Professional Documents
Culture Documents
for
Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31 from km 551.360
to km 563.260 (Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District,
West Bengal on EPC Mode.
Pavement Design Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 2
3.0 General................................................................................................................................................ 16
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
LIST OF ANNEXURE
LIST OF TABLE
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The P.W (Roads) Directorate Siliguri, Government of West Bengal has been entrusted
with the development and maintenance of National Highways in the state of West
Bengal. The P.W (Roads) Directorate has decided to strengthen and widening the existing
Goshpukur to Bihar More, Bagdogra section of NH-31 (length – 11.900 km) in the state
of West Bengal, to 4-lane carriageway with paved and earthen shoulders to be executed
through EPC mode.
M/S Topline Infra Projects Pvt. Ltd. JV Ganesh Ram Dokania (hereinafter refer as
“the Client”) has won the project on a competitive Bidding and has subsequently
appointed M/s Designilla (hereinafter refer as “the Consultant”), to provide Detailed
Design Consultancy Services from Km 551.360 to 563.260 of NH-31 (herein after
referred as the “Project Road”)
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
West Bengal is a state in East India, bordering Nepal, Bangladesh. Bihar shares boundary
with maximum number of other Indian states. It shares its border with Bihar, Jharkhand,
Assam and Sikkim.
West Bengal is located in the Eastern part of India; The state covers an area of 88,752
square km. West Bengal is divided into 23 districts and has Kolkata as its capital.
The traffic surveys have been conducted to assess travel characteristics in the influence
area of the project road. These include classified traffic volume counts and vehicle
loading pattern for commercial vehicles through axle load survey.
The project road was divided into two homogeneous sections based on preliminary
reconnaissance studies in such a way that the traffic intensity within a particular section
will be more or less uniform. Classified traffic counts were organized at one selected
location in each section. The homogeneous sections for conducting traffic surveys are
given in Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1.
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
The following traffic surveys were carried out as part of the study:
The schedule for traffic surveys has been finalized based on the availability of Police
help in order to carry out Axle Load Survey. Training of enumerators, Police help,
lighting arrangements for surveys during night hours etc. were ensured before starting
the survey. The schedule for traffic surveys is presented in Table 2.2.
No of Existing
Description Duration Duration (Days)
Locations Chainage (Km)
Started 14th
Classified
7 Days -24 September 2018 &
Traffic Volume 1 562+530
hours finished on 20th
Count
September 2018
Axle Loading 48hours Started 21st
1 560+500
Characteristics Double Pad September 2018
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Project
Road
All the traffic surveys have been carried out in accordance with the guidelines
specified by IRC: 9-1972 and IRC: 102-1988.
The classified traffic volume count is carried out manually at two locations. The count
was done 24X7, 24 hours a day continuously for 7 days. Traffic data has been
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
2-Wheeler 0.5
Car/Jeep/Van/3-Wheeler 1
Bus 3
Cycles 0.5
Others 6
The axle load survey provides data to enable the assessment of the damaging effect of
the loaded vehicles. The survey was carried out 48 hours using the electronic axle-
weighing pad. Due to the requirement of stopping the vehicle for weighing, it was not
possible to weigh all the commercial vehicles passing through the survey location. So
commercial vehicles were weighed on a random sampling basis. About 30% of
commercial vehicles were targeted to stop for weighing in the 48 hour duration (two
days) on a random sampling basis to get the vehicle Damage Factor (VDF). The time
of measurement, type of commodity, the axle load, and the axle load group have been
recorded.
Axle load pads have been calibrated on a weigh bridge before commencement of
surveys. Necessary police help and other arrangements for lighting and shade have
been made before the commencement of survey. Enumerators for the surveys were
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
trained properly for the identification of axle type and vehicle type. The traffic
volume survey has also been carried out in conjunction with axle load surveys.
Under the present study, the manual traffic volume counts were carried out round-the-
clock. The survey stations have been located away from urban agglomerations/
villages to minimize interference of local traffic and near proposed toll plaza
locations. The traffic count data has been compiled direction wise on hourly and daily
basis. The vehicles are broadly classified into motorised and non-motorised vehicles,
which are further sub divided into specific categories of vehicles. However, the
groupings of vehicles are further split to reflect the present day traffic pattern on the
project road.
