Dia+Para+Ferro Magnetism

and Material
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Dia +Para+Ferro Magnetism
and Material
Type of Magnetic material
Based on the magnetic properties,
materials can be divided into three main
categories
● Diamagnetic
● Paramagnetic
● Ferromagnetic
 Magnetic moment
Motion of electrons in atoms gives rise to the phenomenon
called magnetism. Basically two types of motions are
associated with the electrons :
➢ Motion of electrons in an orbit within the nucleus.
➢ Spin of electrons around its axis
The spin and orbital moments imparts magnetic moment on
each electrons, forcing them to behave as tiny magnets.
The rotational force experienced by a magnet when placed in
a magnetic field perpendicular to its magnetic axis is defined
as the Magnetic Moment of a Magnet.
 Diamagnetic
Those materials in which individual magnetic
moment of each atom/molecule is zero are called
diamagnetic material.

Example: Bismuth, Antimony, air, hydrogen,

mercury etc.
General Properties of
diamagnetic materials
★ No permanent dipoles are present so net magnetic
moment is zero.
★ The number of orientations of electronic orbits is such
that the vector sum of the magnetic moments is zero.
★ External field will cause a rotation action on the
individual electronic orbits.
★ Dipoles are induced in the material in presence of
external magnetic field.
Paramagnetic
In Paramagnetic material, there exists a little
magnetic moment since the net magnetic moment is
not cancelled out completely. The magnetic moments
in paramagnetic material are randomly aligned and
when they are subjected to an external magnetic
field, these magnetic moments align themselves in
the direction of the applied magnetic field H.
Example: Aluminium, Platinum, iron oxide,
manganese, tungsten, niobium, crown glass, oxygen
etc..
 General properties of
Paramagnetic materials
❖ If the orbital’s are not completely filled or spins not
balanced, an overall small magnetic moment may exist.
❖ i.e., paramagnetism is because of orbital and spin
magnetic moments of the electron.
❖ Possess permanent dipoles.
❖ In the absence of external magnetic field all dipoles are
randomly oriented so net magnetic moment is zero.
❖ Relative permeability μr > 1
❖ The orientation of magnetic dipoles depends on
temperature and applied field.
❖ Susceptibility is independent of applied mag. field &
depends on temperature
❏ Spin alignment is random.
❏ The magnetic dipoles do not interact
Ferromagnetic
Unlike diamagnets or paramagnets, those materials which tend
to remain magnetized even when the magnetic field is removed
exhibits ferromagnetism. This phenomenon is also known as
Hysteresis and the plot between variations of magnetism with
magnetic field is called Hysteresis Loop. However at one point
or temperature the ferromagnetic materials tend to lose its
magnetic properties. This temperature or point is known as
Curie point or Curie Temperature.
 General properties of
Ferromagnetic materials

● Origin for magnetism is Ferro mag. Materials are due to

Spin magnetic moment.
● Permanent dipoles are present so possess net magnetic
moment
● Material shows magnetic properties even in the absence
of external magnetic field.
● Possess spontaneous magnetization.
● Spontaneous magnetization is because of interaction
between dipoles called EXCHANGE COUPLING.
● When temp is greater than curie temp then the material
gets converted in to paramagnetic.
● All spins are aligned parallel & in same direction.
● Susceptibility is large and positive, it is given by Curie
Weiss Law
● C is Curie constant & θ is Curie temperature.
● When temp is greater than curie temp then the material
gets converted in to paramagnetic.
● They possess the property of HYSTERESIS.
● Material gets divided into small regions called domains.
● Examples : Fe, Co, Ni.
Examples
Which one of the following is a paramagnetic
substance

A Sb

B Ni

C Al

D Co
The susceptibility of a paramagnetic material
is

A equal to temperature

B directly proportional to temperature

C inversely proportional to temperature

D equal to relative permeability

The presence of parallel alignment of
magnetic dipole moment is given by which
materials?

A Diamagnetic

B Ferromagnetic

C Paramagnetic

D Ferromagnetic
Find the susceptibility when the curie
constant is 0.2 and the difference in critical
temperature and paramagnetic curie
temperature is 0.01

A 2

B 20

C 0.02

D 200
The substance having even number of
electrons exhibits

A diamagnetic

B paramagnetic

C ferromagnetic

D conductivity
If the relative permeability is 100, then the
susceptibility will be

A 99

B 999

C 1000

D 9999
If relative permeability is denoted by μr, which
of the following is correct about paramagnetic
material?

A μr=0

B μr<1

C μr>1

D None of the mentioned

The specimen in which the magnetic flux
inside is smaller than the outside is

A paramagnetic

B diamagnetic

C ferromagnetic

D para or ferromagnetic
The magnetic dipole moment of an atom is
due to

A the orbital motion of electrons

B the spin motion of electrons

both orbital and spin motions of

C electrons
neither the spin motion not the
D orbital motion of electron
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