THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Components of the Skeletal System

➢ Bones
➢ Cartilages
➢ Ligaments
➢ Joints
FUNCTIONS OF THE BONES
➢ Support
➢ Protection
➢ Movement
➢ Storage
➢ Hematopoiesis
DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
➢ Axial skeleton
▪ Bones that form the longitudinal
axis of the body
o Skull
o Thorax
o Vertebrae
➢ Appendicular skeleton
▪ Bones that form the limbs and
girdles

BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

➢ The adult skeleton has 206 bones. ➢ LONG BONES
➢ At birth the human skeleton is composed of ▪ Longer than they are wide
300 bones ▪ Bones of the limbs
➢ Two basic types of bone tissue ➢ SHORT BONES
▪ Compact bone ▪ Cube-shaped and composed mostly
o Dense and looks smooth of spongy bone
and homogenous. ▪ Bones of the wrists and ankles,
▪ Spongy bone patella
o Composed of small needle- ➢ FLAT BONES
like pieces of bone with ▪ Thin, flattened and usually curved
lots of open spaces. ▪ Ribs, skull bones, sternum. Scapulae
➢ IRREGULAR BONES
▪ Irregularly shaped bones
▪ Facial bones, vertebrae, pelvic
girdle, calcaneus
 ➢ SUTURAL BONES SHORT BONES (28)
▪ Small bones located in sutures of
▪ Generally cube-shaped
cranial bones.
▪ Contain mostly spongy bone
▪ Ossa suturalia/Wormian bones
▪ Includes bones of the wrist and ankle

Short=Sprain (Wrist)

▪ Carpals – Wrist
o Scaphoid (2)
o Lunate (2)
o Triquetrum (2)
o Hamate (2)
o Capitate (2)
o Trapezoid (2)
o Trapezium (2)
*Pisiform – Not Included
*Sesamoid Bone
Short=Sprain (Ankle)
▪ Tarsals – Ankle
o Talus (2)
o Navicular (2)
o Cuboid (2)
o Calcaneus (2)
o Medial Cuneiform (2)
o Intermediate Cuneiform (2)
o Lateral Cuneiform (2)
SESAMOID BONES (4)
▪ A type of short bone which form within
LONG BONES (90) tendons (patella – largest)
▪ Typically, longer than they are wide. ▪ Develop in certain tendons where there is
▪ Shaft with head situated at both ends. considerable friction, tension, and physical
▪ Contain mostly compact bone. stress, such as the palms and soles.
▪ All the bones of the limbs (except wrist, o In the knee – patella
ankle, and kneecap bones) o In the distal 1st and 2nd metacarpal
bones
Long=Limbs o In the wrist – pisiform
o In the 1st metatarsal bone
▪ Upper Extermity
o Humerus (2) – Arm
o Radius (2) – Forearm
o Ulna (2) – Forearm
o Metacarpals (10) – Hand
o Phalanges (28) – Fingers
▪ Lower Extermity
o Femur (2) – Upper Leg
o Tibia (2) – Lower Leg
o Fibula (2) - Lower Leg
o Metatarsals (10) – Foot
o Phalanges (28) – Toes
Long=Clavicle
▪ Clavicle (2) – Collarbone
 ➢ EPIPHYSIS
▪ Ends of the long bones
▪ Consists of a thin layer of compact
bone enclosing an area filled with
spongy bone
▪ Protected by an articular cartilage