The Classified Traffic Volume Survey was analysed to elicit various traffic
characteristics like Average Daily Traffic (ADT), hourly variation and Peak Hour
Share, Daily Variation in Traffic Volume, Traffic composition and Annual Average
Daily Traffic (AADT) in Annexure 2.
Average Daily Traffic (ADT) is calculated from CTVC data at Km 562+530 and
summary is presented below in table 2.5 below:
3 Axle Truck
Total PCUS
EME/HCM
Mini LCV
Mini Bus
>=7 Axle
4 Wheel
6 Wheel
in no.s
LCV
LCV
ADT
Bus
Direction
12903
1310
5401
Both
340
537
738
962
762
671
54
10
17
0
0
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Both Direction
Tractor with Trailer
Tractor without Trailer
EME/HCM
>=7 Axle
4-6 Axle Trucks
3 Axle Truck
2 Axle Truck
LCV…
LCV…
Mini LCV…
Bus
Mini Bus
Bus
10%
3 Axle Truck
14%
Mini LCV
Tata Ace/Pickup
24%
2 Axle
Truck
15%
LCV LCV
6 Wheel 4 Wheel
1% 14%
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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This data would be the base in forecast of traffic volume for lane configuration,
pavement design and planning of toll lanes. The survey data was analyzed to bring out
the following traffic characteristics:
Composition of traffic
Daily variation of traffic volume
Hourly variation of traffic volume
Directional distribution of traffic
Average Daily Traffic (ADT)
Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT)
Modewise distribution obtained from survey which suggest that Two Wheelers and
Cars are predominating on the section with the major share respectively, followed by
Trucks , Bus and LCV.
2.4.4 AADT
The Traffic Volume Count Survey provides Average Daily Traffic (ADT) at count
station. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) is calculated to account for seasonal
variations of traffic to adjust the ADT values. The Seasonal Correction Factor (SCF)
is used to convert ADT in AADT. For the purpose of design of roads, the traffic data
is needed in average annual daily traffic (AADT) terms. There were no control
counts throughout the year along the project highway. In order to derive SCF, 1.1 is
taken for motorised vehicles and unity factor is used for non-motorised vehicles to
convert ADT into AADT. The AADT is presented in Table 2.7
Tata Ace/Pickup
3 Axle Truck
7 days Count
EME/HCM
Mini LCV
Mini Bus
>=7 Axle
4 Wheel
6 Wheel
AADT
LCV
LCV
Bus
Direction
1441
1058
5941
Both
374
591
812
838
738
59
0
0
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
AADT SUMMARY
EME/HCM
>=7 Axle
3 Axle Truck
2 Axle Truck
LCV…
LCV…
Mini LCV…
Bus
Mini Bus
3 Axle Truck
14%
Mini LCV
Tata Ace/Pickup
24%
2 Axle Truck
18%
LCV LCV
6 Wheel 4 Wheel
1% 14%
The survey was carried out 48 hours using the electronic axle-weighing pad.
Commercial vehicles were stopped for weighing on a random sampling basis to have
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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an estimate of vehicle Damage Factor (VDF). The time of measurement, the axle
load, and the axle load group have been recorded. The axle load spectrum adopted for
rigid pavement design is presented in Annexure-3
Axle load survey was carried out to get the spectrum of vehicle loading pattern and
also to arrive at Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF). The survey is carried out using
portable weight pads, for 24 hrs duration. The vehicle damage factor (VDF) has been
calculated using the equations given in section 4.4, IRC: 37-2012. The Axle load
frequency data & analysis is presented in Annexure 3 and summary is presented
below:
The design traffic in terms of cumulative number of standard axle loads expected to
ply on the design lane over the design period shall be worked out. To assess the initial
traffic, Classified Traffic Volume Count Surveys was conducted at Km 6+700
Traffic data is analyzed and the growth rate for the commercial vehicles have been
calculated based on the economic parameters and vehicle registration data. Details of
Average Daily Traffic (ADT), Seasonal Correction Factor (SCF), Annual Average
Daily Traffic (AADT) and Traffic growth rates are presented in Annexure 2
Design traffic is worked out by using traffic parameters i.e. Average Daily Traffic
(ADT), Seasonal Correction Factor (SCF), Growth Rate and Vehicle Damage Factor.
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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The design traffic for the project road in terms of cumulative standard axels is
calculated from following equation.
