ElementaryEnglishGrammarandComposition 10020604

I N S U L A R L A N G UA G E S E RI E S
E LE ME N TA RY
EN G L I S H G RA MMA R
A
COMPOSI TI ON
DA V ID G I BB S
E
F O RM R LY D VI I S I O N S U P E R IN T E N D E N I O F
‘ ‘
P U B L IC
I N ST R UC T I O N , P H I L I PP I N E I S L A N D S
NE W Y OR K CINC I NN A T I C HIC A G O
A ME R I C A N BOOK C O MP A N Y
PREF ACE
T ms book has beenp repared for th e use of F il ip in o studen ts

inth e in m
ter ed iate sch ool s f or th n
e study a d p ractice of th e
g en era l p rin ci p l es of E n g l i sh G ra mm ar an d C o m p o sit io n .
To th e F il ipin o stud en t, E n gl is h is a f o reig n l a n u

g g a e .
E ngl ishG ra mm m ar ust, th erefore, be ta ugh t to h i m as a f or
eignl an u
g g a e, as w e l l as w ith a f u l l r ec og nit io n in d e ta il s o f
his own sp ecial diffi cul ties in l earning th at l an u
g g a e . T his
book h as beenca ref ul l y p l an ned and work ed out to eet these m

req uire m
en ts, an d at th e sa m m
e ti e to fi t in to its p roper p l ace
inth e establ ish ed education al sy ste m .
Th e m
eth od is gen eral l y in ductive, b ut often ded uctive .
Th ere is a m in im m
um a oun t of exposition an d work for th e
teach er, witha m mm

a xi u a m oun t of il l ustrationan d work for
th e p up il . Th e em p h a si s is u p o n u s e. O n l y o n e th in g a t a ti m e
is p resen ted, an d th is is cl earl y an m

d si pl y sta ted, w ell il l us
trated, an d th orough l y an d v ariousl y ap p l ied . Th e l og ical a s
w el l as th e p sych ol og ical order is f ol l owed ing en eral an d in

detail . Topics wh ich p resen m
t ost difli cul ty receive sp ecial
treatm en t accordin g t o t h e ir m
i p or ta n ce .
Th is book presen ts a study of th e p arts of speech , t h e ir re l a
tion s an d uses inth e sen ten ce, th eir gen eral in fl ection s, an d th e
m
el e en ts of th e sen ten ce . Sen ten ce structure an d an a l y sis are
taugh t grad ual l y inrel ationto th e pa rts of sp eech a n d th eir
uses inth e sen ten ce .
E achim p o rtan t to p i c i n G ramm ar is f ol l ow e d b y e x ercises in
m
Co position ,
in a pp l i c a tio n of t h e m ore i m p o rt a nt to p ic s o r of
th ose m ore d iffi cul t for th e F il ipin o studen t. L etter writin g

an d th e gen eral el em en ts of th e v arious form m
s of co position
are al so dev el oped withm odel s, con v ersation , a n d o u tl in e s .
Th e a uth or h as h ad th e a ssistan ce of a n um m
ber of A erican
teach ers an d F il ipin o teach ers an d stud en ts, an d is especial l y
in debted to Miss Ch a rl otte N eal e of th e Man il a H ighSch ool for
outl in es a n d m an y su gg e st io n s.
CONTENTS
PA G B PA OB
S ta te mnts
e W ords us ed as Verbs and
Questio s n as Ad j ectives
Co mmands and Requests W ords used as Verbs and
Sentences as N ouns 50
K inds of Sentences Rep rod uction, W ater L il y 50
R eprod uction, A F ait hf ul A d verbs 51
D og ” 10 D istinguishing A dj ectives
W riting a m
Co p osition 11 f omA dve bs
r r
Co m position,
“
Corn ” 12 Contract ion
s
Noun
s 12 A d verbs N ut a nd N ever
Prop er Nouns 13 Subj ect a nd Predicate
Co mmonNouns 14 Dates
14 R eprod uction,
“
The F rogs
Co mposition My Home , 17 K in
ask gfor a
”
. 64
N umber of N oun
s 17 Sub ect a n
j d Pred icate of Ques
Syl l ab ication 19 tions
R ep roduction ,
“
T he I nd ians 21 Subj ect nd Predicate of Com
a
Co mposition , The N egritos 22 mands a nd R equests

Pronouns 22 Diagram
A b b reviations 24 Parts of a Letter
Quota tions 26 Simpl e Sub j ect and its Mod l
Rep rod uction, Save dby a fi ers
Spi der 28 Simpl e P edi cate and its Mod i
r
j
A d ectives 29 fl ers .
U se of A, An, and The 83 A dd resses

D escription , A L ea f 35 F rie ndly L etter 76
j ectives
Proper A d 35 Co m p ositio n
, S ugar-Cane 76
Noun
s used as A dj ectives 36 Phrases 77
This, T ha t, Thes e, Those 36 Ad j ective Phrases 79
Op posite A dj ectives 37 Positionof A dj ecti ve Mod i
Co mma ina Seri s e 38 fi ers
C omma inA ddr s e s 40 A d verbial Phras es
C omma with Ye and N o s 40 Anywhere, N owhere, S o me

R ep rod uction, Hans, T he where, E verywhere
Shep herd B oy Di a ry
m
Co position ,
“
K ind of Horse Prepositions
W anted Pronouns used as Obj ects of
V erbs Prepositions
U se of A mI
, s, Wa s, H a s, E p an
x sionof A dverbs
A re, Were, H a ve B usiness L etters

4 CONTEN TS
PA G E PA G B
m ments
Co pl e 93 Description ,
Study of Poe m 97 Pl ow 1 46
Personifl cation 99 O bj ect Co mpl ements 1 47
Conj unctions . 1 00 Rul es for Punctua tion 148
mposition Mosquitoes
Co , 1 04 B iograp hy,
“
Jose R izal 1 50
C ompound Subj ect . 1 04 Cas es of s an
Noun d Pronoun
s 1 51
Story Tel l in The B ag oi Use of Person al Pron oun s 1 54
g,
W inds ” 1 06 m
Co p oun d Person al Pronoun s 1 55
W riting a Story 1 07 There fi rst word of Sen ten ce 1 57
m
Co pound Pred icate 1 09 R eview 1 59
m
Co pound Co pl e en ts m m 11 1 W ord , Phras e a nd Cl ause
L etter W riting, I nvitation
s 1 14 Mod ifi ers 1 60
Inter ection
j s 115 Ad j ective Cl auses 1 61
L etter to Superinten den t 1 17 R el a tive Pronouns . 1 63
D escrip tion, Min d a nao 117 Rep roduction,
“
E urek a ' ”
1 65
Parts of Speech 1 18 A dverb ial C l auses 16 7
W ords Soundin g A l ike 1 21 A dverbial Conunction
s j 1 69
The W ord There 1 22 Positionof A d verbia l Modi
Descrip tion, Cofi “
ee Raising
”
1 23 fi ers
m
Co position, Raising C a NounCl ause
cao
”
Description B orneo ,
“
Possessive F or mof Nouns C om p arisonof A dj ectives
m
Nu ber of Pronoun
s Speci al Ad ectives j .
Much A n e, S om m
Co p osition,
A l ittl “
L izards ”
, y , e ,
L ittl e More E n , oug h , 1 32 Comp a ri onof A d

s ve b s r
Ma n y F ew A f ew N on
, ,e , 133 Story , “
The B irds, the
E ith er N either B oth

, , 1 33 B east a nd the B at 1 82
E ach E very A l l
, , 1 34 T el egra ms 1 82
R ep rod uction, T ense of Verbs 1 83
nd the Egg
a
”
Quotat io s n . 1 87
Gender of Nouns mpo ition Mak ing Jars
Co s ,
“ ”
1 90
Gender of Pronouns Pe sonan
r d N umb of Ve bs er r . 1 90
B iography, George W ash R egul ar a nd I rregul ar Verbs 1 94
l ugton 1 38 Infinitives 1 95
Personal Pronoun
s 1 42 Participl es 1 96
Interrogative Pronoun
s 1 43 Letter of A pp l ication 197
L etter of Introd uction 143 Simpl e , Co mp l ex a nd Co m
Letter of I nv itation
p ound Sen te n
M
1 44 ces
Composition Rizal Day 1 44 B iogra p hy, F erna nd o a
A ttribute Com p em
l ents 1 44 ll
g a
e n
ELE ME NTA RY EN G LI SH G RA MMA R
A ND COMPOSITI ON
ST A T E ME NT S
1 . Cop y the f nol l owi

gg ro u p s of w or d s
1 . The earthis roun d .
2 . The sunis m uchl arg er t h anth e earth .
3 . The earthis l a rg er th a nth e m oon .
4 . The sung ives l ig ht a nd heat to the earth .
5 . The m oonrefl ects th e l ig h t of th e sun .
Eachof th ese g roups of w ords tell s or sta tes so me

thing, a nd is ca l l ed a S ta tement .
W ithwha t kind of l etter does ea chstatement be
g in ? W hat mk ar is pl a ced at the e nd of e ac h

sta tem ent
The fi rst word of a sta te ment shoul d beginwitha capital

l etter .
A period shoul d be pl aced h nd

at t e e of a state ment .
2 . Write sta te ment s a bou t these thing s
1 . A heron 5 . My fa ther
2 . My p e ncil 6 . My home
3 . F g
ro s 7 . Ma ng oes
4 . The ba mboo 8 . The cocoan ut
3 . IV rite sta tements , tel l ing

1 . W hat you hav e done inschool to day
-
.
2 . How to m ak e a k ite .
6 E LEMENTA RY ENGLISH
Q U E ST I O N S
4 . Cop y the f n
ol l ow i
g q u es ti on s
1 . How ma ny w in g s ha s a b u tterfl y ?
2 . Is the butterfly a nin sect ?
3 . Ha ve yo u ev er seena ca terp il l ar
4 . D o ca terp ill a rs ch ang e i n to b u tt er flies
5 . Wh a t do butterfl ies eat
W ithw ha t kind of l etter does ea chquestionbegin?

What mark is pl a ced a t the end of ea chquestion?
The fi rst w ord of a questionshoul d beg i nw itha capital

l etter .
A question mark shoul d be pl aced at the end of a question

5 . W ri te q ues tn
i o s a b ou t t h
e se t hi ng s ’
1 . The white ant 5 . Sal t

2 . Th e N eg ritos 6 . The v ol ca no Ma yé n
S ug ar ca n 7 C ebII
'
3 . e .
4 . T obacco 8 . The p ray ing mantis

6 W ri te sta tements i na nswer to th
. e se questio ns
1 W hichisl a nd is the l a rg est inthe Phil ipp ines

.
2 . O nwha t isl a nd is the city of Il oil o ?

3 . O nw ha t isl a nd d o you l iv e
4 . W hat is the l arg est city onthis isl and
5 . W ha t city is the ca pita l of the Phil ipp ines ?
6 . I nwhat
p ro vi nce d o y ou l i v e
C O MMA N D S A N D R E Q U E ST S
7 . these mma nd s a nd requests :

co
1 . Pl ease h ow m
s e your ne w p encil .
2 . Pl ease l et me rea d fromyour book .

G RAMMA R AND COMPOSITION 7
3 . G o to your seat an d l earnyour l esson .
4 . D o not forg et to w rite w ell .
5 . A l w ays do your best .
W ithw ha t kind of l etter does eachof these com

mands and requests begin? W ithwhat ma rk does
eachen d?
The fi rst w ord of a co mmand shoul d beg inw itha capital
l etter .
A period h
s oul d be pl aced at the end of a co mmand o r a
request .
8 . Write requ es ts
1 . F or a b oo k 4 . To see a book
2 . F or a d rink of wa ter 5 . To go h om e
3 . F or a rid e ina boa t 6 . T o g o to the mark et

9 . W rite a req uest or a mma nd
co to
1 . A boy 3 . A dog 5 . Y our teacher
2 . A g irl 4 . A horse 6 . A friend
SE NT E N C E S
10 Sta tem
. ents, questions, co mmand s a nd requests
a re ten
cal l ed S en ces .
Cop y these ntences

se
1 . Leg a spi w as th e fi rst Sp an ish g ov ernor of the
Ph il ipp ines .
W hend id he a rrive at Manil a

Wh a t w a s the nam e of h is g ra ndson
Sal cedo founded th e city of V ig a nin1 5 7 2 .
Pl ease tel l m e wh o Lim ah on g w as .
Dra w a map of th e isl and of Luzé n .

8 ELEME NTARY ENGLISH
W hichof th ese sen ten ces are statem en ts ? Wh ich

a re
question s? W hicha re com m an d s or requests ?
Eachof th ese sen ten ces expresses a th ough t Th e .
fol l owin u of wo rds do n ot com l etel ex

g g ro ps p y pre ss
th
oughts . The
y are not se ntences .
I nth
e cocoa nut tree F el l into the muddy wa ter
Help in
g is m
h oth
er Onthe to
p f
o the h
ouse
We may add words to eachone of these groups so

as to com pl ete the expression of thought E a ch .
g roup isnow a sentence .
The bird is inth e cocoa nut tree .
Juanis h el in
p g his m other .
My ha t f el l into th e mud dy wa ter .
A dove wa s sittin
g nth e to
o
p of the house .
A Sentence is the compl ete ex p re ssio n of a th ought in

words .
11 . Tel l w hi ch of the f ol l owi n

g g roup s of w ord s a re
se ntences
1 . B irds a nd bats fl y . 9 . O nthe isl a nd of Pa nay
2 . F ul l of rice 10 . A l ways d o rig ht .
3 . G iv e me a pen . 11 . Th e g m
a n o is ri e
p .
4 . A re you w el l ? 12 . Whe re is C u o ?
y
5 . W ithhis ba re feet 13 . Mad e of ba mboo
6 . Mother is not at home . . 14 . Pl ease g et a p encil .
7 . G oing to the market 15 . F ar fro th e l anm

d
8 . May I g o withyou 16 . Is made of hemp
12 . A dd w ord s to th
f ng g erou p s so a s to m
ol l ow i
a k e
sentences Th e nw r i te th
. e sentences .
1 I na ba n
. ca 3 Th e book onth e desk .
2 W ithme to d ay
. 4 Th e Ol d m a nwitha can e.
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSITION 9
5 . A sl eep u nder a tree 8 . W riting a l etter

6 . Is l a rg e city
a 9 . Has four w ings
7 . W here canI 10 . O nthe buri pal m
K IN D S or SE N TE N CES
13 R ea d th
. ese se ntences i
1 . Mosq uitoes a re insects 5 . . The le mur has no wings .
3 . Pl ease g et a book . 6 . D o you l ik e taro ?

3 . W il l you rea d to me ? 7 . T el l me wh ere it g rows .
4 . W hat a re y o u rea d i ng ? 8 . Pl ease cook so me t a ro for me .
W hichof these se ntences a re state ments Which

are co mmands or requests ? W hichare question s?
A se ntence that sta tes or decl ares something is cal l ed

a Decl a ra tive Sentence .
A se ntence that de mands or requests something is cal l ed
a nIm p era ti ve Sen tence .
A sen ten ce th at ask s a questionis cal l ed anl nterrog a tive

Sentence .
14 . W rite
1 . F ive decl arativ e ntencesse .
2 . F i ve im p e ra tiv e se nten c es .
3 . F i v e interrog ativ e sen ten ces .
C OMP OSITION
15 . ntences in a nsw er to these questions
W ri te se
1 W ha t is the eq uator ?
.
2 I nw h
. at m onthwere you born?
3 Wh.at is a nisl an d?
4 Wh.o is th e g ov ernor of
y o ur p rov in ce ?
5 Wh.ichis th e l ar est cit
g y in C hi na ?
IO ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
16 . Write que stions of whic hthe se sta te ments a re th

e
1 . Pl ants l iv e nmineral
o food s .
2 . O nthe l arg e roots of p l ant s there are many roots as

smal l and short a s fi ne hai ‘
rs . They a re cal l ed root- ha irs .
3 . The root -
ha irs a bsorb the mineral s withwater f om r
the soil .
4 . Th is w ater passes th rou hth

g e l a r
g er roots a nd the
ste m of the pl a nt up to the l eav es .
5 . I nthe l ea v es the mineral s are chang ed into starch

a nd sug a r .
17 . Write se ntences , tel l in

g
1 . W hat you do inschool .
2 . Wh at
you d o at
y our home .
18 R ea d th
. i s story
A F A IT HF UL DOG
N ero w as l arg e, bl a ck dog

a He w as in tell igent
. a nd
obed ie nt . His master w a s anE n g l ishma n .
On e d ay the Eng l ishma nw as rid ing w ithsome friend s .
He w ished to sho w th em w h at a cl ev e r dog N ero w as .
He took a p eso nd ma rked it T henhe

fromh is p ock et a .
showed it to the d og an
un der a ston
d put it e b
y th e sid e
of th e road A fter th ey h
. ad g on e th ree k il om eters h e ,
tol d Nero to g o back a n d g et th e p eso Th e g en tl em an .
an d h is frien ds w ere di sapp oin ted because N ero d id n ot
return .
N ero tried to Obey h is master He foun d th e ston e but .

,
he coul d not move it I t was too heav y T henhe stood. .
an d ba rk ed a t it I na sh ort tim e a m
. a n cam e al on g t he
roa d He th
. ou h
g t the re mu st b e s om e a nim al u n d e r th e
G RAMMAR A ND COMPOSITI O N 11
sto e. n He turned it ov er. He p ut the peso into his

p ock et a nd rode a way .
Nero fol l owed the man to his home

nea r . He stayed
the h ous e un til nig ht Th enh e w ent to th e roomW h . ere
the m anw a s sl eepin g H e f oun d t he trousers con ta i

.n
ing t he p eso H e ra nhom e w it ht h
.em to his ma ste r .
What is the name or titl e of the story ? Into how

many parts is the tory div ided ? The parts of stories s
or compo sitions a re ca l l ed Para grap hs .
W ha t does the fi rst paragraphtell ? The seco nd ?

The third ? The fourth?
19 . Tel l the story f ro m memory .
20 . Use i nsentences these w ords
1 . intel l ig ent 3 . cl ev er 5 . co ntaining

2 . obed ie nt 4 . disapp ointed 6 . beca use
21 . Direction
s for w ritin
g a co mposition
1 . Titl e . W rite the titl e of the co mposition in the
ce nter of the paper a bo ut fi v e centimeters bel o w t he top .
2 Margin . s Leave a m a rg in of four cen

. tim eters on
th e l eft h and side of th e p a per an

- d on e of three cen ti ,
meters Ou the rig ht hand Side and at the bottom K eep -

.
th e m arg ins strai ht

g .
3 Paragraph . s B eg inthe fi rst w ord of ea chpa rag rap h

.
a bout th ree cen timeters to t h e rig ht of the l eft hand -
marg in .
B eg in the fi rst paragraphonthe second li ne bel ow the

titl e .
4 . Lea v e more Sp a ce betw eensentences thanbet ween
w ords . W rite neatl y . Sp ell correctl y .

12 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
5 W rite your name onthe l ine bel ow the end of the

.
com p o si tion on the ri h

g t hand sid e -
.
6 O nth
. e l eft h an d side w rite th
-
e name of th
,e school ,
the cl ass a n d th e d a te .
22 W ri te f rom ment ery the abov e story B e ca ref u l to

. .
f ol l ow th e d i rec ti ons f or w r i t i ng a com p os i ti on .
23 W rite a sh
. ort com p os i ti on con ta i ni n g f ou r p a ra
g p
r a hs a b ou t C o r n T e l l .
1 . W ha t cornis and what it l ooks l ike .
2 . W hena nd h o w it is
p l a nted .
3 . W henit ripens a nd h o w it is g athered .
4 . F or what it is useful .
N O UN S
24 . Cop y these na mes of p ersons , p l aces a nd

F el ipe Pa bl o T eop a co mountain ocea n
Manil a Ana T orres C a mpa c hair riv er
Pamp ga n a Mindanao banca horse

The names of perso s,n pl a ces a nd things are cal l ed
Nouns .
l oa nis
A ' a word used nam e
as a .
25 . Tel l whi chof the w ord s i nthe f ol l ow ing se ntences

a re nou ns
Moros l iv e onthe isl and of J 0 16
1
—
r .
e
r Th e rubber tree is foun d inth e forests of Min dan ao .
o
c J usi is made of hemp and sil k .
S Piha is m a d e of the fi bers of th e l ea v es of the p ine
a ppl e .
5 . Ma rbl e is found onthe isl and of Rombl é n .
6 The Ma u uia n es l iv e onMi nd o ro

.
g .
G RAMMAR A ND COMPOSITION 13
26 . Cop y these se ntences . Wri te a noun i n p l ace

ea c hbl a nk
1.Manuel and found a inthe tree .
2 Th
. e heroneats and
3 A boy w en
. t to th e to buy anew
4 He sp en
. t al l his for and
5 V igan an
. d are tw o cities on the
nd my a
SanB erna rdino is betw een
The A merican has thirteen a nd forty
Write ntences u sin

se g th ese w o
,r d s
rai n 4 ch. urch 7 cl ock . 10 . Mindoro

riv er 5 m .a rk et 8 h om e . 11 . Chinese
street 6 Ch. in a Sea 9 m oth er . 12 . N eg ritos
PR O PE R N OU N S
2 8 C op y th
. ese na mes
C eb u N eg roes J osé Riz al
Sa nJ ua n America Monday
These nouns are the names of n persons
certa i ,
p l a ces and thing s They a re ca l l ed

. Proper Nouns .
l oa nis th
A Proper ' e name of a p articul ar perso n pl ace
,
or thing .
Proper nouns beginw ithcapital l etters .
29 . Wri te the na mes of

1 . F iv e boys 3 . F iv e cities 5 . F iv e cou ntries
2 . F ive g irl s 4 . F iv e isl ands 6 . F iv e riv ers
14 E LEMENTA RY ENG LISH
C OMM ON N OUN S
30 Rea d th
. ese sentences
1 . Pap er and sil k a re ma de inChina .
2 . Muchhemp is raised inA l bay and Leyte .
3 . O nMonday A n da l ost his k nife inthe riv er .
4 . Sal t is obtain ed inC avite by e vap ora ting sea w a te r .
I nth ntences w hat w ords are proper nouns ?

ese se ,
W hichnouns are not proper nouns ?

Th e noun a er, silk h em kn i n
s
p p p f e ri ver sa l t
, a d , , ,
wa ter are the nam es of cl a sses of thin Th e

g s e y ar .
cal l ed Co mmonNouns .
A Co mmon'loa nis the name of a cl ass of perso s, n pl aces
or t hing s .
Tel l the mmonnou ns inthe story i nE xe cise 1 8

co r .
31 W i te th
. re n am es of
1 . F iv e an imal s 4 F iv e th ing s t
.ha t y ou ea t
2 . F iv e thing s m a d e of w ood 5 F i e k in d s of
. bi ds v r
3 . F iv e thing s m a d e of iron 6 F i ve k in d s of trees

.
C OMPOSITI ON
32 Titl es . Cop y these ti tl es o f p erso s n
Mister Miss C ap ta in Lieutenant
Mistress Maj or C ol onel S up erintend ent
D octor G nor
ov er Secretary B ishop
Professor Preside nt Re v erend A rch bishop
W ithwhat kind of l etter does eac hof these titl es

begin
16 ELEMENTA R Y ENGLISH
36 . Use these w ord s i nsentenc es
1 .
g l ow 3 . wherev er 5 . bower 7 . houg h
al t
2 . tiny 4 . co ntent 6 . co mfort 8 . fl ame
Does eac hl ine beginw itha ca

pital l etter ?
38 . Lea rn these rul es f or the use f

o ca p ita l l etters
B eginw itha capital l etter
1 . The fi rst w ord of ntence

a se .
2 . The am
n es of persons pl aces, ,ntries and peopl es
cou
am
.
3 . The n es of the day s of the week an d the mon ths
of t e h y ear.
4 . The names of G od Our F a th

: er, Jeh
ova h
, F a ther in
Hea ven, The Holy On e, Lord, God .
5 Th e titl es of person
. s .
6 . The fi rst w ord nd eachimportan

a t word inth e titl es
of book s, stories, p oem s and com positions .
The w ord I is al w ay s writtenw itha cap ital l etter .
39 . Tel l w hy ea c h ca p ital l etter in th

e se se ntences is
1 . President T aft Un ited States w as on

of ce the
G v
o ernor T a ft of the P hil ippine I sl and s .
2 Ch ristoph
. er C ol um bus sa il ed fro Pal os in Sp ain m .
The Mn
a one , of his ships w a s repaired at the C a na ry
,
I sl a nds . He reach ed th e B ah am a Isl ands on F rida y

mo ning r , O ctober 1 2, 1 4 9 2 .
3 . N ow I l ay m e d ow nto sl eep,
I p ray th e Lord m y so u l t o keep
I f I sh oul d die before I w ake,
I p y
r a t he L or d my s ou l to tak e .
GRAMMAR A ND COMPOSITION 17
4 . F ro m Shang hai our s hip ,which w as Th e E

p ress m
f
o India , sail ed across the Y el l ow Sea to N ag asaki Here .
J apa nese men womenand chil d enp ut coal into the ship
,
r .
F m N ag asaki w e
ro sa il ed throug h the bea utiful I nl and
Sea to Y okohama .
40 . Con v ersation Ta l k wi th you r teach

. er a nd cl a ss
ma tes a bou t y ou r H ome, u si n

g the f ol l ow i ng ou tl i ne
I . W here it is .
—
Inw ha t tow n Wha t p rov ince ?
O nwhat isl and O nW hat street ? By a roa d
I n a g a rden? N ear a riv er, or rice fi el ds or
mountains ?
II . K ind of house .
—
Made of bamboo ? W ood ?
Stone? Nipa ? G rass ? O n p osts ? On a
sto ne w al l ? .
III . Siz e of house .

—
How many roo ms ? How ar
ng ed ?
ra
IV . W ho l ive inyour home a nd W hat they , do .
V . Wh at
y ou do a t home ea chda
y .
41 . W ri te a comp ositioninfi ve p a rag ra p hs ha ving h

t e ,
ti tl e M y H ome Use the ab ov e ou tl i ne B ef ore w ri ti n

.
g .
,
G i ve a rea so n f or h ca p ita l ea c l etter tha t y ou ha ve

u sed i ny ou r comp osi tion .
Tel l the k inds of nou ns tha t y ou ha ve u sed in y ou r

co mp osition .
T H E N U MB E R OF N OUN S
42 . Cop y these nou ns

ba mboo boy
ba mboos boys
18 ELEME NTA RY ENGLISH
The nouns ba mboo

, boy, p encil a nd onkey e a n m m
o nl y a sin l e
g personor thin g T he
y a re inth e S i.n
gul a r Nu mber .
Anounis inthe singul ar number w henit means on

l y one
p erson p l a ce
, or thing .
The nouns ba mboos , boys, p encil s a nd mon keys a re

inthe Pl ura l N u ber m Th e m ea nm ore thana sin l e
.
y g
p erso nor thing .
nounis inthe pl ural num

A ber whenit means more than
one person pl ace or th

, ing .
The l etter 3 is usuall y a dded to si ngul ar nouns to

form n ouns in th e pl ural number : boy boys, h
, and ,
hands, pen, pens, top, tops .
43 . C opy th
e se si n
g u l a r nou ns . A dd s to eac hto
f orm the p l u r al nu mber
tail or p es o fea ther turtl e
cent fing er eag l e dov e
needl e desk square c oat
44 . C op y th
e se si ng u l a r nou ns . A dd es to ea c h to
f or m the p l u r a l nu mber .
dish w a tch ditch box wish

d ress bush fi sh brush inch
neg ro p ota to buff al o k iss cl ass
45 . C op y a nd l ea r nto sp el l these si n
g u l a r a nd p l u r a l
SIN G U L A B PL UR A L G UL A R
SIN PL U nAL SI N GU LA R PL U RA I .
l eaf l ea v es knife kniv es w ife w iv es
cal f cal v es l ife l iv es el f el v es
ha l f hal ves thief thiev es shelf shel ves

GRAMMA R A ND CO MP OSITION 19
46 . Cop y a nd l ea rn to Sp el l these si ng ul a r a nd p l u ral
Smoum Pw m S mouna n PL unu . 8 mm Pnu m

city cities fly fl ies l ady l ad ies
ba by babies spy S p ies lil y l il ies
story stories berry berr
ies po ny p onies
fairy fairies twenty t wenties g l or
y g l ories
47 . Cop y a nd l ea rnto sp el l these si n

g u l a r a nd p l u ra l
nou ns .
SIN G U A R PL U R AL
L SI N G ULA R PLU RA L SIN G U LA R PL U R A L
man men tooth teeth l ouse l ice
w om a n w om en foot feet mouse mice
ch il d ch il d ren g oose g eese ox oxe n
48 . Write the p l u r al f orm of eac hof these nou ns .
book ox fly n
p y
o w oman
baby mn a fi sh school inch
eg g wife cal f cl ass
p ota to desk l a dy mouse

C OMPOSITION
49 . Sy l l abication . In spea king, w e div ide w ords
into parts ca l l ed Sy l l abl es . E achsyl l a bl e has a se

pa
ra te sound .
P ronou nce th
e se w ord s sl ow l y . Tel l how ma ny syl l a
bl es ea c hw ord ha s .
sen tences unhappy imp erfect
a rith metic forg etful ness g g p

eo ra hy
I n writing, w e do not usua l l y div ide w ords into
syl l a bl es . B ut O ftenth ere is not roo mat the end of
a line for a ll of the l ast w ord . Then the word is
20 ELEMENTAR Y ENGLISH
div ided nd one or more syl l abl es are pl aced at the

a
beginning of the next l ine A hy phen is put after .
the syl l a bl e at the end of the l in e to show that the
word h as beendiv ided .
50 F ind i nth
. i s book tenw ord s that ha ve beend i vided
at the end s of l ines .
51 . Directions for div idin

g w ords i n
to sy l l abl es at
the e n
ds of l ines
1 . Do not div ide w ords nl y one syl l abl e

of o .
2 . D iv ide w ords of more tha non e syl l abl e betw eenthe
syl l abl es .
3 . hav ing doubl e consonants betweenthe

D iv id e words
con son an ts : om is sion h ot ter wr it ten comm
-
, an d , ,
- .
In w ords l ike ca l l ta l l sm a l l f a ll sm
, el l th a t en
, d in , , ,
d oubl e 1 th e PS are n
, ot d iv ided w h en th e w ords a re
made l ong er by adding one or more syl l abl es : sma l l est -

,
sm el l ing f
-
a l l in,g ta l l er-
,
-
.
4 Do n
. ot d iv ide w ords so th a t th e re is a syl l abl e of
on l y on e? l etter remain in g on t h e l in e ava il a bl e (n o t -
a va il a bl e)
- am oun t cd (n
, ot a m oun
-
ted) over take (n ot -
,
-
o vertake
-
) .
W ords lik e a way over a m on g a b,ou t s ho ul d n,ot be , ,
d iv ided .
52 . Cop y th e se w ord s, d i vi d i ng the m i nto sy l l a bl es as
y ou w ou l d a t th e en d s of l i n es
animal hotter
banana g m
ra m ar
broken remaining
yesterda
y l etter
correctl y fi ber
GRA MMAR AND CO MPOSITION
53 Rea d th
. ese ntences
se
TH E I N DIA N S
The Indians w ere the nativ es of the Un ited States .
Their ski ns w ere red and th eir hair was l ong a nd

bl a ck .
Their cl ot hing w as made nimal s of

of the sk i s n of a ,
l eath er a n d of coarse cl oth T h ey al so ca rried bl an

. k ets
ma de of wool They oftenw ore feathers in their hair
. .
S ometim es t hey p ain ted th eir fa ces an d bodies .
Th ey l iv ed in t en ts m ade of p ol es covered w ith th e
sk in s of a n imal s Th ese ten

. ts w ere call ed wig wam s .
A w ig w amw as sh ap ed l ik e a c one I nth e win te r a fi re .
w as buil t inth e cen ter of t h e w ig w a m Th e sm ok e wen t .
o ut th rou h a h ol e a t th e tap T he p eopl e sa t aroun d

g .
th e fi re .
Th e w om en d id th e w ork Th ey pl an ted th
. e corn .
Th ey g ath ered th e wil d berries seeds a n d roots Th ey, .
made jars of cl ay They w ov e the bl ankets and buil t the

.
t en ts .
Th e m en h un ted for deer buffal oes bears an , d oth er ,
an im al s a n
,d th ey w en t to w a r .
M a k e l ists of the si ng u l a r nou ns a nd of th

e p l ura l
nou ns i nth ese sentences .
Into how many para ra

g p ntences hs are the se
div ided ? W h a t is th e fi rst para g raphabout ? W hat

is spokenof especial l y inth e secon d parag raph? In
th e th ird ? Th e fourth? Th e fi fth?
E a chparagra phin a com po sition shoul d be about
on e topic on ly A l l th
. e sen ten ces in th e parag ra ph
sh oul d tel l a bout th is one topic .

22 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
54 Wri te d owna n
. d nu mber th e tap i c of ea ch p a r a
g ra p hi nth e sentences a bou t T he I nd i a ns a s i nthe ou t ,
l in
e tu E xerci se 5 6 .
55 . Wri te frommemory a co mp o itionabout

s T he I n
d ta ns, u s in
g the ou tl i ne y ou ha ve j u st mad e .
56 . Wri te a co mp osi tiona bou t T he N eg r itos . Use thi s
W ho they'
are.
Their app ea rance How the a re dressed

.
y .
Their hom es .
Their food a nd how they g et it .
Wha t they do .
57 . R ea d the mp o i tion th t y
co s s a ha ve w ri tten a bou t
ou
T he I nd i a ns nd T he N eg r i tos
a . Wha t w ord s d id you
'
d i v id e at e en
th d s of the l ines
PR O N O U NS
1 . E mil io said that E mil io ha d l earned Emil io s l esson ’

.
2 . Emil io said he ha d l earned h

that is l esson .
Leon an d F ran k d id n ot tak e Leons a n d F ra n

’
3 .
,
ks
’
hats w ithLeona nd F ra nk .
4 . Leonan d F ra nk did n ot ta k e th
eir h ats w ithth em .
Inthe ntence what word is used instea d

seco nd se ,
of the name Emilio? Wh a t word is used instea d of
the w ord E mil io s ’
In the fourthsentence, w hat w ord is used instead
the nouns Leons nk s nd F W hat word is used

’ ’
of a ra
instea d of the names L eonand F ra nk

5 . The hornbil l makes the ho nbil l s nest ina hol l ow

r
’
tree .
Lorenz o s fath ask ed Loren study Loren

’
6
’
. er z o to zo s
l essons .
7 The g irl s broug ht the g irl s fa ns w ithth

’
. e g irl s .
62 . Cop y these sentenc es, w ri tin

g a p r o ou n ni np l ace of
eac hbl a nk
1 . F el ipe found kite .
to
3 . And rea has l earned l esson lik es to .
rea d a n d w rite .
4 . D id fin d p en s ? W here w e re
5 . J osé and I l ike tea ch er study h

. istory
an d g eog raph y .
6 . Th e bird h ad tw o egg s in w as
not on nest .
7 . D o y ou k n ow W hendid see
8 . Is th is book ? W h ere did fin d

9 . Th e boys h av e k ites hav e l earned
.
l esson Leon a rdo is pl a in with

s .
y g
broth er is ol der th an am .
C O MP OSITION
63 . Abbreviation
s . Inw riting , we so metims e use
onl y a part of a word instead of al l of it . These
shorten ed words are cal l ed A bbreviations .
J n i
as the
. a bbrevia tionof Jan u ary .
P I is th
. e a bbrevia tionOf Ph
. il ippine Isl an
ds .
m is the abbrevia tionof meter

. .
GR AMMAR AND COMPOSIT ION 25
Cop y these abbrevia tions of the names of the months

Jan . Mar . Sep t . N ov .
F eb . A pr . O ct . D ec .
What mark is pl a ced after eachabb evia tion? r
A period h
s oul d be pl aced after ea c habbreviation .
64 . Cop y the a bbrevia tio ns f or the f ol l ow ing na mes

W m, Will iam . N A N orthA m
. erica.
,
G eo , G . eorg e G en G en era l .
,
US . United S tates Mass Ma ssa ch usetts ,
Abbreviations for the names of p erso s , n cou ntries an

d
titl es beginwithcapital l etters .
65 . Cop y a nd l ea rnthes e a bbrevi a tio ns

Mn Mister ,
Messrs G entl emen .