ANATOMY OF LONG BONE

➢ Periosteum
FLAT BONES (36) ▪ Outside covering of the diaphysis
▪ Thin, flattened, and usually curved ▪ Fibrous connective tissue membrane
▪ Two thin layers of compact bone surround a ➢ Perforating (Sharpey’s) Fibers
layer of spongy bone ▪ Secure periosteum to underlying
bone
Flat = Fort ➢ Endosteum
▪ Thin connective tissue membrane
▪ Sternum (1) – Breastbone
lining the inner cavities of bone
▪ Ribs (24) – Rib Cage
▪ Skull
o Frontal Bone (1)
o Parietal Bone (2)
o Occipital Bone (1)
o Nasal (2)
o Lacrimal (2)
o Vomer (1)
▪ Scapula (2) – Shoulder
IRREGULAR BONES (48)
▪ Irregular shape
▪ Do not fit into other bone classification
categories
Irregular = l-shaped
(Hips, Vertebrae, Skull, Ears)
GROSS ANATOMY IF THE LONG BONE
➢ DIAPHYSIS
▪ AKA shaft; makes up most of the
bone length
▪ Composed mostly of compact bone
▪ Protected by the periosteum
➢ METAPHYSIS
▪ The regions between the diaphysis
and the epiphyses
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LONG BONE
➢ ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• Covers the external surface of the
epiphyses
• Made of hyaline cartilage
• Decreases friction at joint surfaces
➢ EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
• A flat plate of hyaline cartilage that
cause the lengthwise growth of
bone
➢ When bone stops growing in length, the
epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is
called the EPIPHYSEAL LINE
➢ MEDULLARY CAVITY
• Cavity of the shaft
• Contains fat in adults and red bone
marrow in infants
➢ YELLOW MARROW
• Fat stored within the medullary
cavity or in the spaces of spongy
bone
➢ RED MARROW
• Connective tissue in the spaces of
spongy bone or in the medullary
cavity; the site of blood cell
production
➢ ARTERIES
• Supply bone cells with nutrients
TYPE OF CELLS IN BONE TISSUE
➢ Osteoprogenitor cells undergo cell division
and develop into osteoblasts, which secret
bone extracellular matrix.
From bone cell lineage
1. Osteoprogenitor cell –
develops into an
osteoblast
2. Osteoblast – forms bone
extracellular matrix
3. Osteocyte – maintains
bone tissue
From white blood cell lineage
1. Osteoclast – functions in resorption, the
breakdown of bone extracellular matrix
TYPES OF BONE TISSUE
➢ Compact bone
• Contains few spaces and is the
strongest form of bone tissue
•
Found beneath the periosteum of all
bones
• Makes up the bulk of the diaphyses of
long bones
• Provides protection and support and
resists the stresses produced by
weight and movement
➢ Spongy bond
• AKA trabecular or cancellous bone
tissue
• Always located in the interior of a
bone, protected by a covering of
compact bone
• Light, reducing the overall weight of
the bone
• The trabeculae of spongy bone
tissue support and protect the red
bone marrow where hematopoiesis
happens
OSTEON – AKA Haversian system; the fundamental
unit of a compact bone
• Lacunae – tiny cavities where osteocytes are
located
• Lamellae – concentric arrangement of lacunae
around a central canal
• Canaliculi – tiny canals that radiate outward from
the central canal to all lacunae
• Haversian canal – AKA central canal containing
blood vessels and nerves
• Volkmann’s canal – AKA perforating canal that
run into the compact bone at right angles to the
shaft that serves as communication pathway from
the outside of the bone to its interior
BLOOD SUPPLY
➢ Periosteal arteries – supply the 1)
periosteum and the part of the 2) outer part
of the compact bone
➢ Nutrient arteries – supplies the 1) inner part
of compact bone tissue of the diaphysis, 2)
spongy bone tissue and 3) red bone
marrow as far as the epiphyseal plates
➢ Metaphyseal arteries – supply the red bone
marrow and bone tissue of the metaphyses
➢ Epiphyseal arteries – supply the red bone
marrow and bone tissue of the apiphyses
VENOUS DRAINAGE
➢ Nutrient veins (1-2) – accompany the
nutrient artery and exit through the
diaphysis
➢ Epiphyseal veins and metaphyseal veins
(numerous) - accompany their respective
arteries and exit through the epiphyses and
metaphyses, respectively
➢ Periosteal veins (many and small) –
accompany their respective arteries and exit
through the periosteum.
NERVE SUPPLY OF A BONE
➢ Nerve accompanies the blood vessels that
supply bones.
➢ The periosteum is rich in sensory nerves,
some of which carry pain sensations.
➢ These nerves are especially sensitive to
tearing or tension, which explains the
severe pain resulting from a fracture or a
bone tumor.
BONE MARKINGS
➢ Surface features of bones
• Sites of attachements for muscles,
tendons, and ligaments
• Passages for nerves and blood
vessels
➢ Categories of bone markings
• Projections or processes – grow out
froms the bone surface
o Terms often begins with “T:
• Depressions or cavities – indentions
o Terms often being with “F”
BONE FORMATION AND GROWTH 3. Formation of trabeculae
➢ Ossification – progress of bone formation
➢ Occurs during:
▪ Formation of bones in the
embryo/fetus
▪ Bone growth during development
from infancy to adulthood
▪ Remodeling the bone
▪ Repair of fractures
PATTERNS OF BONE FORMATION
➢ INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
• Bones forms directly from the
mesenchyme 4. Development of periosteum
• Flat bones of the skull
• Most of the facial bones
• Mandible
• Medial part of the clavicle
• Fontanels
➢ ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
• Bone form within the hyaline
cartilage
• Most bones form in this pattern
STAGES OF INTRAMEMRANOUS OSSIFICATION
1. Development of ossification center
STAGES OF ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
1. Development of the cartilage model

