clAsSMAte

Date

Jheymodymamics Puge

ynaLca mohim flst

Jhenmodanamics is based wL qnali aati.maknam

an

E r t , asdend, Ihuns and zenafh la

ienmedynomics

becies Thunmodynamic
To estabish fhe 8pn Baneiy cmuld proceed.
) To detzomine the extent k i s apreess
aeunalisahm uch as lawat ckimica
in Ta deduce impontawt arluds, phase nula ,ekdue-
equilibraum, Vamt oadiluin
chimisina ehc
LimitahmTRnmadnaanic i u d i i u a atams
t
i t i aapplicable t malt im bulk and net
ola.cule.s a ims but et is
i)Acancml phedict the psasibiliya
priacess

poce38.
) daes hat deal Lilh he nala oa
on he meckaaism apmacess
i ) des not Jhts amy lightinitial
eth e ad hinal stal o &ysauu a
aa it is cencenned uly
fhe chage
and nt the hundles in he poth o
Laage henmodenamics
The subjeck Trenmednamics s presented
sm tke basis «
aa lamguage shermodynamics
elldefine tems amd Knaum
sme
he uuivese ioolatei hram ihe niattst he
Suste The pant e
s loum a a aóyslomm. A systim m a
wwivens2 on iuVestaahim
Lcmblex aud may be mada us of sub sysims
be pimple a
sumeunding: Jhe niat (nmaimung pant)
e Ahe Auivtnae ataund
suwvnaumdimgs
i syshm is alled The splean prom Ihe
Baundany a wall lhe gin 4ltanaking
he baundany a l l Thiicam
Mumdings iscalld.
nan-igiduy penmoable. o
benao imaginay, ugidl ar a ims uatarne
impaumeable., ai ceuucf i a h8a
all Cam be calegonis&ed mt tan
baundary a

i ) Dialhesmal hlall
i)Adiabaik: wall
 Date
Page-

Diathenmal Wal: A hermodynamegslansepa

om he sunoumdings lon ils emAnten ment) Ay a
boundary 0n oall ohich habbensAo cenduct hät
Ahvtmaly cenducing aoall) s callid a aialhomal usall
h s a lashich purmit he pasbage o atat m
the systum to sunouumdlinps ahd 4ierMënsa
i called ialtonmal Aalk, A liguis cenlained in
melallie vessel.
i ddialbalio Aall:A hanmodynamie syslim epanalod
om the sunoundings lon Zh eminenment) by a
Aoounday aall ohich doosnot canduet Aeat Yo.
insulatos is calhd o n adiakbalie usall
Lnll ushich doos not bormiE thi prssage heatim
Byslim Äo sunnoundings and ncs-vensh 8 caled
deiabatio llal A lisuid cenlained in a silse
mivnoned daubl- tnllid eusanHlask
ooonding to Ah Ahicune6
Internsl Jlall: he usall uehich is o pant of Iasyslin
s called Lnlnnalasall.
Ki Extennal dsal: he anll aohioh is a pant of Ike
uoundings s calld a erlemal Asnll
henmedynanslcs syslims cam deef Ahree type6, Open
syslin, clacok iyslm and isolatd sysim
Open syslem: A syslemAshich cam eichange boih malon
and enciy ilh Ihe suwreundimgsjs called an
Gben syim: ton example,salb in.a 2
AoRnken s am opensyslin Ihe walin
evaporalis inlo ihe almssphurelmaltin
tnamsportatien) and enengy nguined fon PEheat
enaponalien is exlaalid nam Ibe suviaundlimgsleneng
exchange),
Ki Cased sustim A sysam Ashioh may_
meny d not_maltr uilh Ihi sunedtmdings exchamge
Calli aclzed syslim
Fön
example, ualN in a slzed milTallie essel
 -Insulation
MA lssed clASSMALe

e ystem wadn Ddfu

eat
Isoloted
Systemn-
i a do2ed suslim n his
ease heat is alssonbed
Sorem Ahe suwiloundungs (hiat exchounge) fon evaponalie
t Adalt vapows dannot escabe td Mc
amosphe
(ne Aranspotl of malior).
Tsalaled kktusim i A syslum ushich con meilhor
exchange mallr n0?l lmwgy avilh Ahe swvnowrdings
is calld an ioolattd syslünd.
ton exomple, avalr na
berkcotly insulalid
is a n ásKalud syslem Jhe mass &nd energy vesael
wll alanys Al censlant as dhere will Ase oudalir
no hanspoxh=
of enengyand Asalir Cannat se ranspontedoutzide
n geneai, a
Syalem may be homegemeaus orheloro-
gendous
Homageneaus yslim A syslim is said ti be
homogneous idhe pnaperties oh the syslum ane
Uniform khwreughaul
Fon éxample_, a bwre solid om liauid na gas uue
bolulien Aike solid in liguid oni Awo cotpletely miscible
iguuids In olhen NDNds, homozenesus syslm hau only
V
ohe phae (Auniphade
K HelörogeneoussyslimiA syskm issaidtb Le
halinogendeus i preterlies he syslem arenst
Aunikodm (nenunifom) AAreughout. Fon esample.,
a solid i Cevdact oitk a liqpid in ahieh it is nstidule,
a mixtura tuo immiscible liqids, a liguid. in Cmlact
Lk vapauL, a mixlw A tuo a meza. sólida
acxastapie Propanies Ihe prtopenties amaciated. wlk
Jhe bulk omallo micrSzCOpie pmapeuhes Ax Themo
cymaices deals Ak ke malo iM bulk (mdezcopi
ssa), dbvianl it Bceucenuad silk macoBopic.
PPUhe Micrsacopi paporhes cam be 3ubdivide
no tur clame3
9Extensive PropuntiesThe poperly kiaw dapamds upam
Me oma subsBamees) esent ihe' syan is
Callad extnsive prapurt os ecomple, mao
viuma
 Le
Date
Pa

