Crystalline – co32- , HCO3- ,S2- are absent.

Amorphus – co32- Maybe present.

Colour less – cu2+,fe2+,mn2+,co2+,ni2+ absent.
Water – (soluble) co32- excepting alkali and 𝑁𝐻 4+ absent.
4+
(insoluble) co32- excepting alkali and 𝑁𝐻 present.
Acid Radical :-
G1 – dil.H2S04 = Co32- , S2- , SO32- , NO2- and CH2COO-
Co32- :-
1)salt + dil.h2so(gas) pass the gas into lime water= Lime Water milky.
2)salt+ 𝐻2 𝑂 pass the gas into lime water =lime water not
milky.
G2 – con .H2S04 = Cl-- , Br-- , i-- , NO-3 and C2O42- .
Cl- -
A) Chromyl Chloride test :-
Salt + K2Cr2O7 +Con.H2S04 = Red gas(Smell pun)
Dissolve Red Gas in NaOH = yellow sol
Yellow sol +dil.acetic acid + lead acetate = yellow prec
B) Silver Nitrate test :-
Salt Sol. + dil.HNO3+AgNO3 Solution = Curdy White precipitate Soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
Br - -
A)Globule test :-
Salt solution+𝐶𝐶𝑙4 chloride water shaken well=orange red globule seperately out.
B) Silver Nitrate test :-
Salt Sol. + dil.HNO3+AgNO3 Solution = Curdy White precipitate Soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
NO32- –
A)Copper turning test:-
Salt + copper turning + conc.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 heated = brown is evolved and solution becomes green.
B)Brown ring test:-
Salt solution + freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution + conc.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 drop wise added from the test of the test tube
without disturbing = A thin brown ring is formed at junction of 2 liquid.
G3 – no group reagent = SO42- and PO43+
SO42- –
A) Barium Chloride Test :
Salt Solution + BaCl2 solution = thick white precipitate sol. In dil.HCl
B) Lead Acetate test :
Salt solution + acetic acid + lead acetate solution = thick white precipitate sol. In ammonium acetate solution.

Original Solution :- A part of the given salt is dissolved in distilled water or dil.HCl to get a clear solution . This original solution is used for
the analysis of Basic Radical.

Basic Radical :-
G0 – no group reagent = NH4+ .
A) Sodium Hydroxide Test :-
Salt NaOH Solution heat = pun. Smell of ammonia
Expose a glass rod dipped in conc.Hcl = Dense White Fumes are formed
B) Confirmatory Test fot NH4+ :-
Nessler’s reagent test :-
Original Solution + Nessler’s reagent + NaOH Solution Excess = Brown precipitate
G1 – Dil.HCl = Pb2+
G2 – Dil.HCl + H2S excess = Cu2+, Pb2+, As3+
G3 – NH4Cl[S] + NH4OH excess = Fe3+,Al3+
Al3+ –
A) Sodium Hydroxide Test :-
Original solution + 2-3 drops NaOH Solution = White precipitate.
White Precipitate + NaOH excess = Precipitate dissolves.
Clear Solution+NH4Cl,Warm = Precipitate Reappears.
B) Lake Test :-
Original Solution + blue litmus solution + NH4OH drops = Blue Precipitate
G4 – NH4Cl[S] + NH4OH + H2S excess = Zn2+,Mn2+,Ni2+,Co2+
G5 – NH4Cl[S] + NH4OH + [NH4]2CO3 = Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+
Ca2+ –
A) Ammonium oxalate test :-
Original solution + dil.Acetic acid + Ammonium oxalate Solution = White Precipitate.
 B) Flame test :-
Thin paste of salt in con.HCl is held in non–luminous flame = Brick red colour is imparted.
Ba2+ –
A) 𝐾2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 test:-
Original solution+dil.acetic acid+potassium chromate solution = yellow precipitate

B) Flame test :-
Thin paste of salt in con.HCl is held in non–luminous flame = Brick red colour is imparted.
Sr2+ –
A)Ammonium Sulphate test:-
Original solution + dil.acetic acid + ammonium sulphate solution warm = white precipitate.
B) Flame test :-

Thin paste of salt in con.HCl is held in non–luminous flame = Brick red colour is imparted.
G6 – no group reagent = Mg2+
Mg2+ –
A) Sodium Hydroxide test :-
Original solution + NaOH Soln = White precepetate Soluble in NaOH Soln
B) Ammonium Phospate test :-
Original solution + NH4Cl + NH4OH + Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate = White precepetate Insoluble in
NaOH Soln