2. Calcification

2. Growth of the cartilage model

3. Development of the primary ossification ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
center

4. Development of the medullary (marrow) BONE GROWTH

cavity
➢ Interstitial growth – process by which bones
elongate
➢ Appositional growth – process by which
bones widen (increase in diameter)
➢ Hormones necessary for bone growth:
▪ Growth hormone
▪ Sex hormones
BONE REMODELING
➢ Replacement of old bone by new bone
➢ Two Influencing Factors in Bone
Remodeling
▪ Level of calcium in the blood which
5. Development of the secondary ossification is controlled by the parathyroid
centers hormone
▪ Pull of gravity and muscles on the
skeleton
1. Bone resorption (catabolic) – made possible
by increased osteoclastic activity
2. Bone formation or ossification (anabolic) –
Osteoblasts are deposited on the area
where the bone is destroyed

6. Formation of articular cartilage and the

epiphyseal (growth) plate

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
➢ Rickets
▪ Caused by deficiency of vitamin D o
r calcium
▪ Usually seen in infancy and
childhood
▪ Disturbance of normal ossification
causes bow-leggedness
➢ Osteoporosis
 ▪Bones become extremely porous
and are subject to fracture due to
loss of bone matrix
▪ Usually seen in old age -> more in
women than in men
▪ Caused by decreased hormone, low
dietary intake or absorption of
calcium or prolonged immobilization
(>2months)
➢ Fracture
▪ Any break in a bone
▪ Fractures are named according:
o Severity
o Shape or position of fracture
line
SOME COMMON FRACTURES
Open (Compound
Pott
REDUCTION – the realignment of the broken bone
ends, followed by immobilization.
➢ Closed Reduction
▪ A procedure to line
up the ends of a
broken (fractured) bone
without the need for
surgery.
▪ The bone ends are
coaxed back into their
normal position by the
physician’s hands.

➢ Open Reduction
▪ A surgical procedure
for repairing fractured
Comminuted bone using either
plates, screws or an
intramedullary (IM) rod
to stabilize the bone.
▪ Use to repair
severely displaced or
open bone fractures
Greenstick
where the fractured has pierced the
skin.
EVENTS IN BONE REPAIR
1. Hematoma formation – caused by rupture
of blood vessels
Colles 2. Formation of fibrocartilage callus – growth
of new capillaries; masses of repair tissues
(calluses) close the gap between broken
bones.
3. Formation of bony callus – replacement of
fibrocartilage by spongy bone.
4. Bone Remodeling