, Cap t , C ap ta in
Mrs Mistress .
, . Dieut .
, Lieutenant
Mme Madame , A tty , A ttorney
Sr Sen ior
.
, P . M .
, Postmaster
Jr J un
.ior , S up t , S upe rintendent
Hon Honorabl e , . Dr . , D octor
R ev Reveren d .
, S ea , Secreta ry
P rqfi , Professor y r. , year
P res , President a cct. , a ccou nt

G oa , G ov ernor ba l .
, bal a nce
Co , C om
.
p y
a n at
C . ca s hondel iv ery ce nt
Cr .
, c reditor or credit
p er cen t hundred , by the
. Dr .
, d ebtor or debit Is .
, I sl I isl a n d .
, ,
doz .
, d oz en do .
(d itt o) the sa me ,
ea .
, ea c h m meter
.
,
d, received l b , pound
’
rec .
P rov .
, p rovi nce g .
, g ra m
Mt mount or mountain etc
, .
, a nd h ot ers, and so
St .
, Saint or street forth .
R R . .
, ra il road
p .
, p g
a e ; pp .
, p a
g es
66 . Conv ersation . Tel l a bou t the g a mes tha t you ha ve

l
p ya ed d u ri n
g the p a s t w ee k .
w ere th
W hat e ga es m W here were they pl ayed ?
m
W ithwho did you pl ay ?
W hat g ame
do you l ik e best ? Why do
you l ik e it ?
How is it pl ayed ?
Ma ke a l ist o f twenty nouns tha t y ou ha ve u sed in

ta l k i n
g a bou t g mes a .
67 . Wr i te a comp osi tio nof three p a ra g ra p hs a bout a
g a m th t y
e a ou l i ke to p l a y . Tel l
I . W hat the g ame is W here you pl ay it . .
11 . How th e g am e is p l ayed .
II I . W hy you l ik e to pl ay it .
Tel l the p ronou ns tha t y ou ha ve used i nyour

p osi tio n .
68 .
Quotatio s n . R ea d thi s story
SA VE D BY A SPI DER
A p rince ha d been defeat ed inba ttl e . He fl ed al one
to a forest Inth e w ood s he found a cav e

. and hid himsel f
in it . I n the nig ht a sp ider wove a web across th e
mouth of the c ve a .
In the m o ning tw o r sol diers ca me into the forest to

h for the prince T hey sa w the ca ve where he
sea rc .
w as hiding .
O ne sol dier said I think that he is inthis cav e , .

G RAMMA R A ND CO MPOSITI O N 27
He nnot
ca be in there, re lied
p the ot erh sol dier .
See this web a cross the mouthof the ca v e

. If he ha d
g ne in he woul d have brokenthe w eb
o , .
”
Th en the sol diers wen t on T h ey did not . l ook into

the cav e Th e p rin
. ce w as sa v ed fromdea thby a sp id er .
I nthis story , what does the fi rst paragraphtell ?

W hat did the fi rst sol dier say ? W hat were the
exa ct words tha t the nd sol dier sa id ?

seco
W henwe say or w rite the exa ct words that some

on e h a s sa id or w ritten w e m a ke a Quotation
,
.
Th ese m ark s a re ca ll ed Quotation Mark s .
Th e m a rk s are pl a ced at th e begin ning and the ,
mark s at th e end of a quota tionto Sh ow th a t the
w ords betw eenth emare th e w ords th at w ere spoken
or w ritten .
W hen the quotation is div ided into two parts by

oth er words th e quota tion m
, a rks a re pl a ced at th e
beg inning and the end of ea chpa rt .
In th e sen ten ce th a t con tain s th e fi rst quotation ,
a com ma is pl aced after said I nthe second sentence .

,
wh at m a rk se arates th u t ti n fromth em ind

p e q o a o e r a er
of th e sen ten ce ? W ithW hat kind of l etter does each

qu ota tio n b eg in ?
A h quota tionis separated fromthe rem

s ort ainder of a
sen
tence by a com ma or by commas .
The fi rst w ord of a quota tionshoul d beginw itha cap ita l

l etter .
Cop y from the a bove story t e sen

h tences co nta i ning
69 . Write the story f ro m memory Ma ke . use of t ese h

w or d s
defeated wove re lied
p sa v ed
fl ed sea rc h think dea th
70 Copy th . e f ol l ow i ng st or y G i ve rea sons .

f or the u se
of q u ot a tion a rk s , ca p i ta lm l etter s a nd co mma s .
THE F R OG A ND TH E Ox
A n or: was feed ing nd in a meadow He nea r a p o .
al m ost p ut hi s foot ona com n o f l it tl f T h i

a
p y e rog s s .
frig hten ed themn earl y to d ea th .
On e of th e l ittl e frog s hop ped h om e to h is moth

.
er .
W e w ere sitting near the pond in th e m ea dow he

“
,
tol d h wh ena g reat beast ca m e al on H w

“
er , g e a s v er
y .
He al most stepp ed onus

”
big . .
Th e m other frog sa id How big was h e W as he as

,
big as I a m? ”
The l ittl e frog Muchbigg er re l ied,

p .
Th enth e ol d frog p ufl ed h ersel f out an d ask ed W as

’
the beast as big as t h is ? ”
V ery m uchl arg er said th

”
e l ittl e frog , .
Th e fool ish ol d frog tried ag ainto m ak e hersel f as big
as the ox Sh e tried so h ard th

. a t th is tim e she b urst .
71 . Cop y these ntences se
1 .
“
W a s he as big as this sa id the mother frog .
A re y ou tryin n ox ? ”
2 t b l arg e said
“
.
g o e as as a
the l ittl e frog .
Whenthe quota tionends ina questionma rk , notice
that the co mma is omitted .
3 May I come into the tent now

.
, said the ca mel ,
“
for
amal most in
”
I .
G RAMMA R A ND CO MPOSITION 29
4 . Yes, re
pl ied the A rab, you may come in .
Where are co mmas used in these se ntences ?

W here are the quota tion ma r ks used ?
72 . I ma gi ne th a t y ou hool a nd tha t
a re co mi ng to sc
y ou mee t a
h
stra n
a skgsey
r o
,uwtohe w a y to the m a r k et .
You tel l h i ma nd h
e thank s you W r i te the con versa tion . .
A D JE C TI V E S
1 . A nol d w o ma nwas carrying a l a rg e basket .
2 . B rig ht flowers g rew inthe beautiful g arden .
3 Th e wh ite parrot w as eatin rip e chi o

.
g a c .
In the fi rst se ntence , wha t word tel l s the kind of

wo ma n? Wha t word describes or tel l s the kind of
basket ?
In the nd sentence what w ord describes the
seco ,
fl owers ? W h at w ord describes th e g a rden?
I n th e th ird sen ten ce wh at w ord describes th

, e
pa rrot ? W h at w o rd describes th e ch ico ?
Th ese words ol d l a rge brig h

—
t bea utif ul wh
, ,ite , ,
an d rip e are used to describe person s pl aces a n d ,
th ing s They . a re cal l ed A dj ectives .
74 . C op y these a dj ec ti ves a nd the na mes of the thi ng s '
tha t they d escribe
ol d horse g ree nbanana

sm al l horse rip e ban an a
fat h orse rottenba n an a
l am e h orse y el l o w b a na na
bl ind h orse sour ban an a

A dj ectiv es are g n
e erall
y p l a ced b efore th e na mes of
the persons, pl a ces or thing s th a t th ey de scr ibe .
75 A s i n th
. e l a st exe rcise w r i te fi ve a dj ecti ves tha t,
m a y be u sed to d escribe eac hof th e f ol l ow in

g no u ns
'
1 . man 3 . hat 5 . tree 7 . riv er
2 . hoe
s 4 . book 6 .
.
h
ouse 8 face
.
76 Rea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . The ca raba o s w aminthe wa ter .
2 . The l a rg e minthe muddy water

ca ra ba o sw a .
3 A oor m nw itt in in m l l bo t
.
p a a s S g a s a a .
Inthe fi rst ntence, the noun cara ba o may mean

se
an y c a raba o I n th e .s econ d sen t e nc e, the a dj ectiv e
l arge ch a n es or m od ifi e th e m ean in f th e w o rd
g s , g o ,
cara bao by tel l in g th e k ind o f c a rabao T h e ad j e c .
tiv e m uddy m odifi es th e m ea nin g o f t h e n ou n w a te r
It tel l s th e k ind of wa ter .
Th e a dj ectiv e p oor m odifies th e m ean in of th e

g
nounmanby tel l ing the kind of ma n Smal l tel l s .
th e k in d of boa t .
Tel l the a dj ecti ves i n these se ntences a nd what noun

ea c h mod ifies .
1 . I sa w a yel l ow butterfly o na p retty flow er .
2 . The ba by had brow n eyes, a s mal l nose and curl y
hair .
o
My new shoes are made of bl ack l eather
m
o .
The l ittl e p on y h a d a l ong ta il .
ig hm
-
o The da rk cl ouds surroun ded th e h ountain .
The brig h t l ig ht of th e m oonsh on e onthe smooth

o
c
water of th e broad riv er .

6 . Pabl o boug hta hat , .

pe cilns ,
a ba l l a nd a p a ir of .
7 . V incente Is a . boy .
8 . kittenwas asl eep in

su nshine .
p al ms g rew near
boys wil l not be
81 . nused after am is are was

A dj ectiv es a re ofte , , , ,
were l ook f eel , ta ste sm

, ,el l a nd a few oth er word s , .
Th ese w ords com e betw eenth e a dj ectiv e a nd the w ord
tha t it modifies :
Th
e bird is ol d . Th
e or a n
g e ta stes sour .
Th
e g i rl s are happ y . The boa rd feel s mooth
s .
Jua nw as sick . H e l ook s old .
Cop y th
e se se ntences , w r iti n
g a n adj ecti ve in p l ace
f
o ea c h bl a nk
1 . My fa ther is
2 . J ua ns horse w as
’
3 . Th e ocea nis
4 . Th e fl o w er sm el l s
5 . Th e ston e feel s
6 . My penc il is
7 . Th e m anw a s .
8 . Th e j a rs w ere .
9 Th e bird s w ere
e cl ouds l ook ed
. .
10 . Th
82 Rea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . I a myoung he is ol d
, but .
2 . Y ou a re tal l b ut sh e is sh,ort .
3 . Th e bird is w h ite I t is dea d . .

GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 33
4 . The isl and is smal l . It is hig hand mountainous .
5 . The boys were w et . They w ere col d .
6 . Leona nd I are boys . We are happy .
I nthe fi rst ntence the a dj ectiv e young modifies

se ,
th e m ea n ing of the pron ounI a n d th e a dj ectiv e ol d ,
modifi es the pronounhe .
I n th e secon d sen tence w h a t pron oun does th ,

e
a dj ectiv e ta ll m odif ? W h a t pron ou n i m odified

y s
by th e a dj ectiv e short ?
I nth e th ird sen ten ce w hat a dj ectiv e m

,
odifi es th e
noun bird What a dj ectiv e modifies the pronoun

it
I nthe fourth,
fi fth a nd hsentences tel l which
sixt ,
of the w ords a re ad ectives,

j and What noun or p ro
nounea chmodifi es ?
A nAdj ec tive is a word used to modify the meaning of a
nounor a pronoun .
C O MPOSITIO N
83 . Use of a, a nan
d the . R ead th
e se se ntences
1 . Ama nona ca rabao rode across our fi el ds .
2 . The manonth e ca rab a o rode across our fi el ds .
In the fi rst se ntence, a ma nand a cara ba o mean

an
y m a n a nd a n
y ca ra ba o W e do n ot know w h a t .
manand what carabao went a cross the fi el ds .
In th e second sen ten ce the m a na nd the cara bao , ,
refer to so me pa rticul a r m n and

a so me p a rticul ar
cara ba o that w e k now about or hav e spok e n of

Copy these sentences f , w ri tin

h bl agnikn p l ace o ea c
a or an Th en rew ri te i t p l a c in
.
g the i n p l a ce o,f ea c h
bl a nk e d ifi eren
Tel l th ce i n th e m ea nin h n
'
.
g f o t e se
ten ces .
1 . emp ty jar sat in doorway .
2 . Am ericanis h ea v ier than F il ipino .
3 . wa ter in crater of v ol ca no w as
boil ing hot .
dark cl oud of s moke me

ca fro m
v ol ca no .
man from mount ain came to

m a rk et to buy caba nof ric e .
84 . Tel l how ma ny obj ects a re d escribed i nea chof these
1 . The g irl has a red and white p encil .
2 . The boy has a red a nd a w hite pencil .
3 . He l ost the g ol d a nd sil v er wa tch .
4 . He l ost the g ol d and th e sil v er w a tch .
Inthe nd sentence a is used before both red

seco ,
and wh ite to show th a t tw o

pe ncil s a re s ok enof
p .
Inth e fourthsen ten ce th e is repea ted before gol d ,
and silver to Show th at two w atch es w ere l ost .
I,nor the is used before the fi rst of a num

a ber of adjec
rives whenth ese describe on l y one obj ect .
I anor th
, e is used before eachof sev eral ad j ecti ves wh en
they describe differen t objects of th e sam e k ind
a red wh ite an d bl ue fl ag (on

, e fl ag )
a red a wh ite an d a bl ue fl ag (th ree fla s

, g )
the ol d l a me h orse (on e h orse)
the ol d a n d th e lam e h orse (tw o h orses)

G RAMMAR A ND CO MPO SITIO N 35
W rite sentences usi n m h h

.
85 g a ( or the wi t t e se , ,
g r ou p s of w or d s first to de scr ibe one t hi,ng a nd sec o nd ,
to describe more tha none

1 . nand sil k cl oth
c otto 3 . red, bl ue nd
a
yel l ow
2 . irona nd steel knife d ress

4 . mmed and hig h
broa d i -r -c ro wned hat
86 . Conv ersation G t a nu mb . e er o f l e a ves . L ea r n
the ir p a r ts M a ke a l ist of a dj ecti ves
. th at ma y be used
to describe th e p a rts of the d ifi eren t l ea ves
'
87 . Write a d escrip tionof n f the

o e o l ea ves, usi n
g this
ou tl i ne
I . Na me of tree or pl ant , or k ind of l eaf .
II . The pa rts Stip ul es, p etiol e, bl a de

. .
1 Th
.e stip ul es Siz e, col or, sh a pe.
—
.
2 . The petiol e Leng th, thick ness,. col or, shape ,
cl asp ing or free .
3 . The bl ad e .
—
Siz e, col or, hape
s , si mpl e or co m
p o u nd , edg e s, ap e x, base, surfaces .
III . Uses . T o the pl a nt, to a nimal s , to man .
G R A MMA R
88 . Proper Adjectiv es . Some a d ectiv es

j a re de
riv ed fro mp ro er
p nouns . The
y a re ca l l ed P rop er
A dj ectives
Th
e A mericanN avy e Mal ay an eop l es
Th p
A F il ipino house A Ch in ese fl ag
Use the f ol l ow i n
g w ord s i nsen tences a s p r op er a dj ec
ti v es
F nch re
G erm an
Sp an ish
En g l ish
36 ELEME NTA R Y ENGLISH
89 . Nouns used as A djectiv es . Some words used

co mmonl y as nouns are used al so as adj ectiv es :
a a
p p er nap kin n j ar
a sto e
a sil v er wa tc h a cottonsh irt
Write se ntences , u si n
g the s e w or ds botha s n
o uns and
4 . j usi 7 . sto e n 10 . v el v et
5 . can v as 8 . ba mboo 11 . sil k
6 . cop per 9 . l eather 12 .

g rass
90 . This, that. these nd those These

a . words a re
used botha s a d ectives

j and as pronouns:
A s Pa o s o r ms As A mc r rv
'
ns
Th
i s is a brokenp encil . This p en cil is broken .
That ismy kite . That a nis yf amther m .
These a e my books r . These boy s g o to our sch ool .
Those a re y our
p p a ers . Those g irl s study L a tin .
W rite sentences u si n g e ac h of these , w ord s first as a n

a dj ec ti ve a nd the n a s a p ron ou n .
This a nd that a re ngul ar

us ed w it hnouns of the si
number . These and those a re used withnouns of the
pl ural number .
91 . W ri te three sentences , usi n

g thi s . R ewri te, u si n
g
thes e i np l ace of thi s .
W ri te three sentences , u si n
g tha t . R ew r i te, u si n
g thos e
inp l a ce of tha t .
92 . Cop y these ha ng ing the m so tha t thi s

se ntences , c ,
tha t , thes e a nd tho se a re u sed a s p r onou ns
1 . Those ma ng oes a re mine .

(Those are my mang oes ) .
That b ook is Pabl o s

’
2 . .
GRA MMA R A ND CO MPOSITIO N 37
3 . This mbrel l a bel ong s to Maria

u .
4 . These fl owers a re for Matil d e .
93Th e fol l o in we d
.
g w s are used botha s pronouns
and a s adj ectives :
this n
o e any most
these none such much
that oth er both mo e r
those either noug h

e many
ea c h neither sev eral l ittl e
1 . Most p eop l e l ike h ol ida s

y (A s a n a.d j ec t iv e ) .
2 Most of th eop l e a re f a rm A a p ron n

. e
p ers
( s . ou
) .
3 . Many ma ng o trees g row inB ul a ca n .
Many fo th e
p peo l e in B a l iua
g m a ke h a ts .
I nwhichof these ntences are most a nd many used

se
as a d ectiv es ? j I nwhicha re they pronoun s?
Use ea c hof th e a bove w or d s i n a se ntence first, as a n

a dj ecti ve, the n a s a p ronou n .
94 Opposite Adj ectiv es

. Use insenten ces eachof th
. e
f ol l ow ing g r ou p s of dj
a ecti ves of pp
o osi te mea ni n
g .
whi te b l ack stro ng w eak g ood ba d

ol d new l ig h t hea vy bea utiful ug l y
ol d y oung l ig h t da rk w el l il l
w et d ry sh a rp d ul l
. sw eet sour
hig h l ow c ol d war m shal l ow d eep

ta l l . short c oa rse fine w ide na rrow
roug h smooth ful l e mpty cl ea n dirty
ha rd soft rich .
p oor rip e n
u rip e
ri h
g t l eft ri h
g t wrong happy unhappy
38 ELEMENTA RY E NGLISH
My h at is w hite . My f ather is ol d .
Your h
a t is bl ack . I a my oun g .
My desk is smooth . My shirt is cl ean .
The stone is rough .

My shoes are dirty .
C O MP O S IT I O N
95 . Co mma ina Series .

C op y these se ntences
1 . Hats, mats cup s , , beds, c hairs and houses a re mad e
of ba mboo .
2 . The col ors of the nbow are v iol et indig o

rai , , bl ue ,
g ree n yel l ow
, , ora ng e and red .
Inthe fi rst ntence

se h a ts m a ts cu s the w ords
,p , , ,
beds ch a irs
, and h
a re w ritten to eth
ouses g e r T h ey .
forma Series Of words Inth e secon d sen ten. ce w h at ,
w ords forma series ? Al l th e words inth e fi rst serie s
a re th e n am es O f th ing s m a d e O f b a m boo I n t h e sec .
on d series th ey a re col ors Of th

,
e ra in bow Al l th e .
w ords in a series refer to th e sa m e th in g T h e y a re .
a l l used inth e sa m e w ay .
Wh at m a rk se ara tes th w o d in e h i x
p e r s a c ser es e
cept th e l ast two ?
A co mma is pl aced after eachw o d of a r series excep t the

l a st tw o .
96 . W ri te a sta te ment in a nswer to ea c h of these
q u esti o s n
1 . W ha t a re the most important g rains
2 . W ho a re the imp ortant peopl es l iving in the Phil ip
p ines
3 . W hat mate rial s are used inbuil ding houses ?

40 ELEMENTARY E NGL ISH
Whichwoul d you rat her be

5 . A stu
p id manor a
6 . A wise or k ing ?
7 . A j ust or j udg e ?
8 . A l a zy or farmer ?
9 . A nig norant or man?
1 00 . Co mma inAddress . R ea d the se se ntences
1 . Ma rcel ina , who w as A bra ha mLincol n?
2 . Ped ro, w il l you tel l us w here he l iv ed ?
3 . Na m e the fi rst th irteensta tes Of th e Un ited States,

J osé .
4 . I n th e Re v ol utionary W ar F , her
at , who was the
commander inchief - -
W ho is spokento or a ddressed inthe fi rst ntence ? se
In the seco nd ? Inth e third ? Inthe fourth? Wh at
ma rk se a ra tes
p these nam es from the other w ords O f
the se ntences ?
Use mma to separate the name of
a co a p ersonaddressed
fromthe rema inder of the sentence .
1 01 . Wri te six questi ons , a d d ressi n

g
1 . a friend 4 . a boy
2 .
y our teacher 5 .
y our father
3 . a g irl 6 . a nuncl e
102 . W ri te f ou r co mma nd s , a d d ressi n

g me
so f
o y ou r
hool ma tes
sc .
1 03 . Co mma w ith Y es or No . Th e w ords yes a nd

no are usual l y sepa ra ted from the re a in m
der Of th e
sentence b
y a com m a
G RAMMAR A N D CO MPOSITI ON 41
1 . Wa s Col umbus a Sp a niard ?

No h e wa s a nI ta l ia n
, .
2 . I s th
e Un ited S ta tes a R ep ubl ic ?
Yes th e ofi icers o
, f the g overn ment el ected by
th
e eo l e
p p .
W rite a nswers to these qu estions , usi n

g or no cor
1 . D oes fl y breath
a e by m ea ns O f l ung s
2 . A re the eyes O f a d ra g onfl y l ik e our eyes
3 . D O youn g m osquitoes l i ve inw a ter ?
4 . I s the l a dy beetl e a useful in sect ?
5 . D O white a nts hav e ey es ?
1 04 . StoryR ea d thi s S tory Tel l th

. e a dj ecti ves S p el l . .
the d ifi ic u l t w ord s
‘
Use th e i nsen tences
. m .
HA N S , TH E SH E P H E R D B O Y
A l ong ti me g o there l iv ed inG ermany a l ittl e shepherd

a
boy His n am e w as Han s On e da y h e w as w a tchin

.
g a .
l a rg e fl ock Of sheep ina broa d m ea d ow near a l a g e fo est r r .
A h un ter ca me out of th e woods He rode a l arg e .
g ray horse and w ore a l ong fea ther inhis bl ue hat .
H o w far is it to the nearest v il l ag e a sk ed the
hunter .
I t is six k il ometers, sir, Ha ns rep l ied . B ut the
roa d nl y a sheep t ra ck It is d iffi cul t to fol l ow

is o . .
”
Th e hun ter said My boy I am tired a nd hung ry I

, , .
ha v e beenl ost inthe w oods Leav e your sheep and show .
me the way I w il l p ay you w el l

.
”
.
I cannot l eav e the sheep sir said Hans They , , .
w oul d stray in to the forest a nd be eaten by w ol v es or

kil l e d by robbers .
42 E LE MENTARY ENGL ISH
W hat Of h
t at inquired the hunter . They are
not your sheep .
Sir, I ca nnot g ,
O My master pays
Ha ns answ ered .
me to care for the sheep If any of them w ere l ost I .

,
shoul d be resp on I sh oul d feel l ik e a th

”
sibl e . ief .
Th“
enw il l you g o to th e v il l ag e and g et som e food
and a g uide for m e? asked th e h un ter I wil l care for .
the sh
”
eep .
Th e boy sh ook h is hea d .
Ca ny ou n ot trust m e D O I l ook l ike a th ief ?

excl a im ed th e h un ter .
You h a v e tried to m ak e m e break m y w o rd t o m

y
master said Hans
”
, How d o I kn .ow th at
“
y ou w oul d
keep y our w ord to e? m ”
Th e h unter l aug hed a nd said, You a re rig ht , my

boy .
A s the manwas sp ea ki ng , sev eral hunters rode up .
Oh, sir,
”
cried o e of n the m , we feared that
y ou were
10 8
ThenHans l earned tha t the hunter was a g reat prince .
A few days a fter, a serv a nt Of the p rince ca me and took

Ha ns to the b ea utiful
p a l a ce .
My g ood boy, said the prince,

” “
I ca n trust y ou.
Stay nd serve me
a .
Han s w ork ed fa ithful l y for his k ind master . He he

came g reat a nd fa m ous He was . contented and happy .
The prin ce trusted a nd l ov ed h im .
1 05 . Tel l the o from memory

st ry . Wha t l esson d oes
i t tea ch
1 06 . Cop y a p a ra g ra p e n
hconta i ning th ame of a p er
Write sentenc es , tel l i n

g w hy H a ns cou l d not g o .
G RAMMAR A ND CO MPOSITIO N 43
1 07 . W rite th
e story f rom memo y r .
G i ve a rea so nf or eachca p i ta l l etter th

a t y ou ha ve u sed .
1 08 . Conversation Ta l k
horses Tel l th
. e a dj ec a bou t .
ti ves tha t ma y be u sed to d escr ibe th em W ri te th em .
d ow na cc ord i ng to the ou tl i ne i n1 0 9 .
109 . W ri te a co mp ositi on tel l i ng ,
I . W hat k ind Of horse you w oul d l ike to have . His

col or, siz e, ea rs, feet, ta il , ma ne and ag e .
II . Wh a t you w oul d g iv e himto eat.
II I . W ha t he w oul d d o for you .
IV . W hat yOu woul d do for him .
D ra w a l ine und er eac h adj ecti ve tha t y ou ha ve u sed

i n you r co mp osition .
11 0 . W ri te a si mil a r co mp osition tel l ing , w ha t k i nd

f
o h
o r se y ou w ou l d not l i ke to ha ve .
V ERBS
1 . D og s ru n . 4 . I w rite w itha pen .
2 . B irds fly . 5 . Ma ria rea d her l esson .
3 . F ishes sw i m . 6 . J ua nl a ug hed at me .
In these se
, w hic h
ntences
w ord t e l l s w h a t dog s
do ? Whichw ord tel l s w ha t birds do ? W hichword

tel l s w hat fi shes do ? W hichw ord tell s w ha t I do ?
W hat Maria did ? What Juandid ?
These w ords —
r u n fly
, , swi m , write, read a nd
laughed a re used to tell w h at p ersons or thing s do
or did . The
y a re call ed V erbs .
In ev ery se ntence there must be a v erb . We use
a v erb whenev er w e ma ke a sta te ment , ask a quest io n

or g ive a co mm nd a .
A Verb is a w ord used to state, ask , request or co mmand

so mething .
Most v erbs express a ctio n, as ru n j um

, p ,
ng
si ,
ta l k, l a ugh . The w ords a m is

, , are, was, were, ha ve ,
wil l be, h
s a ll
pp fbe, naot ex press ea rs, eel s do action ,
but th e
y a re ca l l ed V erbs beca use th e y a re used to
tel l , a sk re uest or com
q,
man d som eth in g .
11 2 . Wri te verbs tha t tel l
I . W ha t you d o .
I rea d , write, si ng , tal k ,
2 . W ha t a bird d oes .
3 W hat a c a ra ba o d oes 4 What ur fa ther d oes

. . .
yo .
1 13 . Tel l whic h f
o the w ord s i n the se se ntences a re
verbs
1 . Mother se ws w ith a needl e a nd cuts w ith the
sc issors .
2 . We see w ithour eyes, b ear w ithour ears, smel l with

our noses and ta ste w ithour tong ue s .
3 . The ta il or ma de a coa t for me . I p a id fi v e d ol l ars

for the coa t .
4 . F at her a nd I w al k ed to the ma rk et. We ca rried
tw o baskets ful l of rice . We sol d the rice . We

b oug ht so me sugar and sal t . We rode home ina
carro mata .
G RAMMAR AND CO MPOSITIO N 45
5 . The a nimal s hea rd a l oud noise They

of the forest .
w ere afraid of it A wise Ol d m onk ey l iv ed in

.
the forest The anim al s ra nto th

. e m onk ey He .
tol d themto fi nd the n oise .
1 14 . Use eachof these verbs i na se ntence

fa ll 6 . made 11 . w al ked 16 . fl ew 21 . sel l
sew 7 . d raw 1 2 . broug ht 17 . ra n 22 . know
tol d 8 . sol d 13 . ht
ca ug 18 . w rote 23 . l earned
ng
si 9 . a te 14 . burned 19 . feel 24 . ca me
find 10 . took 15 . cried 20 . l a ug h 25 . sp el l ed
C O M P O S ITI O N
11 5 . Cop y these se ntences , w ri ti n

g a verb i n p l a ce f
o
ea c h bl a nk
1 . A ca rp e nter w ith a sa w , w itha pl ane,
hammer
with a , w i th
n aug er a ,
w itha k nife , w ithana x a nd

w itha sq ua re .
2 . A hoemak er
s hol es witha na wl w itha ,
th rea d a n d n eedl e witha k n ife an

, d
nail s w itha hammer .
3 . A bl ack smith charcoal ont he forg e a ,
fi re , the bel l ow s an ironinth e fi re

, ,
th e iron the ironout w ithth

, e ton g s ,
th e ironw itha h am mer it i nth e w a ter ,
it w itha fi l e a nd tw o p ieces tog eth er .
116 . Conv ersation Tel l . al l that ea c hof the f ol l ow i n

g
must do
1 . A tail or, to make a suit of cl othes .
2 . A washerw o m n to w asha n d i onth

a ,
e cl othes r .
3 . A farmer to p l ant an
,d ha rv est the rice .
4 . A man to make a banca

, .
5 . A rope mak er to make op e

, r .
6 . A we e to m k e j usi
av r, a .
1 17 . Wri te l ists of verbs tha t tel l th

e a c tio ns
p erso ns ta l k ed a bou t i nE xercise 1 1 6 .
1 18 . Wri te short co mp osi tions , tel l i n

g how
1 . To mak e a kite . 3 . T o w ea ve a mat .
2 . To cook rice. 4 . To make a jar .
G R A MMA R
Some v erbs co nsist Of more thanone w ord

Th
e bo s
y have gone to school .
F ha t er h ity to morrow
w il l go to t e c -
.
The ch il drenw ere pl ay ing un d er the tr ees .
I hav e beenreadin g my bo ok th is m orn ing .
Cop y the f ol l ow i n
g sentences . D ra w a l ine und er th
e
1 . I ha ve seenPedro this morning He w as g oing to .
th e rice fi el ds He w il l h
. el p h is fa th er to d a y -
.
F ath er a n d I w ere g oin g to th e m o u n ta in s W e .
w ere w al k in g th rou h th
g e ba m b oo s T he re I .
sa w a N eg rito b oy He was fi sh . in g in a b rook .
He h a d ca ug h t fi v e fi sh es .
3 . Th e rice h a d been cut I t w as tied in . to sm al l
b un dl es Th e bun
. dl es w ere p ut in to l a rg e
s tack s.
I n th e d ry sea son th e rice w il l be th reshed, th e
p a l a y w il l b e p ound ed , the rice g ra ins w il l b e
cook ed, a nd thenw e shal l ea t so me of the rice .

48 ELEME NTA RY E NGLISH
1 21 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng sentences , wr iti ng the w or d

a m ,
is, a r e, w a s, w er e , ha s or ha v e i n p l a ce of ea c h
bl a nk
1 . The name of my uncl e Pabl o O ca mp o .
2 . He t wo so ns . They my cou ins s .
? Their na mes Lino O ca mpo and J usto O camp o .
e I inthe city Th ey inthe . cou ntry .
r Lino and I Ol der thanJ usto .
a Uncl e Pa bl o Marta a ndat mA un

y tho us e
l ast m onth T h ey here fi v e days

. .
d My fa ther not a t home He inB a tang as . .
p Mother and I at hom e We v er

y .
g l a d to see them .
122 . Wri te se ntences , usi n g th es e v erbs
1 . sing 8 . is 15 . ca np l a
y 2 2 . may fi nd
2 . sa ng 9 . a m 16 . ha v e l earned 23 . a m oin
g g
3 . ride 10 . a re 17 . has eaten 24 . l a ug hed
4 . sa w 11 . hav e 18 . w as foun d 25 . is l a ug hing

5 d id 12 has 19 cans wim 26 w a s w ritin
. . . .
g
6 . w ere 13 . draw 20 . l
p ya ed 27 . ca nSee
7 . w as 14 . l
p ya 21 . w il l g o 28 . may g o
1 23 . Sometimes other w ords separate the w ords Of
the v erb
1 . Hav e you ever beeninE n

o
g kon ?
g
2 . Did th e boy fal l into th e wa ter ?
3 . I s the m
a nrid in g on a horse ?
4 . not go to sch
I did ool
y esterda
y .
5 He has n
. ever seenth e n orthsta r .
In the fi rst ntence h ave beenis th

se e verb Th e , .
w ords h
a ve a nd been a re sepa rated by the w ords
you
ever .
G RAMMAR A ND COMPOSITI O N 49
Inthe nd sentence what w ords formthe v erb ?

seco ,
By w h a t other w ords a re th ey se a ra ted ?

p W ha t
w ords form th e v erb in ea chO f the other sen tences ?
1 24 . R ea d the f ol l ow i n
g ntences
se . Tel l w hich of the
w ord s f or m the verbs
1 . Ha v e you na hornbil l ?
ev er see
2 . W e ha v e nev er see na hornbil l .
3 . Has th e w om a nl ost h er m on ey
4 . C anyou spel l N uev a E cij a ?