N = 365 x [(1+r) n – 1] x A x D x F
Where,
N = Cumulative Number of Standard Axels for design life
r = Annual Growth Rate of Commercial Vehicle
n = Design Life in Years
A = Initial traffic in the year of completion of construction in terms of Commercial
Vehicles/day
D = Lane Distribution Factor (according to IRC: 37-2001)
F = Vehicle Damage Factor
The proposed road is a 2-lane carriageway, and therefore the traffic in each direction
is considered separately for analysis. By applying above formula the design traffic for
the project road in terms of cumulative number of standard axles has been computed
for a design life of 15 years for pavement and for total concession period. Year wise
traffic calculations are presented under Annexure-2. Summary of the same is
presented in Table 2.8;
Summary of MSA
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
3.0 General
Type of pavement shall be flexible for project road. As per clause 5.3.1 of schedule B,
Flexible pavement for new pavement or for widening and strengthening of the existing
pavement shall be designed for a minimum design period of 15 years.
As per clause 5.3.2 of schedule B Flexible pavement crust to be provided for design
traffic of 55 MSA. Accordingly flexible pavement design has been carried using
IITPAVE software in accordance to guidelines of IRC: 37-2012 – “Tentative Guidelines
for the design of flexible pavement”.
Flexible pavement is composed of a bituminous material surface course and underlying
base and sub base courses. The bituminous material is more often asphalt whose viscous
nature allows significant plastic deformation. Most asphalt surfaces are built on a gravel
base, although some 'full depth' asphalt surfaces are built directly on the subgrade.
Depending on the temperature at which it is applied, asphalt is categorized as hot mix
asphalt (HMA), warm mix asphalt, or cold mix asphalt. Flexible Pavement is so named as
the pavement surface reflects the total deflection of all subsequent layers due to the traffic
load acting upon it. The flexible pavement design is based on the load distributing
characteristics of a layered system.
A valuable advantage of flexible pavement is that it can be opened for traffic within 24
hrs after completion. Also the repair and maintenance of flexible pavement is easy and
cost effective. Applicable TCS for project road are shown below:
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
Field investigations were carried out as a part of study with an objective to capture the
requisite data for the design of new pavement layers and rehabilitation of existing
pavements. The following investigations have been carried out.
Existing pavement crust composition
Borrow Investigation
Existing Subgrade CBR Test
Existing OGL soil CBR
To assess the existing pavement crust composition test pits of size approx. 1m x 1m x 1m
have been excavated alternatively on LHS and RHS at the interface of pavement edge and
earthen shoulder interface extending through the pavement layers down to the subgrade
level. The existing crust has been observed during the test pits and the results obtained
indicates that existing bitumen layer thickness varies from 250-320 mm and existing
granular layer varies from 150-230mm.
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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As per Clause 5.1 of IRC: 37-2012 which states “The select soil forming the subgrade
should have a minimum CBR of 8% for roads having traffic of 450 commercial vehicles
per day.” Based on Borrow Investigation and considering use of existing subgrade
(depends on FRL), it is proposed to use soil only sources having minimum CBR 10 % for
subgrade construction.
3.2.1 Subgrade
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The Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) shall conform to MORTH specifications and
shall have minimum thickness of 50 mm (as per clause 505.1 of MORTH).
The Bituminous Concrete (BC) shall conform to MORTH specifications and shall have
minimum thickness of 30 mm (as per clause 507.1 of MORTH).
The parameters considered for the design of flexible pavements are mentioned under:
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Details of IITPAVE analysis are presented under Annexure 5 and Summary of the same is
presented under:
The Tensile Strain & Vertical Strain for the allowable & output as per IITPAVE for the 55 MSA
design traffic and 10% CBR is given in table 3.2
Strain on Subgrade
Bituminous Layer
from IITPAVE
WMM
Result
DBM
GSB
BC
+
+250+200=450
Design is OK
40+90=130
0.000194
0.000198
0.000289
0.000363
55
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
(Ghoshpukur to Bihar More) in Darjeeling District, West Bengal on EPC Mode R2
4.1 Objective
The Structural evaluation of existing pavement was carried out as per following
methodology.