Impacted
THE AXIAL SKELETON TEMPORAL BONE
➢ Join the parietal bones
COMPONENTS OF THE AXIAL SKELETON above to form the
➢ SKULL SQUAMOUS SUTURE
• Cranial bones (8) BONE MARKINGS OF THE TEMPORAL BONE
• Facial bones (14)
➢ Vertebral Column ➢ EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS – canal
• Cervical vertebrae (7) towards the middle ear
➢ STYLOID PROCESS – sharp needle like
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
projection that serve as attachment point of
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
neck muscles
• Sacrum (1)
➢ ZYGMOID PROCESS – thin bridge of bone
• Coccyx (1) that joins with the cheekbone
➢ Bony thorax ➢ MASTOID PROCESS - full of air cavities;
• Sternum (1) point of attachment of neck muscles
• Ribs (24) ➢ JUGULAR FORAMEN – allows passage of
the jugular vein
THE CRANIUM ➢ INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS – transmits
the facial and vestibulocochlear nerves
FRONTAL BONE ➢ CAROTID CANAL – passageway of carotid
➢ Forms the forehead, artery
the superior part of
each eye’s orbit and
the bony projections
under the eyebrows
PARIETAL BONES
➢ Forms most of the
superior and lateral
walls of the cranium
➢ Meet in the midline
at the SAGITTAL
SUTURE
➢ Form the CORONAL SUTURE when they
meet the frontal bone
OCCIPITAL BONE
➢ Most posterior
bone of the
cranium
➢ Forms the floor
and back wall of
the cranium
➢ Joins the parietal bones anteriorly to form
the LAMBDOID SUTURE
➢ Location of the
FORAMEN
MAGNUM which is
the passageway
of the spinal cord
as it attaches to the brain
➢ Location of the OCCIPTAL CONDYLES which
rest on the atlas of the vertebrae
SPHENOID BONE
➢ Butterfly-shaped
bone that spans
the width of the
skull and form part
of the floor of the
cranial cavity
➢ SELLA TURCICA –
AKA Turk’s saddle;
houses the
pituitary gland
➢ FORAMEN OVALE – a large oval opening
that allows fibers of the trigeminal nerve to
pass through
➢ OPTIC CANAL – passageway of the optic
nerve
➢ SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSUE - passageway of
the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens
nerves
ETHMOID BONE
➢ Irregularly shaped
bone that lies
anteriorly to the
sphenoid
➢ Forms the roof of the
nasal cavity and part
of the medial walls of
the orbits
➢ CRISTA GALLI – AKA
cock’s comb; point of
attachment of the dura mater
➢ CRIBRIFORM PLATES – small holes that
allow nerve fibers from the olfactory
receptors of the nose to reach the brain
➢ SUPERIOR AND MIDDLE CONCHAE – form
part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity;
increases turbulence of air flowing through
the nasal passages
 ZYGOMATIC BONES
➢ AKA cheekbones
➢ Forms the lateral
walls of the eye
sockets or obits
➢ Attached to the
zygomatic
process of the temporal bone laterally and
to the maxillae medially
LACRIMAL BONES
➢ Fingernail sized bones
forming part of the
FACIAL BONES medial walls of the
orbits
MAXILLAE ➢ Contains a groove that
serves as a passageway for tears
➢ Two fused
maxillary NASAL BONES
bones that
➢ Small rectangular
form the
bones forming
upper jaw
the bridge of the
➢ The main or keystone bones of the face
nose
➢ PALATINE PROCESSES – form the anterior
part of the hard palate VOMER BONE
PARANASAL SINUSES ➢ The single bone in the
median line of the nasal
➢ FUNCTIONS:
cavity
• Lighten the weight of the head ➢ Forms most of the bony nasal
• Humidify and heat inhaled air septum
• Increase the resonance of the
speech INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE
• Serve as a crumple zone to protect ➢ Thin curved bones
vital structures in the event of facial projecting medially from
trauma the lateral walls of the
➢ Produce mucus that drain into the nasal nasal cavity
cavity through the middle meatus
➢ Common site of infection MANDIBLE
➢ AKA lower jaw
➢ The largest and the
strongest bone of the
face
➢ Forms the only freely
movable joints in the skull
➢ Parts: Body
Ramus/rami, Alveolar
PALATINE BONES
margin
➢ Lie posterior to the
palatine processes
of the maxillae
➢ Form the posterior
part of the hard
palate
➢ Failure of the palatine bones to fuse
medially results in cleft palate
 FETAL SKULL
➢ The adult skull represents only 1/8 of the
total body length
➢ The infant skill represents ¼ of the total
body length
➢ The skull has fibrous regions that have to
be converted to bone called FONTANELS
➢ ANTERIOR FONTANEL AKA bregmatic
fontanel – diamond shaped; largest; closes
within 2 years after birth (frontal and
parietal)
➢ POSTERIOR FONTANEL – triangle shaped;
closes within 6 months after birth (parietal
and occipital)
HYIOD BONE ➢ SPHENOIDAL (between the sphenoid,
parietal, temporal, and frontal bones) and
➢ Not really a part
the MASTOID fontanelles (between the
of the skull;
temporal, occipital, and parietal bones)
horseshoe-shaped
➢ The only bone in
the body that
does not directly articulate with any other
bone
➢ Serves as a movable base for the tongue
and as an attachment for neck muscles]
➢ Suspended in the mid-neck region about 2
cm above the larynx
➢ Anchored by ligaments to the styloid
processes

