SromiTi emigraciis ganxorcieleba erTi an Tundac ori
qveynis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba wamgebiani aRmoCndes. saqme imaSia, rom
imigraciis qveynebi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi radikalurad cvlian
saimigracio politikas, kerZod nawilobriv an mTlianad zRudaven imigracias.
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad zaraldebian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia SromiTi emigraciis viwro geografia. Seqmnil viTarebaSi is
qveyana aRmoCndeba momgebian poziciaSi, romlis mTavrobasac moqnili
saemigracio politika aqvs, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs SromiTi emigraciis
garkveuli nakadebi sxva qveynebisken mimarTos.

cxrili #25
SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi emigraciis qveynisTvis

dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi

 umuSevrobis donis Semcireba;  qveynidan axalgazrda adamianebis

 mSromeli migrantis fulad
gzavnilebaTa xarjze qveynis
savaluto maragis Sevseba;
 qveyanaSi darCenili mSromeli
migrantis ojaxis wevrebis
gadineba, Sesabamisad mosaxleobis
demografiuli “dabereba”;
 maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis
emigracia;
 sazRvargareT sakuTari

materialuri uzrunvelyofa;
 mSromeli migrantebis samSobloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg sazRvargareT
miRebuli kvalifikaciis da
gamocdilebis gamoyeneba qveynis
ekonomikaSi;
 mSromeli migrantebis da maTi
ojaxis wevrebis zogadi
ganaTlebisa da kulturis donis
amaRleba. mimRebi qveynis
oficialuri enis daufleba.
 organizebuli diasporis Seqmnis
SemTxvevaSi emigraciis qveynis
mTavrobis mier misi gamoyeneba
mimReb qveyanasTan politikur da
ekonomkur urTierTobebSi.
103
moqalaqeebis politikuri da
socialuri daucveloba;
 mimReb qveyanaSi mSromeli
migrantebis dasaqmeba mZime da
naklebad anazRaurebad samuSaoebze;
 mimReb qveyanaSi mSromeli
migrantebis meore da Semdgomi
Taobebis socialur-kulturuli
asimilacia;
 aralegaluri emigracia, trefikingi

SromiTi migraciebi saerTaSoriso biznesis erT-erTi wamyvani dargia. jer kidev

1990-ian wlebSi SromiTi emigraciis xarjze yovelwliurad ramdenime miliardi
dolariT ivseboda TiToeulis - pakistanis, samx. koreis da filipinebis
biujeti. 107

msoflio bankis SefasebiT 2005 wels migrantebma oficialuri sabanko arxebis

saSualebiT maTi warmoSobis qveynebSi gadaricxes 232 miliardi dolari, maT
Soris 16 miliardi dolari modis ganviTarebad qveynebze.108 es cifri kidev
ufro STambeWdavi iqneboda is, Tuli igi asaxavda araoficialuri arxebiT
gadagzavnil fulad Tanxebsac.

bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis SromiTi migraciebiT miRebuli Tanxebi erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi, xolo zogierTi maTganisTvis ucxouri kapitalis
Semodinebis upirvelesi wyaroa. imigrantebis mier samSobloSi gadaricxuli
fuladi saxsrebis xarjze mTeli rigi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTliani Sida
produqti daaxloebiT 10%-iT izrdeba. mag., CineTSi pirdapiri ucxouri
investiciebis 70% Cinuri diasporis xarjze xorcieldeba. zogierTi patara
qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis formirebaSi, kerZod tongas (31%), moldovis
(27%), lesotos (26%), haitis (25%), mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mSromeli
migrantebis fulad gzavnilebs.109

SromiTi emigraciidan sagrZnobi ekonomikuri efeqti miRebis mizniT emigraciis

qveynisTvis sasurvelia, rom mSromelma migrantebma TavianTi fuladi
danazogebi maTi qveynis savaluto angariSebze gadaricxon da, rac kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania es Tanxebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ar gamoitanon.
sanacvlod, qveynis mTavrobam mSromel migrantebs garkveuli saxis
daintereseba unda SesTavazos. tradiciuli emigraciis bevri qveyana (mag.,
pakistani, filipinebi, samxreT korea, TurqeTi) warmatebiT iyenebs mSromeli
migrantebis materialuri dainteresebis xerxebs. maT Soris yvelaze efeqturia
migrantebis biznes saqmianobis gaTavisufleba sabaJo gadasaxadisagan.
sazRvargareT momuSaveebi samSobloSi fulis garda agzavnian iseTi saxis
saqonels (mag., avtomobilebs, eleqtroteqnikur nawarms), romelTa Semdgomi
realizacia maTTvis sakmaod sarfian saqmes warmoadgens. Semotanili saqonlis
sabaJo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi migrantebis Semosavali

107
Маноло И. Абелла. Направление трудящихся в зарубежные страны. Тбилиси, 1997
108
The World Bank, 2006. The Economic Prospects 2006: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration, p.
85 and 88. Washington DC. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank
109
iqve, gv 90
 104
izrdeba, rac maTTvis samSobloSi kapitalis investirebis mniSvnelovani
stimulia.

mimRebi qveynis xelisuflebas SromiT imigraciasTan mimarTebaSi ramdenime

mizani gaaCnia (ix. cxrili #14).

cxrili #26
SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebi imigraciis qveynisTvis

dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi

 samuSao Zalis deficitis  qveynis eTnodemografiuli balansis

aRmofxvra;
 SromiTi imigracia warmoadgens
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan aspeqts;
 mSromeli migrantebis dasaqmeba
mZime da naklebad anazRaurebad
samuSaoebze;
 ucxoelebis warmatebuli
socialur-kulturuli integracia
qveynis cxovrebaSi. mSromeli
migrantebis meore da Semdgomi
Taobebis socialur-kulturuli
asimilacia;
 migrantebis warmoSobis qveynebTan
ekonomikuri da politikuri
TanamSromlobis gafarToeba;
 maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis
imigracia.
darRveva;
 aralegaluri imigracia,
trefikingi;
 ucxoelTa socialur-kulturuli
integraciis dabali done;
 mSromel migrantebs Soris
umuSevrobis zrda; mSromeli
migrantebis uflebebis darRveva da
amis Sedegad qveyanSi socialur-
politikuri fonis gauareseba.
 mSromeli migrantebis kompaqturad
saxlobis arealebSi socialuri,
kerZod kriminogenuli situaciis
garTuleba;
 qveynis erovnuli valutis sxva
qveynebSi gadineba;

Tanamedrove SromiTi migraciebis ganuyofeli nawilia “tvinTa gadineba” (ingl.