5 . D O you k n ow w h ere it is ?
6 . IS the b oy pl a yin g in th e w a te r ?
8 . I a mnot g oin g t o sc h ool to d a y .
9 . O nw h at isl a nd d o y ou l iv e ?
10 . D id the m oonsh in e l ast n igh t?
11 . W hat l essons ha v e you studied tod ay ?
1 25 . Some w ords a re used both a s v erbs a nd as
a d ectiv es
j
As V E RRS As Ans s c r rv
n
s
e wom
Th a nw et he cl oth t . The cl othis w et .
Sh e ha s brok enthe j ar . Sh
e h
as a brok enj ar .
I a mreadin g my l esso n . Th
is is my reading l esson
.
Tel l the a dj ecti ves a nd the verbs i nthese ntences

se
1 Matea ha s a l ig ht d ress She w il l l ight a fi re She

. . .
is boil ing the rice T he rice is inboil in w a te r

.
g Sh e ha s .
b ak ed th e p otatoes Sh e w il l ha v e b ak ed p ota toes a n

. d
b oil ed rice for sup per .
2 Wh . enLeonl eft me he w a s w al k ing onthe l eft S ide

,
of the street .
3 . G reg orio has brok enhis chair . We ca n repair the

b rok encha ir w ithra ttan .
1 26 . Many w ords a re used both as v erbs a nd as
nouns
VE R BS
As A s Nor ms
Th e bird ca nfl y . Th
e fly h as six l eg s .
I work h a rd . I l ike h
ard w ork .
Rin g th e b ell . Sh e wea rs a fi n

g er ring .
Use eac h of the se w ord s i na sentence first , as a ver b,
thena s a nou n:
1 . whip 7 . fi re 13 . bark 19 . wo rk
2 . ride 8 .
jar 14 . sail 20 . hip
S
3 . s hot 9 . b reak 15 .
p l ant 21 . fl ood
4 .
p l ow 10 . cut 16 . fal l 22 . run
5 . wal k 11 . tea r 17 .
g nd
rou 23 . j ump
6 . iron 12 . feed 18 . hand 24 . fly
1 27 . h of these w ord s in a sentence Tel l th

Use ea c e .
d ifi erence i nthe mea ning f h d i n h

‘
o t e w or s ea c g r ou p
1 . sp eak , tal k , ask , say, 6 . l ie, l a y
tel l 7 . fin d, l ook for
2 .
‘
borrow , l end 8 . wea r, use
3 . bring , ta k e 9 . tea ch, l earn
4 . w in, g a in, ea rn 10 . touch, feel
5 . rise, raise 11 . make , buil d
C O MP O SI TI ON
1 28 . R ea d this story . Tel l w hic hof the w ord s a re verbs,
nou ns , p ro nou ns or a dj ec ti ves .
THE W A T E R LI LY
ning many years
O ne ev e , ag o, so me chil d renwere pl ay
in onth e shore of a l ak e Th su nhad set a nd the stars
g . e
were beg inning to shine .

G RAMMA R AND CO MPOSITI ON 51
The hil d rensa w a b rig ht star fal l from the sky I t

c .
stopp ed abov e th e cl ea r wa ter O f th e l ake .
Th e littl e sta r sa id : Th is l ittl e l ak e S hal l be m y h om e .
I Sh al l sta y h e re onth I sh
”
e w ater al l al w ays b e a sta r
. .
Th e h om es of th e ch il d ren we re on th e sh ore of th e
l ak e I nth
. e m orn in g th ey sa w a bea utif ul w h ite fl o w er
onth e water I t w as w h
. ere th e brig h t sta r h a d fal l en .
Th e flo wer w as sw eet It h ad a h
. ea rt Of
g ol d T O d ay .
-
th e p eopl e l ov e th e bea utiful w ater fl ow er .
1 29 . W rite the story f rommemory . D ra w a l ine u nd er
1 30 . W ri te a story a bou t so me a nima l . Tel l w hat verbs
y ou ha ve used i nyou r se ntences .
A DV E RB S
1 31 . R ead the se sentences

1 . The manw al ked Sl owl y .
2 . The bo s cal l ed l oud l y

y .
3 . The birds fl e w sw iftl y a nd S il e ntl y .
4 . W e Shoul d sp eak resp ec tful l y to our tea cher .
5 . Y ou S houl d study quie tl y a nd w rite ca ref ul l y .
Inthese ntences w hichwords are v erbs ? What

se ,
w ord tel l s h ow th e m anw al k ed ? W ha t w ord tel l s

how the boys call ed ? W hat w ord tel l s how the birds
fl ew ? HOW sh oul d w e spea k to our teach er ? How
Sh oul d you stud ?
y
Th ese w ords sl owl y l oudl y swif tly sil en
—
,
tly re , , ,
p f y q
s ect ul l u ietl y,a n d c a r f y
e ul l m odif
y t he m ea n
in g s of th e v erbs b
y tell in g ho w the a ctio ns a re don e .
They a re call ed A dv erbs .

1 32 . C op y the f ol l ow i n
g a d verbs
careful l y easil y sl owl y well

q uietl y q uic kl y brav el y fast
k indl y g e ntl y correctl y neatl y
nicel y l igh tl y resp ectfull
y wisel y
softl y b righ tl y u nkind]y sweetl y
These w ords are so me Of the a d verbs tha t tel l h

ow
ns a re done
a ctio . Notice that nearl y al l these ad
v erbs end inl y .
Cop y th
1 33 ese
. ntences D ra w
se . a l in under
e ea c h
a d verb Tel l wha t. verb each a d verb
1 . We w a l k ed sl ow ly .
2 . Th e g irl w rote ca reful l

y .
3 . B irds fl y swiftl y .
4 . C at s w al k noisel essl y .
5 . C l ose th e door g en tl y .
6 . O penth e door q uick l y .
7 . Say th e w ords Sl ow l y .
8 . Sh e w rote th e l essonn ea tl y .
9 . He sp el l ed th e words c orrectl y .
10 . Sh e rea d th e sto ry n icel y .
11 . Th e ba nca m ov ed ra pidl y th roug hth e water .
12 . Th e m a nbowed pol i tel y an d sp oke kindl y .
Pabl o run s fast b ut I ca nrunfaster .
1 34 C op y th
. e se sentences , w r iting a n a d verb i n
of ea ch bl a nk
1 . A horse ca nrun 5 . The moonShines

2 . Speak to your p arents 6 . . The g i rl s sing
3 . I ca nw rite 7 . The caraba o w al k s
4 . Carry the j ar 8 . The b rook fl ows

GRAMMA R AN D CO MPOSITI ON 53
1 35 . R ead these ntences se
Luis s h orse ra na w a y
’
1 . .
2 . W e w il l oftencome to see you .
3 . Th e g irl s w il l soonbe h ere .
4 . Mateo came ea rl y to school .
5 . Y ou sh oul d al w a ys d o rig ht .
I nthese ntences
se , whichw ords a re v erbs ? What
word tel l s w here the W hat w ord tel l s
horse ra n?
wh enw e w ill com e to see you ? Wh enw il l th e girl s
be h ere ? Wh ere w il l the g irl s soonbe ? Wh endid
Ma teo come to school ? W henShoul d you do right ?

Th ese w ords a way, o f ten soon ,
h ere ,
ea r l y
,
a nd
a l wa s
y m odif
—
y v erbs b
y te l l in g w h en or w h e re t he
a c tio n is don e Th e
y a re . c a l l ed A dv e rb s M ost .
a d v erbs tel l h ow , wh en or wh ere som eth in is don e

g .
1 36 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng a d verbs
ea rl y here yeste rda

y then
l ate there to day -

so metimes
now ev er to- m
orrow al w a
y s
nev er dail y t o- nig ht O fte n

These w ords are so me of the adve b that r s a re used
to modify v erbs by tel l ing wh

enor where the a ctions
a re done .
137 . Tel l w hi ch of th
e w ord s i n these se nten es c a re
ad verbs . Tel l w hat verb ea c ha d verb mod ifies

1 . We mu t g
s O to sc hool now .
2 . I t w il l nbe time to
soo study.
3 . W il l J ua ncome l ate ?
4 . Th ere h e co mes now .
5 . A re you ev er l ate to school ?
6 . I al w ays g O to school earl

y .
7 . Sometimes I w al k Sl owl y .
8 . My teacher is nev er l a te .
9 Th e sta rs shine b ri htl t ni ht -

.
g y o g .
10 A l ways try to speak En l ishcorrectl

.
g y .
1 38 . Rea d the se se ntences

1 . This is a v ery w ar mday .
2 . DO not read too rapidl y .
3 . The d ov e fl ies v ery s wiftl y .
Inthe first ntence

se ,
what w ord is a n
W hat noundoes it modify ? How wa rmis th e da y ?
The w ord very is a na dverb . It modifi es the m ea n
ing Of j the wa rm
a d ectiv e .
I nth e secon d sen tence w h at w ords formth ,

e v erb
Th e a dv erbs n ot an d rap idl y modify th e v erb W hat .
w ord tel l s h
ow ra idl
p y ? T he w o rd too is a na dv erb .
It modifi es th e a dv erb ra idl y

p .
In th e th ird sen ten ce th e w ord ver is ana dv erb

y , .
W hat adv erb does it modify ?

A nAdvert is a w ord used to modify the meaning of a verb ,
anadjective or anadverb .
1 39 . W e Shoul d l earnto distinguisha dj ectiv es from

a dv erbs .
modify nouns and

A dj ectiv es p nouns
ro by tel l ing
wh
a t kind ho wmany or whi
,
ch
W hat k ind of h
at ? The bl ack h
at .
How many ha ts ? Man y ha ts F iv e h

a ts . .
W hichh
at ? The secon d h
at .
8 . The tired, hung ry chil drengl adl y ate their dinner .
9 . The bra v e sol d iers ma rched p roudl y aw ay .
10 . The l ittl e brook fl owed rapidl y an d noisil y .
142 . Cop y these ntences w ri ting a n a dj ecti ve or

se , an
a d v erb i n p l ace of ea ch bl a nk Tel l w hy y ou u se
. an
a dj ecti ve or a nad verb

1 . The nig ht w as The air w as We
w al ked al o ng the roa d . The moonshone
2 . We crossed the riv er The ba nca mov ed

throug h the w a ter . The boa tma n w as
to us He w as a ma n
nd
. . . .
3 The boy s He w as
’
. coa t w as . a .
d ressed . His ha ir w as . b rushed He cl osed

.
h door
t e He smil ed when I Spok e
to h im .
4 . My sister w as Sh e l ay n her bed

o . .
My mother strok ed her head w ithher hand .
5 . This l essonis I can w rite these sen
ten ces .
C OMP O SI T I ON
1 43 . Con
tractions . Inw riting or spea k ing, w e O ften
Shortenor contract words ; as
I ’
mf or I a m . I snt f or is’
n
ot .
These hortened w ords are cal l ed Con

S tractions .
InI mwh a t l etter is om itted ? W h at m a rk is

’
put
inits pla ce ?
Incon tra ction s a nA postroph e is used to Show w h ere
l etters ha v e beenom itted .

I t is better in w riting not to use contraction

s .
Sometimes w e may use t e hm when w e are w riting

co nv ersation . They a re used a l so inp oetry .
144 . Cop y a nd l ea rnthese contr ac tions

isnt fo r is not tis for it is
’ ’
wa snt for was

’
not o er
’
for over
hasnt for h as n
’
ot it s for it is
’
dont for do n we l l for we will

’ ’
ot
a rent fo r a re n T l l fo r I wil l
’
ot
werent for were n

’
ot t h
ey re fo r they
’
are
ca nt fo r ca n not for y ou are

’ ’
ou re
y
sh oul dnt for sh oul d n I d for I woul d
’ ’
ot
we ve for we h ne er for never

’ ’
a ve
y ou v e fo
’
r y ou h a ve e er
’
for ever
ha dnt for ha d not’

ha vent for h
a ve not
’
145 . Use eac h of these co ntra ctions i n sentences

f ol l ow s
H e is not here He isnt h

er e .
’
.
Th are a t hom They re a t hom Arent th

’
at
’
ey e e . . e
y
1 46 . The n
ot an
a dv erbs d nev er a re used to g ive
the v erb a nega tiv e meaning

I do not sing .
I ha ve nev er beento H on
g kong .
In these ntences what w ords form the v erbs ?

se ,
W here a re not a nd never pl aced ?

Th e adv erbs not an d n ever a re usual l y pl a ced after
the first w ord Of the v erb .

Whenthe v erb has onl y one word, never is pl aced

before the v erb
I nev er smoke . He nev er l ooks cl ea n .
Wehoul d not say I smoke not He p l a y ed not S h

S e, , ,
p a inted not Th e d og bites n

,ot W e u se do did a n d d o es .
, ,
an d sa y I d o not sm oke He did not l S h di d n t in t

, p ya e o
p a , , ,
Th e dog does not bite .
Cop y these se ntences cha n i

g g n the , verbs to the neg a
ti ve f or m by u si n
g no t a nd ne v er
1 . E very boy Sh oul d

g o to sch oo l .
2 . Th e p eopl e g o to a rk et earl y m .
3 . W e ha ve beenfi shing inthe bay .
4 . The crow is a useful b ird .
5 . Mayé nis the most p erfect v ol ca no inthe w orl d .
14 7 . Cop y these se ntences cha n i

g g n , hto the inter
ea c
1 . He is not a man . 5 . He wil l not try .
2 . He d oes not w ork . 6 . He has n ev e r tried .
3 . He did steal . 7 . They w il l g o soon .
4 He has stol e n 8 The menh on

. . . av e
g e .
1 48 . W rite a comp osition tel l ing ab ou t a j ourney tha t

,
y ou w ou l d l i k e to m ke Tel l w hae e you w ou l d g o a n

. d r
w ha t y ou w ou l d see and do .
Tel l the a dj ec ti ves and the a d verbs tha t y ou ha ve u sed
REV I E W
1 . W hat is a se ntence W rite fi v e ntences that

se are state
ments . F iv e se ntences that are questions . F iv e se n

tenoes that a re co mmands .
GRAMMAR AN D COMPO SITIO N 59
What is a noun W rite tennouns that are the names of
pl a ces .
W hat is a p roper noun W rite tenproper n oun s .
m
W hat is a co monnoun W rite tencommonnouns .
W rite a sentence conta ining a d irect quotation W rite the .
abbrev iation s of the m onths W rite fi v e titl es . .
W henis a nouninthe Singul ar number ? W hen is it in

th e p l ural num ber W rite ten nouns in the Singul ar
number W rite the pl ural forms of these nouns
. .
W hat is a p ronoun W rite fi fteenword s that are used as

p rnouns
o .
W hat is anadjective F or what are adjectiv es used
W rite sev eral ad jectiv es that may be used to describe

1 . A tree . 2 . A coat . 3 . A riv er . 4 . A girl .
W rite sentences using j

ad ecti v es af ter is, a m , a re, were
a nd was .
W rite a nor a before eachof these words : book, horse, isl and,
ora nge, ey e, hen, egg .
W hat is a v erb
W rite tw enty v erbs that express action .
W rite some v erbs that do not express action .
W rite tenv erbs that consist of more thanone word .
W rite sentences using these v erbs to ask q uestions : did

see, has g o ne
,
n does go hav e read
is rid ing, hav e see , , .
W henmay we use the verbs is, was a nd has ?

W henare the v erbs a re were and ha ve used ,
W hichof these verbs shoul d be used withth e p ronounyou ?
W hat is an ad verb ? W hat ad v erbs m ay be form ed from
th ese a djectiv es : quiet quick, sl ow, caref ul peaceful

, ,
W rite a sentence using a comma inaddress W rite a sen .
ten ce usin g a com ma i n a series .
Tel l two uses of th e ap ostroph e W rite fi ve contractions . .
W rite the p ossessi ve formof fi ve n oun s .

60 ELEMENTA RY ENG LISH
SU B J E CT A ND PRE D I C A T E
THE SU B JE CT OF A SEN TE N CE
149 . R ea d these sentences
1 . B oys l
p ya . 3 . Ma rtinw rites . 5 . The bird sing s .
2 . W a ter fl ows . 4 . Luisa sews. 6 . The horse ra n .
Wh o are spoken of in th e fi rst sen ten ce ? In th e
secon d sen ten ce, w ha t w ord tell s th e n am e of th e
thin s ok en of ?
g p W h o is S po k en o f in th e th ird
sen tence ? In th e fourth sen ten ce ? Th e fi fth an d
sixth sen ten ces ?
Inth e fi rst sen tence th e w ord boys is th e n am e of

,
the person s spokenof I t is ca l l ed th e S ub j ect of th

. e
sen tence Wa ter is the subj ect O f the second sentence

. .
W hat is the subj ect of eachof the other sentences ?

The Sub
j ntence nam
ec t of es the person pl ace or th
a se ing ,
about whichsomething is said .
W e can fi nd th e subj ect of a sentence by using

Who or Wh a t w ith the v erb to ask a question:
Ma ria sews W ho sews . Maria .
F ather w ork s W ho works ? F ather

. .
Th e k its is brok e n W hat is broken . The k its .
Th e b ird ca nsin g W ha t ca nsin

g . The bird .
1 50 . Tel l the subj ect o f ea c hof these se ntences

1 . G irl s pl ay . 5 . My brother has a d og .
2 . Menw ork . 6 . The penis brok en .
3 . F her rides ona horse

at . 7 . The pa rrot ca nt al k .
4 . Mo ther is i nthe church . 8 . The ea rthis roun d .

G RAMMAR A ND CO MPOSI TI O N 61
The w in
d bl ow s . My uncl e is a
The ca rp e nter b uil t F ar mers l iv e

the house . cou ntry .
The ta il or made the Dr . G mez

o sp eaks
suit . Eng l ish .
The bl a ck s mith l iv es Mrs . Santos is my

onthis street . au nt .
1 51 . The sub ect of a se

j ntence ofte ncontains mo re
thanone w ord :
My pretty bl ue fanis broken .
The l ittl e red rubber bal l f ell in to th e wa ter .
The feet of th e horse were wh ite .
The sail s of th e ship were m a de o f cl oth .
Cop y these ntences D ra w a l ine u nd er the

se . w ord s
tha t f orm th e su b j ec t of ea c h se nte nce
1 Th . e Ol d m a ninth e ca rt is m y g ra nd father .
2 Th . e l ittl e l am e boy is rea d in g a b ook .
3 A l a rg e w h
. ite ja r is onth e ta bl e .
4 A fl ock of wh
. ite p arrots fl ew in to th e tree .
5 . My l ittl e Sister is fi ve years ol d .
6 . Many Chinese inCa ntonl iv e onboats .
7 . The sh oes of J ap an ese a re ma de of w ood .
1 52 Ma k e ea chof these sentences

. co mp l ete by w r iti ng
a su bj ec t i np l ac e of ea c h bl a nk:
l
p ya w ithk ites .
2 . rea d the l esson . 8 . is a nisl and .
3 .
p ul l s h
t e c a rt . 9 . has four feet .
4 . a te th e corn . 10 . has four w ing s .
5 . spel l ed the w ords . 11 . is made Of w ood .
6 . l iv e inth e city . 12 . l iv es inthe sea .

THE PR ED I OA TE or A SEN TENOE
1 53 R ead th
.ese se ntences
1 . Th e b oys pl ay . 5 An
. a found a pe nny .
2 . G irl s sew . 6. The

y nea g l e
sa w a .
3 . My teacher writes . 7 An
. ts h a ve nests .
4 . The fa rmers pl ow . 8 Th
. e oc eanis deep .
What is the sub ect O f eac

j h of these se ntences
Wh at is sa id a bout Th e boys A bout G irls A bo ut
My teach A bout Th a rm h
er e
f ers T el l w a t is
said about th e subj ects inth e oth er sen tences .
Th e part of th e sen ten ce th at tel l s wh at is said of
the person aces or th n n am n h b

s
p l ,
i g s ed i t e su ject is
cal l ed th e Predicate
Th e boy s is the subj ect, pl ay is th e p redica te .
G irl s is the subj ect, sew is th e p redicate .
My teacher is the subj ec t writes is the p redicate

, .
The farmers is the subj ect pl ow is th e

p redica te , .
The predi cate al ways co ntains a v erb .
The Predica te of a sen

tence tel l s what is said of the
perso , n pl ace or thing named by the subject .
1 54 . ntences i nE xercise 1 6 0 Tel l th

R ea d the se e su b .
j ce t a nd the p re d i ca te of e a ch of th e se sen t en c es .
1 55 Cop y th. e f ol l ow i ng s en ten c es D r a w a l i.ne u nd er
each sen ten ce a n d a l in e between th e subj ec t a n d th e
The l ittl e g irl sa w a p retty fl ower .
1 . My brother has g o ne to the city .
2 . C ocoa nuts a re v ery useful .

159 . may write al l these thi ng in a shorter

We s
w ay : Tuesda y N ov mb 12 1 91 1
,
e er , .
F riday, Jan 21 , 1 9 05 . . N ov 5, 1 885

. .
F riday, O ct 1 1 , 1 4 9 2 . . J ul y 23 1 9 1 0
, .
W ednesday A p ril 4 , , 1 900 . J une 29 1 9 25, .
What words in th ese da tes begin with ca pita l
l etters ? Wh at m
a rk is pl a ced after the day Of the
month? A fter the year ?
1 60 . Wri te the da te o f
1 . Y our birth . 4 . Riz al day .
2 . Christmas . 5 . Last Saturday .
3 . W ashing tons birthday ’

. 6 . T o-day .
161 . W rite a story th a t y ou ha ve hea rd ab ou t some

ani ma l p l a nt or , insec t Na . me the verbs a nd the a d
verbs th a t y ou h a ve u sed .
162 R ea d th.i s story . Tel l the bj

su ec t a nd th
e p red i
ca te of ea c hsen ten ce
THE F R O GS A SK F OR A K IN G
Many frog s l iv ed in a pond Th ey h ad n o k in g . .
Th ey asked th eir g od for a kin g .
Th e g od th re w a l og in to th e p ond Th e frog s w ere .
a fraid Th ey h id at th
. e bottom of th e pon d Th e l og .
w as soonstil l Th e frog s th encam e to it Th ey j um e d

.
p .
up on it Th ey l a ug h ed a t it Th ey did n ot l ik e K in
.
g .
Log Th ey ask ed th eir g od for an oth er k in

.
g .
He g av e th ema neel Th e eel was stupid It h id in . .
th e m ud K ing E el did not pl ease the frog s

. Th ey .
wan ted a no the r kin g .

GRAMMAR AND CO MPOSITI O N 65
Their g od w as now very an g ry H e sent K i g Heron . n

to the m
K ing Heron a te al l the frog s No frog s l ive
. .
now inthat pond .
163 . W ri te this tory

s f m memory
ro . D ra w a l ine
u nd er the sub ect

j of ea c hsentence i n you r story .
SU B J E C T A N D PR E DI CA T E OF Q U E ST I O N S
1 64 . R ea d th
e se ntences se
Is the boy rea d ing ?

Did th e mancatchth e turtl e ?
W henare you g oing to the city

Wh ichis your h at
Wh ere hav e you been
I nthe fi rst ntence who is spoken of ? W hat is

se ,
sa id of the boy ? W hat is the subj ect of th is sen

tence ? Wh a t is the
predica te of this sentence ?
1 . the boy Is rea di n

g
By hnging a question to a statement
c a ,
we may
easil y find its subj ect and predicate .
2 . th
e mn
a D id hthe turtl e
ca tc
3 ou oin to th i t W h n
.
y a re
g g e c
y e
4 .
y our hat is Wh ich
5 .
y ou h a ve been W h
,
ere
1 65 . W ri te a sta te ment i na n w
h of the f ol
s er to eac
l ow i ng qu esti ons Th e n sh ow t
.h e s u bj ec t a nd th e p r ed i
ca te of eachsta tem en t by d ra w ing l i nes as i n E xe r ci s e 1 6 4 .
1 W here is T aal V ol cano

.
2 O nwh
. ichisl and do you l iv e
3 D o cocoa p al m
. s g row n ea r
y o ur h om e
Ha v e you studied y o ur l esson?

W hicha re the l a rg est isl ands inthe Phil ipp ines
W ha t races of p eopl e ha v e you seen
T o what ra ce d o the J a pa nese be l ong ?
Wh a t k ind of fruit d o y ou l ik e best
W henw il l you come to my home ?
IS your fa the r w el l this morning
W hat is the capita l of the U nited States
O nw hat ba y is Ma nil a
Tel l the su b ects j a nd the p red ica tes of the n
se
SU B J E C T A N D PRE D I C A T E OF C O MMA N D S
A N D RE Q U E ST S
1 67 . R ea d these se ntences
1 . B ring me the l a r
g e book .
2 . A l wa ys d o yo ur b est .
Inev ery Se ntence the p redicate must be exp ssed re ,
but metimes the subj ect Of a e

so s ntence ma
y n t be o
i v en I n com m and nd qu e ts the su

s bj e
act i re s s
g .
,
n e al l y om itted W e ma ke co m m and b y ps e a k in
g e r .
g s
to person W e do not Oftensa y, You fi n

”
s . d a book,
but F in G et th R ea d th
” “ ”
d a book, e ba l l , e s tory .
The sub ect j is al w ays You .
We may Show the j

sub ects a nd predicates in the
sentences abov e , as fol l ows :
(You) I A l wa ys d o your best .
1 68 . W henw e sepa ra te a se ntence into its part s,

we a nal yze the se ntence .
G RAMMAR AND COMPO SI TI O N 67
We may div ide a ntence into pa rts by draw ing

se
l ines or a pl a n of the sentence Such a drawin g is .
call ed a Diagra m .
W e ha v e anal yz ed hof these t wo sentences into

'
ea c
tw o parts a subj ect a n , d a predicate By th e use .
of diagra m s we h a v e Show n h
, ow th e sen tences are
di v ided into pa rts .
d nal yze h of the f ol l ow ing sentences

ea c . Pl ace ea c h
on a d iag r a m so a s to s h o w i ts subj ec t a nd p red ic a te
1 B e k in
. d to a nim al s .
2 . Look before you l eap .
r O bey your p a rents .
e Pl ease g et me a g l a ss of w a ter .
r B eg inev ery sentence w itha ca pital l etter .
a Pl ease l end me you r book .
e A l w ays do your best .
w Hit th e nail onthe h ead .
9 . B e kind a nd true .
10 . D o your duty now a nd al ways.
C O MP O SI T I O N
169 . R ea d these se ntences

1 . The d octor g a v e me medicine .
2 . He was D octor Sa ntos .
3 . The streets inour tow na re cl ean .
4 . My friends l ive onN uev a Street .
In the seco nd a nd fourth se ntences ,

the w ords
D octor a nd Street a re w rit ten w ith ca pital l etters

beca use the
y a re used w ith prope r names . In the
ot her sentences these words are used a s commonnouns

,
.
1 . riv er 6 . mountain 11 . isl ands 1 6 kin

.
g
2 l ake
. 7 . tea cher 1 2 p residen
. t 17 q ueen
3 bay
. 8 . capta in 13 govern
. or 18 . superin ten d ent
4 oth
. m
er 9 . aunt 14 . cousin 19 .
g randf ath er
5 . brother 1 0 un
.cl e 15 . sister 20 .
g rand m o th e r
1 70. Letter W riting . Copy this ne of a

ou tl i l etter .
Lea rnthe na mes and the p osi tions of the p a rts .

G RAMMAR A ND CO MPOSITIO N 69
1 71 . Tel l the p a rts o f thi s l etter . Cap y it, usin

g the
O R A N I , B A T A A N,
PH IL PPI IN E I S L A ND S ,
June 6, 1 9 1 0 .
MI S S F E L I SA G U A ZON ,
D A MA L A G , CA PI z ,
PA NA Y , P I . .
DE A R F E LI SA
We arrived home safel y after a v ery p l ea sant v oyag e.
A number of friends from our n province returned

ow
from Rombl ononthe sa me steamer We h

. ad m usic on
board ning
every e v e .
Sch ool beg a n th is morn in g W e h a v e sev eral n ew .
tea chers Th is yea r we sh

. al l stud y E l em en tary Scien ce
an d Un ited States History I n Scien ce w e sh al l ha ve .
many experiments W e expect to v isit many pl aces of .
interest wh il e l earnin about h om e ind u tries

g s .
Your sin cere frien d ,
PI LA R M DA N OE L . .
1 72 . The R eadin
g tel l s w here the w riter l iv es a nd
the date nwhichthe l etter is w ritten
o .
W ha t is the date of the abov e l etter ? W here wa s

it written? Inw h at order a re the da te a nd the pl a ce
written? W h ere a re commas used ? A period ?

Write the f ol l owi ng as hea d i n
g f
s o l etters
1 . J une 26 1 9 1 0 San F rancisco U S A

, .29 Cal , . . .
hounSt .
2 . 1 4 Santa Rosa St J ul y 1 2 1 9 1 1 Cag ayan P I .

, , .
, . .
3 . Sep t 3 1 905
. 23 Cal l s San Pedro I n
, . tram uros , ,
Manil a P I , . .
1 73 . The A ddress giv es th e na e of th e personto m

who m the l etter is to be w rittenan dh is residence .
W hat is the na m e of th e personto w h omth e above
l etter is addressed ? W h ere does She l iv e ?
I nwritin ddresses, w e use these titl es

g a
Mr inaddressing a man
. .
Mrs ina dd ressing a ma rried woman I nthe ad dress

. .
,
th e h usban ds n am e is w ritten: Mrs Jose S a n

’
tos .
,
Mrs P a bl o Torres . .
Messrs ina ddressing tw o or more men

. .
Miss inadd ressing anunma rried w omanor g irl

. .
R ev or Th .e R ev ina d d ressin g a c l.er

gy m a n .
Hon or The Hon inaddressing a member of the C om

. .
missionor A ssembl y or other high official of the ,
g ov ern m e n t .
To the H on ora bl e ina dd ressin th

g e g ov ern or th e m a yo r ,
or oth er h ig hoffi cial .
G en Col S up t D r P e
.
, . in a dd ressin
, , g p er s ons. t,o .
,
wh omth ese titl es p roperl y bel on g .
E sq is som .etim es added a fter th e n am es of l a wyers an d

oth er g en tl emen W hen used the titl e of Mr .
, .
sh oul d be om itted .
Write a d d resses o f l etters to
1 Mr E l a dio F nco 5 8 Sol ano St San F n nd o

‘
. . ra , .
, er a ,
Pampa ng ,
a P I . .
2 . Miss N atal ia V il l aruz 86 McK inl ey St Rombl onP I , .

, , . .
3 . D r Manuel A n
. d ra da U niv ersity of Cal ifornia , ,
B erk el ey, C al .
, U S A . . .
4 . Mrs Lucas B a utista Pol o B ul acan P I

.
, , , . .
5 . Hon Maca rio A rned o B ag uio B eng uet

.
, , , P I
. .
72 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
may you find the sub ect of a

j q ues tio n? W hat is the
sub ect of co
j mmands ?
2 . Diag rameachof these sentences
()
1 T he C h
i na Sea is w est of the Philippines .
()
2 W here is Sa nB ernardino Strait ?
()
3 C a n y ou sp eak T ag al og ?
4 M
() y Ol d est b rother is inth e U nite d States .
5 P l ra h
() ea se g e t y o u r
g g p y
eo .
6
( ) I n w h a t c o un tr
y is Lond on?
3 .D escribe the p arts of a l etter W rite th e pa rts of .
a l etter add ressed to the g ov ernor of your p rov ince .
4 T el l w h
. ichof th e w ord s in E xercise 2 abov e a re
1
() nouns ; 2
( ) v erbs ; 3
( ) a dj e c ti v es ; nd (4) ad v erbs
a .
5 . T el l t he kind a nd number of ea chnouninth e story
inE xercise 1 62 .
T H E SI MPL E SU B J E C T A ND I T S MO DIF IE RS
1 78 Read th
. es e se ntences
1 . B irds Si ng . 2 . The l ittl e yell ow birds sing .
3 . Lea v es move . 4 . The l a rg e g reenl eav es mov e .
What is spok enof inthe fi rst ntence ? Inthe se
secon d senten ce ? I nth e secon d sen ten ce, wh at adjec
tiv es describe th e birds spok enof ?
W hat is spok en of in sentences th ree an d four ?

Wh a t adj ectiv es m odify l ea ves inth e fourthS en ten ce ?
Inth e secon d sen tence, Th e l ittl e yell ow bi rds is th e
W hol e Subj ect ; birds is th e S im p l e S u b j e ct ; T he,
l ittl e a nd yel l ow are Modifi ers of th e sim p l e su b j ect .
The sub ectj without its modifiers is cal l ed the
Si mpl e Subj ect .