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
➢ Serves as the axial support of the body
➢ Protects the spinal cord
AUDITORY OSSICLES ➢ Consists of 33 separate bones during fetal
➢ Small bones located in the middle ear cavity life but 9 fuse to form the sacrum (5) and
➢ Responsible for transmission of sound from the coccyx (4)
the external ear to the inner ear ➢ Components:
➢ Made up of three bones • 7 cervical vertebrae
• Malleus (hammer) • 12 thoracic vertebrae
• Incus (anvil) • 5 lumbar
• Stapes (stirrups) vertebrae
• 1 sacrum
• 1 coccyx
INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
➢ Pads of fibrocartilage located in between
the vertebral bones
➢ Cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks
while allowing spine flexibility
➢ Made up of 90% water
➢ May herniate (slipped discs) or slip when
the disks dry up and the ligaments weaken
or when the vertebral column is subjected
to twisting
➢ 23 discs -> 6 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5
lumbar
ABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURES

FEATURES OF A TYPICAL VERTEBRA

➢ Body or centrum – weight bearing part
➢ Vertebral arch – formed from joining of the
pedicles and laminae
➢ Vertebral foramen – passage of the spinal
SPINAL CURVATURES
cord
➢ PRIMARY CURVATURES ➢ Transverse processes – lateral projections
• Thoracic and sacral regions ➢ Spinous process – single projection from
• Present at birth the vertebral arch
➢ Superior and inferior articular
• Produce the C-shaped spine of the
process/facets – areas where vertebrae join
newborn baby
together
➢ SECONDARY CURVATURES
• Cervical and lumbar regions
• Develop sometime after birth
• Allows the body to center the body
weight on the lower limbs with
minimum effort
• Cervical
o Develops when baby starts
to lift head
• Lumbar
o develops when baby starts
to stand and walk CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
PRIMARY SPINAL ➢ The first set of
CURVATURES vertebral bones of
the spine, located
inferior to the skull
 ➢ Consist of 7 vertebral bones, denoted
as C1, C2 (atypical vertebrae) C3, C4,
C5, C6, and C7 (typical vertebrae)
➢ The only vertebrae with bifid spinous
process and transverse foramina which
serves as passage of the vertebral
artery
ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
➢ C1 = atlas
• Do not have
a body
• Superior
surfaces abut
the occipital
condyles of
the skull
• Joint between atlas and skull allows
nodding
➢ C2 = axis
• Acts as a pivot for rotation of the
atlas and skull above
• Contains a large upright process
called DENS or ODONTOID
PROCESS
• Joint between atlas and axis allows
rotation of the head
THORACIC VERTEBRA
➢ The only vertebrae
that articulate with
the ribs
➢ Body is heart-shaped
➢ Contains costal facets
that receive the heads
of the ribs
➢ Spinous process is long and hooks
downward
➢ The bone looks like the head of a giraffe
when viewed from the side
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
➢ The sturdiest among all
the vertebrae
➢ Bodies are massive and
block-like
➢ Spinous processes are
short and hatchet-shaped
➢ The bone looks like a moose head when
viewed sideways
SACRUM AND COCCYX
➢ Sacrum is formed by the
fusion or five vertebrae
➢ Forms the posterior wall
of the pelvis
➢ Median sacral crest – fused spinous
processes of the vertebrae
➢ Sacrial hiatus – terminal opening of the
vertebral canal
➢ Coccyx is formed by 3-5
tiny bones; AKA the
tailbone
5 FUSED SACRAL VERTEBRAE