Brain Drain). am saxis migracias sxvagvarad inteleqtualTa migraciasac
uwodeben, radgan masSi maRalkvalificiuri da ganaTlebuli adamianebi
monawileoben. am Tavis dasawyisSi aRiniSna, rom ucxoeTSi aseTi adamianebis
gamgzavreba dakavSirebulia maTi materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan.
amasTan, aris sxva mizezic. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi kargi ganaTlebis mqone
adamianebs da maRali donis profesionalebs saSualeba ara aqvT imuSaon Tavisi
specialobiT anda samSobloSi Seqmnili mZime politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri situacia aiZulebs maT sxva qveyanaSi moaxdinon TavianTi
potencialis realizacia. mag., 2000 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis organizaciis wevr qveynebSi imyofeboda trinidadisa da tobagos,
iamaikis, haitis da gaianis mosaxleobis yvelaze ganaTlebul adamianTa 70%.110

“tvinTa gadinebiT” yvelaze kargad sargeblobs aSS, rogorc msoflioSi

yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi qveyana. dRidan nobelis premiis daarsebisa misi
laureati daaxloebiT 400 adamiani gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom nobelis laureatTa
naxevari amerikis moqalaqea, Tumca maTi didi umravlesoba am qveyanaSi ar
dabadebula.111 yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, maT Soris saqarTveloc “tvinTa
gadinebis” procesSi 1990-iani wlebidan CaerTo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas moyva
mecnierebis, xelovnebisa da sportis dafinansebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, ris

110
Народонаселение мира в 2006 году. UNFPA, 2006, c. 9
111
Максаковский В.П. – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с. 141
 105
gamoc msoflio donis bevri mecnieri, xelovani, sportsmeni iZulebuli iyo
kariera sazRvargareT gaegrZelebina.

eqspertebi araerTgvarovnad afaseben tvinTa gadinebis fenomens. maTi erT

nawils miaCnia, rom is sakmaod uaryofiTad aisaxeba inteleqtual migrantTa
eqsportior, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebze. meore nawilis azriT ki, Tu
mocemuli qveyana ver axerxebs maRalkvalificiur da inteleqtualur adamianTa
saTanado dasaqmebas, am SemTxvevaSi maTi emigracia gamarTlebulia, radgan
“tvinTa gadineba” am qveynisTvis garkveuli ekonomikuri efeqtis momtani iqneba
(migrantebis mxridan fuladi gzavnilebi, pirdapiri kapitaldabandebebi).
ganviTarebadi qveynebis nawili cdilobs aRniSnuli procesi samarTlebrivi da
administraciuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT SeaCeros, Tumca uSedegod. adamiani,
romelic emigraciaSi wasvlas gadawyvets TiTqmis yovelTvis SeZlebs gverdi
auaros samarTlebriv da administraciul barierebs, miTumetes, Tu mis miRebaSi
romelime maRalganviTarebuli qveyanaa dainteresebuli. cxadia, rom
dainteresebulma mTavrobebma unda SeimuSaon iseTi (upiratesad ekonomikuri)
strategia, romelic momgebiani iqneba, rogorc migrantisTvis, aseve misi
warmoSobis qveynisTvis.
 106

4.5. gansaxleba

gansaxleba warmoadgens mosaxleobis geografiis Seswavlis erT-erT yvelaze

aqtualur sakiTxs. gansaxleba dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis teritoriuli
gadaadgilebis, garemosTan urTierTkavSiris da bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebis
procesSi dasaxlebuli adgilebis formireba-ganviTarebasTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, naTelia, rom gansaxleba uaRresad rTuli da mravalmxrivi
movlenaa, romelzec zegavlenas axdens bunebriv-geografiuli da
sazogadoebrivi procesebis erToblioba.

gansaxleba aris dasaxlebebis erToblioba112 e.i. sazogadoebis organizaciis

teritoriuli forma.113 am ganmartebidan Cans, rom gansaxlebis Seswavlis
obieqts warmoadgens dasaxlebebi da maTi erToblioba gansaxilvel
teritoriaze.

dasaxleba aris adgili, sadac adamiani cxovrobs.114 dasaxlebas gaaCnia

sazRvrebi, magram, rig SemTxvevebSi sasoflo dasaxlebebs SesaZloa ar qondeT
zustad gamijnuli da administraciulad dadgenili sazRvrebi. nebismier
dasaxlebaSi gvxdeba Senoba-nagebobebi. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom dasaxlebis ZiriTadi niSnebia: mosaxleoba, sazRvrebi da
materialuri elementebi.115 es niSnebi saerToa msoflios nebismieri
dasaxlebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaxlebuli adgilebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian geografiuli mdebareobiT, ganaSenianebis tipiT, mosaxleobis
raodenobiT, administraciuli statusiT da funqciebiT. dasaxlebis normaluri
funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia infrastruqturis arseboba. infrasturqtura
warmoadgens sacxovrebeli, sawarmoo da sxva daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebis
da sakomunikacio qselis erTobliobas.

sivrce-droiTi organizaciis mixedviT ganasxvaveben mudmiv da droebiT

dasaxlebebs. droebiTi xasiaTis dasaxlebebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenen da maT
specifikuri funqciebi gaaCniaT. isini SeiZleba iyos moZravi, sezonuri da
moklevadiani.

moZravi dasaxlebebis arseboba dakavSirebulia momTabareobasTan. moZravi

dasaxlebebi dResac gvxdeba aziiis, CrdileT amerikis da CrdiloeT afrikis im
regionebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia momTabare mecxoveleoba. moZravi
dasaxlebebi, agreTve iqmneba meCxrad dasaxlebul adgilebSi sameurneo da
satransporto obieqtebis mSeneblebisas. turizmisa da rekreaciis sferosTvis
damaxasiaTebelia moZravi turistuli banakebis arseboba. moZrav dasaxlebebs
sxva tipis dasaxlebebisagan gansxvavebiT ar gaaCniaT administraciuli statusi.

sezonuri xasiaTis dasaxlebebi funqcionireben wlis garkveul periodSi. aseTi

tipis dasaxlebebi Sedgeba uZravi Senoba-nagebobebisgan, romelTa umravlesoba
ZiriTadad saagarako da turistuli daniSnulebisaa. garda amisa, sezonuri
dasaxlebuli punqtebi funqcionireben mosavlis aRebis periodSi da TevzWeris
sezonis dros.

moklevadiani dasaxlebebi iqmneba satyeo meurneobebSi, mcire moculobis samTo-

mopovebiT centrebSi, geologiuri saZiebo samuSaoebis adgilebSi. Sesabamisi

112
jaoSvili v. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 156
113
Хорев Б.С. Проблемы городов. М., 1975, с. 4
114
jaoSvili v. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 156
115
Ковалев С.А. Сельское расселение. М., 1963, с. 9
 107
samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg am dasaxlebebs adamianebi toveben, Tumca
Senoba-nagebobebi SesaZloa ar ganadgurdes.

