Answers
Multiple Choice Questions
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D   5. A
6. C 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B
Structured Questions
1. Respiration is the process whereby energy-rich
food substances are oxidised by organisms which
results in the release of energy for the vital activities
of the organisms. Hence this process occurs inside
every living cell of plants and animals. Respiration
consists of both tissue respiration and external
respiration. In addition to the release of energy
during respiration, carbon dioxide and water are
released as well as waste products.
2. Exhaled air contains more water vapour and is also
warmer than atmospheric air. Hence when the
warm water vapour comes into contact with the
atmospheric air, it condenses making larger water
droplets which are visible.
Essay Questions
1. An alveolus possesses a thin (one-celled) wall.
This provides a suitable surface for easy diffusion.
A dense network of capillaries surround each
alveolus. These are branches of the pulmonary
artery and they increase the surface area for
‘O’ Level Biology
exchange of carbon dioxide between the alveolus
and the blood. The rate of gaseous exchange is
increased by the large surface area provided by the
unique structure of the alveolus. Thirdly, the mucus
lining of the alveolus wall provides a medium for the
oxygen to be dissolved in before diffusing in the
blood. Red blood cells in the capillaries absorb the
oxygen and transport it to all the tissues in the body.
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveolus from the
plasma down a concentration gradient.
2. (a) Aerobic respiration is the oxidation of food
substances to release energy. Here, full
oxidation takes place in the presence of
oxygen. Water and carbon dioxide are the by-
products.
(b) Respiration releases energy which is essential
for the carrying out of various body activities.
For example, during exercise, the contraction
of muscles requires energy. Energy is also
needed in conveying nerve impulses through
the body. The process of cell division for
growth and reproduction requires energy.
Responses of the body to stimulus need
energy. The heart needs energy to pump blood
and the brain cells need it in thinking. The
process of breathing itself requires energy.
Lots of energy are also needed in digestion
and the processes of excretion.
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