STERNUM
➢ AKA breastbone
➢ Results from the
fusion of 3 bones
• MANUBRIUM

THORACIC CAGE
• BODY
THORACIC CAGE
➢ AKA the bony thorax
➢ Forms a protective cone-shaped cage of
slender bones around the organs of the
thoracic cavity • XIPHOID PROCESS
➢ Components;
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
RIBS ➢ Bony landmarks
• Jugular notch – at the level of T3
➢ All ribs articulate with the vertebral column
• Sternal angle – at the level of the
posteriorly
2nd rib
➢ True ribs (rib 1-7) attach directly to the
• Xiphisternal joint – at the level of T9
sternum by costal cartilages
➢ False ribs (rib 8-12) attach indirectly to the
sternum or not attached at all
• Last pair of false ribs lack sternal
attachment – FLOATING RIBS (11-
12)
➢ Intercostal muscles fill the spaces
(intercostal spaces – ICS) between ribs

THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

COMPONENTS OF THE APPRENDICULAR
SKELETON
➢ Bones of the upper extremities
• Carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
 ➢ Bones of the shoulder girdle BONES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
• Scapula
• Clavicle THE HUMERUS
➢ Bones of the lower extremities
➢ The bone of the upper arm
• Femur ➢ Landmarks:
• Patella • Anatomical and
• Tibia surgical necks
• Fibula • Greater and lesser tubercles
• Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges • Deltoid tuberosity
➢ Bones of the pelvic girdle • Radial groove
• Ilium, ischium, pubis • Trochlea – medial
• Capitulum – lateral
THE PECTORAL GIRDLE • Olecranon fossa
COMPONENTS OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE • Coronoid fossa
• Medial and lateral epicondyles
➢ Scapula
• AKA shoulder blades or “wings”
➢ Clavicle
• AKA collarbone
CLAVICLE
➢ Attaches to the manubrium of the sternum
medially and to the scapula laterally
➢ Acts as a brace
SCAPULAE
➢ Not directly attached to the axial skeleton
but loosely held in place by trunk muscles
➢ Parts:
• ACROMION – enlarged end of the ULNA
spine
➢ Located medially
• CORACOID PROCESS – breaklike ➢ Proximal end landmarks
projection pointing upwards
• Olecranon process
• SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH – nerve (posterior)
passageway
• Coronoid process
• GLENOID CAVITY/FOSSA – a (anterior)
shallow socket that receives the
• Trochlear notch – line between the
head of the humerus
OP and CP
➢ Distal end landmarks:
• Styloid process
• Radioulnar joint
RADIUS METACARPALS AND PHALANGES
➢ Located laterally ➢ Metacarpals (5)
➢ Disc-shaped head joins • Bones of the palms
with the capitulum of • Heads of the metacarpals form the
the humerus knuckles
➢ Radial tuberosity – ➢ Phalanges (14)
located below the head; point of • Bones of the fingers
attachment of the biceps muscle tendon • 3 phalanges in each finger
➢ Connected to the ulna along their entire (proximal, middle, and distal) except
length by the interosseous membrane the thumb which has only two
(proximal and distal)