teritoriuli organizaciis TvalsazrisiT ganarCeven dispersiul da jgufur

(kompaqtur) gansaxlebas. dispersiuli xasiaTis gansaxleba gvxvdeba sasoflo
dasaxlebebSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sasoflo-sameurneo mimarTulebis fermerul da
xutorul dasaxlebebTan. gansaxlebis aseTi forma, upiratesad ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

gansaxlebis ZiriTad formas ki warmoadgens mudmivi dasaxlebebi. mosaxleobis

maRali koncentraciis arealebSi gvxvdeba dasaxlebuli adgilebis uwyveti
jaWvi, e.i. dasaxlebebs Soris ar arsebobs dausaxlebeli teritoriebi an
bunebrivi zRudeebi. am SemTxvevaSi rTuli dasadgenia sad gadis maT Soris
sazRvari. magram, aseTi sazRvari yvelgan arsebobs da is dgindeba
saxelisuflo organos (organoebis) mier. garda amisa, dasaxlebas gaaCnia
samarTlebrivi (am SemTxvevaSi administraciuli) statusi.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT dasaxlebuli adgilebi ori ZiriTadi kategoriis

aris: qalaqi da sofeli. calkeul qveynebSi arsebobs sxva statusis mqone
dasaxlebebi (daba, TaunSifi da a.S.).

mecnierebaSi qalaqis erTiani ganmarteba ar arsebobs. mecnierebi ver

Tanxmdebian imaze, Tu ra gansxvavebebia qalaqsa da sofels Soris. miuxedavad
amisa, SesaZloa dasaxeldes qalaqisa da soflis ganmasxvavebeli ramdenime
ZiriTadi niSani. qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre rondeli gvTavazobs qalaqis
Semdeg definicias: “qalaqi mosaxleobis socialuri da sivrcobrivi
organizaciis erT-erTi formaa, warmoqmnili da ganviTarebuli samrewvelo,
administraciuli, savaWro, samecniero, kulturuli, rekreaciuli da sxva
funqciebis koncentraciis bazaze. qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebelia dasaxlebis
maRali simWidrove da ganaSenianebis kompaqturoba.”116 am ganmartebidan Cans,
rom qalaqs sofelTan SedarebiT axasiaTebs warmoebis, momsaxurebis,
infrastruqturis da, rac mTavaria mosaxleobis maRali koncentracia. es
debuleba kargad asaxavs im situacias, rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT SedarebiT
didi zomis qalaqs da sofels. rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT mocemuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze SevecdebiT
erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT mcire zomis saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebi (5-
dan 20 aTas adamianamde). xSirad gansxvavebis gamovlena praqtikulad
SeuZlebelia. amitom, saqmes gavimartivebT, Tu miviRebT, rom sofeli aris
nebismieri dasaxlebuli adgili, romelsac ar gaaCnia qalaqis statusi.

konkretul teritoriaze dasaxlebebis erToblioba qmnis dasaxlebaTa qsels

e.i. gansaxlebas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, qveynis raionis, qveyanis, msoflios regionis
masStabiT iqmneba gansaxlebis, anu dasaxlebaTa erTiani sistema. aqve, unda
aRiniSnos, rom gansaxlebis sistema ar aris dasaxlebaTa meqanikuri
erToblioba. zogadad sistemis, kerZod ki gansaxlebis sistemis Camoyalibebisa
da funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi:
 sistemis elementebis (komponentebis) arseboba; sistemas unda gaaCndes
yvela is elementi, romelic mas erTian, dasrulebul saxes miscems;
 sistemis elementebs Soris urTierTkavSiri da balansi, rac SesaZlebeli
xdeba sistemis marTvis safuZvelze;
 mdgradoba. sistemis romelime elementis mwyobridan gamosvla ar unda
iwvevdes sistemis moSlas;

116aleqsandre rondeli. qalaqis geografia. Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 6

 108
 inovaciuroba. sistemas mTlianobaSi da mis calkeul elementebs unda
gaaCndeT ganaxlebisa da ganviTarebis unari;
 sxva sistemebTan (gansaxlebis sistemis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve garemosTan)
urTierTkavSiri.

gansaxlebis sistemis formirebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia dasaxlebul adgilebs

Soris urTierTkavSiris arseboba. es kavSirebi sakmaod intensiur xasiaTs iZens
dasaxlebaTa qselSi qalaqis (qalaqebis) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. dasaxlebaTa
qseli, romlis farglebSic ganviTarebulia socialur-ekonomikuri da/an sxva
saxis kavSirebi warmoadgens gansaxlebis erTian sistemas.

gansaxlebis erTiani sistema Tavisi SemadgenlobiT sakmaod Wrelia. is SeiZleba

moicavdes, rogorc patara sasoflo dasaxlebebs, aseve mravalfunqciur
milionian qalaqebsac. Sesabamisad gansaxlebis sistemaSi adgili aqvs
dasaxlebul adgilTa ierarqias. Sromis danawilebis procesSi TiToeuli
dasaxleba ganurCevlad misi sididisa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisa
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs gansaxlebis sistemis funqcionirebaSi.

gansaxlebis sistemebi SeiZleba ori saxis iyos – teritoriuli da

specializirebuli. Tanamedrove Sromis danawilebis procesi didi xania gascda
qveynis masStabebs da man globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. calkeuli produqciis an
momsaxurebis warmoebis procesSi monawileoben erTmaneTisgan didi manZiliT
daSorebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebi, ufro konkretulad ki maTSi ganlagebuli
sawarmoebi da organizaciebi. Sesabamisad, maT Soris yalibdeba mWidro
kavSirebi, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs dasaxlebuli punqtebis ganviTareba-
gafarToebas. konkretuli produqciis an momsaxurebis warmobaze
orientirebuli dasaxlebebis erToblioba warmoadgens gansaxlebis
specializirebul sistemas. gansaxlebis amgvari sistemis Semadgeneli elementi
(am SemTxvevaSi dasaxleba) imavdroulad gansaxlebis romelime teritoriuli
sistemis nawilic aris.

gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv,

mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxleba, xolo meore mxriv, masSi Semaval
dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris mravalferovani urTierTkavSirebis arseboba.
gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistema yalibdeba romelime centris irgvliv,
romelic, rogorc wesi, msxvil qalaqs warmoadgens. gansaxlebis teritoriuli
sistemis farglebSi dasaxlebaTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebi SeiZleba iyos
Semdegi saxis:117
 administraciuli;
 satransporto-sameurneo;
 SromiTi;
 momsaxurebaze orientirebuli (maT Soris kadrebis momzadeba).

gansaxlebis sistemaSi administrirebis funqcia xorcieldeba ramdenime doneze,

kerZod, qveynis, avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi),
administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis (mag., mxaris, raionis,
municipalitetis) da ramdenime mcire zomis dasxlebul punqtTa gaerTianebis
(mag., sakrebulos) doneebze. administraciuli funqciis ganxorcieleba Sedis
qveynis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli, xolo qveda doneebze –
mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis kompetenciaSi.

117
mocemuli klasifikacias safuZvls warmoadgens rusi mecnierebis sergei kovaliovis
da natalia kovalskaias mier SemuSavebuli dasaxlebaTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebis
klasifikacia. Ковалев С.А., Ковальская Н.Я. География населения СССР. М., 1980, с. 174
 109
satransporto-sameurneo kavSirebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs gansaxlebis
teritoriuli sistemis funqcionirebaSi. msxvili samrewevelo-sakomunikacio
qalaqebi warmoadgenen gansaxlebis sistemis satransporto-sameurneo funqciis
mTavar matarebels. ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli msxvili qalaqi SeiZleba iyos,
ara marto gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistemis, aseve gansaxlebis
specializirebuli sistemis centric.

gansaxlebis sistemis normaluri funqcionireba mniSvnelovanwilad aris

damokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad srulyofili da mravalmxrivia mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis kaSirebi. es kacSirebi uzrunvelyofen mosaxleobis
mravalferovan moTxovnilebebes, maT Soris kulturul, saganmanaTleblo,
rekreaciul, komunalur da a.S.

