Module 1: Activity No.

2
Exercises Problem on Types of Stresses

Name: VILLARIN, MYRON JOSEF L.

Student No. 20190159343

Problem:

For each section illustrated, find the second moment of area, the location of the neutral axis, and
the distances from the neutral axis to the top and bottom surfaces. Suppose a positive bending
moment of 10 kip · in is applied; find the resulting stresses at the top and bottom surfaces and at
every abrupt change in cross section (pt. B and C).

A. Determine 𝑦𝑦�, 𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎, 𝐶𝐶1 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶2

7 3 1
ℎ = 8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
3
ℎ = 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

1 1 1
𝑏𝑏 = 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 1 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑏𝑏 = 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1:

𝑦𝑦1
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

3
𝑎𝑎1 = (2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) �2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝑎𝑎1 = 3 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2
1
𝑦𝑦1 = 2 ℎ
1 3
𝑦𝑦1 = �2� �2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
3
𝑦𝑦1 = 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2:

𝑦𝑦2

𝑥𝑥

1 7
𝑎𝑎2 = �1 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� �8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
21
𝑎𝑎2 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

1
𝑦𝑦2 = 2 ℎ
1 7 3 1
𝑦𝑦2 = �2� �8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� + �8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� + �4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
17
𝑦𝑦2 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 3:

𝑦𝑦3
𝑥𝑥

1 3
𝑎𝑎3 = �1 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� �8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
9
𝑎𝑎3 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2

1
𝑦𝑦3 = 2 ℎ
1 3
𝑦𝑦3 = �2� �8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
3
𝑦𝑦3 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
 𝐶𝐶1
N.A.
ℎ
𝐶𝐶2
𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦�:

𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦� = ∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑎3 𝑦𝑦3
21 9 3 21 17 9 3
�3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� 𝑦𝑦� = (3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) �4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� − �16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� �16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� − �16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� �16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�

� = 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

𝒚𝒚
𝐶𝐶1 = ℎ − 𝐶𝐶2
3
𝐶𝐶1 = 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

 B. Moment of Inertia

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1:

𝑑𝑑1

𝑦𝑦1

𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑1 = 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝐶𝐶2

3
𝑑𝑑1 = 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑑𝑑1 = 0.08 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼�1 + 𝑎𝑎1 𝑑𝑑12 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼1̅ = 12
3 3
(2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)� 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝐼𝐼1 = 2
+ (3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(0.08 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2:

𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑2

𝐶𝐶2
𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑2 = 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝐶𝐶2

17
𝑑𝑑2 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

 𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐼�2 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑑𝑑22 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼2̅ = 12
1 7 3
�1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�� 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� 21
𝐼𝐼2 = 2 8
+ �16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 � (0.39 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 3:

𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎

𝐶𝐶2 𝑑𝑑3

𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑3 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝑦𝑦3

3
𝑑𝑑3 = 0.67𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 16
𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

𝑏𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐼𝐼�3 + 𝑎𝑎3 𝑑𝑑32 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼3̅ = 12

1 3 3
�1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�� 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� 9
𝐼𝐼3 = 2 8
+ �16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 � (0.48 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹, 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3

𝐼𝐼 = 0.58 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.28 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.14 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑰𝑰 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒
C. Determine the Stresses

ℎ𝐶𝐶
ℎ𝐵𝐵
𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡:

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼 1
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��0.83 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 =
0.16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝒇𝒇 = −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏:

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼 2
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 =
0.16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝒇𝒇 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐶𝐶:

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑦𝑦� − ℎ𝐶𝐶 − ℎ𝐵𝐵
3 1
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 0.045 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��0.045 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶 =
0.16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝑪𝑪 = 𝟐𝟐 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓 ; 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐵𝐵:

𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 𝑦𝑦� − ℎ𝑐𝑐
3
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 0.67 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 8 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 0.295 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��0.295 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 =
0.16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕
B. Determine 𝑦𝑦�, 𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎, 𝐶𝐶1 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐶𝐶2
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1:

𝑦𝑦1
𝑥𝑥

𝑎𝑎1 = (4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. )(4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. )

𝑎𝑎1 = 16 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2
1
𝑦𝑦1 = 2 ℎ
1
𝑦𝑦1 = �2� (4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑦𝑦1 = 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2:

𝑦𝑦2
𝑥𝑥

𝑎𝑎2 = (3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝑎𝑎2 = 9 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

1
𝑦𝑦2 = 2 ℎ
1 1
𝑦𝑦2 = �2� (3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) + �2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�

𝑦𝑦2 = 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 3:

𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦3

1
𝑎𝑎3 = �2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖� (2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)

𝑎𝑎3 = 1 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2

1
𝑦𝑦3 = 2 ℎ
1 1
𝑦𝑦3 = �2� �2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�

𝑦𝑦3 = 0.25 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝐶𝐶1
𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎

𝐶𝐶2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦�:

𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦� = ∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎1 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑎𝑎2 𝑦𝑦2 − 𝑎𝑎3 𝑦𝑦3
(16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 9 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑦𝑦� = (16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) − (9 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) − (1 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(0.25 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
� = 𝑪𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝒚𝒚
𝐶𝐶1 = ℎ − 𝐶𝐶2
𝐶𝐶1 = 4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑪𝑪𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
B. Moment of Inertia
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1:

𝑑𝑑1 𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎
𝐶𝐶2

𝑑𝑑1 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝑦𝑦1

𝑑𝑑1 = 2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑑1 = 0.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝐼𝐼1 = 𝐼𝐼�1 + 𝑎𝑎1 𝑑𝑑12 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼1̅ = 12
(4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(4 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)3
𝐼𝐼1 = + (16 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(0.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2:

𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑2
𝐶𝐶2

𝑑𝑑2 = 𝐶𝐶2− 𝑦𝑦2

𝑑𝑑2 = 2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝐼𝐼2 = 𝐼𝐼�2 + 𝑎𝑎2 𝑑𝑑22 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼2̅ = 12
(3 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)(3𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)3
𝐼𝐼2 = + (9 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 )(0.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 3:

𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎
𝐶𝐶2 𝑑𝑑3

𝑑𝑑3 = 𝐶𝐶2 − 𝑦𝑦3

𝑑𝑑3 = 2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.25 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊

𝑏𝑏ℎ 3
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐼𝐼�3 + 𝑎𝑎3 𝑑𝑑32 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼3̅ = 12
1 3
(2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)� 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝐼𝐼3 = 2
+ (1 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛2 )(2.04 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)2
12

𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹, 𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3

𝐼𝐼 = 22.68 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 7.51 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 4.18 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑰𝑰 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒊𝒊𝒏𝒏𝟒𝟒

C. Determine the Stresses

𝐶𝐶1
ℎ𝐶𝐶
𝑛𝑛. 𝑎𝑎
ℎ𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶2
𝑥𝑥

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡:

𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼 1
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��1.71 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 =
10.99 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝒇𝒇 = −𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏:
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝐼 2
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝑓𝑓 =
10.99 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐶𝐶:

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝐶𝐶1 − ℎ𝐶𝐶
1
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 1.71 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 2 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 1.21 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶 = 𝐼𝐼
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��1.21 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝐶𝐶 =
10.99 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝑪𝑪 = −𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 ; 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝐵𝐵:

𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 𝐶𝐶2 − ℎ𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 2.29 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 0.5 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵 = 1.79 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐵𝐵
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 = 𝐼𝐼
�10 000 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖��1.79 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖�
𝜎𝜎𝐵𝐵 =
10.99 𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛4
𝝈𝝈𝑩𝑩 = 𝟏𝟏 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 ; 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