AGK Systems

Lesson 4: Hydraulic Principles

Introduction
• Hydraulic systems transmit power to remote locations
• Typical uses for hydraulics in large aircraft include:
• Landing gear and wheel brakes
• Nose wheel steering
• Primary flight controls
• Spoilers
• Flaps
• Speed brakes
• Engine thrust reversers
Hydraulic Principles
• All fluids including air have static pressure
• Atmospheric air at sea level has a static
pressure of approximately 1 bar (14.8psi)
• Height of the fluid dictates the static
pressure at any dept in the fluid.
Pascal’s Law
• Air is very compressible
• Oil and water are almost completely incompressible
• Incompressibility means:
• Pressure force is instantaneously transferred to
all points in the fluid
• According to Pascal’s law the pressure induced by a
500lb load on oil enclosed in a cylinder is felt as
500lb of static pressure at every point in the oil
Static Pressure

Regardless of the shape of enclosed space, once you apply

pressure to an incompressible fluid the same pressure will be
transmitted to, and felt, at all points within the space.
External Load in a Fluid

Same pressure at all

points!!!

Notice that we are talking about

applying an external force to the fluid
rather than simply the force of its own
weight.
Force, Pressure and Area
• Force - Input or output expressed in pounds (lbs)
• Pressure-Energy in fluid expressed lbs per square
inch (psi)
• Expressed in square inches (in )
2
Force, Pressure and Area
• Apply a force of 20lb to the piston in the left cylinder
• Same force or same pressure will be felt by piston in the right
cylinder???

• Pressure is
instantaneously
transferred to all points in
the fluid
media
Force, Pressure and Area
Force, Pressure and Area
• Smaller piston displaces volume equal to
area multiplied by the distance moved (its
stroke)
• Calculate how much the larger piston
moves using the following formula:
• Input force x input distance = output force x output
distance
Force, Pressure and Area
• Example 1:
• Input force of 100lbs acts on 2in 2 piston
with stroke of 3in
• What will the output distance for piston
with area of 2
10in ?
Solution:
Solution Alternative Method
Hydraulic Power
• Passive hydraulic systems use human power to
raise pressure
• Active hydraulic systems use one or more
pumps(engine driven or electric)
• Active systems can supply:
• Constant pressure all the time - closed
centred systems
• Pressure only when demanded - open
centred systems
Hydraulic Fluid Requirements
• Low viscosity to flow freely
• Resistance to foaming or creating sludge
• Good lubrication qualities
• Corrosion resistance
• Resistance to heat and thermal stability
• High boiling point and low freezing point
• Chemically inert
• Non flammable with a flash point above 100°C
• Good storage properties
Hydraulic Fluid Requirements
• Hydraulic fluid is available in two common forms:
• Synthetic – Skydrol-fire resistant with a flash point
of 250°C – Phosphate Ester Base Fluid
• Used in systems with butyl rubber/Teflon seals
• Mineral - For example DTD 585 which is coloured
red
• It is imperative that the different types are not
mixed
• Hydraulic fluids can be very corrosive so avoid
contact and wear protective clothing
Advantages Hydraulic Systems
• Excellent for providing large amounts of power
• Very little energy is lost in the transmission process
• Other advantages include:
• Leaks are relatively easy to spot
• Reduced weight when compared to mechanical
system
• Provide large amounts of force to operate heavy
services
Disadvantages Hydraulic System

• The fluid is highly corrosive to many materials

• The forces generated can require strong structures
• Large systems can be quite heavy
• Susceptible to fluid contamination
• Damage to hydraulic lines
• Hydraulic fluid is health risk and environmentally
hazardous
Basic Hydraulic System

• The system is driven by a hand pump to

drive an actuator
• A selector valve diverts hydraulic pressure
to either side
• Actuator piston causing it to move in or
out
 Elementary Hydraulic System

The system is driven by a hand pump to drive an actuator.

A selector valve diverts hydraulic pressure to either side of the actuator
piston causing it to move in or out.
 Main components:
• Reservoir – stores excess hydraulic fluid.

• Allows for thermal expansion

• Excess fluid for system fluid leak compensation.

• NRV – prevents reverse flow

• Accumulator – stores fluid under pressure

and provides emergency supply of pressure

after pump failure.

Selector valve – directs pressure to the

appropriate side of actuator.

Small volumetric displacement(less fluid mass) by
large force as a result of high pressure!
synthetic
B’nin alanı, A’nın alanından 10 kat büyük.
Basıncın sabit kalabilmesi için kuvvetin de
aynı oranda büyümesi gerekiyor!
P = F/A = Constant
10N * 10 = 100 N
LOW VISCOSITY – İNCE YAĞ – DÜŞÜK DİRENÇ
Giriş ve
Çıkış
kapalı!
 P = 1000 N / 20 sq in =
50 N/sq in

P = 50 N/sq in = F /
2 sq in
Synthetic, 250 C
High flash point, 250
C
Synthetic, High flash
point, 250 C
Vapor lock