SromiTi kavSirebi, romelic moicavs sistemis farglebSi mimdinare

qanqarisebur migraciebs pirdapir zegavlenas axdens gansaxlebis erTiani
sistemis Camoyalibebaze. amgvari sistemis formirebis umniSvnelovanes
faqtorebs warmoadgens SromiTi da satransporto-sameurneo kavSirebi.

msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari jer kidev sasoflo dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs.

sasoflo dasaxlebis statusis gansazRvris araerTgvarobis gamo msoflioSi
sasoflo dasaxlebebis zusti ricxvis dadgena rTulia. savaraudod, Cvens
planetaze daaxloebiT 20 milioni sasoflo dasaxlebaa. msoflios sxvadasxva
kontinentebsa da qveynebSi gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli sasoflo gansaxlebis
formebi da sasoflo dasaxlebaTa tipebi. Secdoma iqneba, Tu aRvniSnavT, rom
nebismieri sasoflo dasaxlebis arseboba dakavSirebulia sasoflo-sameurneo
warmoebasTan. evropaSi sasoflo mosaxleobis naxevarze naklebia dasaqmebuli
soflis meurneobaSi. garda amisa, ganviTarebul samyaroSi Zalian bevrma
sasoflo dasaxlebam SeiZina satransporto, turistuli, sabanko, TviT
samrewvelo funqciac ki, xolo maTi sasoflo-sameurneo funqcia an meore
planze gadavida an saerTod daikarga. miuxedavad amisa, msoflioSi mravali
sasoflo gansaxlebaa. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens garkveul teritoriaze
mdebare soflebis erTobliobas.

sasoflo gansaxlebebis xasiaTis mixedviT msoflios qveynebi SesaZloa oTx

Semdeg ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:
 evropisa da aziis ganviTarebuli qveynebi;
 “gadasaxlebuli kapitalizmis” qveynebi;
 yofili sabWoTa kavSiris da evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebi;
 ganviTarebadi qveynebi.

evropisa da aziis (iaponia, samxreT korea) ganviTarebul qveynebs gansaxlebis

didi xnis istoria aqvT. aq farTodaa warmodgenili feodaluri epoqisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sasoflo dasaxlebebi, kerZod ki didi soflebi meurneobis
eqstensiuri formebiT. amgvari sasoflo dasaxlebebi upiratesad
gavrcelebulia samxreT evropaSi da aziaSi. meore mxriv, centralur da
CrdiloeT evropaSi Warbobs kapitalisturi tipis sasoflo dasaxlebebi –
fermebi da xutorebi warmoebis intensiuri formebiT. orive tipis dasaxlebebSi
gvxvdeba didgvarovanTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli cixe-darbazebi da mamulebi.

“gadasaxlebuli kapitalizmis” qveynebma (kanadam, aSS-ma, avstraliam da axalma

zelandiam) evropasTan SedarebiT istoriuli ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli gza
gaiares. am qveynebSi warmodgenilia sasoflo gansaxlebis dispersiuli forma
farTod gavrcelebuli fermebis saxiT. fermis mcxovrebTa ricxvi meryeobs
ramdenime adamianidan ramdenime aseul adamianamde. fermebis mosaxleobis
raodenoba mkveTrad izrdeba mosavlis aRebisa da dabinavebis periodSi,
 110
rodesac aq samuSaod Camodian sezonuri migrantebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis intensifikaciis kvaldakval mcirdeba fermeruli
meurneobebis raodenobac.

laTinur amerikaSi, afrikasa da aziaSi sasoflo dasaxlebebi didi

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. am regionebis, (gansakuTrebiT ki aziis) bevr
sofelSi ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani cxovrobs. ganviTarebadi samyaros
soflebis did nawilSi miwebi Temis an sanaTesaos mflobelobaSia. koloniur
periodSi bevri saTemo sakuTreba feodaluri sakuTrebiT icvleboda,
aRmocenda axali tipis sasoflo dasaxlebebi. es, upirveles yovlisa exeba im
soflebs, romlebic gaSenda plantaciebis maxloblad. iqve fuZndeboda axal
memamuleTa (latifundistTa) kar-midamo. ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasoflo
gansaxlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mwiri da dasaxlebebs Soris susti
kavSirebi.

yofili socialisturi banakis sasoflo gansaxlebis sistemis Camoyalibebaze

gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia koleqtiuri meurneobebis (kolmeurneobebis) da
sabWoTa meurneobebis Seqmna-ganviTarebam. glexTa ojaxebs kerZo sakuTrebaSi
miwis umniSvnelo (“sakarmidamo”) nakveTebi dautoves. sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebis udidesi nawili saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi gadavida. amasTanave,
yovel meurneobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializacia
ganisazRvreboda ara meurneobis wevrebis, aramed raionis an olqis
mmarTvelobis organoebis mier. socialisturi ganviTarebis periodSi moxda
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis, upirveles yovlisa ki mecxoveleobis
degradacia, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa sasoflo mosaxleobis socialur-
ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. meore mxriv, aRniSnul periodSi met-naklebad
ganviTarda sasoflo dasaxlebebis sacxovrebeli, sakomunikacio da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo infrastruqtura. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da amis Sedegad
mis did nawilSi Seqmnili socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi, upirveles yovlisa
soflis cxovrebaze aisaxa. miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis mcxovrebT
sakuTrebaSi gadaecaT sabWoTa meurneobebis da kolmeurneobebis miwis
nakveTebi, aRmoCnda, rom yofili bevr yofil respublikaSi glexebs ar gaaCndaT
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis CatarebisTvis aucilebeli materialuri da
warmoebis saSualebebi. materialurma gaWirvebam soflis mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili aiZula qalaqebSi an sxva qveynebSi gadasaxlebuliyo.
daiwyo da dRemde mimdinareobs sasoflo dasaxlebebis mosaxleobis
raodenobis mkveTri Semcireba, rig SemTxvevebSi soflebis daclac ki.
depopulaciis procesi iwvevs gansaxlebis arsebuli sistemis moSlas, rac
uaryofiTad aisaxeba agraruli orientaciis yofil socialistur qveynebze, maT
Soris saqarTvelozec.
 111
4.6. urbanizacia

urbanizacia118 erT-erTi uZvelesi sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlenaa. misi

