ME123

Thermodynamics – is the series of conversions of energy from one form to another. absorption

and rejection of heat

Thermodynamic System

- Thermodynamics deals with a system. We confine the system to a boundary, and outside

of it, is the surrounding. And what we are interested in is the interaction at the boundary

Boundary

- it may be an imaginary surface separating the system and surroundings. Boundary does

not need to be a fixed one

Thermodynamic Substance

- can be stored & extracted, a substance that can be able to absorb and reject it. Like water,

air, refrigerant.

Types of Thermodynamic System

• Open System. The mass can cross the boundary. It has a hole

- The boundary line is called Control Surface. Ex: Pumps, Energy and water can enter

and leave the system

• Closed System. Mass does not cross the boundary / go out of the boundary, but energy

can enter it like heat. But the boundary can expand. Ex: Tanks, piston devices

• Isolated System. There is no interaction with the surrounding even the energy. Ex:

Thermos bottle
 • Steady System. The condition inside the system does not change with time even if the

mass or the energy is leaving or going inside the boundary. Equilibrium state. The energy

inside the system remains indefinitely

• Unsteady. State changes with respect to time boundary

Extensive Property

- Properties that vary with size

Intensive property

- Properties that do not depend on their size like how big or small it is. Ex: pressure,

density

Fundamental dimension

- length, mass, time, temperature, current, illumination, and amount of mater

- Metric Unit

MKS: meter (m), kg, s

CGS: cm, g, s

- English Unit

Ft, pound-mass (lbm), s

Conversions

1m = 100 cm = 3.28ft = 39.37 inch

1 kg = 1000 g = 2.204 lbm

Derived Dimensions

𝑚
1 N = 1𝑘𝑔 ⋅ 𝑠2 = 105 dynes = 0.2248 lbf

Lbm = m(32.2 )

𝑔
Lbf = Lbm x 32.22

Specific Volume (v)

v = V/m

Specific Gravity. Tells us whether the substance will float or sink in water

Pressure

1 bar = 100000 Pa = 100 Kpa = 100 dyne 𝑐𝑚2 = 0.986 atm = 14.504 psia = 750 torr

1 atm = 760 mm hg = 14.7 psia = 101.325 kpaA

𝑙𝑏
1 psia = 1 𝑖𝑛2
 - Pag bumaba sa standard it is called barometer depression of _mm

- It means that it has a lower pressure than the surrounding area

- Therefore mag ru-rush in yung pressure from the higher pressure area to the lower pressure

area that produces vortex which results to cyclone or typhoon

zeroth law

- temperature mesurement

- A = B, C = B, Then A = C

- thermal equilibrium - same thermal energy, same temperature, heat will not moved. no transfer

of energy, but there will be a changed in the property

First law

- energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can only be transformed from one form to another

Second law

- entropy either stays the same or gets bigger

- heat transfer = hot to cold and cold to hot. not hot to hotter and cold to colder

- we cannot convert 100% energy to work, may natatapon na energy sa surrounding (rejected

heat). that is why all power plants have thermal efficiency

- concept of loss energy

Energy

- Capacity to do Work (Force x displacement)

- can be transformed from one form to another

Forms of Energy

Transient Energy - always keep on moving,

- work -

- heat -

Stored energy - energy stored in thermodynamics system is called internal energy

Other forms of energy

Potential Enerrgy - due to elevation

PE = mgh

Kinetic Energy - due to velocity

KE = 1/2 mv^2

Internal energy - due to the movement of melecules

Chemical energy - stored energy released during a chemical reaction. Ex: Combustion and

fission (nuclear reaction)

movement of heat can only be accomplished if there is a temperature difference

If there is no temp diff it is in equilibrium state. There is no heat transfer at all

Heat moves from warmer to a cooler place

cold becomes hot, hot become hotter

Sign Convention for heat

+Q - Heat is Added to the system (endothermic)

- Q - Heat is rejected by the system (exothermic)

Unit of Heat - British Thermal Unit (BTU). amount of heat needed by a 1lb mass of water to

raise its temperature by 1 deg farenheit at 14.7 psi

Calorie - 1 g by 1 deg Celcius

Sensible Heat - change in temperature but does not change in phase. For ex water not becoming

ice or gas (Qs = mC(^)T. Below 0 temp

Latent Heat - change phase without changing temperature. ice melt to water totally but id does

not change in temperature. water becoming steam. QL = mL.

latent heat of fusion - amount of heat needed to cause a change in phase between solid to liquid.

Temp is 0 - 100
latent heat of vaporization - amount of heat needed to cause a change in phase between liquid to

gas. greater than 100 temp

L = 335 kj/kg

Cp1 = 4.187

Power - there is a time involved. joules to watts