G RAMMA R AND CO MPOSITIO N 73
I n the fourth sentence, the whol e sub ect j is Th

e
l a rge greenl eaves . The Simpl e sub ect j is l eaves the
modifi ers of the mpl e

si sub ect j are the j
ad ectiv es
The, l arge a nd g ree n.
5 . B oys pl ay . 7 . Leonswi ms . 9 . Mother l ov es me .
6 . Th ey run . 8 . He rid es . 10 .
She is k ind .
Wh ichof th ese sen ten ces hav e noun s for subj ects ?
W hichhav e pronouns ?
Th e simpl e subj ect of a sen tence usu a l l y is a noun
or a pronoun .
179 . R ea d these se ntences . Tel l the whol e sub ec t a

j nd
a nd the si mp l e subj ect of hsentence ea c
1 . A beautiful drag onfl y was onth e fl ow er .
2 . Many l arg e w hite fl o wers g rew onthe tree .
3 . A nol d bay h orse p ul l ed the carrom ata .
4 . T al l coarse g rass g rew by th e sid e of th e road .
5 . A p retty l ittl e boy w as pl ayin g i n th e w a ter .
6 . T w en ty l arg e w hite p arrots w ere inth e m an g o t ree .
7 . A nol d bl in d m anw as beg gin g fo r rice .
8 . Th e tal l g ra ceful ba m boos swayed inth e breez e .
1 80 On a d ia g ra
. we m ma y show the mp l e si sub ect
j
the w ord s that od ify i t m . Cop y these d i ag a m s r
l . A ta l l tree stood here tree stood here
2 . boys s houted l oudl y 8 . kite f el l to the ground
I n the sa me w a y diag ra m the se ntences g i ven i n

E xercise 1 7 9 0
T HE SI MPL E PRE D I C A T E A N D IT S
MO D I F I E RS
1 81 . R ea d thi s se ntence
1 . The banca moved sl owl y a way .
In this moved sl owly away is the W hol e

se ntence,
Predicate ; m oved is th e S imp l e Pre di ca te ; sl ow l y a nd
a wa y a re Modifi ers of th e sim l e redicate
p p .
1 . The ba nca moved sl owl y a wa y ba nca moved
Cop y these d i ag ra ms . Tel l the wh ol e p red ic a te, th e
si mp l e p red ic a te a nd the of th e si p l e p r ed i m
ca te i nea chsentence .
2 . ma n sp ok e 3 . brother went
| My there
yesterd ay
4 . boy f el l 5 . l a dy mil ed
s
The p l ea sa ntl y
The modifie Of the impl e predicate a

rs S re a dv erb s
or some w ords us d a s ad v e bs e r .
1 82 . Tel l the whol e p red ic a te, th e si p l e p r e d i m

ca te a nd
the m od ifiers of th e si p l e p rmed i ca te i n e a c h of th es e
se ntences
r hip sail ed ra pidl y a way
The S .
e Th e st ron sol d ier foug h t b rav el

g y .
w T he ful l moonshone b rig htl y .
e Th e bov c ried l oudl y .
s Th e l a rg e d eer w a s S O O II c a u h t
g .
6 My un . cl e w il l s urel y c om e to m orrow -
.
G RAMMAR AN D COMPOSITI O N 75
7 . He w ent aw ay ea rl y yesterd a
y .
8 . The l ittl e c hil drenpl ayed ha ppil y tog ether .
1 83 . h of the sentences i n E xercise 1 8 2 ona

Wri te ea c
d i ag ra m A na l y z e eachsen
. tence .
A N A L Y SI S
Du e“ , The l a rg e ship is th e w h ol e subj ec t S a i l ed .
rap idl y a way is t he wh ol e p redicate .
h
s ip sa il ed
Ship is the sim l e sub ect Ijt is mod ifi ed by the
p
Th
.
rap id l y
I
e
j
ad ectives The a nd l a rg e .
l a rge a wa y
S a il ed is the mp l e
si p redica te . It is mod ifi ed
by the ad verbs rap idl y a nd away .
C OMP O S I TI O N
1 84 . A ddresses . C u t p a p er th e si z e of a n en vel op e .
M a rk oni t the p os iti on of th e s ta p C opy the amd d res s .
g i v enbel ow .
The address of the w riter is so metimes w rittenin

smal l l etters in the upper l eft hand -
cor er n of the
n
e v el ope .
76 ELEMENTA RY ENGLI SH
A dd ress envel op es to fi ve f riend s .
A dd ress a n en e g overn
v l op e to th or of y ou r p rovi n
e ce .
A dd ress a nen vel op e to the su p erinten d ent of sch ool s .
1 85 . W ri tef nd tel lai ng a ou t th

l etter to
b e mos t a rie ,
i mp orta nt occup a tioni ny ou r town A dd ress a nenvel op e .
to him .
1 86 . Conv ersation Ta l k . a bou t S ug a r C a ne . Use this

ou tl i ne . Tel l
I . W hat sug ar cane is . W hat it l ook s l ik e . Why

it is raised .
K ind O f soil and cl imate I nwhichit g rows best

.
II . .
W here it g rows inthe Phil ippines .
I II . Pl a n tin g H O W t
. he g rou nd is re
p p a red for
p l a ntin g T h e time .of th e y ea r Ho w .
p l a nte d
n
.
IV . C ul tiv ati g - H O W it is c ul tiv ated

. W hen it .
is mature .
V . G athering . D escribe the cutting a nd the haul

ing to the mil l .
VI . S ug a r making
How the cane is c rushed, and
.
th e sa p is boil ed How the sug ar is secured . .
V II . Mol asses Ho w it is ma de
. I ts uses . .
V III . Sug ar C ol or
.
—
Wh a t is d on e w ith th
. e new
sug ar.
I' . O ther cou ntries inw hichsug ar cane is raised .
' . U ses a nd v a l ue O f sug ar.
1 87 . W ri te a co mp ositionab ou t S ug a r Ca ne, u si n
g the
a bove ou tl i ne . Use s hort se ntences .
Tel l the su b ect a

j n d th e p red ica te of e a c h sentence i n
the first three p a r ag ra p h s of you r com p os i ti on .
GRAMMA R A ND COMPOSITIO N 77
1 88 . Write on
e of these stories f ro m memo y r
1 . The Monk ey and the 5 Where F

. ro
g s ca me from .
D rum . 6 . The B ee nd the W asp

a .
2 . The C rab a nd the 7 . The G ood a nd the B ad
Monk ey . Mang oes .
3 . Tho Ma ninth e Moon . 8 . The Mon k eys and th e
4 . The Laz y Man a n d Red C aps .
th e Ja r of Ric e .
(See Insul a r Second Reader ) .
th th ha ve w ri tten
'
R ea d very ca re u l l yf e stor y a t y ou .
N otice c a p i ta l l etters, p eri od s, q u esti on ma rk s, sp el l in

g
a n
d qu ota ti on ma rks .
P H RA SE S
1 89 . R ead thes e se ntences

1 . The l eav es of the t ree fel l into the w ater .
I nthis ntence w hat g roup of w ords tell s the k ind

se ,
O f l ea ves W ha t g roup tel l s w here th ey f ell 9 Th e
g roup of w ords o
f the tree is u sed a s an a dj ectiv e to
modify the meaning of the nounl ea ves The group .
O f w ords in to the wa ter is used as ana dv erb to m odify
th e v erb f el l .
Th ese
g rou s of w ords
p f
o the tree a n d in to the
wa ter a re cal l ed Phra ses .
2 . The fl owers of the coff ee t ree a re v ery frag rant .
3 . The d a rk cl o ud s hung o v er the mountains .
4 . F ishl iv e inthe w a ter .
5 . The l ig ht O f the m oonis b rig ht .
6 . The Sh ap e of th e ea rthis round .

What a re the phra ses in these sentences ? Does

eachphrase modify a nounor a v erb ? Is ea c hphrase
used as a na dj ectiv e or as a na dv erb ?
7 . T ow a rd the ce nter of the eart his cal l ed d ow n .
8 . T o do my be st is my d uty .
I n th ntences phrases
ese se , are used a s sub ects j .
They are used l ik e nouns .
A Phras e is a group of w ords used as a nadjectiv e anad ,
v erb or a noun . I t does not containa j

sub ect or a pred ica te .
1 90 Cop y th
.e f ol l ow i ng se ntences . D ra w a l ine und er
eac hp hra se
1 Th e fl oor of th
. e roomw a s m ad e of ba m boo .
2 Th e roof of th
. e h ouse w as c ov ered w ithn ipa .
3 Th e l ig h
. t of th e m oonsh on e onth e w a ter .
A l it tl e boy was pl ayin g yb the ri v er .
5 Th e l a rg est riv er inth

. e w orl d is inSouthA m eri ca .
6 Th e pl a tea u of B en
.
g ue t i s in north ernL uz on .
7 So m . e p e opl e inC h in a l iv e onboats .
8 My l essonina rith
. metic is about fractions .
9 Th e fi rst word of a sen ten ce sh oul d beg in w ith a

'
.
capital l etter .
10 . The Pa mp g
a n a R iv e r fl ows into Ma nil a Bay .
11 . I s your fa th er inth e city n ow ?
12 . I nwh a t yea r d id Leg asp i co m e to Ma n il a ?

13 . Littl e ch il d rensh o ul d
g o to bed earl y .
14 . W ere the beg g a rs sitting by the side o f the roa d

1 91 . W ri te sentences , u si n
g one of thes e p hra ses i neac h
sentence
1 . of iron 3 . onmy desk
2 . inthe a ir 4 . witha p e n
80 ELEME NTA RY ENG LISH
W henphrases are used, l ike adj ectiv es to modify ,
the m ean ing Of n oun s o r

pron ou ns, the
y are cal l ed
A dj ectiv e Ph ra ses .
Inth ese sen ten ces are th e ph rases pl aced before or

,
after th e noun s th a t th ey m odify ?
195 . C op y the se ntences D ra w a l ine u nd er ea cha d

se .
j ecti ve p hra se. Tel l w hat nou nea chph ras e m od ifies
l . The name O f this fl ower is sampag uita .
2 Th e fl ow ers O f th e il a n il an a re g reen
g
-
.
g .
3 . Th e da rk cl oud O f sm oke rose sl owl y .
4 . Th e edg es of th e l ea v es O f m y b o ok are torn .
5 . A l arg e trac t of l ev el l a n d is cal l ed a pl ain .
6 . The l a rg e w h ite bird inth e tree is a p a rrot .
7 . Th e n arrow streets of th e city w e re h ot a nd d usty .
8 . The road to th e city is h a rd a n d smooth .
9 Th e ca p ital O f th e Un ited States is W ash in ton

.
g .
1 96 . Cop y th ntences I nthe p l a ce of ea c h

e f ol l ow i ng se .
bl a nk wri te a na dj ecti ve w ord or a na dj ecti ve p hras e
1 Th
.e bird is the eag l e .
2 . l eav es w ere tornby th e w in d .
3 The p roducts a re sug ar, a baca , toba cco,
m
.
and co e .
4 . The horse w as sol d t o the merchant .
5 . l ady g a v e m
e a bask et .
6 . is th e na rra .
7 . The is cal l ed the Pa cifi c .
C OMP OSI TI O N
1 97 . modifiers are usual l y pl a ced
A dj ectiv e w ord
before th e n oun th a t the
ysmodify but a dj ectiv e p hrase ,
modi fi ers a re placed after them .

G RA MMA R AND COMPOSITION 81
Cop y the f ol l ow i ng
A D Jnc r Iv E W ORD A DJE Or Iv n PHR A SE
t h
e new f mA meriro ca
a nol d bl ue withg ild ed edg es
the l ea th -
er covere d withironcl asp s
a sm a ll wh
ite o nth
e desk
I nthe sa me w ay w ri te a dj ecti ve w ord a nd p hra se mod i

fier s w i theac hof thes e nou ns
1 . house 3 .
j ar 5 . bird
2 . fl ow er 4 . horse 6 . hat
1 98 . G o to the ma rket inyou r town . Observ e the d ifl er
’
ent eo
p p l nd thi ng s tha t y ou see Think of th
e a e a dj ec .
ti ve w ord s or p hra ses tha t y ou cou l d u se to de scr ibe them .
M a ke a l i st of the more i mp orta nt p ersons or thi n g s ,
an d w ri te w i thth ei r nam es the a dj ec ti ve m od ifiers th at
most a ccu ra tel y d escribe the ma s i nE xerci se 1 9 7 .
1 99 . W rite a co mp osi tion ha ving t he

, ti tl e A V i s i t to a
M a r ket . Use hort sentences D escribe the p ersons a nd

s .
thin
g seen Use th i s ou tl i n
‘
s . e
I G oin t t h m a rk et T h e tim w th d
g o e e e a e r roa
—
. .
, , ,
street p eopl e g oin

, g ve hicl es , .
II . Th e p eopl e in th e m ark et Th eir m ov em en ts

.
—
tal k in g d ress b u in a n
, y g
, d s e l l in g .
II I . Som e O f th e m ost in terestin g th i n g s s ee n .
IV . Som e es ecial l
p y int erestin th
g in g p er so n or i nci ,
d en t seen .
A D V E RB I A L PHRA SE S
200 . R ea d these sentences . Tel l w hat ver b ea c had verb

a nd eac hp hra se mod ifies
1 . The boy ra na w a
y . 2 . He fel l into the riv er .
3 . A w omanw al k ed sl owl y ov er the b ridge .
4 . F ishswimsw iftl y th roug hth e wa ter .
5 . He w rote ca reful l y o nthe p p

a e r .
6 . The boa t floated sl ow l y dow nthe riv er .
7 . F a ther sp oke kin dl y to th e beg g ar .
8 . He w en t ea rl y t o th e city .
9 . Th e bird fl ew d irectl y to th e n est .
10 . W e l iv e now inthe country .
W hena phra se is used, l ike a n adv erb to modify ,
h meaning
t e Of a v erb, it is ca l l ed a n A dv erb i a l
Phra se .
A dv erbs a nd adv erbia l phra ses a re usua ll y pl a c ed

after the w ords tha t they modify .
201 . Cop y th
f e n ten
ol l ow ice s ng D r
sea w a l i ne u nd er
.
ea cha d verbia l p h ra se tel l w h,a t verb i t m

and od ifie s
1 Ma ny Ig orots l iv e inB eng uet

. .
2 Th. eir v il l ag es a re inth e v al l eys .
3 Th. e Maug uian es l iv e onth e isl a nd of Min doro .
4 Th . eir h om es are int h e m oun tains .
5 V erd e I sl a n
. d Passag e is betw een B atan g a s a nd
Mindoro .
6 Th e sh ips w ere sail in tow a rd th e w est

.
g .
7 T a al V ol can
. o is ona nisl a n d inT aa l Lak e .
8 Muchsug a r is m
. a de inO c cid en tal N eg ros .
9 Ma n
. il a w as attack ed by Lim ah on g in 1 5 7 4 .
1 0 Stea m
. boa ts w ere broug h t to th e Ph ilippin es i n
1 8 61 .
202 . ntences
C op y these se , w ri tin
g a n a d verl phra se
i n p l a ce of ea ch bl a nk
1 .Th e city O f Ma n il a is
2 My fa th
. er h a s g on e
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSI TION 83
3 . Muchrice is ra ised
My p encil is l ying
5 . C ocoa nut g rov es g row best
6 . C oal is found
7 . Th e C uyo I sl a nds a re
8 . D av a o is
9 . In m de
dig o is a
10 . The w omena re g oing
203 W ri te ea chof th
. e se sen ten ces ona d i ag ra m Then .
w r i te a na na l ysi s of ea c hsen ten ce
1 . The l a rg est c ity inthe w orl d is inE ng l a nd .
is
D IA G RA M
A NAL Y SI S —
This ntence is a statement The whol e subj ect
se . is the
l a rgest city inth e worl d and the wh ol e p red icate is is i nE ngla nd .
C ity is the Si p l e sub ect I t is m od i fi ed b y the j . m a dj ectives The a nd

l a rg est, an d by the ad ectiv e phra se i nth j
e worl d .
The si mpl e p redica te is is . I t is modifi ed by the ad v erbial p hrase in

Engl a n
d .
2 . D oes the ba mboo g row best near strea ms of fresh

w ater
ba mboo D oes grow
DIA G R A M
A NA L Y SI S —
This se ntence is a q uestio n. The whol e sub j ect is The
ba mboo . The whol e p red icate is d oes g row best nea r strea m s o f f res h
wa ter .
mboo is the Simpl e subj ect It is mod ifi d b y the ad j cti e the

Ba . e e v .
D oe g row i th
s e Sim p l p d ica t I tsis m od ifi ed b y the d v b be t
e re e. a er s
and by the ad e b ia l p h e na t am
v r The noun t ea m
ras s is m odifi ed
e r s re s. s r
by the ad j ective p hrase of freshwater .

3 . W rite ca reful l y o nthe bl ackb oard .
You) Write
DIA G RA M
A NA L YS I S ntence is a command The subj ect of the sen

—
This se .
tence is n ot g iven but is un d erstood to be th

, e p ronoun (You) T he .
subj ec t has no m odi fi ers Th e wh ol e p redi cate is Write ca ref ul l y onth

. e
bl a ckboard .
The si mp l e predicate is Wri te . I t is modifi ed by the ad verb ca ref ul l y ,
and by the ad verbial p hrase onthe bl a ckboa rd .
4 . The l a rg est bird in the w orl d l iv es in South
A merica .
5 . Th e l ittl e boy ra nq uick l y to his m oth er .
6 . A nOl d m a nfromth e coun try w al k ed inthe middl e

of the street .
7 . C ocoa nuts g row ina cl uster a mon th

g e l ea v es a t the
top of the t ree .
8 . The w omen of the barrio w ere w ashing o n the

rocks inthe riv er .
me Sl owl y up the river

n
9 . A l a rg e casco ca .
10 . The roof Of the house w as cov ered w ith ip a .
11 . W il l you wal k to school w ithm e?
C OMP O SI TI O N
204 . R ead these ntences

se
1 . Onmany N eg ritos l ived onthese isl ands

ce .
2 . T od ay onl y a few sm al l
g roups remain .
3 . La st monthth ere w ere sev ere typ hoon s .
4 . This yea r I hav e a tten d ed th e h ig hschool .
5 . Next su mer w e Sh m al l v isit frien ds inB OhOl .
I nthese sentences ,
w hat w ords a nsw er the n questio
when? These w ords n

o ce, to da y,
-
l as t month this ,
GR AMMAR A ND CO MPO SITIO N 85
nd next sum
ea r a m u d d b to tel l
y er a re se a s a v er s
the time of the actionsta ted b th e erb

y v .
W r ite ntences
se , u si n
g these w ord s a s a d verbs
b
— tod y a 6 . l ast F y rida 11 .
y esterd aymorning
w y es t erd a
y 7 . next T uesday 1 2 . on ce up ona tim e
w l ast month 8 . this morning 13 . a l ong time a

g o
l
k
h next w eek 9 . l a st ev e ning 1 4 . to m or ow n
-
ig h t
r
O
i
ev ery d ay 10 . o nce a month 1 5 . t wice a w eek
205 . An
y w here,
n
owhere , somewhere , everyw here .
Anywhere mea ns inany p l a ce .
E verywh
eremeans inevery p l a ce .
S om ere m
ewh ea ns insome
p l a ce .
N owh
ere me ns inno p l ace
a .
C op y these se ntences , wri ting any w her e now her e , ,
ev er y w her e or s o mew her e inp l a ce of ea chbl a nk
1 . Where hav e y ou been, Sixto ? I ha vent been ’
D id you th ink I h a d g one
2 . The in dig o pl ant g row s inthe Phil ipp in es .
3 . I ha v e l ost m y p oc k et k nife I h a v e l oo k ed
I think it is inthe house .
208. W ri te ntences i n a nsw er

se to the se q u estions
1 W hendid Mag el l a narriv e inthe Phil ippin

. es ?
2 O nw h
. at d ay w a s the D ecl a rationOf I ndepen dence
Sig ned ? W here w as it Sig ned ?

3 Wh .enw a s G eorg e W a shin g ton born? W hen an d
at wha t pl ace did he beco e fi rst p residen t? m
4 Wh. ena n d wh e re w a s J 0 8 6 Riz al born W henand
where was he executed ?
86 ELEMENTA R Y ENGLISH
5 . W here does the C ag ayan Riv er rise a nd into what
d oes it fl ow ?
6 . W here are the Sierra Madre mountains I nwhat
di rectiondo they exte nd
Tel l the ad verbial p hr a ses a nd what verb ea c hp hra se

mod ifies .
207 . Diary . A diary is a record of the i mporta nt

thing s that o en does or observ es o nea chday .
Cop y this record o f three d a ys f ma gi

ro rl s
’
d ia ry
Ma y 3 . E a rl y in th
ning I went to see A unt
e mo
r
Ram on a Sh e w as e m
. b roiderin g a ha n d k e rc h ie f f o r
Cousin F el ipe Sh e ta u h
g t me h o w t o
. d a rn a s to c k i n g .
W hil e we were sewin g S he to l d m e m a n y in te r es t

, in g
stories .
May 4 . C ousin F el ip e broug ht me home inthe c a rro
ma ta .
May T od ay th ere w as a fi esta

5 . I w ent t o the .
churc h a t sev en O cl ock L uisa returned w ithm We

’
e . .
made ca ke a nd so me chocol a te ca ndy . Inthe a fte r noon

we sa w the process ion a nd in the evening w e hea rd the
b and pl ay .
208 . Wri te o n fol d ed heets of p a p er

s or i n a book a
d i a ry f or o e n w eek , beg inni ng to d a y

-
.
Wr ite the d a te f
o ea c hd a y . Use s hort se ntences .
209 . I mag ine th a t you a re ta k i n g a j ou r ney f or fi ve

d a ys W ri te a
. d i a ry , tel l ing w h
e re y ou g o a n d th e in
teresti n th i n th a t you d o a n d see onea chd a
'
g g s
y .
The prepositiononcon nects the w ord l ay w iththe

w ord ta bl e It tel l s wh
. ere the hat l a
y in rel a tion to
the ta bl e .
Th e prepositionun der al so connects l ay withta bl e,

but it Shows a different rel ationbetweenth ese w ords .
Th e preposition n ea r connects l ay a nd ta bl e, a nd
Sho ws another rel a tion between th e m .
I n the ph ra ses i n E xerci se 2 1 0 , tel l w ha t w or d s a re
connected a nd rel a ted by eachp rep osi tion .
21 2 . The nounor pronoun used witha preposition

to for ma phrase is cal l ed the Obj ect Of the p rep osi
tion
a t f or m
.
th
e nd of th
e e l esson th
e h e
th
e bri dg e over th e riv er received f romh im
Inthese phrases, l essonis the Obj ect O f the pre posi
tionof river is the Obj ect Of the p repositionover ;

. e m
is the Obj ect O f f or , and himis the Obj ect O f f rom .
W e can fi nd th e O bj ect of a p reposition by using

wh a t or wh om a fter th e preposition to a sk a que s
tion
Th
e ba ll f el l into th
e well . Into what Into th
e wel l .
He g ave th
e ta
p to me . To w ho m m
To e .
A Prop ositionis a w ord used w itha nounor a pronounto
f or m a ph rase, and to con nect the noun or pronoun w ith

m
so e w ord th at the ph rase odifi es m .
21 3 . R ea d a g n
ai the p hra ses i n E xerc ise 21 0 . Tel l
1 . W hichof the w ords are p rep ositions .
2 Wh a t word is the Obj ect Of each re os ition

.
p p .
G RA MMA R A ND COMPOSITIO N 89
214 . Cop y the f ol l ow i n

g w ord s, which a re u sed as
p p
r e osi ti o ns
at beyond
by a cross
on between
Of throug h
for d uring
21 5 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng w or d s, w r itin

g a p p
re osi ti o n
i n p l ace o f ea c hbl a nk
1 . waited my b rot her 14 . w ent the city
2 . the top the tree 15 . j umped the w a te r
3 . wal ked the brook 16 . rol l ed the desk
4 . sp oke the man 17 . fl ew the air

5 . l ooked me 18 . sent a friend
6 . ra naw ay the forest 19 . streng th the wind
7 . l
p ya ed his top 20 . il l a fever
8 . sol d a hat a dol l ar 21 . w ork ed my hands
9 . went the riv er 22 . see the eyes
10 . took the p en the boy 2 3 .

g o breakfast
11 . bird the tree 24 . sa il ed the h
eart
12 . made cl ay 25 . sat
13 . bak ed anov en 26 . took a

p e n the desk
forhis friends .
w ithh is frien ds .
a g ainst his frien ds .
beside h is f riends .
betw eenh is frien ds .
nea r his friends .

into the house .
a roun d th e house .
un der th e h ouse .
I wal ked th roug hth e house .
a g ainst th e house .
before th e house .
beh ind th e house .
A s i nthe E xerci se ab ove, w ri te p hr a se mod ifi r h e s to ea c
f
o the f n
ol l owi
g sen tences , u si n
g severa l e
p p
r osi ti ons i n
p l a ce of ea chbl a nk
1 . The manstood the tree .
2 . My p encil is the desk .
Th th mud
q
3 . e ca rabao ran e .
4 . The w a ter is the jar .
5 . The book l ay the sl a te .
21 7 . nl y the fol l ow ing pronouns

W e shoul d use o
Obj ects Of prepositions : me, h im h er us them, , , , it,

you an d whom .
Cop y these p hra ses . Use ea c hp hra se ina se ntence

1 . atme 10 . w ithhi m 19 . a mong them
2 . to m e 11 . over us 20 . a round them
3 . fo m e r 12 . into it 21 . fromw h om
4 . w ithm e 13 . abov e me 22 . betw eenth em
5 . near me 14 . to w hom 23 . ag ainst you

6 . fro mh im 15 . before us 24 . beside h im
7 . fromh er 16 . about him 25 . withw h om
8 . a fter us 17 . abov e h im 26 . for J ua nan d me

9 . nea r her 18 . a fter t hem 27 . for I nes a nd me
GRA MMA R A ND COMPO SITI O N 91
21 8 . Cop y the se ntences

se , wr iti ng a p rnou ninp l ace
o
1 . H e g a ve the b ook to
2 J uanand I are g oing w ith
.
3 Th. ey h av e som e oran g es fo r
4 Th a ve th ora n es to J uana n d
. e
y g e g
5 Wh
. o sol d th is h a t to
6 TO
. d id you g iv e th e p encil ?
7 W ith
. did you g o to th e m arket ?
8 F ro m
. d id you g et th is pen cil ?
9 Th
. ese p e ns w ere boug h t by
1 0 Y ou may use on
. e Of
1 1 My broth
. er sits beside
1 2 O ur teach
. er g a v e th e book s to
1 3 T Om as m a I l
p y w it h
.
y , a
C OMP O SI TI O N
21 9 . Some a dverbs may be expanded into a dverbial
He a rose earl
y . He arose at a nearl y hour .
We wa l ked northw ard . We wa l ked tow ard the north .
G ive me th b x
e o . G ive he box to me
t .
Cop y these ntences cha n i

g g
se n th e u nd e rl i ned, w ord s
into a d verbia l p hrases
1 He l ooked nowhere
. G iv e Ped ro th. e fan .
2 Th. e w in d bl ew eastw a rd Mak e Leona hat . .
3 Th. e bird fel l d own wa rd B uy moth er a d ress . .
:
a He w al k ed h astil y Sh ow I d a th
. e fa n .
Th G et teach er th e book
i
c ey travel ed Sl ow l y . .
Sh e ca m e im media tel y B ak e me a cak e

a
c . .
a T el l m e a story B ring me a pinnow

. .
220 . Use the f ng vol l ow i

erbs p rep osi tions a nd a d ve
,rbs
i nsentences . Use eachverb w i theachp rop osition or a d
f
o the se ntences .
1 . ca l l for on at , ,
I wil l ca l l for you (that is, stop to g et you) .
We sha l l ca l l onMa rta (th at is v isit h

, er
) .
We sha l l cal l at y our h ouse to m

- orrow
(that is, w e
shal l stop th ere to see you) .
I l ive ina h
ouse .
I live at 29 R ea l St .
I l ive onrice a nd fish .
3 . boug h
t —
for, from, a t, in 1 7 . l ook —
for, a t, l ik e, o ut
4 . sell to, for O f, o n into

,
5 . sp ea k —
to, for, a bout 18 . h
t ink O f, a bout
6 . kn ock —
O ff , at, o n 19 . ang y
r at, with
7 ta l k to, about 20 send to, for, a wa
y,
— —
. .
8 . tie up , to, a rou nd a fter
9 . l au g h —
a t, with a bout , 21 . stop —
a t, for, up
10 .
f al l —
ou, into ov e r
, , 22 . ca rr
y
—
o n to
, , a wa
y , 05
dow n 23 . stea l —
a wa
y fro
, m
11 . breole Ofl
’
, up, apa rt 24 p a ss
. by, th rou h
g , into
12 .
p ut out, a way, 0 3
—
25 sin g .
—
to, for, w ith
13 . bel ieve ih —
26 . n with by
stick —
to, o , ,
14 . die —
O i, fro m for
, 27 rea ch for to w ith
.
—
, ,
15 .
g et —
to, for, f om r 28 . mke
a up , for, ov e r, to
16 . l ea ve with, O n, u nd er, 29 . rea d from, w ith
for 30 . h
ide —
for, from, W it h
221 .
B usiness Letters . Business l etters s oul d h be
brief a nd refer o nl y to the ma intopic Of the l etter .
G R AMMA R A ND CO MPOSITIO N 93
l
1 . Cop y this business l etter s
TA R L A O , T A R LA O, P I . .
,
Oct 3, 1 9 06
. .
JO HN SM I TH 8: CO MPA NY ,
MA NI L A ,
PI . .
SIR S : I incl ose a p ost offi ce money order for one dol l ar
and fi fty cen ts for w hich pl ease se nd me one
W ebster s A cademic D ictionary
’
.
Respectful l y yours,
F LO R A TOR R E S .
222 . Wri te a l etter to newsp a p er i nMa ni l a i ncl os

a ,
in g
’
th e p r ic e of y a ea r s s u bscr ip ti on’
a n d ord er th e n ew s
p a p e r to b e s en t to y o u r se l f M en ti on th e d a te a
. t w h ic h
y ou r su b s c rip ti on is to b e g i n .
C O MPLE ME NTS
1 . J uanbroke .
2 . J uanbroke his pencil .
Inthe fi rst ntence broke is not a compl ete predi

se ,
ca te . Inthe second sentence

p encil is a dded to the ,
verb broke to mke th p

a e redicate co mpl ete .
3 . The cat cau

g ht the m ouse . 5 . I boug ht a hat .
4 . The boys threw th e bal l . 6

. The boy is tal l .
W hat is the v erb in ea ch Of these sentences ?

W ha t nOun is used with ea ch v erb t o make a com
l ete predica te ?
p
Th e w ord m
ouse tel l s what w a s ca ught . I t is used
with the v erb ca ug ht to form a mpl ete

co p redicate
94 ELEME NTA RY ENGLISH
I t is ca l l ed th m ment Of the v erb caught

e Co pl e .
Wha t is the co m m Of the v e b thre w Of

pl e ent r
bought? Of is ?
Some v erbs do not require co mpl ements
J uanruns . F ishes swi m .
J uanwa l ks . B irds fly .
We n fi nd the compl ement of a

ca v erb by using
wha t w ithth e v erb to a sk a question
Th
e ca t ht wh
ca u
g at ? A mou e s .
Jua nbroke wh at ? His pencil .
F rank is what My brother .
224 . Tel l th e verb and the w ord u sed a s co mp l ement

i nea chof these sentences
1 F el ipe is a boy . 11 . The mancarries a ca ne .
2 . He nora ng e
a te a . 12 . The horse p ul l s the ca rt .
3 . Th e ora ng e was l ar g e . 13 . Th e ca rt is h eav y .
4 . I sa w h im . 14 . Th e h orse is Ol d .
5 Th e d og h as m h at 15 Th e driv er is k in d
.
y . . .
6 . He h as tornit . 16 . He does not use a w h ip .
7 . We study g ra mmar . 17 . I boug h t a kn ife .
8 . Maria I s w riting a l etter . 18 . A boy sol d h is book .
9 . Pabl o copied th is sen 19 . Th e g irl s hav e th eir fa ns .
tence . 20 . F a th er has found a

10 . B oys ca ncl imb trees .
p en n y .
225 . Cop y th ntences Comp l ete th

e f ol l ow i ng e p red i se .
ca tes by w ri ti n
g a comp l ement i np l ac e of ea ch bl a nk
1 Th. e m and ra n k 5 I ca nmake .
2 He ate
. 6 F a th er bo ug h t .
3 Th. e b aby is 7 Moth er cook ed .
4 His eyes are

. 8 D ra g onflies eat .
227 Wr ite ea chof these senten

. ces inE xercise 226 o na
d iag ra m fl na l y z e ea c hsenten
'
. ce
.
Casi l da wa s da ughter
D IA G RA M
A N A L YS I S ntence is a statement Casil da is the whol e sub

z —
This se .
j ect,a nd w as th e d a ug h te r of a M oro k i n
g is th e wh ol e p red icate .
Casild a is th e sim pl e subj ect an d was is th e Simpl e predicate

, D oug h .
ter is the co m p l em en t o f th e ve rb wa s Th e subj ect an d th e verb h

. ave no
modifi ers The compl ement is modifi ed by the adj ective the and by the
.
adj ective ph rase of a Moro ki n g .
228 . hof the f ol l ow i n

Wri te g eac
s en te nc es on a d ia
g ra m Tel l th e
. k i nd s of w or d s i neac h s en te nce
1 Th e O l d est boy inm h ool ea sil wo n th hi h t

.
y s c y e g es
riz e .
p
The and noun i nis a p reposition my is

ol dest are ad ectives , j boy is a , ,
a p ronoun sch ool is a n

,
oun ea sil y is anad verb wonis a verb th
, e and , ,
highest are adj ectives an oun

d p riz e is a n .
2 . The fa ith ful g irl studied her l essonca reful l y .
3 . The l az y boy soonforg ot th e a d vice Of his father .
4 . The hones t fa rmer found a bag of money inhis fi el d .
5 . The l a rg e fi el ds of rice were w a v ing inthe b reez e .
6 . The p ira tes from J 0 10 so metimes had a hundred

boats inth eir fl eets .
7 The
y.b u rn ed m a ny c ities in the V isayas .
8 The p eopl e b uil t w a tchtow ers n

. ea r th e seash ore .
9 The MO I os a re n
. ow frien ds O f the Ch ristianF il ip inos .
1 0 The B a g obos are v ery skil l ful I nw ea vin

.
g cl oth .
GRAMMA R AN D COMPO SITIO N 97
C O MP O SI TI ON
229 S tu d y thi s p oe m
T HE W IN D A N D T HE MOO N
Said the W ind to th e Moon , I w ill bl ow you
Y ou sta re
Inthe a ir
Lik e gahost i n a chair ,
A l w ays l ook in w hat I a ma b out

g
I h ate to be w atch
”
ed ; I l l bl ow you out
’
.
Th e W ind bl ew h ard , and out wen t the Moon .
SO, deep
Ona h eap
O f cl ouds to sl eep,
D ownl ay the W in d, and sl umbered soon,
Muttering l ow, I
’
ve done for that Moon .
”
He turned inhis bed ; h

s e w as there ag ai n'
O nhig h
Inthe sky,
W ithher one g host eye,

The Moonshone white a nd a l iv e a nd p l ain .
Said the W ind, I wil l bl ow you out ag a i n .
The W ind bl ew ha rd and the Moongrew dim

, .
W ithmy sl edg e ,
An d my w edge ,
I hav e k n ock ed off her edg e '
If onl y I bl ow righ t fi erce a nd g rim ,
Th e creature w il l soonbe d im mer thandim .

ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
He bl ew and bl ew , a nd she thinned to a threa d .
One p uff
More s enough’
T o bl ow h er to snufi
O ne g ood p ufi m ore w here the l a st was bred ,

A nd g l i mmer , g li mmer , g l u mwil l g o the threa d '
He bl ew a g reat bl ast and the thread was g one .
Inthe a ir
N owhere
W as a moonbeambare .
F ar O H and ha rml ess the Shy sta rs s hone

Sure a nd certa i nthe Moonwas g one '
The W ind he took to his rev el s o nce more

O ndo wn ,
I II town ,
Like a merry mad cl own -

,
He l eaped nd hall ooed w ithwhistl e a nd roa r

a
W hat s that ? Th e g l immering thread once mo re '

’
“
He fl ew ina he danced and bl ew ;

rag e
B ut inv ain
W as the pa in
Of h is burstin g b rain;
F or stil l the broa der th e Moonsc ra w -
p g re ,
Th e broad er h e sw el l ed his big ch eeks a n d bl ew .
Sl owl y he g rew till she fi ll ed the nig ht

s ,
An d sh one
O nh er th ron e
I nth e sk y al on e ,
A m atch l ess w on d erful sil v ery l igh

, t ,
Ra di a nt an d l ov el y th e q ueenO f th , e nig ht .
1 00 ELEME NTARY E NG LISH
233 . Tel l the story o f The W i nd a nd the M oon .
W ha t l esson does th tea ch?