CARPAL BONES
➢ Wrist bones
➢ Superior row from lateral to medial
• Trapezium
• Trapezoid PELVIC GIRDLE
• Capitate
PELVIC GIRDLE
• Hamate
➢ Inferior row from lateral to medial ➢ The pelvic girdle is
• Scaphoid formed by two coxal
• Lunate bones or ossa coxae
• Triquetrum ➢ Bony pelvis is
• Pisiform formed by the pelvic
bones and the
sacrum and coccyx
➢ Bones of the pelvic
girdle
• ILIUM
• ISCHIUM
PUBIS
ILIUM BONY PELVIS
➢ The large flaring bone that forms most of ➢ Acetabulum – a deep socket that receives
the hipbone the head of the femur
➢ ILIAC CREST - upper edge of the wing-like ➢ Two regions of the pelvis:
part • FALSE PELVIS – the area medial to
➢ Connects posteriorly with the sacrum at the the flaring portions of the ilia
sacroiliac joint • TRUE PELVIS – lies inferior to the
flaring parts of the ilia and the
pelvic brim
➢ Pelvic outlet - inferior opening of the pelvis
measured between the ischial spines
➢ Pelvic inlet – superior opening between the
right and left sides of the pelvic brim

ISCHIUM
➢ The “sit-down bone”
➢ Forms the most inferior part of the coxal
bone
➢ Ischial tuberosity receives body weight
when sitting
➢ Ischial spines narrow the pelvic outlet
➢ Greater sciatic notch – passageway of blood
vessels and the large sciatic nerve

BONES OF THE LOWER

EXTREMITIES
FEMUR
➢ AKA thigh bone
➢ The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
➢ Parts:
• Head
• Neck
PUBIS • Greater and lesser trochanter
• Gluteal tuberosity
➢ AKA pubic bone • Lateral and medial condyles
➢ Most anterior part of the pelvic bone
➢ Obturator foramen – opening for blood
vessels and nerves to pass into the anterior
thigh
➢ Pubic symphysis – cartilaginous joint
formed by the fision of the pubic bones
anteriorly

PATELLA
➢ AKA kneecap
➢ A thick, circular-triangular bone which
articulates with the femur
➢ Covers and protects the anterior articular
surface of the knee joint
TIBIA
➢ AKA shin bone
➢ Larger and more medial
➢ Landmarks:
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL CONDYLES
– articulate with the distal end of
the femur
• TIBIAL TUBEROSITY – point of
attachment of the patella
• MEDUAL MALLEOLUS – forms the
medial bulge of the ankle
•
• ANTERIOR BORDER – a sharp ridge
that is easily felt beneath the skin
Lateral condyle
FIBULA
➢ Thin, sticklike bone that lies alongside the
tibia
➢ Not attached directly to the femur
➢ The distal end forms the outer part of the
ankle – LATERAL MALLEOLUS
TARSUS/TARSAL BONES
➢ CALCANEUS – largest tarsal bone
➢ TALUS – lies between the tibia and the
calcaneus
➢ CUNEIFORM – lateral, medial and
intermediate
➢ NAVICULAR – medially located
➢ CUBOID – laterally located
➢ The calcaneus and talus carry most of the
body weight
METATARSALS AND PHALANGES
➢ Five (5) metatarsals bones form the sole of
the foot
➢ Fourteen (14) phalanges form the toes

PLANTAR ARCHES
Arrangement of bones in the
foot
➢ Medial longitudinal
arch
➢ Lateral longitudinal
arch
➢ Transverse arch