warmoSoba dakavSirebulia adamianebis kompaqturi gansaxlebis adgilebSi
qalaqebis Seqmnasa da maT Semdgom ganviTarebasTan. urbanizaciis procesi
saTaves iRebs monaTmflobeluri epoqidan, rodesac Seiqmna pirveli antikuri
qalaqebi. Cven welTaRricxvamde III-I aTaswleulebSi pirveli qalaqebi gaCnda
egviptesa da mesopotamiaSi, mogvianebiT CineTSi, indoCineTsa da evropis
xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. amerikelma mecnierma TerTius Candlerma gamoikvlia
qalaqebis aRmocenebis da ganviTarebis 4 000 wliani istoria da mivida
daskvnamde, rom msoflioSi yvelaze adre daarsda qalaqi memfisi (egvipte),
romelic Cven welTaRricxvamde 3100 wels daaxloebiT 30 aTas mcxovrebs
iTvlida.119 Semdgomi aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi didi qalaqebi gamoCnda
dRevandeli erayis teritoriaze, kerZod babiloni, aqadi, lavaSi da uri. Zveli
welTaRricxvis 612 wels qalaq babilonis mosaxleobam 200 aTasi adamiani
Seadgina. savaraudoa, rom igi iyo msoflioSi pirveli msxvili qalaqi. pirveli
“milioneri” qalaqi ukve feodalur epoqaSi Camoyalibda. me-8 saukuneSi
baRdadSi milionze meti mosaxle iyo. antikur da feodalur epoqebSi
qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT msxvili qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrdas ar qonda
permanentuli xasiaTi. xSiri omebis da epidemiebis gamo qalaqebis mosaxleoba
mniSvnelovnad mcirdeboda. qalaqebis zrdis bumi kapitalizmis ganviTarebasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli man Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo,
ris Sedegadac, erTi mxriv ganuxrelad izrdeba msxvili qalaqebis mosaxleoba
da meore mxriv izrdeba saqalaqo mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili qveynis
mosaxleobaSi. feodalur epoqaSi didi qalaqebis umravlesoba ZiriTadad
Tavmoyrili iyo aziaSi. 1000 wels msoflios 10 udidesi qalaqs Soris 9 aziaSi
mdebareobda da mxolod erTi – evropaSi; 1800 wels – - Sesabamisad 8 da 2. ukve
1900 wels msoflios udides 10 qalaqs Soris 7 evropuli iyo, ori – amerikuli
da mxolod erTi (tokio) – aziuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis 5 milionian
zRvars pirvelad msoflioSi londonma gadaabija, rac me-19 saukunis bolos
moxda, xolo 10 milioniani barieri pirvelma niu-iorkma daZlia 1940-ian wlebSi,
xolo 20 milionze meti mosaxle pirvelad tokioSi dafiqsirda 1960-ian
wlebSi.120

XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore naxevarSi qalaqebis swrafi zrdiT

ganviTarebadi samyaro gamoirCeoda. es garemoeba orma ZiriTadma mizezma
ganapiroba. upirveles yovlisa ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi
mateba maRalia, rac, rogorc cnobilia xels uwyobs soflad Warbmosaxleobis
gaCenas, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebis samrewvelo ganviTarebas moyva sasoflo
dasaxlebebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis didi raodenobis gadasaxleba.

qalaqebis geografiis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba qalaqis

definiciis sakiTxs. msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dasaxlebisTvis qalaqis
statusis miniWeba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. qveynebis umravlesobaSi gamoiyeneba
raodenobrivi midgoma. am SemTxvevaSi qalaqad iTvleba yvela is dasaxleba,
sadac cxovrobs qalaqisTvis mosaxleobis dadgenil raodenobaze meti (mag., 5
aTasi, an 10 aTasi da meti adamiani). sxva qveynebSi mosaxleobis raodenobasTan
erTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba dasaxlebuli punqtis ZiriTadi funqcia. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaxlebas gaaCnia mniSvnelovani samrewvelo da/an
administraciuli funqcia, mas qalaqis statuss aniWeben. amgvari midgomisas
SesaZloa aRmoCndes, rom zogierT qalaqSi ufro cota adamiani cxovrobdes,

118
termini urbanizacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisgan urbs, rac niSnavs qalaqs.
119
Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census by Tertius Chandler. 1987, St. David's University
Press.
120
iqve
 112
vidre rig soflebSi. saqarTveloSi qalaqis statusi gaaCnia vans, lanCxuTs,
baRdaTs, Tumca TiToeuli maTganis mosaxleobis raodenoba 6-8 aTasi adamiania,
im dros, rodesac saqarTvelos zogierT^sofelSi, mag., veliscixeSi, maryofSi,
iormuRanloSi anda yarajalaSi 8 aTasze meti adamiani cxovrobs. rogorc
vxedavT qalaqebis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba maTi funqciebis
dadgenas. am mxriv aucilebelia qalaqis wamyvani funqciis (funqciebis) dadgena.
Tu, qalaqs ar gaaCnia iseTi funqcia, romelic mniSvnelovania qveynis an
regionis gansaxlebis sistemisTvis, maSin igi momakvdav dasaxlebul punqtad
unda CaiTvalos. istoriaSi bevri magaliTia imisa, Tu, rogor kargavdnen
qalaqebi funqciebs, ris Sedegadac depopulacias ganicdidnen da arsebobas
wyvetdnen. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgenen is samTo-mopovebiTi centrebi,
romlebmac madnis amowurvamde ver SeZles axali funqciis SeZena.

frangma mecnierebma Jaklin boJe-garniem da JorJ Sabom jer kidev 1960-ian

wlebSi SemogvTavazes qalaqebis klasifikacia funqciebis mixedviT, romelsac
dResac ar daukargavs mecnieruli Rirebuleba. am klasifikaciis mixedviT
qalaqebs gaaCniaT Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi da qvefunqciebi:121

 samxedro funqcia
 savaWro funqcia
 vaWrobis martivi formebis
 msxvili kontinentTaSorisi vaWrobis
 sazRvao portebis
 aeroportebis
 msoflio bazrebis
 samrewvelo funqcia
 samTo-mopovebiTi centrebis
 gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis
 kulturuli funqcia
 religiuri centrebis
 sauniversiteto qalaqebis
 saliteraturo da samxatvro centrebis
 qalaqi-muzeumebis
 kongresebisa da safestifalo centrebis
 garTobis funqcia
 gamajansaRebeli centrebisa da kurortebis
 dasasvenebeli qalaqebis
 qalaqebi xandazmuli adamianebisaTvis
 administraciuli da politikuri funqcia
 administraciuli centrebis
 dedaqalaqebis
 zededaqalaqebis

funqciebis ganxorcielebis raodenobis mixedviT ganarCeven monofunqciur da

polifunqciur qalaqebs. monofunqciuria, rogorc wesi saSualo da patara
qalaqebi.

msxvili qalaqebi asruleben bevr funqcias, xolo milioneri-qalaqebi – xSir

SemTxvevaSi zemoT CamoTvlil TiTqmis yvela funqcias. dedaqalaqs
gansakuTrebuli misia akisria. is qveynis marTvis (administrirebis) wamyvani

121
Жаклин Боже-Гарнье, Жорж Шабо. Очерки по географии городов. М., 1967, сс. 115-116
 113
centria. am funqciis mniSvnelovani xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofen
qalaqis “dedaqalaqur” tipsac.