'
e story
234 . M a k e a nou tl ine of th

e story .
235 . W ri te the story, u s i ng y ou r ou tl i ne

. In
q u ota ti o s, w a t runl e s ou h
l d h y ou re member
C O N J U N CT I ONS
236 . Rea d thes e ntences

se
1 . Leonw al k s nsa nd ru .
2 . He w rites sl ow l y and careful l y .
3 . He has n o b ook s n or p encil s .
What a re th
b in the first sentence ? W hat
e v er s
word con nects them? In the next sentence w ha t ,
w ords are con nected by a nd Wh a t w ord connects

books and p encils 2
These w ords an d an d nor a re used to con

—
nect —
words Th ey a re cal l ed Con

. j unction s .
4 . The boys h av e beento Ma n il a a nd to Hon g k ong .
5 . The p up il s w rote the ir names inth eir b ook s a nd n

o
the ir sl a tes .
I nthese ntences se , what

phrases a re co nnected by
the conj unctionand f
6 . B irds fl y and fi sh es s w im .
7 . I d rop ped m y p en c il bu t it w as not broken .
Each of these sentences is composed Of two Short

sentences w hichare connected by the conj unction
,
and or but .
GR AMMAR AND COMPO SITI O N 1 01
.
A Con
j unc tionis a word used to connect words, phrases or
se nten
ces .
The fol l owing words are used a s conj unctions

a nd nor because before her
eit
but if whil e than neither

or that a fter as as wh ether
Some co nj unctions a re used inpairs

both —
a n
d Both Mi Ha lgon and Mt Ap o are vol
. . .
ca noes .
so —
as Mt Hal gonis not so h
. ig has M Ap o . .
as —
as Ma rta is as ol d as L uisa .
h
eit er —
or You m ay ha ve either a p enor a p encil .
n
either nor L eon h as neither written n or studied his
l esson .
whether or I do not know whether I h

s a ll g o o st
r ay
—
at om
h e .
23 7 . Cop y th ntences Tel l w ha t w ord s a re

e f ol l owi n
g se .
con
j u nct i ons a nd w ha t w o r d s p hr as es or sentences ea c h ,
con
j u nct i on conn e cts
- Cl otil da has neither pennor p encil

s
i .
w This animal is neither a bat nor a bird .
n I wishto pl ay either w ithLeonOr w ithMartin

c .
h Y ou m metic or g eog raphy

n ay study eith
o B othLeona n
er a rith
d I l ik e to fl y k ites .
.
c Mindanao is not so l arg e as Luz én

z
.
q
-I a mas t al l as
y ou a re .
o
c B othV ig a na n d B ag uio a re innorthernLuz On .
Th e cl ima te of V ig anis not th mate

o
c so cool as e cl i
Of Bag uio .
10 flowers g rew beside the road and inthe fi el ds

. Pretty .
11 The road w as m
. uddy a nd we h ad to rid e ina cart .
12 . The moved v ery Sl owl y because the

carabao roa d
was v ery muddy .
13 . A stormcam e whil e we were inth e cart .
14 . We stop p ed at a house and w aited for the stor m

to p ass .
15 . The roa d now thanit w as before the

is softe r n
rai .
16 Th e sunw a s settin w h n w ch d hom

.
g e e rea e e .
17 . B othfather and mother were waiting for us .
18 . W e were tired and hun g y

r .
A preposition is used w ith a n

238 . ounor a pro
nounto forma phra se It introduces the phrase and .
shows the rel ation between its j

Ob ect a nd the w ord
wh ichthe hrase m odi fies
p
swa minth w e a ter roo f hh
of t e
ouse
I nis hthe nounwa ter to formthe phra se

used w it
in th e wa ter I t Sh ow s th
. e rel ation bet ween w a ter
an d swim Of in troduces th
. e ph ra se o
f the house .
I t is a part Of th e h ra se bu t al so con n ects the

p ,
p hrase to th e w o rd roof w h ich it m o d ifi es .
(R ea d E xercises 2 1 0 , 21 1 ,
A nj unction onl y connects w ords phra ses or

co ,
sentences Con j unctions are not used to formphra ses

. .
They con nect or bind the parts Of the sentence to

get her
Ma ria and Ma rta runan d j ump
books and sl a tes sl owl y an d ca ref ul ly
inth e city an d inthe country
over the river an roug hth
d th e vill ag e
S ug a r is sweet but vi ne a r is sour

g .
Th em a n oes a re ri e an d th houl d be i k d
g p e
y s
p c e .
1 04 ELEMENTA RY ENGLISH
Where inthe tow ndo mosquitoes hatch? W hat harm

do they d o ? T ell how they carry diseases hol era
c r
mal aria and small pox . How ca ntheir breeding be b est
p rev e nted
M a k e a n ou tl ine of a co mp osition a bou t M os q u it oes .
240 .
W ri te a co mp osition a bou t M osq u it oes . Tel l the
co n
j nc t
uions tha t y ou ha ve used .
C O MPO U N D SU B J E C T
241 R ea d th
. ese sentences
1 . W asp s a nd bees a re insects .
2 . Long fel l o w nd Lowell a re A mericanpoets

a .
3 . B ananas orang es and g ua v as are excell ent fruits

, .
4 . T obacco h ,em p cop ra,sug a r and ,rice are the mo st

imp orta nt p roducts Of th e P hil ipp ines .
W hat is the predicate Of the fi rst sentence ? How

many things are spokenOf Then how many sub
ects h as th is sen en h n d sen en
j t ce ? T e se co t ce al so
has two subj ects L on gf e l

—
l ow a nd L owel l .
Wh a t a re th e subj ects of th e th ird sen ten ce ? How

many subj ects ha s the fourthsentence ? How many
redic te re th in h f th nt n e ?
p a s a ere e a c O ese se e c s
Two or more co nnected j sub ects that hav e the sa m e
p redicate form a Comp ound Subj ec t .
Cop y hof th e fol l ow i n

ea c g p r ed i c a tes , w ri tin
g a co m
p ou nd su bj ect i n p l ace o f the bl a n k s
(Re vie w E x ercis e
a re a n imal s .
GRA MMA R A ND CO MPO SI TION 1 05
. are the na mes O f my best friends .
est cities inthe w orl d .
are domestic
a nimal s .
242 . h of the f ol l owi ng sentences on a d ia

W ri te ea c
g r a m A n a l
.
y z e e a ch sen te nce
1 Th. e l a rg est city inth e Ph il ip pines a n d th e m ost i m
p o rt a n t ce n ter O f trad e is M a nil a .
D ck ” ,
u A N A L Y S I S
city The wh ol e subj ect of
this ntence is The

se
l a rg est city i nth e Ph il

is Ma nil a
ipp in es a n d th e m ost
im p orta n t ce n ter of
n
ce ter
tra de T h
. e wh ol e p redi
ca te is is Ma n il a .
Th e subj ect is com '
p o u n d T
. h e sim p l e su b
jects are city and center .
C ity is modifi ed b y the

j
ad ectives the an n
d l a rgest a d by th e ad ective p hra se i nth
j e Phil ipp ines .
Center is m od ifi ed by th e ad ectives th
j e an d i p orta n t an m
d by th e ad
jective phrase of trad e . I mp orta nt is mod ifi ed by the ad verb most .
The sub j ects a re connected by the conj unctiona n

d .
The p redicate n h
co sists Of t e verb is a nd the compl ement Ma nil a .
2. F nd the manufacture of cl oths a re the

ar ming a
ch ief in d ustries inPan a

y .
3 T a w i T a wi a n
. d oth e r isl an d s in the S ul u A rchi
el ag o w ere th e hom es O f th e Moro pira tes
p .
1 06 ELEMENTA RY ENGL ISH
4 . Neither the cocoa p al m nor the buri p al mg ro w s in

B eng uet .
5 . The Phil ipp ines, Mexico and the cou ntries O f South
A me ic
r a o nce bel ong ed to Sp ain .
COMP O SITI ON
24 3 . W rite i n one ntence ha vi ng a comp ound
se , sub
j ect, the a nswer to ea ch of these qu estions
1 . What a re the most imp o t r a nt p rod ucts of y o ur
p rovi nce
2 . W ho hav e beeng ov ernors Of the Phil ip p ines si nce
1 89 8
3 . W hat a re the most imp o rta nt fi ber p roducing
-
p l a nts
Of the I sl a nds
4 . W hat tool s are used by a carp enter
5 . W ha t are the l a rg est cities of E urop e
244 . Story Tel l ing . R ead this story
T HE BA G OF W IN DS
Many yea g
rs a o O dysseus l i v ed inG reece . He w a s a
g reat m n and
a di d many w onderful deeds . He foug ht
b rav el y in a l ong w a r in a d ista nt ntry W hen the c ou .
w a r w as over h e sta rted for h

, om e w ithh is m enina S h ip .
O nth e w ay h e ca m e to a nisl a n d wh ere o l us l iv ed .
E ol us w as th e k in O f th
g e w in ds H e w as v ery k in .d t o
O dysseus a n d h is m en B efore the ship sail ed the k ing

.
,
a ve O d sseus a l a rg e bag I t w a s tied w ith a sil v e r

g y .
strin I t c on ta in d a ll th w in d excep t th e eas t w in d

g . e e s .
Th is w in d w oul d ta k e th e Sh ip s h om e DO n ot O penth .e
b ag w h il e you are onth e sh ip said t h e k in

”
g to
, O d y ss eu s .
O dysseus took g ood care of th e ba g He tol d th e m en .
not to touch it He watched it day and nig ht without

.
1 08 ELEMENTA RY EN GLISH
What w as the resul t Of the men ’

s disobedience In
what p arag rap his this sta ted
A story Sh oul d not tel l a nyt hing that is not necessary
to make it understood or interesting .
245 Wri te outl i nes of th

e storie s i n E xercise 6 8 ,
E xercise 7 0 a nd E xerci se 1 0 4 .
W riten ou tl ine of
a a story tha t y ou ha ve l ea rned .
The n wri te th
e story .
Wri te the story , u si n

g thi s ou tl ine
I . Introd uction .
1 W ho O dysseus was
. .
2 Wh.ere he l iv ed a nd wh en .
3 Wh.at he ha d beendoin
g .
4 Wh.at he w as g oin g to d o .
Th
hip stops at K ing B ol us s isl and ’
II . e s .
1 Wh o K in
.
g E ol us was .
2 His t reatm
. en t of O dysseus .
3 Wh at h
. e g av e h im .
4 Wh at h
. e said .
II I T h
.e j ourn ey after l ea v in g th e isl and .
1 O dysseus s ca re O f th e g ift
’
. .
2 Th e fi rst n
. in e d ays a n d n ig hts .
3 Th e ten
. thday .
IV Disobedien ce of O dysseus s m en
’
. .
1 Wh a t on
. e O f th e m ensa id .
2 Wh y. th e m e nwish ed to O penth e ba
g .
3 Th e bag w as op en
. ed .
V Concl usion .
1 Th e win
. ds rush ed out .
2 Wh at th
. e win ds did .
3 En d of th
. e j ourn e
y .
GRAMMA R A ND CO MPO SITI O N 1 09
C O MP O U N D PRE DIC A T E
24 7 . Copy these se ntences a nd d iag ra ms

1 . My mother sol d the egg s a nd boug ht some cl oth .
sold eggs
Wh a t is the subj ect of this senten ce How man y

thin s a re sa id about My m other ? T henh ow m an
y
g
pre dica tes h as the sen tence? W h at con j unction con
nects them?
2 . The fa r mer pl ows the l and, sows the seed a nd
g a thers the g ra in.
How man y predic a tes ha s this sentence ? W ha t is
the fi rst predicate ? The secon d predicate ? Th e
third predicate ? W hat co nj unction connects these

redicate s ?
p
A ntence may have more predicates
'
se tw o or .
Tw o or mo e connected p
r redicates that have the sa me
j
sub ect f orm a Com p ound P redic a te .
3 . F ather a nd I caug ht sev eral fi shes a nd broug ht them

to o ur hom e .
ca ug ht I
broug ht the m
1 10 ELEMENTARY ENGLIS H
How many
nd how ma ny predicates ha s
j
sub ects a
this sen te nce ? A senten ce m ay h a v e a com ound ‘
p
subj ect a nd a compound p redica te .
248 . C op y these se ntences W rite ea ch senten

. ce ona
d iag ra m . Then a na l yz e ea chsentence
1 . I took my books fromthe d esk a nd g a v e the m to

my teacher .
2 . The Moros ca me withl arg e fl eets and b urned ma ny

cities .
3 . Manuel hurchand k nel t up onthe fl oor

w ent to the c .
4 . He repeated th e p rayers a nd sa n g w itht he p p

e o l e .
5 . Th e sug ar ca n e is cut haul ed to the mil l a nd ,
crush ed .
6 . I carried som e w ater for m y m o th er w en t t o s c h oo l , ,
stud ied m y l esson s and w ork ed w ithm fa th

y e r in
th e fi el ds .
C O MP O S I TI ON
249 W ri te a co
. mp ou nd p red ic a te w i th ea c h of the
f ol l ow i n
g su b
j ec ts
1 . The ba k er 4 . Th mith
e bl a ck s
2 . The sail or 5 . The fi she man r
3 . The w eav er 6 . The h t m ke a a r
250 mbine the sentences i n ea ch of the f ol l ow i ng

. Co
grou p s so a s t f o m on l y on
o e senternce h a i ng one u bj ect , v s
and com ap o u nd p e d i ca te Th e n w rirte ea ch s enten. ce .
on a d i g a m a r
1 . W e saw the l ightning .
We h ea rd the thun der .
We sa w the l ightning a nd heard the thun

der .
1 12 E LEMENTA RY ENGLISH
8 . The k ing nd the queen entered the town and

a
g reeted men women and chil dren pl easantl y

,
.
e n
tered town
I g iv e my heart and my hand to my country .
W e shoul d Show l o ve a nd co nfi dence toward our
friends .
3 . F ive g reat v irtues are honesty ind ustry , , p a triotis m

,
faithan d ch arity .
We neither the mayor nor the secretary

sa w .
The m ost im p or ta nt v o l ca n o es in th e P h il i in e
pp
Isl an ds are MayOninA l bay Mt A p o inMin , d an ao .
an d T a al inLak e T aal inB a tan g as .
6 The p eop l e of Pa n
.
g as in a n a re i nd ust rio us p e a ce ful ,
an d fon d of th eir h om es .
7 The B ab uy an
. es a n d B an tan es I sl a nds h av e m an y
mountains and fertil e v al l eys .
8 Most C h
. in ese a n d J a p an ese h a v e bl ack h air d ark , ,
sl an ting ye es an d a
y e l l ow S k in .
C O MPO S ITI O N
mp l ete the ng ntences w ritin

m
253 Co .
fol l ow i se by g
com em nt e s i np l ace of the bl a nks
1 The moonis .
Ci
.
2 . Th e prod ucts of hna a re

8 . I nthe m ark et the p eopl e b uy a nd sel l
GRA MMA R A ND COMPO SI TI O N 1 13
4 . The c hief Offi cers ineach municip l ity are a
5 . The members Of the A ssembl y from th is p rov i nce

a re
6 . The names Of the i mporta nt uncivil iz ed p eopl es in
254 mbine the sentences i n ea ch of the fol l owi ng

. Co
g ourp s so a s to f o m one sen ten rce ha vi ng a comp ou nd
com p l e m ent W ri te ea ch
. se n te n ce on a d i ag a m r
1 . G eorg e W ashing tonw as a g reat

g e neral .
G eorg e W ashing tonwas the fi rst President O f the
United Sta tes .
2 . The hunters ca ug ht two mon keys .
The h un ters ca ug h t a d eer .
The h unters k il l ed a crocodil e .
The h un te rs kil l ed a w il d ca raba o .
3 The c ontin en t O f A sia h as m an l e l i n

.
y ar
g p a s .
The con tin en t Of A sia h as m an l n i

y o g r v e rs .
The co ntin en t Of A sia h as m an y h ig h m o u n ta ins .
4 . The city con ta in s w ide cl ea ns t reets , .
The city con tain s m an y b e a utif ul b uil d in g s .
The city con tain s a fe w l a rg e ch urch es .
255 . W ri te wha t you ca na bou t R i ce , tel l i n

g
1 . W henit is pl a nted . 2 . How it is p l anted 3 W hen . .
and how it is g a thered . 4 . How it is thresh ed 5 HO W . .
it is cl ea ned a n d h ul l ed . 6 . F or what it is used .
Tel l w hat nj n c ti
co onu s a r e u sed i ny ou r se ntences a nd
wha t ea chconj u n ct i on c o nn ec ts .
Tel l the p rep osi tions a nd what phra se ea chp rep ositi on
introd uces .
1 14 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
256 . Letter W riting . Invitation

s .
1 . Cop y this l etter f

o i nvi ta tion
48 CA LL E RE A L, MA N I LA , PI
. .
,
Jul y 1 6, 1 909 .
MY DE A R A LF RE DO
ha ve you at dinner w ithus on
W e Shal l be pl ea sed to
W ednesday ev ening next a t hal f p ast sev enO cl ock Some
’
- .
of your school ma tes inthe C ol l eg e w il l al so be here .
Yours cord ial l y,
PA G IF I OO A R E N E TA .
MR . A LF D O ZA M ORA
RE ,
MA N I LA P I , . .
2 . Copy thi s rep l y
8 6 UN IO N ST .
, MA NI L A , PI ,
. .
Jul y 1 7, 1 9 09 .
DE A R PA OIF IG O
I w ith g reat pl easure your k in

a ccep t d in v ita tion to
dine withyou a nd our sch ool a tes onW ed n m

esd ay ev en ing
next .
Yours Sincerel y,
A LF RE DO ZA M OR A.
MR . PA O I F I OO A R E N E TA ,
48 CA LL E RE A L .
86 UN I ON ST .
, MA N IL A , PI
. .
,
Jul y 1 7 , 1 909 .
DE A R PA OI F I OO
I a mv ery sorry that I

nnot accept your k ind inv ita
ca
tionto din e w ithy ou a n d our sch ool m ates onW ed n esd ay
ev ening next for I shal l be in, B a tan g as o n th at da y .
Sincerel y yours ,
A L F R E DO ZA M ORA .
MR . PA C I F I co A R E N E TA,
48 CA LL E RE A L .
1 16 ELEMENTAR Y ENGLISH
Cop y the f ol l ow i n
g w ord s that ma y be
Hush' B ehol d
Hel l o Look '

Hurrah See
W el l Pshaw '
B eware B osh'
G ood Indeed
259 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng sentences

1 . B e wa re ' Y ou may fal l into the water .
W el l I dont ca re
’
2
'
3 . Pshaw The Ol d m a nis

y cra z .
Pooh Pooh' I mnot a f ra id of

’
4 . water .
5 . Hel p Hel p He has fal l eninto the ri ver .
6 . R un' G et the d octor .
7 . Oh, d ea r W here is my hat ?

8 . Ha rk I hea r some on e ca l l ing .
9 . Hel l o ' W h o is there ?
260 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng se ntences , w ritin

g a ninterjec
tion i np l a ce of ea c hbl a nk
1 . Wh a t w a s that sound?
I d ont care for th e d a rk
’
2 . .
3 . The t ra inis ming co .
4 The e is smok e com in fromth roof.

. r
g e
5 . The house is onfi re '

6 . O ur cl ass w onthe race .
I d ont bel ieve it

’
7 .
8 That is a
g ood j oke .
9 . I a mso tired '

10 . B e quiet . He is asl eep .
G RAMMA R A ND COMPO SITION 1 17
C OMP O S I TI O N
261 . Letter W ritin

g . Write a l etter to you r sup eri n
tend ent, tel l ing
1 . na me 2 Th
Y our ful l e date O f y our birth . . .
3 .How l ong you h av e atten d ed sch ool an d wh ere .
4 Th. e g ra d e you are now in 5 Th e subj ec ts y ou a re . .
now studying .
6 Th e n
. um ber Of p upil s in your sc h ool 7 Th e . .
number O f boys and g irl s ineachg rad e 8 T he number . .
O f teachers 9 Th e n am e O f th e p rin
. cipal a n
. d Of th e
s up ervisor.
262 R ead the d escrip ti on of M i nda na o i n ou r g eo

.
y g
ra p hy . L ea rna l l y ou ca nabou t i t .
263 . Wri te a descrip tionof M i nd a na o , u sin

g thi s ou t
I . Position . 1 In wh
. at p art O f the Phil ip pines
2 . Wha t isl ands and w aters aroun d it ?

II . Size .
—
1 . A rea . 2 . C omp a re it with the h
ot er
isl a nds .
II I . Surface .
—
l . The mount ains , v al l eys . 2 . The
cha racter Of the coast ; t eh bays a nd headl ands . 3 . The
soil . 4 . The cl ima te .
IV . Products . 1 V eg eta bl e
. l um ber, rubber, fruits,
etc . 2 . Animal horses, cattl e, w ool 3 Min eral . .
iron , copper, g ol d , e tc .
V Cities a n
. d Town s .
—
1 . Their l ocation and Siz e.
2 . h is importa nt
Why ea c .
V I Man ufactures a n
.d Com merce .
—
1 . The most im
p o rtant manufa ctures and a rticl es Of trade . 2 . W here
se n t .
V II . The Peopl e .
—
1 . Na mes Of the important p eopl e .
2. Their number 3 W here they l iv e 4 T heir cus

. . . .
to ms , g o ve rnment and other interestin fa cts a bout th

g em .
PA R T S O F SPEE CH
264 . W e hav e now nouns pronouns, stud ed a i bout ,
a dj ectiv es v erbs a d v erbs reposition o n j u n ti n

, p s c
, c o s , ,
an d in terj ections A l l th e w ords inth e En

.
g l ishl a n
u
g ga e m ay be a rra nge d in th ese e ight cl a sse s w h ich
a re ca l l ed the Parts of S peech .
Cop y a nd l ea rnth
e f ol l ow i n
g defini tions o f th
e P a r ts
A Ii cunis a word used as a name .
A Pronounis a w ord used instead of a noun .
A nAdj ec tive is a w ord used to modify the meaning of a
nounor a pronoun .
A Verb is a w ord used to sta te, ask , request or co mmand

so mething .
AnAdvert i s a w ord used to modify the meaning of a v erb ,
a nadjectiv e or anadv erb .
A Prop ositionis a w ord used to co nnect words and to s how

rel ationbetweenth e m .
A Con
j unc tionis a w ord used o nl y to connect w ords, phrases
or se ten
n ces .
A nInterj ec tioni s a w ord used to express sudde nfeel ing ,
nd is n ot rel ated to th
a e oth er w ords of the sentence .
265 W rite each of th

. e f ol l ow i n g sen tenc e s on a d ia
g ra m Te ll the .
p a rt of sp ee c h t o w hich ea c h w or d be
1 . The l ittl e b rook rippl es a nd da nces me rril

y o n i ts
w ay to the ocea n .
1 20 E LEMENTARY ENGLISH
267 . A word may be used as more than one part

of speec h
m
.
P l ea se give e a drink .
Did you drin k the wa ter ?
Inthe fi rst sentence , drink is a noun; inthe second

se ntence, drink is a verb .
The sea is cal m .
F or mny
a day s th
e sh
ip was ina cal m .
Cal my ourse lf .
Inthese sentences the word,

ca l mi s used as a na d
jectiv e, a nouna nd a v erb .
R ea d the f ol l ow in
g se ntences a nd tel l th
e p a rt of sp eec h
The soil is v ery fertil e .
The boy w il l soil his new cl ot hes .
A mancan not fly .
A fly ca nfly .
The ba ll w as inmy rig th

h and .
A l w ays do rig h
t .
I l eft my b ook a t home .
I nwrite withmy l eft hand

ca .
Th e boy fel l d own .
Th e boy fel l downth e sta irs .
Na m e the noun s inth e a bove sen ten ce .
Th e ball oonrose a bove th e cl ouds .
Th is rose is sm a l l but fra g rant .
Wel l ' W hat do you want now ?

I s y our fath er wel l
Pl ease g et some w ater fromth e wel l .
W e wil l p ut our trust inG od .
InG od w e trust .
G RAMMA R AND COMPOSITI O N 12 1
Love y our neig hbor as yoursel f .
E very g ood frien d deserv es your l ove a n d sympathy .
Th is l essonis l ong and ha rd ( diffi cul t) .
Th e boy w ork s h ard (industriousl y ) .
Wh y d id y ou not co me bef ore ?

He came bef ore six o cl ock ’
.
C O MP OSITION
In th
268 e fol l ow in
.
g group s of w ord s, tho se in
eachg roup soun d al ike but h av e differen t ea ning s m .
it correc tl y in a se ntence
p a ne , a sq ua re of
g l ass h
erd of ca ttl e
,
p ai n suff ering
, h
ea rd did h ea r
,
qui re, 24 sheets of pa per cruise, sa il back and forth

h
c air, a number of sing ers crews, sa il ors of ships
inth
miner one who mines
,
so, is w ay
minor under v oting ag e sow, sca tter seed
nd thread
,
sew, w ithneedl e a
die, to cease to liv e
ba l e, a p a ck a g e
dye, to col or
ba il , surety
ca nva s a kind of cl oth

sta ke, a stick, a w ag er
,
ca nvas s to sol icit orders

,
stea k, a
p iece of meat
core, inner part rays, requests
p
cor s, a b ody of
p sol diers
p ra ise, co mmend
seam where cl othis j oined
, p rey s, seiz es
seem ap pear , vice, wick edness
fresh vise, a tool

n
ew , , not ol d
knew, had know l edg e of, ta l e, a story
understood ta il , of a na nimal
sore, tender l oan, something l ent

soar, to fl y hig h l one, ng l e
si , by itsel f
coa rse, roug h un finished
,
h eir one wh o inherits
th
,
e w ay
e a tm
course,
a ir th osp h
, ere
cord, a st ri ng
h
c ord, inmusic weig h
, to fi nd the w eig ht
p a l e, white incol or way, the road o r manner

p ail , a vessel of w ood
T HE W O RD THE R E
269 . The word th
ere is somtime e s used to introduce
a se ntence . The j
sub ect is then l aced
p a fter h
t e
v erb
There a re two birds int h

e tree .
There were many mng oes inth basket

a e .
There is l a rg e p l a inonI/ n
z on
’
a .
Inthesentences th ere is used on

se l y to in
, troduce
the sentence Ona dia gram th
. is use of th ere m ay be ,
show n by sepa ra tin it f m t h rem ind of th

g ro e a e r e
sentence
There w ere fi v e fi shes in There w ere da rk cl ouds in

the ba sket . the sky .
There There
c l ouds l were
Wr ite ea c h of these se ntenc es on a d i agra m . Th

en
1 . There a re many pal mg roves a l o ng the shores of the
isl ands .
2 . There w ere many fruit bats inthe trees.

1 24 ELEMENTAR Y ENGLISH
fertil e nd the pl a nts shoul d be protected fromthe w inds

a .
It g rows best on h ill s or m oun ta ins a t an el eva tion of
a bout fi v e hun d red m eters .
Th e seeds are fi rst pl an ted ina seedin g g round c al l ed

ts a re a year or m
.
a n W henth e pl an ore ol d th
'
ursery . ey ,
a re set out inrows Th e pl a nts are pl a ced two or th

. ree
meters apart .
E a chyear, th
as e trees g row , they a re p runed so as t o
make thei r bra nches sp rea d out an d to keep th e fro m m

g ro w ing mo re than eig ht feet hig h
. The trees a re six
yea rs ol d before they bea r a ful l crop of coff ee . They
may l ive for t wenty years a nd p rod uce many pounds of
coff ee eac hyear .
The fl ow ers are smal l white and very frag rant T hey
, .
w in l u t rs betw eenth etiol es of th e l ea v es a n d t h

g ro c s e e p e
sm al l stem s Th e fruit al so g row s in cl usters

. In sid e .
th e h usk of th e berry a re t w o k ern el s w ithth eir fl a t fa c es ,
tog eth er Th
. e k ern el s a re surroun ded by a soft p ul p .
Th e ripe red be rries a re p ick ed by m en w om en a n d ,
ch il dren T h . e be rries a re th encarried to a m il l w h e re a ,
machine takes ofi the p ul p T he bea ns are next wa shed

'
an d scoured cl ea n in a l a rg e v at un til th ey a re v e ry
white .
The next p rocess is d ryin g the k ern el s T hey a r e .
spread out o nl a rg e d rying fi el ds, w hich a re cov ered w i t h
ment E ach day the

ce . k ernel s a re ca reful ly stirre d by
menw ithwoodenra kes . The k ernel s must l ie inthe su n
sev eral w eek s before they a re th oroug h l y dry .
E a chkernel has on it a a b ea n sk in l ike th e sk inof .
The sk inof th e d ry bean s is rem o ved by a m ach ine T his .
machine al so sepa rates the cl eaned kernel s fromthe Sk ins .
Th ese cl ea ncoffee k e rnel s a re of m any sha pe s and S iz es .
They a re sep a rated a n d g raded by p assin g th e m ov er a

GRAMMA R A ND CO MPOSITIO N 1 25
um
n ber of s iev es, ha ving hol es of diff erent Siz es The .
coffee is thenp ut into bag s a nd is shipped to the m ark ets .
272 Tel l how i

00 is ra ised , u si n
g you r ou tl ine .
27 3 . v ersation D escribe th
Con e
.
ca ca o tree .
1 . Where d oes it g row best I nw ha t kind of soil a nd

cl i ma te ? How sho ul d the p l a nt be p rotected ?
2 . How is it pl anted ? How ol d is th e pl a nt before it

beg ins to bear Ho w muchwill
hpl ant bea r ? ea c
3 . I nwh at d o th e bea ns g ro w 7 D esc ribe t he p od and

th e p ositionan d n um ber of bea n s ina p od .
4 . T el l h o w th e p ods a re g a thered an d th e bean s are
p rep a red for market .
274 . Ma ke a n ou tl ine of a co mp osi tion on R a i si ng
2 75 . Wri te a co mp osi tiononR a i s ing C a ca o
27 6 . Cop y the introd u ctionto the f ol l ow i ng story, then
mp l ete the
co story :
T HE F A R ME B A ND HIS SON S
A far mer had sev ensons who we w ays quarrel in

re al
g .
The
y w not w ork together
oul d and they w ere not hap p
y .
The farmer w ished to tea chthemto be friends .
Tel l the p a rt of sp eec hof ea c hw ord inthe story .
RE V I E W
1 . W rite sentences ng these w ords as compl ements

, usi
Sl ate, me him them boy horse sentences
, , , , , .
126 ELEMEN TARY ENGLISH
2 . Copy these ntences se . W rite a p ro ou n n in pl ace

of ea ch bl ank: 1 . I know 2 . He sa w
3 . I t w as 4 . The g irl w as
5 . I g a ve to 6 F a th
. er bou h
g t
3 . W hat is a co nj unction W rite fi ve w ords that are
used as conj unctions . U se ea c hconj unctionina

se ntence .
4 . W rite fi ve se ntences , eac h having a co mpound

sub ect. j
W rite fi ve sentences each ha ving
, a co mpound
redica te.
p
5 . W hat the parts of a story
a re W rite the intro
ductionand the concl usionof a story.
6 . Use the w ord th

ere as a nad v erb and to introd uce a
se ntence .
W rite fi ve sentences , eac h hav ing a co mpound

co mpl ement .
7 . I na series of words, where is the co mma p l a ced ?