4.2 General
Benkelman Deflection Survey has been carried out to assess the residual strength of
the existing flexible pavement and thereby assessing the requirement of structural
overlay for the rehabilitation of the same. Benkelman Beam Deflection measurements
were made on the project road in the month of September 2018. In accordance with
IRC-81:1997, the test points were taken at 0.9 meter inside the edge of the pavement
@ 50 m staggered intervals on both sides.
Pavement and air temperatures, as well as field moisture measurements from test pits
were also recorded for pertinent temperature and seasonal corrections required for
subsequent analysis.
Correction for seasonal variation depends upon the type of the sub-grade soil; its field
moisture content (at the time of deflection testing) and average rain fall in the area.
For this purpose sub- grade soil has been divided into three broad categories namely
sandy/gravely clayey with low plasticity (PI <15) and clayey with high plasticity (PI
>15). Similarly rainfall has been divided into two categories namely annual low
rainfall (< 1300mm) and annual high rainfall (>1300mm).
In the present case the soil is Sands for high rainfall area, the correction factors have
been applied accordingly.
δ Charactersitic = δmean +2σ ; Where σ is the standard deviation and δmean is the
mean deflection corrected for temperature and seasonal variation.
Field data and computations of characteristic deflection for each location are given
below:
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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5.0 General
As per clause 5.2 of schedule B, Flexible pavement shall be provided for service road. As per
clause 5.5.5 of IRC:SP:84–2014, service road pavement crust to be provided for design
traffic of 10 MSA. Accordingly flexible pavement design has been carried using IITPAVE
software in accordance to guidelines of IRC: 37-2012 – “Tentative Guidelines for the design
of flexible pavement”.
Details of IITPAVE analysis are presented under Annexure 5 and Summary of the same is
presented under:
The Tensile Strain & Vertical Strain for the allowable & output as per IITPAVE for the 10 MSA
design traffic and 10 % CBR is given in table 5.2
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Up-gradation of 4 laning Four Laning section of NH 31from km 551.360 to km 563.260 2019
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Strain on Subgrade
Bituminous Layer
WMM
Result
DBM
GSB
BC
+
+
250+200=450
Design is OK
30+50=80
0.000273
0.000314
0.000377
0.000673
10
Accordingly proposed pavement composition for service road / slip road is as under:
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Annexure - 1
Annexure 1
Truck Standard
BUS LCV
VDF 2 Axle 3 Axle M Axle Axles in MSA Remarks
Growth Rate %
1.41 0.51 2.15 3.26 7.13 the Year
Year
Construction
2018 965 2270 1058 838 738
Period
From 2018 to 21 2018 2019 1014 2383 1111 880 775 1443910 1.44
Upto
2019 2020 1064 2502 1167 924 813 1516105 2.96
Bus 0.05 2020 2021 1118 2627 1225 970 854 1591911 4.55
LCV 0.05
2 axle 0.05
3 Axle 0.05
From 2021 to 2025 2021 2022 1173 2759 1286 1019 897 1671506 6.22
2022 2023 1232 2897 1351 1070 942 1755081 7.98
Bus 0.05 2023 2024 1294 3042 1418 1123 989 1842835 9.82
LCV 0.05 2024 2025 1358 3194 1489 1179 1038 1934977 11.76
2 axle 0.05 2025 2026 1426 3353 1563 1238 1090 2031726 13.79
3 Axle 0.05
Multi Axle 0.05 2032 2033 2007 4718 2200 1743 1534 2858843 31.16
Mid-Point Mid-Point
Load Group Mid-Point of Load Load Group
of Load No No of Load No
(kN) Group (kN) (kN)
Group (kN) Group (kN)