msxvili qalaqebis ganviTarebis procesi aisaxeba maTi teritoriuli

struqturis Camoyalibebaze. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi gamoikveTa sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis da funqciebis matarebeli zonebi (teritoriebi).122

saqalaqo teritoriis umniSvnelovanes areals warmoadgens samosaxlo zona. es

aris mosaxleobis cxovrebisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi, romlebsac qalaqis
mTeli teritoriis mniSvnelovani farTobi (zog SeTxvevaSi naxevaric ki) ukavia.

qalaqis arseboba warmoudgenelia warmoebis gareSe. teritorias, sadac aseTi

saqmianoba aris koncentrirebuli samrewvelo zonas uwodeben.
maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis TiTqmis yvela msxvil qalaqSi ukanaskneli 2-3
aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda samrewvelo teritoriebi.
tradiciuli tipis materialuri warmoeba adgils uTmobs maRali
teqniologiebis produqciis warmoebas da samomxmareblo seqtors.

qalaqebis momsaxurebis da sawarmoo funqciebis ganviTareba moiTxovs didi

moculobis produqciis droebiT ganTavsebas. am mizniT yvela qalaqSi
gamoyofilia teritoriebi, romelTa erToblioba qmnis qalaqis sasawyobo
zonas.

qalaqis mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri cxovreba da ekonomikuri saqmianoba

mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli satransporto saSualebebis operatiul
da xarisxian funqcionirebaze. transportis muSaoba xorcieldeba
satransporto teritoriebze, romelic qalaqis infrastruqturis xerxemals
warmoadens.

urbanuli arealebis mosaxleobis momsaxurebis moculobis gafarToebis

kvaldakval izrdeba am seqtoris roli qalaqis ekonomikaSi da Sesabamisad
farTovdeba qalaqebis samomxmareblo zona. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi,
samomxmareblo zona xSir SemTxvevaSi Sewyvilebulia samrewvelo zonasTan, rac
xels uwyobs maTSi ganlagebuli sawarmoebis da organizaciebis efeqtian
muSaobas.

qalaqebis zrda da ganviTareba, rogorc aRiniSna, dakavSirebulia urbanizaciis

procesTan. urbanizacia mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri, socialur-demografiuli da
geografiuli procesia. misi universaluri gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, Tumca
mecnierebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom urbanizacias gaaCnia ori ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli. pirveli raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa da warmoaCens qalaqebSi
mcxovrebi mosaxleobis xvedriT wils qveynis (regionis) mTel mosaxleobaSi,
rasac urbanizaciis (urbanizebulobis) dones uwodeben. meore maxasiaTebeli
xarisxobrivia da is ukavSirdeba mocemul teritoriaze qalaquri cxovrebis
wesis gavrcelebas. am maxasiaTeblis gazomva an Sefaseba uaRresad rTuli
saqmea, radgan jer kidev ar aris dadgenili, Tu ra igulisxmeba qalaquri
cxovrebis wesSi.

122
qalaqis funqciuri zonebis mocemul klasifikacias safuZvlad daedo a. rondelis mier SemuSavebuli klasifikacia.
ixileT: aleqsandre rondeli. qalaqis geografia. Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 75-88.
 114
cxrili #27
urbanizaciis done msoflios msxvil regionebSi123

wlebi
regioni 1950 1970 1990 2005

msoflio 29,1 37,4 43,0 49,1

afrika 14,9 22,9 32,0 39,7
azia 16,6 24,5 31,0 39,9
evropa 51,2 62,9 71,5 72,2
laTinuri amerika 41,9 57,3 72,0 77,7
CrdiloeT amerika 63,6 73,8 75,0 80,9
avstralia da 60,6 70,9 71,0 72,7
okeaneTi

naxevari saukunis winaT qalaqebSi msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis 30%-mde

cxovrobda, amJamad ki es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 50%-is tolia. msoflios msxvili
regionebi da qveynebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan urbanizaciis
doniT. ganviTarebul samyaroSi da laTinur amerikaSi mTeli mosaxleobis 70%-
ze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs, im dros, rodesac aziasa da afrikaSi es
maCvenebeli 40%-ze dabalia (ix. cxrili #27). miuxedavad amisa, ganviTarebul
qveynebSi urbanizaciis tempebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Senelda,
rac gamowveulia am regionebis mosaxleobis dabali bunebrivi matebiT, xolo
ganviTarebad samyaroSi qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrda swrafi tempebiT
mimdinareobs, upiratesad soflebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis masobrivi
migraciis gamo.

qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara marto mosaxleobis raodenobis, aramed

teritoriuli zrdac. sivrcobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi qalaqi ikavebs
mosazRvre auTvisebel teritorias, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi misi
gareubani xdeba. am process suburbanizacia124 ewodeba. Semdgom etapze qalaqis
sazRvrebSi eqceva mis maxloblad mdebare sasoflo dasaxlebebi. am SemTxvevaSi
saqme gvaqvs rururbanizaciasTan.125

msxvili qalaqis teritoriuli gafarToebisas misi gavlenis farglebSi, garda

sasoflo dasaxlebebisa eqceva patara da saSualo qalaqebi. ase yalibdeba
aglomeracia. aglomeracia aris teritoriuli warmonaqmni, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sasoflo dasaxlebebi, ramdenime saSualo da patara
qalaqi da, rac mTavaria, rogorc minimum erTi msxvili qalaqi. aglomeraciaSi
Semaval erTeulebs Soris mWidro satransporto-ekonomikuri da socialur-
kulturuli kavSirebi yalibdeba. samecniero literatutaSi gvxvdeba termini
“konurbacia”. konurbacia policentruli aglomeraciaa, Sesabamisad is
dasaxlebaTa iseTi gaerTianebaa, romelSic erTdroulad ramdenime Tanabari
sididsa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis saqalaqo centria warmoadgenili. aSS-is
ramdenime regionSi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda
aglomeraciebis da konurbaciebis teritoriuli daaxloebis procesi. qveynis
sam regionSi aseulobiT kilometrze qalaqebis uwyveti zoli warmoiqmna.
saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa amgvar areals megapoliss uwodeben. aSS-Si sami
megapolisia: bosvaSi (bostoni–vaSingtoni, romelSic sxva msxvil qalaqebTan

123
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp
124
termin suburbanizaciaSi “sub” aris inglisuri sityvis suburb (gareubani)
Semoklebuli varianti
125 termin rururbanizaciaSi “rur” aris inglisuri sityvis rural (sasoflo)
Semoklebuli varianti
 115
erTad niu-iorkic Sedis), Cipitsi (Cikago–pitsburgi) da sansani (san-francisko–
san diego).