W here is the nj unctiona nd pl aced
co W rite a .
sen ten ce g iv in g ,th e na mes of fi v e insects .
8 . W hat is aninterj ection W rite some of the w ord s

tha t a re used to express suddenor st ron g f l in
e e
g .
9 . W rite the defi n i tionof eachof th e p arts of s eech

p .
T HE PO SSE SSI V E F O RM O F N O UN S
27 7 R ea d th
. ese se ntences
1 . Leons kite is brok en
’
. 3 The h
. orse
’
s na me is G og o .
Th tail or bird Th baby

’
2 4
’
. is is a s . e s ey e s are
nest . brow n .
W hose kite is broken? W hat is a dded to thenou n

1 28 ELEMENTA RY E NGLISH
28 1 . Cop y th
ese nouns . Chan
g e the m so as to sho w
1 . mens hats ’
3 . J uans siste r
’
horses 4 ch il d rens sl ippers

’
2 l eg s
’
. .
C O MP O SI TI ON
283 R ea d th
. ese g rou p s f
o word s
1 . my cousins fan ’
3 . my mother s dress ’
the fanof my cousin the d ress of my mothe r
Leon the da ug h
’
2 s Sl ippers 4
’
. a . ter s l ov e
the sl ipp ers o f Leona the l ov e of the d a ug hter
Into wh at phrase is th e possessiv e noun cousins

’
changed ? The possessiv e nounL eon a s Mo ther s

’ ’
D a ugh W hat preposition introduces th

’
ter s e se
phra ses
A possessiv e nounm a y be chan ed in

g to a
phrase
introduced by th e prepositionof .
Ch an
284g e the se
.
p ossess i v e no u ns i nto p hr a ses a nd
thenuse eachp h ra se i na sen ten ce
1 The teach A Chinama ns l a un

’ ’
. er s d esk 5 . d ry
2 . The presid ents house
’
6 . A mother s ca re
’
3 The horse s hoof 7 Th hel l

’ ’
. . e tortoise s s
4 A l ions Th ns d isobed ien

’
8
’
. roar . e so ce
GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITI O N 1 29
Ch
285 an.
g e t he p hra ses i n th e se g rou p s of w or d s i nto
p ossessi ve nou n s, a nd th en u se ea c h on a sen tence
1 . The fa r mof my uncl e 5 . The w ishof Pa bl o
2 . The rations of the sol diers 6 . The sal a ry of a tea cher
3 . The cl a w s of eag l es 7 . The home of Sixto

4 . The temp erature O f a frog 8 . The d ormitory of the g irl s
286 Th
. e possessiv e noun ay al so be ch an g ed into m
a phra se introduced b
y bel on i
g gn to or ow ned b y
h er h usban d s house
’
th
e house bel on i
g gn to her husband
F el ix s h e h
th orse own el ix
’
or se ed by F
Chang e the p ossessi v e nou ns i nthes eg rou p f

s o w ord s i nto
p hra ses , u si n
g the w or d s b el ong ing to or ow ned by
1 . My g ra nd fa ther s home ’
5 . A nI ndia ns wig w a
’
m
2 . The g ov e rnor s h orse
’
6 . Mag ell a ns ship s
’
The coun try s fl ag 7 The bl a ck smiths forg e

’ ’
3 . .
The m erch an t s sh Th
’
4 sec reta ry s ca rriag e
’
. op 8 . e
287 . Sometimes the possessiv e nounis used W ithout
the nounit modifies

That h f Pabl o s
at o
’
. Th
is f a nof Marcia ’
s .
288 . Wri te se ntences , cha ng i ng ”

ea c h of the p ossessi v e
mod ifiers inthese g roup s of w ord s i ntw o or more w a ys

1 Th sol d ier s sw ord
’
. e
Th
e swor d of the sol dier wa s broken .
The sol dier s sword wa s ol d

’
a nd r usty .
Th
e sword bel on in
g g to the sol dier wa s l ost .
2 . Ra mons kite
’
5 . Th e
p p
eo l es ho uses
’
3 . The chil d rens ’

feet 6 .
’ ’
m
J ua ns sister s ho e
4 . The farmers
’
cro
ps 7 . Mr T onco s famil y
.
’
1 30 ELEMENTA R Y ENGL ISH
T HE N U MB E R O F PRONOU N S
289 Tel l th
. e p ronou ns i n th ese se ntences . Tel l f or
wha t w or d ea chp ronou n i s u sed
1 . I a ma boy My na me is Leon J uanpl ays w ithme

. . .
2 . C a rl os l ov es his brother His brother g a v e him a .
bal l .
8 . Ana is hel p ing her mother . She is kind to he r

mother .
4 . The bird is o nits nest . I t is a d ove .
Inthese ntences W ha t pronouns a re used instea d

se ,
Of th e n am e L eon? In stea d O f Ca rl os Instea d O f
An a In stea d Of bird A re th ese n ouns in th e
sing ul ar or th e pl ural n um ber ?
Th e p ron oun s I m y m e he his h im she he

,
r he rs , , , , , , , ,
it an d its a re used in stea d Of n oun s inth e sin ul

g ar
number .
29 0 . Cop y th ntences W ri te a p ronoun i n the

ese se .
sing u l a r n u m be r i n t h e p l a ce of e a c h bl a nk :
1 a un t is g oin t o th e city a m oin

.
g g g .
w ithh er .
a mw riti n g T h is is p en . G i v e .
a p en cil .
3 F el ix l ost
. kn ife had a w hite ha ndl e. .
fa th er
g av e t o . . .
4 J uan
. ita h as mother s parasol is no t
’
.
O en
p is .ca rr in it in
y g h and .
29 1Tel l th
.e p ron ou ns i n th ese se ntences . Tel l f or
wha t w ord or w or d s ea chi s u sed :
1 . F ra nk a nd I a re c ousins W e are .
g oi ng to see o u r
ra nd fa the H e i l w k ind to us
g r s a ay
.s .
1 32 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
Is the w ord F nk sing ul ar or pl ural ? W hat pro

ra
nouns are used instead O f F ra nk In stead of B oys
Is this w ord sing ul a r or

pl ur a l ?
Th e pron ouns you
y ou r an d y ours a re used in
, ste a d
of noun s ineith er th e Sin g u l a r or th e p l ura l num b er .
(Review E xercise 1 20 , Sentences 1 4
A pron oun sh oul d be in th e sa me number as the
word or w ords for wh ichit is used .
29 4 . Cop y these ntences W ri te a

se .
p ron n i n the
o u
p l a ce o f ea c hbl a nk . e n
Tel l th umber of ea chp ronou n
1 . T Omas, wil l bring book to

2 . nthe Phil ippine Isl ands
li ve o .
coun try .
3 . G reg orio is readin g histo r

y w il l k no w .
l esson te acher g a ve th
. e book
to
Luisa nd Cl otil da
a may write l esson
, .
Ma rtinand J osé a re broth ers home s .
are inA l bay do n ot l iv e with

. now .
fath er rode to th e city in carrom at a .
is p ain ted bl ack horse is wh i te . .
CO MP O SIT I O N
29 5 . The words much any , , a l ittl e, l ittl e, so me ,
more n h are a nd e oug used to tel l the a mount the,
qua ntity or h
ow much .
Ha ve y ou mu h mny ?
c o e N o, I ha vent an y L
’
eo nhas
me
.
so . Ma rta ha s a l ittl e . Sh e will h a ve m ore to m orrow -

.
P edro h
a s enough to buy a
p a ir o
f sl ipp ers S ix to ha s .
GRAMMA R AN D CO MPOSITI O N 1 33
l ittl e mony but muchtr

e oubl e . F h
a t er g ets but littl e mony e
f or h
is l a bor .
Use eac hof th

e se w ord s i nother se ntences .
296 . The words many few , , a few a nd none refer to
th
enu mber , or tel l how many
Ha ve y ou many b h a ve a h unooks
dred Yes, I . A few
of them ar e new F ew books a re wo rt
.h rea di ng . I woul d
ra th er ha ve a few g ood books tha nm an oo on s
yp r e .
F ew means nly
o a s ml la number . A f ew means
so me .
Non
e mean no one o s r not a ny
Ha ve you a n rice N o, I a ve n
h on hav e not
I
y e .
(
any ) . None f
o th
e u
p p il s wa s a bsent to day -
.
(N ot o ne nt ) w as a bse .
Use ma y f ew a n n
d a f ew i nsen
,
tences .
W ri te tensenten ces u si n
g no ne i nea c h , .
Re wri te the sentences usin g no o ne or not a ny i np l ace

,
29 7 . E ither, Neither, B oth .
E ither a nd neither refer to one of tw o persons
things .
N either is us ed inne ativ e

g se ntences .
Either P edro or Jua nis at f a ul t .
Neither P edro nor Jua nis a t f aul t .
B oth refers to two persons or thing s ta k en

g et her
BothP edro a nd Jua na re at f a ul t .
Write tensentences, u si ng ei t her .
R ew rite th ese sen tences, u si n

g first nei ther a nd th
en
both i np l a ce of ei ther .
298 . Ea ch, E v ery, A l l .
E ach a nd every refer to al l the persons or thing s
takenseparatel y .
Al l refers to the whol e number Of p erso ns or
th
in s
g ; to ev ery o e n .
E achboy ha d a fl ag . Every boy .

h
ad a fl ag . Al l of th
e
boys h
a d flag s .
Write tensentences, u sing ea c h .
R ewrite these ntences u si ng first a l l a nd then ev er y

se ,
inp l ac e of ea ch a s i n th
,
e sentences above .
299 . Rea d thi s story
C O L U MB U S A ND THE EG G
Christopher C ol umbus discov ered A merica in 1 4 9 2 .
He ha d sp ent ma ny yea rs inp l a nning for tha t w ond erful

v oyag e across the A tl a ntic O cea n . He tried fo r ma ny
y ea rs to g et hip s a nd men for the v oyag e A t l a st the
s .
k in g a nd qu ee n of Spaing a v e h im sh ip s H e c ro sse d t he .
O cea n a n d disco v ered stra n g e l a n d s w hic h h e th o ug h,t

were a part of I n dia .
Th ere w a s g rea t rej oicin g w h e n h e r etu r n e d H e w a s .
hail ed as a hero who had g iv en a new w orl d to Sp a in .
Th e p eopl e c ro wd ed inth e streets to see h im T h e k in g .
an d queenw el co m ed h imto th eir pa l ace a n d l isten ed w ith
p l ea su re to th e sto ry of th e v o y g
a e S uch g rea t re
. sp e c t
had nev er beenshow nto a commonma n .
B ut m any m e n w er e j e al ou s o f C ol u m b us O n e d ay .
C ol um bus wa s at a d in ner g iveninhis honor Some of .

1 36 ELEMENTARY EN GLISH
301 . Ma ke a n ou tl ine of the story .
ou tl i ne .
T HE G E N D E R O F N O U NS
303 . Some nouns names of mal es : as ma n

a re the , ,
boy, h orse , p ri nce and king The

y a re in th e M a s
. cu
l ine G ender .
Somenouns are the names of femal es : a s, woman ,
irl m rincess and u n Th e re Inth F emi

g are
, p q ee
, y a e .
nine G ender .
Cop y a nd l ea r nthese nou ns tha t a re i nthe m s cul ine

a
a nd the f eminine g ender .
M SC U L I N E
A F E M I N I NE Ma sonnnm F E M IN I N E
J osé J osefa broth er sister
Schor Schora nephew niece

master mistress husband wife
he g oa t
-
g oa t She -
monk nun
manservant maidservant g entl eman la dy
304 . nouns a re the names of things that a re

Some
neither mal e nor femal e : a s book, cl ock city country , , , ,
dress a nd ba l l Th ese noun s a re inthe N euter G en

. d er .
W rite tennou ns that a re i n th

e neu ter g end er .
305 . So me nouns are the names of nd bothma l es a
femal es : as,
p arent cousin
, ,
neighbor
p erson tea ch er , ,
a nd friend . Th ese noun s a re inth e Com monG ender .
W rite sentences , u si n
g these word s
1 .
p a ren t 3 . tea cher
2 . ch il d 4 . cousi n
GRAMMA R AND CO MPO SITI O N
T HE G E N D E R O F PRO N O U N S
S I N G U LA B N U M B E R PL U RA L NU MBE R
Leona g irl s birds
he
S h
t ey they
her their their
hers them the m

W hichOf these nouns are inthe singul ar number ?
In wh at
g en d e r is A n d a ? L eona? B ird ? W hat
p ro n o un s m a y b e u sed ins tea d o f A n d a ? I n stea d of
L eon a? Instead of bird ?

Wh a t pron oun s a re used in stea d O f boys, girl s a n d
birds ? I nwh a t gen ders a re th ese n oun s?
I nw h a t gen der an d n um ber a re th e p ron oun s he,
his and h im? Sh e, h er an dh ers ? I t an d its Th ey,
th eir an d th em ?
U LA R N U M B E R
SI N G PL URA L NU M B E R
Ma sculine G ender be his him

, , ,
F emin ine G en der sh e h

, er hers , , they, their, the m
N euter G ender it its, ,
Th e pronouns I, y, e, we, ou r,
m m
us , you a nd
you r m ay be used instea d of n oun s in e ith er the
m scul ine gende

a r or the fe minine gend er .
Pronouns shoul d be inthe sa me numbera nd gender as the

nouns for w hichthey are used .
307 R ea d th
. ese senten ces Tel l the p ronou ns
. Tel l for .
what nou n ea c h p rono u n i s u sed Tel l the g end er a n.d

nu mber of eac hp ronoun
1 .Mosquitoes l ay their eg g s onthe water Have you .
eve r see nth eir eg g s ? Th ey a re sm al l an d wh ite Th ey .
fl oat onthe water .
2 Th
. e d rag onfl y al so l ays its eg gs onth e wa ter It .
c a tches a nd eats m osquitoes .
3 Th
. e fi sh erm e n a re carr in th
y g e ir n ets T hey are .
g o ing to th e seash o r e M y fa ther is .

g oin g w ith them .
I sh oul d l ik e to g o too Leon wil l y ou g o w ith me

, .
,
W e w il l take our small net W e wil l catch crabs for .
our supper.
4 . Th e g irl s w ent to the ark et withth m

eir a unt She .
l ives at their h o e mSh e will b uy n

. ew Sl ipp ers for the m .
C OMP O SI T I ON
308 Cop y th
. ese ntences cha ng in
se g t
,h e g en d e r o f the
subj ect Ma k e the

. chang es necessa ry i n th e p r ono u n s
1 . The k ing pl a ced his crow ninh is ha nd .
2 . The boy d rop ped h is penonh is com p osition .
3 . The fa rmerhis l a nd a nd his stock a nd tool s

sol d .
4 L eona v isited her a un t wh il e she w as inth e cit

.
y .
5 Th.e w om encarried th eir um brel l as to church .
B iograph The sto ry of ns l ife , w hen

’
309 .
y . a perso
it is w rittenby nother person is ca l l ed a B iograp h

'
a , y .
R ea d this bi og ra p hy
G E O R G E W A S HI N GT ON
G eorg e W ashing to n w a s b orninVir in
g ia nF eb ruary o
22 1 7 32
, His fath er wh
. ose n am e wa s A ug ustin
, e W ash
in t n w n d l l r e fa rm l l d l nt ti n T h
g o o e s
,e v e ra a g s c a e p a a o s e .
w ork on th e p l a nta t ion s w a s d on e b y n eg ro sl a v es .
G eorg e s moth er w as a k in d capabl e an d beautiful w om an

’
, ,
his l a rg e pl antations He enj oyed being a farmer Much

. .
tobacco w h , eat a n d fl our w ere sen t fromh is pl an ta tion s to
En g l a nd .
Th e peo l e in th
p e c ol o m es w e r e n ot w e l l t rea ted b
y
En g l a nd a n
,d in 1 775 t h e R ev ol u t io n a r
y W a r b e g a n .
W a shin g t on w as m a d e com m a n d er inch i

-
e f -
H e t o ok
.
com mand of the army at B ostonand soond rove the Britis h

out of th a t city Th
. ey n ext w en t to N ew Y ork A fte r .
sev eral h a rd battl es th ey w en

, t to Ph il adel ph ia T he .
F ren ch n ow ag reed to aid th e Am erica n s Th e Britis h

.
w ere afraid to stay inPh il adel p h ia an d w en t back to N e w

Y ork . Th ey d id n ot l ea v e th e city for th ree yea rs B ut .
th e B ritish G en era l C ornwall is a n

, d al l h
, is a rm y w e r e
ca p tured in V irg in ia by W ash in g t o n T h i.s en d e d t h e
war . Th e col on ies beca m e in depen d en t of E n g l a n d .
W a shing tonwa s cal l ed T he Sa vior O f his C ountry ”

.
W ashing tonbad e fa rew el l to his army a nd went back

to h is fa rm s inV irg in ia ag ain Soon afterw ard h
. e wa s
el ected fi rst Preside n t of th e Un ited Sta tes of A m erica .
New Y ork was th enth e cap ital As h . e rode th roug hth e
cities a n d town s th e p eopl e sh

, owed th eir l ov e for h im .
Th ey buil t a rch es O f fl ow ers across th e streets Th e .
ch il d ren th re w fl owers in h
. is w ay a n d san g s on g s .
F or eig h t yea rs h e w a s Presid en t Th .enh e w en t b a ck

toh is h om e inV ir in
g ia f o r th e l a st ti m e H ere h. e died
in1 7 9 9 .He was l ov ed by al l th e p eopl e En g l a n.d a n d

F ran ce h on ored h im I n e very ci vil iz ed co un
. try th e
ch il dren a re taug h t to respect a n d h on or th e n am e Of
G eorg e W a sh in t on H w on of th e reatest m n
g . e as e g e
in th e h istory of th e w orl d .
Tel l the mea ning f

o these w ord s, a nd use ea c hi n a
sentence
GRAMMAR A ND CO MPO SITI O N 14 ]
1 .
p l anta tion 5 . surv eyor 9 . messag e 13
. treated
2 . d utiful 6 . resp ect 10 . final l y 14 . sa vior
3 . aff ectio nate 7 . thoroug hly 1 1 . del i ve red 1 5 . honored

4 . ca p a bl e 8 . o v erca me 12 . surp rised 16 . el ecte d
31 0 . Cop y the ntences a bove conta i ning th

se e se w ord s .
Rewri te the sentences sta ti ng the sa me thoug ht i nd ifi r

e ,
‘
nt
e w ord s .
31 1 Tel l th
. e biog ra p hy o f G eo r g e 77 0 8 75 t 0 ”, u si ng
this ou tl i n
e
I . Birth .
—
D ate . Pl a ce . F ather . Mother . Home .
II . Chil dhood .
—
Stud ies at school . Lov e of g a mes
a nd hunting her s d ea th . F at
’
.
I II . A Survey or A ge La n d to be surveyed
.
—
How . .
l on g a surv eyor W h y h e w as in d a n g er H o w . .
his w ork w as done His heig ht and streng th . .
IV . A Messen g er T hQ F re nc h b u il d. for
—
ts i n Pe n n
syl va n ia W ashing ton sent as messeng er
. .
V . A F arm er Pea ce
. Return s to V irg in ia . .
VI . A G en era1 G oes to fi g h
.
—
t th e F ren ch A rm y .
d efea ted Sa v ed by W ash

. ing ton .
V II . A Com mander l nChief Ca use of the Revol ution - -

.
a ry W a r W ashing ton ch . os en com ma nd er of

a l l a rm ies F oug h t th e B ritisha t B oston N e w
.
,
York a n d Ph il adel p hia C ap tures C orn wal l is . .
W a r ends .
V II I . F irst Presiden t Return s to V irg in ia . Ma de .
fi rst P residen t Lov ed by th e p eopl e . .
I' . Last y ears Served eig h

. t yea rs
—
Return ed to .
V irg in ia D ea th Hon
. ored a n d l ov ed by al l .
c iv il iz ed o l es
p p
e .
W r ite th biog ra p h W a s hi ng tonf rom

l
31 2 . e y o f G eo r g e
mem ory, u si ng this ou tl i ne .

PE RSO N A L PRO N O U NS
31 3 . Th e pron oun s I, my, mine,

m e,
w e,
our, ours
a nd us are used instead of th e nam e or the na mes o f

th e person or persons s
p ea ki ng . The
y a re in th e
F irst Person .
The pronoun s you, your and yours a re used in stea d
of the na es of person m
s spokento Th ey a re int h e .
Second Person .
The fol l ow ing p ronouns a re used instea d of the
names Of persons a nd things spokenof They a re in

the Third Person: he h
,
is him; she h
, er h
ers , ,
it, its ;
they, their, th
e m .
All these pronoun

of s a re cal l ed Personal Pronoun s .
Their for show s w heth m

er th ey represen t th e perso n
s
p ea ki ng the
, p erso nsp oke nto or th
e p erso nsp okenof .
Tel l th e p ersona nd the nu mbe ro f ea c hp ronou ni nthes e

senten c es
1 . hat is not l ik e mine

Y our .
w My fa ther b ought my ha t for me
m
.
o
c W e a re studying a nd w riting our l essons .
-
s W e shal l g iv e our pap ers to our teacher .
He rea d a story to us .
o I t w as a bout a bird .
- T he
q
had brok enits w ing s
bird .
o
o Y our cousinl eft h is b ook inm y house .
9 . G reg oria w as l ookin g at it .
10 . Sh e Show ed it to h er b roth er .
Th ey se n t it to their un cl e s h
’
11 . ouse .
12 . I thoug h t y our p enw a s m ine .

144 E LEME NTA RY E NG LIS H
She h
as been v ery successful . She sp ea k s a nd w rite s
Eng l is h w el l . We a re sorry to l ose her servi ces .
She is mo vi ng to V ig a na nd w ish es to Secure a p ositi on
iny our hool s I Sh all rea tl y a pp rec ia te a ny fa v o rs

sc .
g
th
a t you may Show her .
Yours v ery trul y,

J0 5 6 SA M S O N,
PR E S I D EN T.
31 6 Sup p ose th
. at f n
d a of y ourie
rs i s i
g g
o n to M a nil a .
W rite a l etter of int rod uc t ionto M r P ab l o . Tecson, 24
31 7 W ri te a l ette r to a f rie n
. d i nv iti ng h i m or he r t o ,
a t ten d the R i z a l D a y exerc ises i ny ou r sch o ol a nd town .
31 8 . W rite th
e l ette r of
f nd y ou r rie , sta ti ng tha t he or
e is u n
sh a bl e to a ccep t y ou r i nvi ta t ion . G i ve the rea so ns .
3 19 S in
. ce you r f rie n d cou l d n ot co e w r ite m , a l etter to
hi m or her tel l i ng a bou t R i z a l D a y Tel l .
1 . When it w as 2 Wh at th e cel eb ra tion exercise s

. .
were . 8 Wh at
.
yo u a nd y our frie nds d id 5 H o w y o u . .
e nj oyed the day .
Tel l th e p ron ou ns tha t y ou ha ve u sed i n y ou r l ett e r .
Tel l f or wh a t ea chp ronou n is u sed .
A TT RI B UT E C O MPLE ME N T S
320 R ea d these. se ntences . .d na l yze ea c hsentence

1 . The wa ter is wa r m .
2 . J osé Riz al w as a p atriot .
8 . Mr J ones is my
. tea cher .
GRA MMAR AN D COMPOSITI ON 1 45
What is the v erb ineach sentence ? What is the

com p l em ent in ea chsen tence ?
Wh a t does w armdescribe ? Wh o w as a a triot ?

p
Wh o is teach er Inth ese Sen tences the w ords used ,
a s com l em en t n am e or describe th e subj ect T hey

p s .
are ca l l ed A ttribute Co pl e m ments .
An Attri bute Co pl e m ment compl etes the predica te a nd

m
na es or describes the j
sub ect .
A ttribute compl ements a re used mostl y a fter the
verbs a m is , , a re, was a nd were .
321 . Tel l the a ttr ibu ti ve co mp l ements i n the se se n

tenoes
1 . P edro is my brother . 4 . The g round is w et .
2 . He is a l ittl e boy . 5 . The m

anis industrious .
3 . These ora ng es a re s weet . 6 . This flower is y el l ow .
322 . ntences W ri te a na ttribu te

Cop y these se . mp l e
co
ment i np l a ce of ea chbl a nk
1 Th e w om
. anw as to m e .
2 Sh e is m
.
y .
8 Her n. am e is
4 My p en
. cil is
5 Th e capital of th
. e p rov ince is
6 Th e m
. ost im p ortant p rod uct is
C O MP O SI T I O N
323 . W rite se ntences , u si n
g these w ord s
mp l ement
co s
1 metal
.
2 an.iml a
3 . insect
1 46 ELEME NTA RY E NGLISH
324 . The v erbs f eel , tas te, smel l , l ooks, ms ap

see ,
p ea rs a nd sou nds al so hav e a ttribute co mpl ements .
A na l y z e ea c hof these se ntences

1 . I feel sick . 5 . He appea rs ol d .
2 . The ora ng e tastes sour . 6 . The flower smel l s sw e et .
3 . The j
a r sou nd s e mpty . 7 . Th e earthseem s fl at .
4 . V el v et feel s s mooth . 8 . Y our l etter l ook s nea t .
325 ntences ha vi n
Wri te g se co mp ound a ttr i bu te cor n
p l ements u si n
g these s u bj ec
,ts
1 . My fi v e sens es a re
2 . The p a rts of a fl ower are
3 . The m a te rial s ina shoe are
4 . The l a rg est ntries inA sia are

c ou
5 . The fi ve l a rg est cities inthe w orl d a re
326 . A friend in A merica w ishes to hav e ma de a

p ra u a nd a
p l ow exactl
y lik e those used inth e Phil ip
pines .
1
() W r ite f or hi ma d escrip tionof a s ma l l p r a u, w i th
d ra w i ng s a nd mea su ements r . D esc ribe
I . The Hul l I ts l e n
.
g
—
th, d ep th, w idth a nd thi c k
ness of sides Ma terial of w hich ade Ho w
. m .
p ut tog e t e r h
nds top a nd Sides . Shape of e , .
II . The Sa il I ts siz e an
. d Shap e Material of w hich .
made A rra ng ement of the ropes for hol ding

.
an dh oistin
g .
II I . The Ma sts N um ber Position Heig h

.
—
t . . .
IV . The O ut rig g ers Siz e and l eng th M a te ri a l O.

f -
.
wh ichma d e How attach ed to the hul l

.
.
14 8 ELEMENTARY E NGLISH
5 . The horse p ul l ed th e carro ata m .
6 . The Maug uian es g ather w ax, honey a nd ra tta n .
ment inp l ace of eac hbl a nk

1 . The nter buil t
carpe 6 . He b roke
2 . Mag el l a ndiscov ered 7 . They found
8 . The m ancal l ed 8 . She ate
4 . The wom a nboug h t 9 . I d id g et

5 . Pam p g p
a n a rod uces 10 . W e carried
C O MP OS I TI O N
330 . Some v erbs may be used with or witho ut
ob ect co
j mpl ements .
an
. a l y ze thes e ntenc es se
1 Th e b o s ra na race a ro un
.
y d the sc hoo l house .
2 Th.e boys rana roun d th e sch ool h ouse .
8 I w rote a l etter to m
.
y m oth er l a st ni g ht .
4 Th e j ustice of th
. e p ea ce w rote to th e g ov ern or .
Write sentences u sin

33 1 g ea c h of th ese v e
,rbs fi r st w i th
and thenw i thou t a nob
j ect co m p l em en t
1 . will write 3 . ru n 5 . ea t 7 . ta ste

2 . si ng 4 . sp eak 6 . fly 8 . ma d e
332 . Letter W riting . W r ite a l etter to S qu i res B i ng ,
ha ma Ca Ma ni l a P I ord ering p ens p enhol d ers p enc i l s

, , . .
, , , ,
a
p p er a nd i nk sufi i ci ent f y
or ou r cl a ss f or thi s y ea r Tel l .
the am ou nt a nd k in d of ea c hdesired .
Rul es f or Punctuation
333 . Use a p eriod

1 . Af ter ev ery nten
decl arativ e ce se .
2 . After ev ery imp era tiv e sen te nce .
8 . After ev ery abbrev iationan d initial .

G RAMMA R A ND CO MPO SITI O N 1 49
334 . Use a co mma

1 . To separate w ords a nd p hrases ina series, except
w here a co njunctionis used .
Men womena nd ch ildrenp ick coj ee

'
, .
r oug hth
We rode th e city over th e bridg e a nd , a lo n
g the
river .
(Review E xercise
2 . B efore a n
d after a w ord or p hra se used inexpl a
nation .
The B r itishg ener a l , B ra d d ock, wa s kil l ed .
nil a th
Il I a e ca ita l o
p f
, the P hil ipp ines i s the l a rg est city ,
onth e isl a nds .
3 To separate th
. e nam e of a person addressed from
the rem ai nder of th e sen tence .
Mother ed m studies
ha ve fi nish I
, y .
Come into the h ouse S ixto a nd help me , , .
(R eview E xercise
4 . To sep arate the w ords of a quotation fro m the te
mainde r of the sentence .
“
G ntl emen sa id Col umbus
e ,
”
wh
at ,
“
is easier th
an to
make a negg stand onend ?

(Review E x ercise
5 . To sep arate w ords a nd numbers in dates a nd

addresses .
July 2 0 , Oyster B ay, N ew York .
(R evie w E x ercises 1 5 9 and
335 . AnInterrog a tionPoint, or questi on mark , s houl d be

p l a ced after ev ery interrogativ e se n
tence .
336 . AnExcl a ma tionHark shoul d be pl aced after in

ter .
jectio s a n nd excl amatory sentences and phrases .

337 . Use anAp os trop he

1 . To mark the omissionof a l etter ; as c nt isnt , a
’
,
’
.
2 To formth e pl ural s of l etters a nd fi g ures ; as t s 8

' ’
.
, , s .
3 To indicate th e possessiv e formof n oun s ; a s J im

'
. e , a s,
mens '
.
338 . Use a Hyp h

en
1 . To jointhe parts of mpound words

co as, out -o f
-
‘
aoo r s ,
to -
’
oay , s ig ht s eein
g
-
.
2 . To indicate the divisionof w ords at the ends of l ines .
339 .
Quota tionli a r/cs are used to incl ose the exact w or d s
that another p ersonhas Sp ok enor w ritten .
340 . nf or the u se of ea c hma rk of p u nctu a

G i ve a rea so
ti oninth ese senten ces
1 L obsters c ra bs sn a il s o sters cl am nd h rim a r e

.
y , s a S p , , ,
hel l fi sh
cal l ed S .
2 . Pabl o O f w h a t use a re S h
, el l fi sh?
3 . Pabl o sa id Th ey a re used for food

, .
4 . O ysters a re foun d at G uag ua Pamp an g a P I , , . .
Th is foun d i n th
”
5 e p ea rl oyster said C l otil d a
“ “
.
, e ,
shal l ow w a ter ab out th e Sul u I sl a n

”
ds .
6 . W ho was bornonF ebrua ry 22 1 7 32 ,
7 . D r N icol as l iv es at 1 20 Merca d o St I l oil o Pa n

. a
y .
, , ,
P I . .
8 . I w il l co me to see you eit her to nig ht or to morrow

- -
morning .
9 . Oh, F ra nk W hat a noise you a re making '

341 . B iography . Conv ersation . Ta l k o f th
e l if e o f
Jo s e R i z a l . Tel l
1 . W here nd w hen he was born w ho his

a , father a nd
mothe r w ere and the conditions inhis home .
1 52 ELEMENTA RY EN GLISH
LeonT orres is a doctor .
B ana nas a nd ora ng es are fruits .
Th e boys a re A n da a n d J ua n .
Th ey a re h e and sh e .
I amh e .
Y ou are sh e .
9 . Th e b oys a re they .
10 . I t is you .
11 . I t is a red bird .
12 . They menand women

a re .
13 . Those p erson s a re m y fa ther an d m y m oth e r .
14 . The l a g est a n
r im al inth e w o l d is th e wh al e r .
345 . W ri te se ntences , u si n
g the se w ord s i nthe nomi na
ti ve ca se
1 . man
2 . w ind
3 . nut
POSS E SS I VE C A S E
346 . Cop y these w ord s
1 . J uans horse ’
5 . the bird
’
s nest 9 .
y our book
2 . his horse 6 . itsnest 10 .
y our fa n
Marta s dol l boys h 11 rl s d resse s
’
i
’
3 7
’
. . ats .
g
4 . her d ol l 8 . their hats 12 . their d resse s
W hich of nouns a mong these w ords show

the
o ssession? W hich of th e pronoun s show posse s

p
sion ? Th ese noun s and pronouns a re inthe Posses s
iv e Ca se .
A nounor a pro n n that show s

ou p ossessio n is inthe
Possessive Ca se .
GRAMMA R A ND CO MPOSITIO N
1 . his 3 . J ose s
2 . her 4 . th eir
347 . R ead these ntences Tel l the p ossessi ve nou ns

se .
a nd p ro nou ns . Tel l w h ether th ey a re si ng u l a r or
p l u r a l
The p up il s book is ol d Its l eav es are torn

’
1 . . .
2 The p upil s books a re n Th eir covers a re g reen

’
. ew . .
The g irl s fa nis pretty Her pa rasol is bl ue

’
3 . . .
4 The m ens h a ts w ere ma de of cl oth Th hoes

’
. eir . s
w ere made of l eather .
Y our books a re inyour desk . O ur p ens are b rok en .
This p enis m ine . Th a t p enis

y ours .
These ora ng es a re ours Th

. ose ora ng es a re theirs .
Ped ro s sl ipp ers are red

’
. Ma rta s sl ip pers a re bl ue
’
.
These are h is Th ose are . hers .
O B JE C T I V E C A S E
348 . W ri te these se ntences on a d ia gram

1 . The m nc a a ug ht a d eer . 4 . Th e m nsaw m
a e .
2 . I wrote a l etter . 5 . I sa w him .
3 . Leonhit A nda . 6 . W e sa w them .
Wh a t kind of com p l ement has ea chof th ese sen
tenoes ? Tell wh at w ord is used a s obj ect com p l e
ment in ea ch These nouns and pronouns a re in

.
the Obj ectiv e Case .
7 . He sat near me . 10 . We l
p ya ed w ithhi m.
8 . W e w il l wal k w ithyou 1 1 The g irl s w ent withher . . .
9 . W e rode inthe carromata 1 2 The boys ranto them . . .

1 54 ELEMENTARY ENGLISH
W ha t th
a re e
ph ra ses in th ese sen tences ? W h a t
noun or ron u n is th e O bj ect O f ea ch re ositio n?
p o p p
These nouns and p nou n s a re inth e O
ro b j ec tiv e C a s e .
A n ounor a pron oun that is used as anobje ct com pl em en t

or a s the object of a prepositionis inth e Ob
j ective Ca s e .
349 . nd l ea rn the fol l ow ing w hich show s t he

Cop y a ,
ca ses, nu mbers a nd p ersons of the p ersona l p ronou ns

PR O N O U N S OF TH E F I R ST PE R S O N
SI N G U LA R PL URA L
N omina tive, I
P ossessive, my or mine
Obj ective, me
PR O N O U N S OF T HE SE C O N D PE R SO N
N om ina ti ve, you you
P ossessive, your or y ours

y our or y ours
Obj ective, y ou y ou
PR O N O U N S OF TH E T H I R D PE R S ON
MA SC UL I N E FM IN I N E
E N E U TE R MA SO U L I N E ,
G E ND E R GE N DE R GE NDE R F E M I N IN E A N D N E UT E R
N am . he she it th ey
P oss . his her or hers its th eir or th eirs
Obj . him her it th em
350 . Tel l th
e ca se o f hnou n a nd
ea c p r o nou ni n thes e
sentences
D id yo u bring a l ett er for me ?
My father sent it to you .
The bo
y a te his mang o .
Thenh e w an ted mine .
I g a v e i t to him .
The bo s wil l
y not forg et us .
1 56 ELEMENTARY ENGL ISH
They a re used after v erbs a nd prepositions to refer
to the subj ect :
I out my sel f . I took it f or my self .
Cop y these ntences w riti n

se g , a co mp ou nd p erso na l
p r onou n i np l a ce of ea ch bl a nk
1 . I sa w him .
2 . He thinks v ery bril l iant .
3 . Y ou s houl d l ov e y our cou ntry better than

4 . She w il l tel l you
5 . The b oys brok e their k ites .
6 . W e l ike to pl ay best by
7 . W hy a re you tal king to
8 . He l ov es better tha nan
y n
o e el se .
C O MP O S I T I ON
353 . Wha t p ersonal p ronouns may be used as
attribute co mpl ement s ?

W ri te sentences , u si n
g ea c hof these p r o nou ns .
354 . What
p ersonal
pronouns may be used
O bj ect co mpl ements ?
W r ite sentences , u si n
g ea c hof these p r o nou ns .
355 . Th e pron oun it is often used h

W it out regard
to the sex O f its a ntecedent
Who is kn ockin ? It is I I a mPedro

g . .
Who is th ere 9 It is I. I amMarta . .
Who is it ? It is L eon a .
Who wa s it 9 It wa s th
. e bo s
y .
Who did it ? It wa s sh e wh o did it .
Whof oun d th e book ? It wa s h e wh of ound it .