190 0 380 - 400 390 0 530-560 545 0 Total Number of Axle = 937
180 0 360 - 380 370 0 500-530 515 0 Total Number of Vehicle = 443
170 0 340 - 360 350 0 470-500 485 0 Average Number of Axle = 2.12
4 TO 6AXLE = 6.2969
Mid-Point of Mid-Point of
Frequency Load Group Mid-Point of Load Load Group Frequency
Load Group Frequency (%) Load Group Axle Type No of Axles % Axles
(%) (kN) Group (kN) (kN) (%)
(kN) (kN)
Front Single
190 0.00 380 - 400 390 0.00 530-560 545 0.00 443 47.279
Rear Single
180 0.00 360 - 380 370 0.00 500-530 515 0.00 296 31.590
Tandem
170 0.00 340 - 360 350 0.00 470-500 485 0.00 119 12.700
Tridem
160 0.68 320 - 340 330 1.68 440-470 455 0.00 79 8.431
TOTAL NO. OF
150 0.00 300 - 320 310 0.84 410-440 425 0.00 AXLE 937 100.0
Total No of Commercial Vehicles
140 2.03 280 - 300 290 3.36 380-410 395 1.27 Surveyed 443
Total No of Commercial Vehicles
130 1.69 260 - 280 270 13.45 350-380 365 2.53 Surveyed 2.12
N 412
VDF
Y 46 VEHICLE TOTAL
BUS 1.581
LCV 0.770
2AXLE 2.140
3AXLE 2.554
4 TO 6 AXLE 7.965
Mid-Point of Mid-Point of
Mid-Point of Load Load Group
Load Group No Load Group (kN) No Load Group No
Group (kN) (kN)
(kN) (kN)
Mid-Point of Mid-Point of
Frequency Mid-Point of Load Load Group Frequency No of
Load Group Load Group (kN) Frequency (%) Load Group Axle Type % Axles
(%) Group (kN) (kN) (%) Axles
(kN) (kN)
Mid-Point of Mid-Point of
Load Group Mid-Point of Load Group Load Group
No Load Group No Load Group No
(kN) Load Group (kN) (kN) (kN) Axle Type
(kN) (kN)
185-195 190 0 380 - 400 390 0.00 530-560 545 0 No of Axles % Axles
175-185 180 0 360 - 380 370 0.00 500-530 515 0 Front Single 901 47.2
165-175 170 8 340 - 360 350 0.00 470-500 485 0 Rear Single 612 32.1
155-165 160 10 320 - 340 330 9.00 440-470 455 0 Tandem 224 11.7
145-155 150 0 300 - 320 310 3.00 410-440 425 0 Tridem 172 9.0
Mid-Point of Mid-Point of
Load Group Mid-Point of Frequenc Load Group Frequency Load Group Frequency
Load Group Load Group
(kN) Load Group (kN) y (%) (kN) (%) (kN) (%)
(kN) (kN)
185-195 190 0.00 380 - 400 390 0.00 530-560 545 0.00 VDF(BOTH DIRECTION
175-185 180 0.00 360 - 380 370 0.00 500-530 515 0.00 BUS 1.4122
165-175 170 1.31 340 - 360 350 0.00 470-500 485 0.00 LCV 0.5144
155-165 160 1.63 320 - 340 330 4.02 440-470 455 0.00 2 AXLE 2.1462
145-155 150 0.00 300 - 320 310 1.34 410-440 425 0.00 3 AXLE 3.2606
135-145 140 1.47 280 - 300 290 1.79 380-410 395 1.74 4 TO 6 AXLE 7.1309
125-135 130 1.63 260 - 280 270 9.38 350-380 365 2.33
115-125 120 3.92 240 - 260 250 5.36 320-350 335 15.70
105-115 110 8.99 220 - 240 230 11.16 290-320 305 16.86
95-105 100 4.25 200 - 220 210 7.14 260-290 275 15.70
85-95 90 4.41 180 - 200 190 1.79 230-260 245 10.47
< 85 80 72.39 < 180 170 58.04 < 230 215 37.21
100.00 100.00 100.00
Annexure - 4
Annexure 4
Failure Criteria
The fatigue cracking at the bottom of the BT layer and rutting on the top of subgrade are considered
as failures which govern the design (as given in Annexure 1 of IRC: 37-2012)
3.89 0.854
NF = 2.021 * 10^-04 * 1 * 1 at 90% reliability 0.000198 SAFE
et MR VG 40 used
with 13% bitumen content (by vol)
et = 0.000194
MR = 3000
εv = 0.000289
N = No. of cumulative standard axle to produce a rutting of 20 mm
εv = Vertical subgrade strain
Annexure 4
Annexure 4
Annexure - 5
Annexure -5
Failure Criteria
The fatigue cracking at the bottom of the BT layer and rutting on the top of subgrade are considered
as failures which govern the design (as given in Annexure 1 of IRC: 37-2012)
et = 0.000273
MR = 3000
εv = 0.000377
N = No. of cumulative standard axle to produce a rutting of 20 mm
εv = Vertical subgrade strain
Annexure 5
Annexure 5