cxrili #28
msoflios 20 udidesi metropolitenuri areali
(2005 weli, Sefaseba)126

# metropolitenuri qveyana statusi/teritoria mosaxleobi

areali s raodenoba
1 tokio iaponia didi tokios metropoliten
35 237 000
areali
2 mexiko meqsika didi mexikos metropoliten
19 013 000
areali
3 niu-iorki aSS metropoliten areali (niu-
18 498 000
iorki, niuarki, niu-jersi)
4 mumbai (bombei) indoeTi qalaqis administraciuli
18 336 000
sazRvrebi
5 san paulu brazili didi san paulus
18 333 000
a metropoliten areali
6 deli indoeTi qalaqis administraciuli
15 334 000
sazRvrebi
7 kolkata (kalkuta) indoeTi qalaqis administraciuli
14 299 000
sazRvrebi
8 buenos airesi argentin metropoliten areali
13 349 000
a
9 jakarta indonez aglomeracia
13 194 000
ia
1 Sanxai CineTi municipalitetis sazRvrebi
12 665 000
0
1 daka banglad metropoliten areali
12 560000
1 eSi
1 los-anjelesi aSS metropoliten areali (los-
2 anjelesi, long-biCi, santa- 12 146 000
ana)
1 yaraCi pakistan qalaqis administraciuli
11 819 000
3 i sazRvrebi
1 rio-de-Janeiro brazili metropoliten areali
11 469 000
4 a
1 osaka-kobe iaponia osaka-kobes konurbacia 11 286 000
5
1 kairo-giza egvipte metropoliten areali 12 146 000
6
1 lagosi nigeria lagosis aglomeracia 11 819000
7
1 pekini CineTi municipalitetis sazRvrebi 11 469 000
8
1 manila filipin qalaqis administraciuli 11 286000
9 ebi sazRvrebi
2 moskovi ruseTi qalaqis administraciuli 10 672 000
0 sazRvrebi

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi msxvili

qalaqebis umravlesobis teritoriebis swrafi zrdis Sedegad praqtikulad
SeuZlebeli xdeba maTi sazRvrebis da Sesabamisad mosaxleobis raodenobis
gansazRvra. amgvari sirTuleebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT dasavleTSi ukve

126
www.wikipedia.org
 116
damkvidrda termini metropolitenuri areali.127 am terminiT moixsenieben yvela
maRalurbanizebul teritorias, rac amartivebs mosaxleobis raodenobis
mixedviT qalaqebis ranJirebis sakiTxs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dResdReobiT
msoflioSi 100 metropolitenuri arealia, romlebSic TiToeulis mosaxleobis
raodenoba 3 milions aRemateba; maTgan 45 metropoliten arealSi 5 milionze
meti adamiani cxovrobs, xolo 20 metropolitenur arealSi 10 milionze meti
mcxovrebia128 (ixileT cxrili #28). aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios 20 udidesi
metropolitenur arealis umravlesoba mdebareobs aziaSi da mxolod erTi
(moskovi) – evropaSi.

127
inglisuri termini metropoliten areali (Metropolitan Area) sityvasityviT
iTargmneba, rogorc saqalaqo areali
128
U.S. Census Bureau and Times Atlas of the World, 10th edition
 117
4.7 msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba

mosaxleoba dedamiwis zedapirze araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli. msoflios

mosaxleobis 80% aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, xolo danarCeni 20% dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi cxovrobs. mosaxleobis gaadgilebis mxriv kidev ufro
mniSvnelovania uTanabroba CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsfeoebs Soris -
Sesabamisad 90% da 10%.129

mosaxleobis sivrcobriv ganlagebaze moqmedebs mocemuli teritoriis

bunebrivi pirobebi, demografiuli viTareba, migraciebi, istoriul-politikuri
ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da bolos, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
done da satransporto mdebareoba.

mosaxleobis normaluri cxovrebisTvis aucilebelia wylis da siTbos

arseboba. amis gamo, istoriulad adamianebi iTvisebdnen Tbil da notio
adgilebs, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTareba. dResac ki,
rodesac samecniero teqnikurma progresma ganviTarebis maRal mwvervals
miaRwia, bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi mosaxleobis gansaxlebaSi kvlav
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. msoflios mTeli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 15-20
milion dasaxlebul punqtSi cxovrobs.130 es dasaxlebebi ganlagebulia
CrdiloeT ganedis 72 da samxreT ganedis 54 gradusebs Soris, zRvis donidan
5 000 metr simaRlemde (gamonakliss warmoadgens rigi dasaxlebebisa tibetsa da
andebSi, romlebic ufro maRla mdebareoben). dedamiwis swored es nawili
warmoadgens kacobriobis gansaxlebis Tanamedrove areals, rasac sxvagvarad
oikumena ewodeba. amasTan, adamianebi cdiloben icxovron dablob adgilebSi,
kerZod zRvis donidan 500 metr simaRlemde. am vertikalSi Tavmoyrilia
msoflios mTel dasaxlebul punqtTa 80%.131

Cven planetaze gansaxlebis sistemaSi arsebuli sxvadasxvaobis gamosavlenad

gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis simWidrovis maCvenebeli. mosaxleobis simWidrovis
maCveneblis dasadgenad saWiroa mocemuli teritoriis (kontinentis, regionis,
qveynis, raionis da a.S.) mosaxleobis raodenoba gavyoT amave teritoriis
farTobze. miRebuli simWidrovis maCvenebeli gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdeni adamiani
cxovrobs saSualod 1 kvadratul kilometrze.

zogadad aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT gamoirCevian

“juja” qveynebi da qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi. mag., monakoSi yovel 1 km2-ze
saSualod 23 aTas adamianze meti cxovrobs. aseve maRalia simWidrove makaoSi,
honkongSi, singapurSi, gibraltarSi. am tipis qveynebis (romlebic sinamdvileSi
qalaqebs warmoadgenen) Sedareba “klasikur” qveynebTan araswori iqneboda. amis
gamo, gTavazobT cxrils (ix. cxrili #29), sadac warmodgenilia qveynebi,
romelTa teritoria 5 aTas km2-ze metia. mosaxleobis simWidroviT aseTi tipis
qveynebs Soris gamoirCevian aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis, aseve
dasavleT evropis qveynebi. bangladeSi erTaderTi didi saxelmwifoa
msoflioSi, sadac mosaxleobis simWidrovem 1 km2-ze 1000 adamians aWarbebs.

dabali simWidrove damaxasiaTebelia adamianis cxovrebisTvis araxelsayreli

bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mqone qveynebisaTvis. 29-e cxrilis marjvena
svetSi mocemuli 11 qveynidan eqvsi tropikul sartyelSi mdebarobs da maTi
teritoriis udides nawils udabno warmoadgens. kidev sami qveyana (grenlandia,
kanada, islandia) mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT gamoirCeva, xolo surinamis da

129
В.П. Максаковский – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, c. 134
130
iqve, gv. 132
131
Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 95
 118
safrangeTis gvianas farTobis didi nawili Waobebs da miwaTmoqmedebisTvis
gamousadegar teritoriebs ukavia.

cxrili #29

msoflios qveynebi132 mosaxleobis simWidrovis yvelaze maRali da

yvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT (2005 weli, Sefaseba)133

qveynebi mosaxleobis simWidrovis qveynebi mosaxleobis simWidrovis

yvelaze maRali maCveneblebiT yvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT
qveyana simWidrove qveyana simWidrove
(adamiani/1 km2-ze) (adamiani/1 km2-ze)
bangladeSi 1 045 grenlandia 0,026
taivani 636 monRoleTi 1,3
samxreT korea 480 dasavleT sahara 1,7
puerto riko 446 safrangeTis gaiana 2,1
niderlandebi 392 namibia 2,5
libani 344 avstralia 2,6
ruanda 343 surinami 2,7
belgia 341 islandia 3,0
iaponia 339 mavritania 3,0
indoeTi 336 botsvana 3,0
msoflio 44,5 kanada 3,2

msoflios mosaxleoba Cvens planetaze Zalze araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli.

maRali simWidroviT (1 km2-ze 100-ze meti adamiani) gamoirCevian mxolod
evropisa da aziis regionebi. kerZod, mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali simWidrove
damaxasiaTebelia gansaxlebis tradiciuli regionebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvis
rogoricaa samxreT evropa, dasavleT evropa, aRmosavleT azia, samxreT-
aRmosavleT azia da samxreT azia.