GRA MMA R A ND COMPOSITI O N 1 57
W hat personal pronouns may be used a fter is

and w as ?
A s i nthe ntences a bove w ri te

se , se ntences i ntrod uced
by i t in a nsw er to these q uestions
1 . W ho did it ? I t wa s I wh o di d i t .
2 . W ho took the book ? I t was they wh o took it .
3 . W ho sa w F rank ? 8 Wh o foun ded Man il a ?.
4 . W ho tore my paper 9 Wh o is p reside n t .
5 . Wh o d iscov ered A m erica ? 1 0 W ho is pl aying ? .
6 . W ho is knocking ? 11 W ho is stamping .
7 . W ho is w hisp e ring ? 1 2 W ho w a s l a te ? .
356 . The word there al so is used to introdube n

se
tences .
(R eview E xercises 269 and
Chan
g e the f n ol l ow i
g sentences introd ucin
g , eac hw ith
ther e , and then w i th i t
e room m m
/
A boy is inth (Si p l e for ) . .
There is a boy in the room D ntionto the

( ra ws . a tte
boy .
)
boy th e room
a t is inth E m h i b
It is a .
( p a s z es oy .
)
1 . A l arg e fl a g is fl oatin g o v er the school house .
2 . A l arg e stea m e r is inthe h a rbor .
3 . Cl otil d e s
’
nthe fl oor
scissors a re o .
A horn bil l s nest is inth

’
4 . e t ree .
5 . A ch il d w as pl ay in g i n th e w a ter .
6 . A b rokenja r is onth e tabl e .
7 . The ch il d renwere m ak in g fl g
a s .
35 7 . W rite th
e p ossessi ve f or m of ea c hof the p er so na l
p ro o u n ns .
1 58 ELEMENTA R Y EN GLISH

1 . That is my p en . 5 . Those her fl owers a re .
2 . That p enis m ine . 6 . Those fl owers a re h ers .
3 . This is his coat. 7 . These a re their ba sk e ts .
4 . This coat is his . 8 . These bask ets a re th eirs .
W hat a re the p n
roou ns i n th e se sen ten ces ? These
ron un how o e sion T h e sen t ence s in ea ch

p o s S p ss s .
g roup ha v e the sa m e m ea nin g s W e m ay sa , Th

y e .
ha t is yours, or This is your ha t .
Write se ntences , us i n
g thes e p r onou ns
1 . my 2 h
. is 3 h
. er 4 yo ur . 5 . their
R ew ri te the ntences cha ngi ng th

se e p ron
, ou ns to
1 . mine 2 . his 3 h ers 4 y ours

. 5 theirs . .

1 . Th is p encil is ine m . 4 . This pencil is y m ow n .
2 . I ownth is p en c il . 5 . This is y p en c il m .
3 . This p enc il bel on s to

g me .
E a chOf these ntences se expresses the sa me thought

Of my p ossessing a p encil .
360 . W ri te ea hof these sentences

c so a s to exp ress p os
sessi o n i nfive nt w a ys
d ifi
'
ere
1.Th is is h is h o rse .
s Th ese a re J ua n a s d resses
’
.
w T hose hats bel ong to the ha tter .
r Th ose ch ick en s a re JO Sé s
’
.
s Th ese b oO k S are Rosa s ow nbooks

’
.
a R osa rio s O wnfa nw a s l ost

’
.
fi Ra monl ost S il v ia s p urse

’
.
w T he robbers k il l ed one Of their ownmen .

1 60 E LEME NTA RY E NGLISH
W O RD , PH RA S E A N D C LA U SE MO D IF I E RS
361 . R ea d these ntencesse
1 . A nea rnes t m a nw il l fi n d a w ay .
2 . A m a ninea rn est w il l fi n d a w ay .
3 . A m a nw h o is inea rn es t w il l fi nd a w ay .
In the fi rst se ntence , wha t w ords modify ma n?

W hat phrase modifies ma n in the second sentence ?
I nth e th ird sen ten ce w h a t group O f w ords m
, , od ifi es
ma nby tel l ing the kind Of ma n?

Th is g roup O f w ords wh o is inea rn es t c on
—
ta ins —
a subj ect a n d a predicate It is used a s a modifi er .
an d is cal l ed a Cl a use .
E arn est is a n a dj ectiv e ; in ea rnes t is a n a dj ectiv e
p hrase a n d w ho is inea rn est is a nAdj ectiv e Cl a use .
4 . The t ree g re w h e re .
5 . The tre e g re w i nth is p l a ce .
6 . The t ree g re w w h ere we n ow sta nd .
Here is n ad verb ; in th
a is p l ace is an ad v erbia l
p hra se a nd w here we n ow s ta nd is a nA d v erbia l Cl a us e .
I nth e th ird sen tence the cl a use is used a s a na djec

,
tiv e .I n th e sixth sen tence th e cl a use is used a s a n ,
a dv erb A cl a use may be used a l so a s a n

. o un .
4 Cl a use is a g roup of w ords that nta ins a

co sub ect a j nd a
p redicate a nd is used as a p a rt of a senten ce .
7 . This is theho use tha t J uanbuil t .
8 . The m ansucceeded beca use h e w a s in d ust rio us .
9 . The m a nw ho w rote t h is p oemis d e a d .
10 . The stormc a m e wh il e w e w ere a t t he m a rk et .

G RAMMAR AND CO MPO SITIO N 161
Tel l the cl a use in each Of th

ntences Is it
ese se .
used a s a na dj ectiv e or a nadv erb ? W ha t w ord does

the cl a us e m odify ? Wh a t is th e imp orta nt or
prin
ci a l pa rt O f the n inth sen ten ce ? T he m a nis dea d

p .
Of th e ten thsen ten ce ? Th e s tormca m e Th ese a re .
the Prin cipal Parts or Prin cipa l Cl auses Of th ese
sen ten ces .
Tel l th e p ri nc ip a l cl a u ses in ea c h of the h

ot e r se n
tenoe s a bove .
362 Tel l w hichof the f ol l ow i ng g roup s of w ord s a re
p hr a s es a nd whic ha re cl a u ses
1 . B efore I l eft school

2 . Before the school house
3 . Wh il e the bel l wa s rin in
g g
4 . If th
-
e bel l rin g s
5 . I nth e bel l inth e towe r
6 . B ecause the ja r was broken

7 . W ho l iv e inthe mountain s
8 . A fter we ca m e h om e
9 . A fter th e ca rro m a ta
In to th e b rok enja r
.
10 .
11 . F or b rea kin g t h e j ar
12 . Beca use h e brok e th e jar
13 . W henI fi rst sa w him

14 . Am on th
g e isl an d s
A D J E CT IV E W O RD , PH R A S E A N D C LA U SE
MO D I F I E RS
363 .Wri te eac hof the f ol l ow i n g senten c es on a d i a g ra m .
Tel l the a dj ecti ve w ord p h r a s,e a nd cl a u se m o d ifie rs .
Ana l yz e ea c hsentence
1 . W e admire the boy w ho has manl iness and courag e .
D I A G RA H
We ad mi e
r boy
ma nl iness and cou age r
A NA L Y S IS The subj ecthis sen te n

of t ce is We .
Th e wh ol e pred icate is a dm i re th e boy wh oh as m an l iness a n d courag e .
Th e sim p l e p red ica te is a dm i re w hic h is ,c om p l eted b y t he o bj ec t c om l

p e
ment boy B oy is mod ifi ed by the adj ective the and by the adj ective
.
cl a use wh o h as m an l in ess a nd courage .
2 Ma nil a whichis the l a rg est city inthe Phil ip p ines

.
, ,
is situated onbothSides of th e Pasig Riv er .
3 He wh
. o l a ug h s a t c rooked m en sh oul d w al k v ery
stra ig ht .
4 Th . at tal l bea utiful l a dy w h

, o sta n ds un der th ,e t ree ,
is m y m oth er .
5 Th . e birth day O f D r J OSé Riz al ; w h ichwe cel eb ra te

.
onJ un e 1 9 is a h ol ida y
, .
6 F ath er h as a l a rg e cl ock th at was m a de inG e rm an

.
y .
7 Wh . ite a n ts a n d so m e oth er a n im al s th a t a l wa s
y
l iv e inth e da rk h av e n o eyes .
8 Th . e N eg ritos w h o n ow l iv e on
, l y inth e m oun tain s ,
were on ce th e rul in g p eopl e inth e Ph il ipp in es .
9 Th . e
g a l l eo ns w hich sa il ed , b e t wee n M a nil a a n d
Mexico carried richca rg oes O f sil ks a nd spices
, .
1 0 Th . e sm al l l ev el a reas in to w h ichth e fi el ds for rice
a re d iv id ed are cal l ed p a d d ies.
11 . The merchant w nts a a boy whomhe ntrust ca .
12 . The l ittl e harbor O f Ma riv el es which is in the

,
sout hernpart of B ataan was , the scen e Of many imp o rta nt

ba ttl es .
13 Th e boy to w h
. o m he g a v e the p osition was neat
and ca reful .
1 64 E LEMENTA RY ENGLISH
C OMP O SITI O N
366 .mnp osition ha vi ng the titl e
Wr ite a short c , W ha t
I W ul d L i k t D
o I m g ine th t y ou m y h
e o o, a a a a ve al l
the mony y u w i h a nd m y go a n
e oy w h n d sd a e re a o a ny
thing y ou l i k e
number a nd g end er of
.
Tel l the p erson, ea c hp ronou n

tha t y ou ha ve u sed .
Tel l the a dj ec ti ve a nd the a d verbia l word a nd p hr a s e
367 . W ho, w hose and w homare used whens ea kin

p g
of perso ns . Who is used in the nomina tiv e ca se,
whose inthe possessive nd whominth

ca se a
j
e Ob ec tiv e
ca se.
Cop y th ese sen tences, wri tin

g w ho, w ho s e or w ho m in
p l a ce of ea c hbl a nk
1 . 5 .
2 . 6 .
3 . F ro m is it ? 7 . is this ?
4 . W ith is he ? 8 . W ith do y ou s it ?
9 . The b oy fel l into the riv e r w as d rowned .
10 . The g irl to I g a v e th e p encil is J ua na .
11 did y ou I d ont k n ow
’
see ou aw .
.
y s
368 . Wr ite se ntences , u si ng ea c h of these g rou p s of

w ord s to a sk a q u esti on
To who mdid you sp ea k?
h I go 3
To w hichh
ouse s all
F or w hose book sh a l l I a sk ?
1 . to w hom 6 w ithwh ich .11 . to w hose
2 . for w hom 7 for wh ich .12 . fromw hos e
3 . w ithw hom 8 inwh ich .13 . by w hose
4 . by w hom 9 in to w hich .14 . before w ho se
5 . fromw h om 1 0 th rou hw h
g i c h .1 5 . w ithwhose
GRA MMAR AND CO MPO SITIO N 1 65
369 . ntences u si ng ea chof th

W ri te se e , a bove g rou p s o f
w ord s to i ntrod u ce a na dj ec ti ve cl a u se
Th e boy to w h omI sp oke is P a bl o .
Th e house to wh i chI wen t wa s L e ons

’
.
370 S tu d y this story

. Cop y . ea c hof the ntences
se n
co
ta ini n
g a n a dj ec ti ve cl a u se .
E U R EK A 1
There w as o nce a k ing of Syracuse . The cou ntry ov er
which he rul ed was q uite o r this sm al l F . rea son h e
l a rg est c row n in th
.
w anted the e w orl d He . ca l l ed a
famous g ol d s mith who , w as s k il l ful in mak ing al l k inds

Of fi ne w ork . He g a v e himtenp o unds O f p ure g ol d .
He sa id , Ma ke this into a c row n that w il l mak e al l

ot h er k in g s e n v io u s P u t in to
. it e v e r
y g ra in o f g ol d t h a t
DO n ot m ix a n h r m h ”
I g iv e you .
y o t e e t a l w i t it .
I receiv e tenp o un ds O f p ure g ol d fromy ou rep l ied ,
th e g ol ds m ith W ithinninety da ys I w il l return the

.
fin ish e d cro wn w h ic hSh

, a l l be O f exac tl
y t h e s a m e w e ig h t
”
.
N in ety d ay s l a te r th e g ol d sm ith broug h t th e crow n .
A l l wh o sa w it sa id I t is th e m
, ost bea utiful c row nin
th e W O I IL
‘
Th e k in g w e ig h e d it I t w e ig h e d e x
. a c tl y
tenp oun ds .
A w ise ma n w h ose n am e w as A rch im ed es exa m in ed
th e crow n v ery cl osel

y W h a t d o.
y
“
o u t h in k O f i t ?
in u ired t h k in
q e
g .
It d oes n ot h a v e th e sa m e richred c ol or th a t th e l um p
O f g ol d h ad
”
re l ie d A rch
p , i m e d es I t i s n o w .a b rill ia n t
y el l ow .T h e g ol d s m it h m a y h a v e t a k e no ut a coup l e of
o un n ”
p d s O f g o l d a d a dd e d b ra ss or sil v e r .
Th e k in g s a id A rch i,m e d e s is th e re an w a
y , y o f fi n d
in g out w h e t h e r th e g o l d s m it h h a s r e a l l y c h ea t e d m e
I kn ow O f n o wa
y
”
an s wered A rch, i m ed e s .
166 ELEMENTA RY E NGL ISH
F or many days he t ied to think r of a way by whichhe
coul d answer the k ing s question ’

.
One morning he w a s re a rin

p p g to tak e a bath . The
tub was fi l l ed with w a ter up t o th e edg e . W hen he

stepp ed in m
to it, so e w a ter fl o wed out up onth e floor .
How muchw a ter fl o wed out w h enI g ot in to th e t ub ?
he asked himsel f .Th e wa ter wh

“
ich fl owed out w oul d
fi l l a sp ace equal to th e siz e of m b o d A m n w h o
y y a .
is h al f m iz e w oul d cause on l h l f m u h t fl w u t
y s y a a s c o o o .
Let m e th ink If I h a d p ut th e k in rownin h ’

.
g s c to t e
w ater it woul d h
, a v e displ a ced a b ul k O f w a ter eq ual to
its ow nbul k G ol d is h
. ea v ier th an sil ver or brass T en .
p o u nd s O f p u re g o l d w ill n ot be so l ar
g e as t en p o un d s
of brass or sil v er If th
. e cro wnis p ure g ol d it w il l d is ,
p l a ce the sa m e a m o u nt of w a ter as a l um of
p g ol d w h i
.c h
w eig h s tenp oun ds If th .e c row ncon ta in s sil v er o r b rass ,
it wil l d ispl ace a l arg er a moun t of w a ter th anth e l um

p
”
Of p ure
g ol d .
He l eaped out of the b a th, n to the

ra nd
p al ac e a
shouted to the king,

“
E urek a ' E urek a ' which mea ns ,
I have found it I ha v e found it

He found tha t the c row n displ aced more water than
ten p ounds Of p ure g ol d . SO th e g ol dsmithw as p rov ed
g uil ty O f c eati h ng .
—
A dap ted fi '
o mB al dwins ’
Thirty More F a mou s S tories .
37 1 . Ma k e a nou tl ine of this story .
3 72 . Cop y two q uota tions f m the

ro story .
373 . Tel l the story .
374 . Wri te the s tory f m memory

ro .
37 5 himed es s e
Try d xp eri ment by u si ng ba l a n
’
. rc a ce,
and t w o p iec es of meta l of the sa m e w eig ht a s, i rona nd

The si mpl e j
sub ect of this ntence
se is music . I t ismodifi ed by the
j
ad ectives The a nd sweetest a j nd by the ad ective cl ause that a g ood mother
hea rs T he simpl e p red icate is is It is mod ifi ed by the ad verbial cl ause

. .
wh il e th ey a re a t p l a y and 18 com p l eted b y the a ttrib ute compl em en t

l a ugh ter La ug h
. ter is m od ifi ed b y the adj ective th e an d by the adj ectiv e
p hra se of he r chil dren .
3 Th e V isa ya n p eo l e p a in d n h
'
.
p te a d ta tt ooed t e i r
bodies w h en Ma el l a n ca m e to th e Ph il i in
g pp es .
4 . A baca does not g row w ell in many pl aces because

the cl i mate is too dry .
5 . Am brosio and H enr

y wil l co me when they hav e
finished their w ork .
6 . A nhonest manspeaks as he thinks .
Th
7 e p eop l e w h
. o stood upo nthe shore sa w the boat
whenit sa il ed a w ay .
8 . O ur work houl d be done before w e pl ay

s .
9 . A fte r the sunh as set w e m ay see th e sta rs , .
10 . I l earn ed m y p
s el l ing l esso n w hil e I w a l k ed to
sc hool .
11 hel ped my mother before I came to school

. I .
1 2 Th .e F il ip inos coul d w rite w henth e Sp an ishca me

to th ese isl a nds .
1 3 Th .ey w rote onl ea v es an d ba rk beca use th ey c ou d

l
not make p aper .
1 4 Th .ey buil t th eir h ouses O f ba m b oo a nd l eaves as

they d o to d ay .
1 5 Th e peo l e were O ften a t war beca use ea ch to w n

.
p
ha d a separa te g ov ernment .
378 . W ithwhat words do the a dv erbial cl auses in

the a bov e se ntences beg in?
These w ords —
f ,
be or e w hen , where, af ,
te r as a s,
so as, so th a t, beca use, or, wh

f il e —
are used
to begina dv erbial cl auses .

GRA MMAR A ND CO MPO SITIO N 1 69
Cop y the f ng sen en

ol l ow i
t ces , w ri ti n
g a n ad verbial
cl a u se i np l a ce of ea chbl a n k:
1 . I sa w a w h ite p a rrot
2 . I t fl ew a w ay . .
3 . I do not l ik e bats .
W e w ent to the mountains

5 . W e did not g o far
6 . W e returned as soon
7 . Th e hot sea sonis inMa y a n d J une
8 . Th ey ca nnot see the sta rs now

9 . I did not l earnmy l esson
C O MP O S I TI O N
379 . W ri te se ntences , u si n
g ea ch of these
i ntr od u ce a na d verbi a l cl a u se d enoti n

g
Ti me
1 . a fter 3 . nce
si 5 . until
2 . before 4 . when 6 . whil e
A stor mc me whi l e we w re i nthe hur h

a e c c .
Pl ace 7 . where 8 . wherever
Manner 9 . as
Deg ree : 10 . than 11 . as
Cause or Purpose
12 . beca use 13 . so that 14 . inorder that
Condition 15 . if 16 . u nl ess
380 . Position of Adverbial Modifi ers .

When the
v erb ha s no Obj ect , the a dv erbia l modifi er usual l y
fol l ow s the v erb
He wa l ked ra pidl y to school whil e the hel l was rin in

g g .
1 70 ELEMENTA R Y ENGLISH
Use eachof these verbs i na se ntence a nd l et i t be mod i

fi ed by a d verb i a l w ord s, p hra ses or cl a u ses
1 . a mg oing 3 . co me 5 . kneel 7 . w il l rise
2 . is ru nning 4 .
g o 6 . l et 8 . d id S hine
Whenthe v erb h
381 . a s an obj ect and consists O f
onl y one w ord the a dv erb is pl aced before th

,
e v erb
or a fter the Obj ect

I ofte nwrite l etters . I boug ht themy esterday .
I usual l y sp ea k E n
g l i sh . Sh e s ea ks E n
p g l ishcorrectl y .
Wri te sentences , u si n
g these v erbs mod ified by a d verbs
1 . sa w 3 . tore 5 . l ea rned 7 . cau

g ht
2 . tol d 4 . made 6 . found 8 . d ra nk
382 . Whenthe v erb ha s an Obj ect and consists O f

mo re than o ne w ord, the a dv erb is usual l y pl a ced
a fter the fi rst w ord Of the v erb or a fter the O bj ect
Ih nfi nishth
s a ll soo is com p osition .
Th
a t boy wil l l ea rnhis l essons to night -
.
Write sentences , u si ng the se ver bs m od ified by verbs
1 . ha v e l ea rned 3 h a ve g a th
. ered 5 . S hal l w rit e
2 . did see 4 h as b rok en
. 6 . w ill tel l
383 . The adv erbial phra se or cl ause is Oftenpl a ced

fi rst inthe ntence
se
I nthe forests , we hea rd man m o nk s

y ey .
W hil e w e w ere inthe forest we l ost our way , .
Whenth e a dv erbia l phra se or cl a use is

pl a c ed fi rst
inthe sentence, it is usua ll ra ted fromth in

y sepa e p r
eipe l cl a use by a co mma .

1 72 ELEMEN I A RY ENGL ISH ‘
8 . C ol umbus sa id, W ho ca n make this eg g sta nd on

nd ? e
”
9 . The ol d wo mansaid , G od bl ess y ou .
C O MP O S I T I O N
386 . R ea d the f ol l ow i ng d escri p tion of B o r ne o . Tel l

the k inds o f cl a u ses, a nd what eac h cl a use mod ifi es .
BORN EO
B orneo is a hwest of the Phil ippines
l a rge isl and s out .
I t is sepa rated fromth e V isayanIsl a n ds by th e S ul u S e a .
Th e isl a n d co n ta in s m an y h i g h m oun t a ins l a rg e ri v e rs ,
an d exten siv e p l ain s I t is n ea rl y cov ered w ith fo re sts

.
an d j ung l e .
I n th e rivers th ere a re m an y c rocod il es E l e p h a n ts .

,
rh in oceroses boa rs d eer bea rs a n , d m on keys l iv e in th

, , e
forests a n d on th e pl a in s Th e l a rg est m on k ey is c a l l ed .
th e ora n u t n -
I t l ook s l i k e a m n w h o i o d
g o a g a
. s c v er e
w ith h a ir It h a s l on rm n d h ort l e s I t l i i n
.
g a s a s g v e s .
th e trees I t c om
. es to th e g ro un d wh en it w ish es fo od
an d w a ter .
Th e peopl e of B orn eo bel on g to m a ny d iff e ren t t ri b es
or races Th .e isl a n d is div ided betw eenth e En g l is h a n d

th e D utc h Th e re a re m an C h i n e n d M l s M n
.
y e s a a a y a
y .
tribes th a t l i ve inth e m oun tain s a re sa v ag es Th ey a re .
cal l ed Dyak s .
In n orth ern B orneo, the p e opl e cul tiv a te rice, tob a cco
and sug ar ca ne Their h ouses a re b uil t l ik e th

. e houses i n
the Phil ipp ines . Sa nd ak a n, w hichis the ca pital O f N orth

B orneo , n a l a rg e
is o river. Ma ny houses a re b uil t o n
p osts ov er the wa ter .
38 7 . M a k e a n ou tl i ne of this d escrip tionof B or ne o .

GRA MMA R A ND CO MPO SITI O N 1 73
388 . Conv ersa tion . Ta l k ab ou t B orneo, u s i ng the ou t
l ine y ou ha ve ma d e F i nd i t on a ap . m . R ea d the de
scrip ti on of B orneo i n y ou r g eog ra p hy . D ra w a ma p

of it .
389 . W ri te f rommemory a d escr ip tionof B o rne o . Tel l

the k inds o f cl a u ses i nyou r descrip ti on .
39 0 . W ri te a descrip tion of the i sl a nd n w hic h you

o
l i ve .
0 Tel l a bou t
1 I ts p osition
. a nd siz e. 2 . I ts mountains , p l ains,
riv e rs a nd v al l eys . 3 I ts p rod ucts

. 4 I ts peopl e
. .
the cl a sses or tribes, their oc c up a tions, c usto s and c on m

d ition . 5 . Its cities .
Tel l the a dj ec ti ve, a d v erbi a l a nd nou ncl a u ses tha t you

ha ve w ri tten .
C O MP A R I SO N O F A D J E C T IV E S
39 1 . R ea d these ntences se
1 . Mindoro is a l a rge isl a nd .
2 . Minda nao is l a rger tha nMindoro .
3 . Luz onis the l a rg est isl a nd inthe Phil ipp ines .
In these ntences w hat three isl a nds are men

se ,
t ion ed ? Wh a t a dj ectiv e is used ins ea kin O f th

p g eir
Siz e ? HO W is th e word l a rge ch a n ed to Sh o w th e

g
d iff eren ces or deg ree O f siz e ?
Th is ch an e inth e formO f a na dj ectiv e a s lar e

g g , ,
l a rg er l a rgest , is used to Sh ow differen ces o r de rees

g
O f a qual it I t is ca l l ed Comp ri so n
y . a .
Th ere a re th ree deg rees O f com arison T he a re

p y .
th e Positiv e Degree th e Comp ar a ti v e De

, gree a nd th e
S up erl a tiv e Degree .

1 74 ELEMENTA RY ENGL ISH
39 2 Th
. e Positiv e Degree is th e s im pl e form O f
the a dj ective : a s, l a rge, good, carel ess, rou h a n
g d
smooth .
Adj ectiv es inthis Si mpl e form a re used in sta ting

tha t two persons, pl a ces or O bj ects are a l ike inrespec t
m
to so e certa in qual ity I n th ese co
pa risons the . m
words as as a re used .
Cop y these se ntences . Tel l the a dj ecti ves . Tel l w hat
p erso ns or thing s a re M p a red

1 . Th e g irl is as g entl e a s a d ov e .
2 . I a m
a s busy as a bee .
3 . The boy is as g ood as g ol d .
4 . The m a nis a s sl ow as a ca ra ba o .
5 . This k nife is as S ha rp a s a ra z or.
6 . The w a ter is as cl ea r as g l a ss .
7 . Y o ur hat is as l ig ht as a feather .
8 . Y ou l ook a s sol e mnas a nowl .
9 . This stone feel s as hea v y as l ead .
10 . That manis as strong a s a ho rse .
39 3 Th
. e Co parativ e Degree is used in com
m p arin
g
O ne p erson, p
l a ce o r t hing w itha nothe r
p erson, p
l a c e
or thing . I n these co mparisons the word than is
g eneral ly used .
R ea d these se ntences
1 . Luisa is O l der tha nHel ena .
2 . Sama r is l a r er th
g a nLey te .
3 . My bal l is smal l er thanyour bal l

,
.
Wh at person l an d eo l es a re compa red in

s
p aces p p ,
these sentences ? W ha t a dj ectives a re used ? W h at

1 76 ELE MENTA R Y E NGLISH
R ea d these ntences se
1 . Luz onis th e l a rg est isl a nd inth e Phil ipp ines .
2 . And a Ma rtin an
, d Pabl o a re tal l b ut Ma rtin is ,
th e tal l est .
3 . The Him al aya Moun ta ins a re the h ig hest in the
w orl d .
W hat a dj ective is used to compa re L uz onw ithal l ’
the oth er isl a nds in th e Ph il ippines ? TO com pa re
Martin w ith the other two boys ? TO compa re the

H ima l aya Mountain s w ithth e oth er m oun ta ins O f th e
worl d ? W ithW h a t l etters do th ese a dj ectiv es e nd?
39 6 . Cop y a nd l ea rn these a dj ec ti v es i n the three
d egrees o f co mp a rison
PO S ITI V E CO MPA R ATIV E SU P E R L A TI V E PO S I TI V E CO N PA R A T I V E SU PE R L A TI V E
DEG R EE DEG R EE D EG R EE DEG REE DE G R EE D E G RE E
Ol d Ol de r Ol d est wide w ider w idest
y ou ng you ng er y ou ng est sw eet sw eeter S w eetest
hap py happier ha ppiest l a rg e l a rg er l a rg est

k ind kind er kindest s mal l s mal l er s mal l est
th in thinner thinnest p rou d p roude r
p roud est
d eep deeper d eepest tal l tal l er tal l est

short s horter s ho rtest S harpha rp er s sha rpest
soft softer softes t smooth sm ooth er sm ooth est
Th m
e Co p ara tive Deg ree is f or med by addi ng or to the
Positive Degree .
Th e Sup erl a tive Deg ree is for med by a ddi ng es t to the
Positive Degree .
39 7 . Some a d ectiv es use

j th more and most
e w ords
instea d Of er a nd es t to form the compa ra tiv e a nd

superl a tive deg rees .
G RA MMA R A ND COMPO SITION 1 77
Tel l the d eg ree f oh a dj

eacec ti ve i n th es e sentences
r Th e wh al e is l arg e r t ha nth e el ep h an t .
s Th e ca ra bao is m ore u sef ul th anth e p on

y .
r I ronis t h e m ost usef ul m etal .
r Hemp is our most v al uabl e expo rt .
a Lea d is heav ier tha ni ron

mS
.
teel is ha rder tha nsil v er .
r The ba m boo is a v ery useful pl an t .
a m
Jua nis the ost ind ustrious boy inschool .
e Chicos are g ood, oran g es a re better and mang oes a re
best O f al l .
39 8 . Some a dj ectiv es ha v e diff erent words to s how

the de rees
g O f co mparison .
Use eac hof these w ord s i na sentence

POS I TI V E CO M P A R A TI VE S U PE R LA T I V E
ba d
w orse w orst
I ll
far
former
better
more
1 78 ELEME NTA RY ENGLISH
PO SI T IV E CO M P A R A T IV E
nea r nearer
upp er
CO MPO SI TI O N
399 . Write ten se ntences co mp a ring tw o p ersons
u si n
g as as .
400 So a s a re used whensta tin that sons

.
g per
Or thing s are not a l ik e .
Not or nev er is used withso .
My p encil is not so l ong as yours .
He nev er l ooked so ol d a s y ou .
W ri te tensentences sta ti ng tha t tw o p ersons or thing s
a re u n l ik e .
401 . W ri te tensentences co mp a r ing these p ersons a nd

thin
g s, u s i n
g tha n
1 A fly
. a bee .
N A toa d frog
J
a .
A turtl e l iz a rd
O
O a .
Q A deer a
g oat .
N
C A nora ng e a c hico .
Q A sl ip per a shoe .
-A
J
ma ta a ca rt .
mS
ca rro
ug a r ca en cor n.
d na l yz e eac h sentence tha t y ou ha ve w ri tten .

4 Th
.e egg s S iz e, col or, n u ber, wh
—
enl a id m a nd how
l ong in ha tching .
5 U se a n
. d har of l iz a rd s m .
406 M a k e a l ist of the a dj ectives tha t

.
you ha ve u sed
i nd es cribi n
g L i za r d s .
407 . M a ke a nou tl ine of a co mp ositi on a bou t L iz a rd s .
408 . W ri te a comp ositi on a bou t L i z a r d s. Tel l the de
g ree o f ea c ha dj ecti ve tha t y ou ha ve u sed .
409 . W ri te a d escrip ti onof one of the f ol l ow i n

g
1 . A s na il . 4 . The p a pay a . 7 . F ro
g s .
2 . Yoursel f . 5 . A g rassh opp er . 8 . A d ov e .
3 . B amboo . 6 . A fi sh . 9 . A turtl e .
C O MPA R I SO N OF A DV E R B S
41 0 . A dv erbs, l ike a d ectiv es, al so

j hav e degrees Of
co mpari on s .
Som e adv erbs formth com ara tiv e a nd u rl a tiv e

p s pe e
degrees by addi ng er a nd es t to the positiv e deg ree .
Cop y these a d verbs. Us e h ad verb i n a sentence

ea c
PO SI T I VE CO M P A R A I V E
T SU P R A T I V E E L
DE G R E E D GR EE E DE G R E E
fast fa ster fastest
Sl ow sl ower sl ow est
s oo n soo ner soo nest

ea rl y ea rl ier earl iest
l a te l ater l a test
411 . A dv erbs ending in ly usual l y use the w ords

mor nd most
e a , or l ess a nd l ea st, to formthe com a ra
p
tiv e and superl a tiv e degrees .
G RAMMA R AND CO MPOSITIO N 1 81
C op y these a d verbs
POS I TI VE CO M PA R A TI VE SU PE R I A T I V E
.
D E G RE E DE G R E E D E G RE E
w isel y more w isel y most w isel y
k indl y more k indl y most kindl y
ra idl l ess ra id l l east rap idl
p y p y y
l oudl y more l oudl y most l oudl y
41 2 . Some adv erbs use difi ere nt w ords to how the
S
deg rees Of co mparison

PO SI TI VE CO M P A R A TI VE S U P E R L A T I VE
DE G R E E DE G R E E DE G R E E
ba dl y worse w orst
il l
fa r fa rther fa rthest
forth further furthest
l ittl e l ess l east

much mo re most
w el l better best
41 3 . Tel l the d egree of co mp a risonof ea cha dj ec tive a nd

a d verb i n the se sentences
1 . The l a rg e ca ra ba o ra nmore ra
p id l y than the mal l
s
p o ny .
2 . My O l d er brother is tal l er tha nmy fa ther .
3 . I w ent hool
ea rl y to Henry a rriv ed l ate
sc . Ma ria .
ca m e l a ter th an H en r
y H e c o ul d w a l k fa ster
.
th a n sh e coul d He arriv ed a t the sch

. ool house
earl ie r th a nSh e did .
The th ree b oy s ta l k ra pidl y Th e on e wh o tal ks th.e
sl ow est tal k s th e l oud est .
5 . The air is w a rm est inMay a n d cool est inD ecem ber .
Th e a ir is m ore m oist inA u ust th aninMarch

g .
ELEMENTAR Y ENGLISH
C OMP O S IT I ON
41 4 . Wri te se ntences , u si ng these a d verbs w ith the
co njnu
c t ions tha n as ,
a s, s o as
1 . ra
p id l y 4 . l oudl y 7 . l a ter 10 .
q uick l y
2 . sil e ntl y 5 . fast 8 . careful l y 11 . O ften
3 . res
p ec tful l y 6 . soo n 9 . ea rl ier 12 . w isel y
41 5 . Copy the intr od uction to the f ol l owi ng story a nd

the nco mp l ete the story :
T H E BI R D S , TH E B E A ST A N D TH E BA T
On ce there w as a g reat battl e betweenth e birds and th e
b easts Of the forest Th e ba t was a fraid to fi h

.
g t one ithe r
S ide . He thoug ht that he woul d wait to see who w o nthe
ba ttl e .
The battl e days

co ntinued
Then the ba t for many .
thoug ht that the bea sts w ere g oing to w in .
So h e wen t to th e beasts He p retended to be their .
friend . He I w ishto fi gh
sa id, t onyour Side .
”
B ut the beasts l ooked a t hi an d said m

(See I nsul ar Third R ead er, p age
Tel l the a dj n d t h
ecti ve a
e a d verbi a l mod ifie rs tha t y ou
ha ve u sed i nwri ti n
g the stor y .
416 . Cop y f ro m the story three se ntences co nta i ni ng

nou n cl a uses .
41 7 . E xa mine you
mp ositi onca ref u l l y for errors in
r co
th e u se of ca p i ta l l etters p u nctu a t ionm a rk s a n

, d sp el l i ng .
G i ve a rea sonfor ea chca p i ta l l etter a n d ma rk of p un c tu a
ti ontha t y ou ha ve used .
41 8 . Tel egra ms shoul d be v er

y brief a nd ea sil
y
unde rstood .
that is to ta k e pl ace in so me future time . It is in

the F uture Ten se .
1 . I see the bird . It is sitting inthe t ree .
2 . Juanis reading his l esson He wrote his composi .
tion He w ill recite h

. is arithmetic l essonsoon .
T O morro w I sh al l g o to m n h M an
’
3 .
-
y u cl e s ou se y .
ma ng oes are g row ing near his home I wil l bring .
ou a l a rg e sweet m an o
y g , .
4 . Yesterday we sa w a bl ind m an W e w ere g oing to .
th e ma rk et He wa s sittin n a m t He w
g
. o a as .
mak ing a basket .
5 . Th e fi sherm a n sa t in h is b anca He was an O l d .
man He was mending his nets T he nets w ere

. .
torn T h . ey w ere m a de O f hem p fi b er .
422 . Write se ntences , u si n

g these w ord s to exp ress ao
1 . a mw riting 4 . w rites 7 . is running 10 . l

p y a s
2 . is wal king 5 . see 8 . a re ng g oi 11 . is sin in

g g
3 . are si tti ng 6 . tel l 9 . amrunning 12 . si ng s
423 . W rite sentences , u si ng t ese v h
erbs to exp ress a cti o n
i np a s t ti me , or the p ast tense
1 . did g et 5 . w ere g e tting 9 . wa s found 13 . sa w
2 . heard 6 . was m ak in g 10 . did eat 14 . took

3 . l ea rned 7 . were mak ing 11 . w ere l ost 15 . ma de
4 . did l earn 8 . did make 12 . w al ked 16 . w as
424 . W rite sentences , u si n

g the se verbs to exp ress a c tion
i nth
e f u tu re tense
1 . Shall g o 4 . w il l tel l 7 . shal l l ea rn

2 . Shal l g et 5 . w il l carry 8 . w il l make
3 . shal l w al k 6 . wil l eat 9 . shall buy
GRAMMA R A ND CO MPOSITI O N 1 85
425 . Rea d these se ntences

1 . I hav e w a l ked a k il ometer tod ay .
2 . 1 had w a l k ed a k il omete yesterday r , before I met

ou
y .
3 . B efore to-morrow nig ht I s hal l hav e w al k ed t wo or
three k il o meters
'
In these se ntences, the v erbs h

ave wa l ked, had
wal ked a nd shall ha ve wa l ked al l ex ress co
p mpl eted
actio ns .
H ave wa lked n a s compl eted inth

ex resses actio
p e
presen t ti m e I t is inth e P r
.esen t Perf ect Te n se .
Ha d wa lked e xpresses a c tion a s compl eted in th e
a st tim e I t i i n th P st Perf ect Ten se

p s e
. a .
Sh a ll h a ve wa l ked expresses a ctiona s com p l e ted in

som e future tim e I t is inth e F uture Perf ect Ten
. se .
426 Cop y th ntences w hi ch a re i n the d ifi nt

'
. ese se , ere
tenses
P resent . I n I a mrunning I do run D O I

ru . . .
run?
P ast . I ra n I w as run
. ning I did run D id . .
I run?
I sh al l run I shal l be run
. ning Shal l I .
run?
P resent p erfect . Ih av e ru n I h av e b eenrun

. ning Hav e .
I run?
P ast p erfect . I h a d run I had beenrun
. ning Had I .
run?
F uture p er ect f . I Sh all h av e run I sh al l hav e beenrun .
nmg .
J uanw rites D oes J uanw rite .
Jua nw rote D id J uanwrite ? .