Tu mosaxleobis simWidroves qveynebis mixedviT ganvixilavT (ix. danarTi, nax.

#21) aRmovaCenT, rom amJamad mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis 60,6% mxolod 11
qveyanaSi cxovrobs, xolo CineTsa da indoeTSi erTad Tavmoyrilia Cveni
planetis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40%. mocemul qveynebs Soris mosaxleobis
zrdis yvelaze dabali tempi (ix. cxrili #30) damaxasiaTebeli iyo ekonomikuri
TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisTvis (ruseTi, iaponia, aSS). XX
saukunis meore naxevarSi da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s mosaxleobis zrda
ZiriTadad masStaburi imigraciis xarjze xdeboda da es tendencia Semdgomi
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSic gagrZeldeba. rac Seexeba iaponiasa da ruseTs
gaeros eqspertebis SefasebiT 2050 wlisTvis msoflios udidesi qveynebis
aTeulSi maT veRar vnaxavT, radgan maT adgilebs am siaSi savaraudod
daikaveben maRali bunebrivi matebis mqone ganviTarebadi qveynebi - eTiopia,
kongos demokratiuli respublika an filipinebi. rogorc, warmodgenili
cxrilidan Cans ukanaskneli 57 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis yvelaze dabali
zrda damaxasiaTebeli iyo ruseTisTvis. Semdgomi 40-50 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mosalodnelia am qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani kleba da misi raodenoba
aRniSnul periodSi 100 milionamde daecema.

2
132
cxrilSi mocemulia is qveynebi, romelTa farTobi aRemateba 5 000 km -s
133
World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp
 119
cxrili #30

Tanamedrove msoflios udidesi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis

mixedviT da maTi mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika 1950-2007 wlebSi

# qveynebi mosaxleobis mosaxleobis mosaxleobis qveynis

raodenoba raodenoba raodenobis mosaxleobis
(1950 w., (2007 w., zrda xvedriTi wili
milionebSi)134 milionebSi)135 1950-2007 w.w. msoflios
(%-Si; sawyisi mosaxleobaSi
weli = 100%-s) (%-Si; 2007 w.)
1 CineTi 554,8 1 321,1 238 19,8%
2 indoeTi 371,9 1 169,0 314 17,5%
3 aSS 157,8 303,2 192 4,5%
4 indonezia 79,5 231,6 291 3,5%
5 brazilia 54,0 187,2 346 2,8%
6 pakistani 36,9 161,5 437 2,4%
7 bangladeSi 43,9 158,7 361 2.3%
8 nigeria 34,0 148,1 435 2,2%
9 ruseTi 102,7 142,5 138 2,1%
10 iaponia 83,6 127,8 153 1,9%
11 meqsika 27,7 106,5 384 1,6%
msoflio 2 535,0 6 671,2 263 100,0%

momavalSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis xvedriTi wili msoflios mosaxleobaSi

mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. gaeros demografebis prognoziT Semdgomi 45-50 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba mxolod 4,3%-iT (daaxloebiT
50 milioni adamianiT) gaizrdeba, im dros, rodesac ganviTarebadi samyaros
mosaxleoba 60%-iT moimatebs. mosalodnelia, rom 2050 wels msoflios
mosaxleobis 85-87% ganviTarebad qveynebSi icxovrebs.136 cxadia, mosalodneli
tendenciebi kidev ufro daamZimebs situacias mosaxleobis gansaxlebis
tradiciul arealebSi.

mosaxleobis simWidrove maRalia msxvil qalaqebSi. amasTan, qalaqebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis didi “tevadoba”, rac ganpirobebulia maTi
maRali samomsaxurebo da ekonomikuri potencialiT. mosaxleobis maRali
koncentracia gansakuTrebiT mwvaved vlindeba sasoflo arealebSi. msoflioSi
SeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime regioni, romelTa farTobi ramdenime aseul
aTasobiT kvadratul kilometrs moicavs da sadac mosaxleobis simWidrove
Zalze maRalia (500 adamianze meti 1 kv. km-ze). maTgan udidesia ind-gangis
dablobi, romelic moicavs indoeTis CrdiloeT nawils q.delidan q.kolkatamde
da bangladeSis TiTqmis mTel teritorias. mosaxleobis mWidro gansaxlebis
kidev ori regioni CineTSi mdebareobs. maT Soris udidesia CineTis didi
dablobi, romelic gadaWimulia q.pekinidan q.Sanxaimde. aseve, maRali
simWidrovea siCuanis qvabulSi, romelic CineTis centralur nawilSi
mdebareobs. mosaxleobis Zalze maRali koncentraciiT gamoirCeva, agreTve,
kunZuli iava, romelic indoneziis nawilia. mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove
damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv sasoflo-sameurneo arealebisTvis, rogorebicaa
mag. md. nilosis qveda welis mimdebare teritoria (egvipte), meqsikis nawili,
romelic mdebareobs aRmosavleT siera-madresa da samxreT siera-madres mTebs
Soris, md. nigeris qveda welis mimdebare teritoria (nigeria), xolo, meore
mxriv samrewvelo arealebisTvis – lombardiis dablobi (italia), ruris raioni

134
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135
List of Countries by Population. www.en.wikipedia.org
136
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 120
(germania), kalifornia (aSS), aSS-Si atalantis okeanis sanapiro zoli
q.bostonidan q.vaSingtonamde, inglisis centraluri nawili q.liverpulidan
aRmosavleTiT q.Sefildamde. imave dros, dedamiwis uzarmazari teritoriebi
praqtikulad dausaxlebelia, kerZod antarqtida, grenlandia, CrdiloeT
yinulovani okeanis sanapiro zoli, romelic ruseTis aziuri nawilis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs, aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis udabnoebi, agreTve,
samxreT amerikisa da afrikis tropikuli tyeebis masivebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura

qarTulenovani literatura:
1. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. Tbilisi, teqinformi, 1990.
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inglisurenovani literatura:
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veb-gverdebi:
1. saqarTvelos statistika. www.statistics.ge
2. CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov
3. Global Employment Trends. Brief, January, 2007. International Labour Office. www.ilo.org
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