Jua nwil l write W il l J uanw rite .
P resent p erfect . J uanhas w ritten Has J uanw ritten .
P a st p erfect . J uanhad w ritten Had Juanw ritten .
F uture p er ect f . J uanwil l hav e written W ill J ua nha ve .
w ritten
427 . e ten
Tel l th ses f
o the verbs i n thes e se ntences
1 C ocoa p al ms g ro w nea r m home
.
y .
2 . Y esterd ay I cl imbed a p al m I g ot three . nuts .
3 . I ha ve seena cocoanut p al mg rove .
My father has mad e many tons of cop ra .
5 . He w il l mak e muchcocoa O il next year .
6 . B y J an ua ry he w il l ha ve ma d e four hundred l iters

of oil .
7 . I mhel ping him W e are now making

a . tuba .
8 . W e made tenl iters O f tuba yesterday .
9 . W e hav e sol d it to a C hinaman .
10 . He has paid us for it .
Cop y a nd l ea rn the f ol l owi ng se ntences

Sh not She isnt I snt he
’
1
’
. e is . . S
2 . He w as not . He wa snt
’
. W asnt he ’
3 . It h as not . It hasnt ’
. Hasnt it
’
He d oes n He doesnt D oesnt h

’
4 e?
’
. ot . .
5 Y o u are n Y ou a rent A rent yo u

’ ’
. ot . .
Th ey are n Th ey arent A rent th

’ ’
6 . ot . . ey
C O MP O S I T I ON
429 . A s i nE xercise 4 2 6 , w ri te eac hof these sentences

i n both the d ecl a ra ti ve a nd the interrog a ti ve f orm i n
al l the tenses
1 . L ucas l ov es me . 3 . He ea ts ric e .
2 . I see y ou . 4 . They speak to him .

Whena quotationis cha n ed fromth direct to th

g e e
indirect form, a v erb in the

present tense is usua l l y
changed to the past tense .
I nthe in direct quota tion the comma and the quo ,
tationm a rk s a re omitted It does not be inw ith a

g .
ca pita l l etter.
4 32 . C op y th
ntences cha n
ese i
g g
se n the d i rec t , qu ot a
tions to the in d irect f orm

1 My frien
. d said I know m l esson
y ,
.
I do n ot w an
”
2 Pil ar sa id
.
,
“
t to g o .
3 Marian
. o said I a mh ung,ry .
4 Maria n
. o sa id I do n ot feel wel l tod a
, y .
5 Loren
. z o said I a msl eepy
,
.
433 . Cop y these se ntences , h ng ing

c a the ind i rect to
di rec t qu ota ti ons
1 . My brother said that he w as g oing to the mark et .
2 . Pabl o said th
he w as
at study ing .
3 . Rita sa id tha t sh e h a d l ost her um brel l a .
4 . T eresa said th a t sh e d id n ot k now h er l esson .
5 . Pedro said th at h e h a d tornh is coat .

1 . Mother ask ed , H a v e y ou see nmy scissors ?
2 . A re y ou g oing t o sc hool ? ”
inquired Ma ria .
W ithwhat ma k do r es ea c hOf the direct quota t io s n

end ?
3 . Mother asked if I had seenher scissors .
4 . Ma ria inquired w het her you w ere g oing to sc hool .
W ithw ha t words do these indirect quotations begin?

The
y a re ind irect
questions .
GRA MMA R A ND CO MPO SITI O N 1 89
4 35 . Cop y these se ntences , c ha ng ing the d i rect to i n

d irect quota tions
1 . My brother ask ed W hat hav e you inyour hand ?

,
”
2 . Rita ask ed W ho is cal l ing me ?

,
”
3 . F rancisco asd me W hy are you running SO

,
fast
4 . My father D O y ou k n
a sk ed , ow y our l esson
5 . My friend inq ui red, W hena re

y ou co ing to m see
me
43 6 . Cop y thes e sentences , ha ng ing
c the ind i rec t to
d i rec t quota ti ons
1 . My mother ask ed me if I ha d fi nished my sew ing .
2 . Th e teach er ask ed w ho w a s tal king .
3 . A dol fe asked if I coul d l end h imm y umbrel l a .
4 . E ug en ia ask ed m e wh y I w as c r in
y g .
5 . J uana sked if I w a nted to pl ay basebal l .
437 . R ea d th
e se se ntences
1 . My father said to me , Come into the house .
2 . The teacher sa id to the u il

p p , s Cl ose your books .
E a ch Of these direct quotation s is a mmand

co .
When w e ch ang q
e uotat ions tha t a re commands to
the indirect for m we change the v erb said
, to tol d,
re ues ted,
q comma nded ba de o f orbade
,
r .
3 . My father tol d me to come to the house .
4 . The teache r requested the p up il s to cl ose their b ooks .
438 . Cop y thesentences cha n

se i
g g n th e d,i rec t q u ota
tio ns to th e in d irect f or m
l Th
. e tea ch er sa id to m e G O to your seat , .
2 My m
. oth er sa id to J ua n O penth e d oor , .
3 . G iv e m e a fa n sa id Luisa to J ul ia
, .
4 . Shut the d oor quietl y, sa id my uncl e to me .
5 . nt my mother said S weep the floor

T O the se rv a , , .
439 Cop y th . ese sen ten ces ch an g gin th e i n d i re c t to ,
d irec t qu ota tion s:
1 Th e tea c h e r tol d Ma ca rio to i k u th r

.
p c p e p p
a e .
2 My m . o th er requested m e to g o to th e m a rket a n d
b uy a fi sh .
8 Herm eto s fath er bade h imSh ut th e door

’
. .
4 Th .e tea ch er com manded Paz to g o home at once .
5 My a un. t forba d e th e serv an t to m a ke a fi re .
440 Cop y th . e d i rect qu ota t i ons i n th e stor y H a n s th e ,
S hep her d B oll i n E xerci se 1 0 4 ch , an i

g g n th e m to th e .
44 1 . W r ite a co mp
na bou t M a k ing Ja r s Tel l
osi tio .
1 O f wh
. a t j a rs a re m a de 2 Wh ere th e cl ay is fo un d
. . .
3 How th
. e cl ay is p repa red 4 How th e cl ay is m a de . .
into j a rs 5 How th . e j a rs a re bak ed

. 6 Th e d iff eren t . .
kin ds of j a rs a n d th eir uses .
Tel l th e ten se of eachverb th a t you h a ve u sed .
PE RSO N A N D N U MB E R O F V E RBS
I w al k . We see. They l ea rn .
J uanwal ks . He sees. Marta l earns .
Menw ork . I a m . They were .
Th e manw ork s . He is . It w a s .
Inthese ntences what v erbs end in3 ?

se ,
Wha t is the person a nd num ber Of th sub ect Of

j
‘
hof these v erbs ?

ea c
The v erbs is and has are used on ly with subj ects

inthe th ird erson sin
p g ul ar number , .
F UT U R E PB B l l Ol
' '‘
TE NSE
F irst p erson . I Shal l ha ve wal ked . W e Shall have
wal k ed .
S econd p erson . You w ill ha ve You w il l have

w al ked . w al k ed .
Th
ird p erson . He, She or it w il l The
y wil l ha ve
hav e wal ked . w al ked .
NO TE To TE E TE A CH E R. Substitute other verbs for the verb wa l k in

the x
above e ercise, u til n the various forms are l earned thoroughl y .
445 Copy nd l ea rnthe fol l ow ing f orms of the

a verb
b e i na l l the tenses
PRE SE NT TE N SE
(P erso n
)
1 . We are
2 . Y ou are
3 . He, S he or it is 3 . They are
PA ST TE N SE
2 . Y ou were . 2 . Y ou
3 . He, She or it was 3 . They were
F UT U RE TE N SE
1 . I shal l be 1 . W e Shal l be
2 . You wil l be 2 . You w ill be
3 . He, she or it wil l be 3 . They wil l be
PRE S E NT PE R F E CT TE N SE
1 . I hav e been 1 . We ha v e been
2 . Y ou h a v e been 2 . You hav e been
3 . He, She or it has been 3 . They ha ve been

G RAMMA R AND CO MPOSITI O N 193
PA ST PE RF E CT TE N SE
Y ouhad been 2 Y ou h a d been .
He sh e or it h
, ad bee n 3 Th ey h ad been .
F U TU RE PE RF E C T TE N SE
I shal l h av e been 1 W e sh al l hav e been .
Y ou sh al l ha v e been 2 Y ou w il l h ave been .
He She or it wil l hav e

, 3 Th ey w ill hav e been. .
been
C OMP O S ITI O N
446 W rite the f ormof th

. e v erb to b e i nE xer ci se 445,
u si ng i np l ac e of ea chbl a nk th e a dj ecti ve ha pp y .
44 7 . R ew ri te the se ntences y ou ha ve j u st w ritten i n
A mI happ y ? A re you h
a
pp y ?
448 . The for m of the v erb e nding in ing where ,
used withthe v erb be, is cal l ed the Progressiv e F orm
of the v erb
I a mwriting . The
y w il l be l ooki ng .
You are readi ng . The

y hav e beensinging .
Use the w ord w r i ti ng i n p l a ce of the bl a nks af ter the

verbs i nE xercise 4 4 5 , ma k ing comp l ete sentences
I a mwriting a l etter .
You a re writing a composition .
449 . Chang e the sentences y ou ha ve writteni nExercise

4 4 8 to the interrog a ti ve f m
or
A mI writin g a l ette r ?
A re you wri tin com osition?
g a
p
450Use th
. e w ord g oi ng i n p l ac e of h bl a nk in
ea c
E xercise 4 4 5 , us ing the a d verb n o t to ma ke neg a ti ve

se ntences
I a mnot going to school .
You a re not g oi ng to the city .
45 1 . Chan
g e thentences you ha ve w ritteni nE xercise
se
45 0 to the interrog a ti ve f orm
A mI not g oing to sch ool ?
A re you not g oin to th e cit 3

g y
RE G U LA R A N D I RRE G U L A R V E RB S
45 2 . Cop y the f ol l ow i ng verbs . Use ea c hverb ina se n
tence
PR E SE N T TE N SE PA ST TE N SE PE R F E CT TE N S E S
l
p ya l
p ya ed hav e pl ayed
l ov e l oved had l oved
cry cried hav e cried
tal k tal ked hav e ta l ked
l earn l ea rned had l earned
The forms of the v erb used in the presen t ten se,
the pa st tense and the perfect tenses a re cal l ed th e
Principal Parts .
W ithw hat l etters do these v erbs end in the pa st

tense an d the perfect tenses ? They a re R egul a r V erb s .
Reg ul ar Verbs for mtheir past t nse and perfect tenses by

e
addi ng a or ed to the f o minth

r e p e ent tens r s e .
V erbs that do not end inad inthe p a st a nd the perfect
tenses are cal l ed Irreg ul ar Verbs o

g , went, g one soc, sa w,
see n .
W hat do I wish To go h o e is a ph ra se conta inm

ing the v erb go . It is cal l ed anI nfin itiv e Ph rase .
W hat is wron
g ? To tel l a l ie is an infinitiv e
phra se used a s th e subj ect W hat . is the infinitiv e
hra se inthe th ird Sente n e ?
p c
To go, to tel l a nd to carry a re forms Of b

v er s cal l ed
In
finitives .
456 W ri te sentences , usi n

g the se i nfi ni ti ve p hras es
1 . to l ea rnE ng l is h 7 . to buy a fan

2 . to g o to A erica m 8 . to sel l these e
gg s
3 . to ca tc hfi sh 9 . to fi nd my hat
4 . to pl ay bal l 10 . to ride ina cart
5 . to see your book 11 . to fl y y m

k ite
6 . to eat mangoes 12 . to draw a bird
PA RT I C IPL E S
457 . R ea d the se se ntences

1 . That picture h an in
g g on t h e w all is ine m .
2 The red p encil l yin nt h fl oor is b rok en

.
g o e .
3 . W e saw many womenca rry ing bask ets onth eir hea d s .
4 . W e paid the carpenter for ma k ing the ta bl e .
5 . I thank you for hel p ing me .
In these ntences w ha t picture and w hat pencil

se ,
a re spok en of ? The w ords h an in l

g g y g in ca rr in
y g , , ,
making a nd help ing are forms of v erbs call ed Parti

cipl es Th e w ords h
. an in
g g o n th e wa l l lyin on th
g e ,
fl oor ca rryin
, g baskets etc f or m a king th
,
e ta bl e.a nd
,
or h e in m e, a re cal l ed Participial Ph
f lp g rases .
G RAMMAR AND CO MPOSITI O N 1 97
458 Tel l th
. e p a rtic ip i a l p hras es i nthese sentences . Tel l
wha t eac hp h ra se od ifies m
1 . Those bO s l
y p y ga in in th e ro a d are y cousins m .
2 . That O l d a ns m
ok in g m
a cig ar is a fi sher an m .
3 . We sa w three
c a ra ba os sw i mming inthe water .
4 . The manwas punished for steal ing a horse .
5 . The boy w as p raised fo r l earning his l essonwel l .
459 Write sentences , usi ng these p a rti cip ia l p hra ses

1 . ridi ng ont he horse
2 . sitting on t he roof of th e house
3 . by fal l in g i nto the w at er
4 . for buil d in g t h e ho use
5 . by work in g h a rd e ver
y d a
y
C O MP O S I T I O N
460 . Letter of A ppl ication . Cop y this l etter f
o ap
p l ica tion:
ZA M B O A N G A , MI N D A N A O , PI
. .
,
Jul y 1 3, 1 9 1 0 .
MR SI M ON RO CO,
'
B O B O L,
B O B O L, P I
. .
DE A R SI R
Th e Sup erin ten dent of Sch ool s of th is city h as
infor m ed m e tha t y ou wa nt a cl erk I w ishto appl y for .
the position .
I a m
sixteeny ea rs ha v e compl eted the w ork
of a
g e . I
inth e p rim a ry sc h ool s of th is city a nd the fi rst year of the
in term ed iate sch ool I al so read w rite a n

. d sp ea k Spa nish , .
I in cl ose l et ters Of recom mendation fro m my superin

ten den t an d tea ch ers Mr F rank G onz al es the secretary
. .
,
O f this city al so wil l w rite to you about me

, .
Yours respe ctful l y,
RI C A R DO SA N T O S .
461 Cop y the f ol l ow i ng ad verti se ment . Write a n
1 . W A N TE D : B oy to w ork ina d octor

’
Soffi ce a nd to
ca rry messages . An swer in writin g g
, iv ing ag e a nd .
refere nces . B ox 1 2, Man il a Post O fi ice .
SI MPLE , C O MPLE ' A N D C O MPO UND

SE N T E NCE S
1 . The king fi sher is a p retty bird .
2 . O wl s and hawks do not Sing .
3 . B oys and g irl s read and study history a nd eo

g g re
Wh at is th e subj ect an d th e predica te of ea chO f
these sen tences ? In w h ich sen tence is t h e subj ect
com p ou nd ? W h ichsen te n ce ha s a com oun

p d p red i '
Th ese sen ten ces h a v e onl y on T h

ca te ?
l
e c a use ey .
are cal l ed Sim pl e S en tence s .
m
A Si pl e Sentence is nn
a se te ce that tai n
n
co s on
l y one
cl ause .
463 . W rite fi ve si mp l e sentences ab ou t
1 . cofi ee 2 . sug a r ca ne
464 . Read these se ntences . A na l yz e ea c hsentence

1 . We sa w m ny
a Neg ritos when we lived on the
mountains .
2 . The N eg ri tos that w e saw l iv ed ins al l houses m .
3 . The N eg ritos th ink th a t the ea rthis fl at .

10 . I donot know w here he l ives .
11 . W henthe southwest winds bl ow , we hav e rain .
466 . W ri te co mfl ex se ntences
1 . F i ve se ntences , ea chcontaining a nadj ectiv e cl ause .
2 . F i ve s entences , ea chcontaining a na d v erbial cl ause .
3 . F iv e sen tences , ea chcontaining a nou n cl ause .
46 7 . R ea d these se ntences
1 . The manw as t al l a nd the wo manwas Short .
2 . The cl oud s w ere da rk, the wind bl ew a nd mu ch

nfell
ra i .
3 . J uanl ikes to study history but he , d oes not l ik e to

study a rithmetic .
E a ch of these ntences h
se as two or m ore cl auses .
Eachcl ause is a sentence by itsel f Th ey a re prin .
cipal cl a uses . Th ese sentences are ca l l ed Com p ound

S en
tences .
A Comp ound Sentenc e i s a senten

ce that has two or more
principal cl a uses .
468 Tel l the cl a u ses i n these co mp ound se ntences .
Ana l yz e eac hsentence
1 . The bo
y ca me to sc hool , but he l eft his books at
home .
2 . Th e wh al e is th e l a rg est an im al inth e sea an d th e ,
el eph an t is th e l a rg est an im al 0 11 th e l an d .
3. I w ent to th e forests l ast

y e ar bu t I h a v e n o t ,b ee n
th ere sin ce th en .
4 . G eog rap h y t el l s u s a bou t co u ntr ie s a nd p p

e o l e s as
th ey a re tod ay an d h istory tell s us h

, w
o p p e e o l
l iv ed an d wh at th ey d id m an yy e a rs a o
g .
COMP OS I T I O N
469 . Conv ersati on .
Tel l o f the l ife o f F ern
ando
I . B irth . W hen in w hat , cou ntry and in what city
w ashe born
II . Serv ice in th e E a st I n dies T o wh om th e E a st .
In d ies bel on g e d H ow th e P o rtu uese w en

g . t t h e re
from E urop e Wh y ? W hy
. M a g el l a n d i d n o t
l ike th e w ork th ere T o wh at coun try h e w en
. t .
II I . His pl a nto reachthe Mol uccas by sa il in g w es t fr o m

Spain A ccepted by K in
.
g C ha rl es V .
IV . Th e v oya e
g Sa il ed S e
.
p te m be r 2 0 1 5 1 9 , w it h fi v e , ,
sh ip s an d 265 m en Reach ed th e coa st of South

.
Am erica Th e m utin
.
y of th e c a p ta i n s P a ss e d .
th rou hth e S tra it of Mag el l a n R ea ch ed th e Pa

g .
cifi c O cea n N ov em ber 28 1 520

, Sa il ed a cross th e , .
Pacifi c Stopped at th
. e La dron e I sl a n ds Reach ed .
th e Ph il ip p ines Ma rch1 6 1 5 21 Stopped a t Lim

,
a , .
sa ua Th. ena t C ebu A p ril 7 1 5 21 , , .
V . His dea th T he bl ood comp a ct

. Th e p eopl e be .
com e Ch ristia n His dea thonth e isl an

. d of Mac
tan T h . e val ue oi h is v oy ag e .
470 . W rite a biog ra p hy of F ernando l og e/Ian .
4 71 . Tel l the si mp l e
nd co mp ou nd sentences , co mp l ex a
tha t y ou h a ve u sed i n th i s biog r a p hy .
4 72 Tel l th
. e k in d p erson number a nd ten se of ten, ,
verbs th a t y ou h a ve u sed .
473 . G i ve the co mp a ra ti ve a nd th
e su p er l a ti ve d eg rees
of ten a dj ec ti ves a nd of the a d verbs tha t y ou ha ve used .
4 74 . W ri te the p os sess i ve si ngu l a r and the p ossessive
p l ura l f
o tennou ns that
you ha ve u sed .
204 I NDE'
Co mpound , co mpl ement , 251 . L i ttl e, (1 l ittl e, use of, 295 .
p erson al p ron oun s, 352 Ma ny , use of , 296

m
. .
p red ica te, 247 . Ma rg in s of co p osition s , 21 .
sen ten ce, 467 j

Modifi er, see A d ective, Ad v erb ial .
j
.
sub ect , 241 . More, use of , 295 .
Con ug ationof to be , 445

j t . Much, use of , 29 5 .
Con j un c ion s, N ei th er, use of , 39 1

n m
.
Co traction s, 1 43 - 145 . N o in ativ e ca se , 243 .
Con versa tion , sub ects for j N on e, use of , 29 6 .
A cti vities , 1 1 6 . N et a n d n ever, use of , 1 46 .
B orn eo , 388 . ouncl a use, 384 , 385 .
Cacao Trees, 273 oun s , 24 3 1 , 42 48

m
— —
. .
Col u b us a n d th e E gg , 299 cases of , 343 348

mm
—
. .
F ern an d o Mag el l an , 469 co on , 30
m
. .
G a es , 66 g en d er of , 3033 05
Hm m
. .
o e, 40 nu ber of , 42 -48
f m
. .
H orses, 1 08 p os se ss iv e o r o f ,
D
.
ates , use of , 1 58 1 60 —
. used a s ad ec tiv es , 89 .
D ecl a ra tiv e sen ten ce , 1 3 v erb s use a s , 1 26

m
. .
D esc rip tion s, see Co position N owh ere, use of , 205

m
.
Con v e rsa tion , sub ects f or j N u be , o r f n o u n s 4 2 -

48
D m
. ,
iag ra , d efi n ed , 1 68 of p ron oun s, 28 9 -

29 4 .
D
.
iary , 207 of v e rb s 44 2 -
4 44
O m m
. .
,
D irec t quota tion s, use of , 431-440 b ect co p l e en

j t , 327 .
O
.
E a ch, use of , 29 8 b ect of th e p rep osition , 212

j .
O
.
E ith er, use of , 297 . b j ecti ve case , 348 .
En oug h , use of , 295 Of , use of , 283

O
.
j
.
E very , use of , 298 p posite ad ectiv es 94

m
.
,
E verywh ere, use of , 205 Outl in es, see Co p osi tion sub ects j
x m
.
,
E cl a ationpoin t , defi n itionan d use for .
f
o , 25 8 -
260, 336 . Pa rag ra h, 1 8 , 2 1 , 53 .
F ew, a f ew , use of , 29 6 . Pa rticip al ph rase , 457-4 59 .
F uture per ec t ten f se , 425, 426 . Pa rticip l e, 45 7 .
F uture ten se , 420, 424 . Pa rts of sp eech, 2 34- 267

G en d er, of n oun s , 303 - 305 . f
Past per ect ten se, 425 , 426 .
of ron oun s , 306 . Pa st ten se, 420, 423 .
He in g of a l etter, 17 2 . Pe riod , use o f , 1 , 7 , 63 , 333 .
H yp h e n u se o f 3 38 Persono f v e r b s 44 2 -
444
m
. .
, , ,
I era tiv e sen ten ce , 1 3 Person al p ron oun s, 31 3

m
. .
In irect quota tion s , 431- 440 co poun d , 35 2 .
In fin itiv e p h ra se, 455 . d ecl en sionof , 349 .
In fin itiv es, 455 Person ifi ca tion 232

j m
. .
,
In ter ection , 2 5 8 - 260

. Phrase od ifi ers, 36 1 , 37 7 .
In terrog ationp oin t, use of, 335 Ph rase, ad ec t iv e, 1 94- 1 97 , 361W

'
. .
In terrog a tive p ron oun s , 3 14 . ad v erb ia 200 203 —

.
In terroga tiv e sen ten ce , 1 3 . d efi n itionof , 1 89 .
In vita tion , Le t ers of , 256

t . in fin itiv e , 455 .
I rreg ul a r verb s , 452 , 453 t i i ia l 45 7 -4 59

.
p a r c p ,
.
I t, use of , possessiv e , 283 286 —
m
.
Lett writin n l u l es for , 1 70 Pl ura l n u b er, of n oun s, 42 -48

pgé
g g
, e er a r .
Poet ry, 35 , 229 .
p racti ce in , 185 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 222 , 257 , Positive d eg ree, 39 1 , 392 .
26 1 , 3 1 9 ; see a l so Letters, busin ess , Possessiv e ca se , o f n oun s, 346 , 347 .
etc . of p ron oun s, 3 46 , 347

mess f m
.
Letters , bus 22 1 , 332 , . Possessive or of n o u ns , 277 288

-
.
of ap pl ica tion , 460 , 46 1 Possessiv e p h rases, 283 -286

m
. .
o f int rod uct ion , 3 15 , 31 6 . Pred icate, co poun d , 247 1

of in vita tion , 256 , 31 7 , 31 8 . defi n itionof, 153 .
INDE' 205
Predica te, of co and s, 167 mm . Hans the She herd

Boy , 1 04 .
of q uestion s, 164 The W a ter Li 1 28

m
. .
si p l e an d whol e , 181 . The F rog s a sk for a K in g , 1 62

e W in
.
Preposition 2 1 0 2 7
- 1 Th d an d th e Moon , 229
f m
.
j
,
conun ction
.
i g uish Th e B a g of W in
gg
dr ed ro s, d s , 244
a m
.
Col u b us an d the E gg ,
j irds , the B eas ts , an
ob ec t of ,
m qf d th
212 .
e B at ,
Presen t per ect tenf se , 425,
mpl etions 276
.
Presen t ten se , 420, 422 Story w ritin ,

sg
. co .
Prin direction
,
cip a l pa rts of v erb s, 452 or 244
f m es for see Com
. .
,
Prog ressiv e or of v erb , 448 . outl in positions sub
oun
,
Pron
,
s, cases of , 343 -35 1
m j eeta for
Sub ect com
.
n
.
co p o u d p e rso na l 352 ound 24 1

j p
.
, ,
itiona n
,
d efi n
.
d use of , 58-62 ot a se n tence 1 49 1 52

o f com ma nds 167
—
.
, .
en d er o f , 306
g .
in
.
,
terrog a ti ve , 31 4 of q uestion s 1 64
m sim l e a n
.
nu ber of , 9 29 4
.
,
28 -
. d wh ol e 1 78
n
,
p e r s o a l , 3 1 3 . Sn er a ti v e d eg ree , 395 ,
rel a tiv e, 364 Sy l ab ica tion 4 9 -5 1
m
.
j
.
,
used as ad ec tiv es, 93 . Tel eg ra s , 41 8 , 419

j
.
PrOper ad ec tiv es, 88 . Ten se, 420-4 25 .
Prop er n o un s, 28 . Th an , use o f , 40 1 .
Pun c tua tion , rul es for, 33343 39 . Th e, use of , 79 , 83 , 84 .
Question, 4 . Th ere, use of , 269 , 270, 356 .
Q uota t ion s , 68 Th is , th a t, th ese, th ese , use of , 90 92 —
m x
. .
d irec t a n d in direct , 431 -440 . Ti e e p ressionof , 204

, .
Re ul a r an d i rreg ul ar v erb s, Titl es 21 , 32 , 33 .
j
,
Re a tiv e p ron oun s , 364 V erl s , a n d a d ec tives , word s used as ,

i
.
Req uests , 7 . z5
Re v iew , 1 48 , 1 77 , 276 , 360 an d n oun s, w ord s used as,
j
.
Sen ten ce, an al ysis of , 1 68 conug a tionof to be, 445

m x
. .
co p l e , 464 d efi n itionof , 1 1 1
m
. .
co poun d , 467 in fin itiv es , 455

m
. .
d ecl ara tive, 13 . of ore th a non e w ord , 1 1 9 .
defi n itionof, 10 p a rticip l es , 457

m
. .
k in d s of, 13 .
p e r s o n a n d nu b e r o f , 442 -444 .
p r ed ic a t e o f 1 53 -1 5
7 p r a c t ic e in us in g, 1 1 3 - 1 24
m
. .
,
si l e , 462 p r in c ip a l p a rt s o f 4 5 2
f m
. .
,
sub ects of, 1 49 - 1 52 r

p g o r es si v e o r of , 448
mm
. .
Series of w ord s , co a in, 95 . reg ul a r a n d irreg ul a r, 45 2 , 453 .
Sig n a ture of l etter, 1 77 ten se of , 420-4 27

m
.
Si pl e sen ten ce, 462 use o f , 1 20- 127

m m
. .
Sin g ul a r n u b er, 42 . Who, whose, who , use of , 367 .
So a s , use o f, 400 W hol e p red ica te , 1 8 1

m
. .
S o e, use of , W hol e subjec t , 1 78

m m
.
S o ewh ere, use of , 205 . W o rd od i fi ers , 36 1 , 37 7 .
S tan z a , 35 W ord s, sound ing a l ik e , 268

m
. .
Sta te en ts , 1 . used as d iif eren t p a rts of speech , 267
Stories : A F a ithul Dog , 1 8 f . used as n oun s an d a dj ectiv es , 125 .
Sa v ed by a S ider, 68 . used as v erb s an d a d j ec tiv es , 1 2 5 .
Th e F rog a n th e Ox, 70 . used as verb s a n d n oun s , 1 26 .

ElementaryEnglishGrammarandComposition 10020604

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ElementaryEnglishGrammarandComposition 10020604

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I N S U L A R L A N G UA G E S E RI E S

T ms book has beenp repared for th e use of F il ip in o studen ts

g en era l p rin ci p l es of E n g l i sh G ra mm ar an d C o m p o sit io n .

To th e F il ipin o stud en t, E n gl is h is a f o reig n l a n u

E ngl ishG ra mm m ar ust, th erefore, be ta ugh t to h i m as a f or

book h as beenca ref ul l y p l an ned and work ed out to eet these m

teach er, witha m mm

is p resen ted, an d th is is cl earl y an m

w el l as th e p sych ol og ical order is f ol l owed ing en eral an d in

Th is book presen ts a study of th e p arts of speech , t h e ir re l a

taugh t grad ual l y inrel ationto th e pa rts of sp eech a n d th eir

uses inth e sen ten ce .

E achim p o rtan t to p i c i n G ramm ar is f ol l ow e d b y e x ercises in

th ose m ore d ifﬁ cul t for th e F il ipin o studen t. L etter writin g

are al so dev el oped withm odel s, con v ersation , a n d o u tl in e s .

Co mposition , The N egritos 22 mands a nd R equests

U se of A, An, and The 83 A dd resses

C omma with Ye and N o s 40 Anywhere, N owhere, S o me

W anted Pronouns used as Obj ects of

A re, Were, H a ve B usiness L etters

W riting a Story 1 07 There ﬁ rst word of Sen ten ce 1 57

Possessive F or mof Nouns C om p arisonof A dj ectives

L ittl e More E n , oug h , 1 32 Comp a ri onof A d

E ith er N either B oth

Composition Rizal Day 1 44 B iogra p hy, F erna nd o a

1 . Cop y the f nol l owi

1 . The earthis roun d .

2 . The sunis m uchl arg er t h anth e earth .

3 . The earthis l a rg er th a nth e m oon .

4 . The sung ives l ig ht a nd heat to the earth .

5 . The m oonreﬂ ects th e l ig h t of th e sun .

Eachof th ese g roups of w ords tell s or sta tes so me

W ithwha t kind of l etter does ea chstatement be

g in ? W hat mk ar is pl a ced at the e nd of e ac h

The ﬁ rst word of a sta te ment shoul d beginwitha capital

A period shoul d be pl aced h nd

2 . Write sta te ment s a bou t these thing s

3 . IV rite sta tements , tel l ing

5 . Wh a t do butterﬂ ies eat

W ithw ha t kind of l etter does ea chquestionbegin?

The ﬁ rst w ord of a questionshoul d beg i nw itha capital

A question mark shoul d be pl aced at the end of a question

1 . The white ant 5 . Sal t

4 . T obacco 8 . The p ray ing mantis

1 W hichisl a nd is the l a rg est inthe Phil ipp ines

2 . O nwha t isl a nd is the city of Il oil o ?

7 . these mma nd s a nd requests :

2 . Pl ease l et me rea d fromyour book .

3 . G o to your seat an d l earnyour l esson .

4 . D o not forg et to w rite w ell .

5 . A l w ays do your best .

W ithw ha t kind of l etter does eachof these com

The ﬁ rst w ord of a co mmand shoul d beg inw itha capital

3 . F or a rid e ina boa t 6 . T o g o to the mark et

1 . A boy 3 . A dog 5 . Y our teacher

2 . A g irl 4 . A horse 6 . A friend

Cop y these ntences

1 . Leg a spi w as th e ﬁ rst Sp an ish g ov ernor of the

W hend id he a rrive at Manil a

Pl ease tel l m e wh o Lim ah on g w as .

Dra w a map of th e isl and of Luzé n .

W hichof th ese sen ten ces are statem en ts ? Wh ich

Eachof th ese sen ten ces expresses a th ough t Th e .