eahaP
mlimal e m g e : aro oddike,
Mn Exkemipaporhes e
LMrap ete. l t ahioh
ulle Athud a syst
dileromt parts
Valua
dinded V puspouly dhisl does
ihiolwdaesi n
puoptrney. The bw
Lnlensive hamcel3)
d3slamce(g) se
|dapemcbsupon the Vamaum pnaputy
is calad memmve- slbstnc
M h esyslm naluwe 6k
an The
pepvily dpeuds anly
s n a demity,
Fo ekmple., feuperdura,
indar, uace emim, becii eat,
eachve ane nA
eBe. nkwnve pspirties
elechomohive force
addihive. fov example, s e
ake al liquid im
centainen diwide it i e tuo sewenal porula,th
La vONeN be equal t
he dewxity s he liquid cam
Bewernal parta
i e sun_&he deniby s h e
exislamce
State S a'suslem The eadihiam
Yaluo ) macecn
a suslam umdin speciied(defimte
pehes is calles the state he syalemWik
heehamge. m omo a moro moCTABLspie pPnheu
he sys0 also mdugoes achauge Mzleta,ie
the slem is said tëpaon mtd odilenant sla
Slto vatiableaJhoze micracopi prtspenhes,ú
shau chamged Lause a chauge m he state 4
he syslem ana callkd sata vdiables Misrspi
prspochesahish_o uhiciant ts_doina he slae
a M ar p un, vdluma, eim, man

Cmpaaitim. HasewerL, it is nst mcesso

ape al hese vaiables a ssmaAÎhemod
mlordepen
Stata FunctiomThe sBale Jhexmodynamica syslM
descmbed by cataim quamhaa collelale
mchdrs. A slate kumchm is opispor
Bslom omd haa got sma deinide sato&ea

mdaromdaut o ha omner im ciaw the sBate

rLached.
 clAsSMAte

Exact od inexactE dilfewiol. equs Stode humchian 2

Palh hunckim..
s canaidua
et us
csmaidua kumchmF(
yakuables amd
turo mdopemdeu
The 4tota hiadc this
d
hwmchm, de(M,9 saidt be n exactlLwha
lowuhal
t holds he uachon
dF Mx)da + N(7) d
e Cm at express the alal dilenewhal 4a undhe
ih the onm sepu" ie. M) d N13 df thuu-
the totl d mkad shis Achom
kunchom isis aid
aid o ba be am
wexac dilendu o
c a A RsE Ahe exacmezs by equahng.lie Cras
V panhaks l
OM ON

Auy dienmhal expaossim skich sisjes k rolaion (eay2)

iseala am exat diewmial ? eq" is Knam a
eulus eot s exadtneas
gnce OF
0.
M
T ,
Eq suggeat that the amixesl panial diivaives must be
equal i F is am exact difenumial.
/0FN

d ei_amexactdifenamhoal, Tham the ndeqral

en he limut{tram lasea Lnit ie,
dF depavds enly
imit ie,the finat xak
1om the luital 3he "Hto u
inkegaion, miamsdF =4F
 Gsh EJopMasenbs poyical varuable deseribina
a
is caid o bea zata .
ym Mow
fho
t a
huncbon
vaiabe
dopmds onlum f h miia
umhid
MCe
inal saua q the systm and t n
poltr tui
lm teid,
A slale tmchiom s a puspuukyt a amd whiel
hos m b . dainite. valui hon
im ukiah Th Aunnu
sMdapUMdauts the mahne
slat ib rcacked"
itnn
Exaple Pssura (P), volu" (v), tem (T),
rgy(u), mthalpy () omiopy(eke
le ds ceuidu, a omjoumaich m(P,v,)to (P,v
totkerc prsuee ? véu" a
ihad zlar ars f, 2V, awd
pres 2 vélu" at ta inal shz ax Pz 2 V2
Hera &P 2- P
4V V-V Polt

a Mdapindaur d at Palt

We Cam go to the inal

slele (,V2 m inihal
stah (P,, v,) koeuglu imfnile
umben paths, But the V
Value d &P omd V main
sam n each polh. Fxom this ase caM say thaB brusui
and voum bk ara sate humchoms
N
Cn the otorhaud iM + y teu d camnt bi
exat dlernkil and "Ais cendrkh df i sail be
OM uekRack domial and lke mised pavhal derivalives axi
eauol i-e:, F
net and albe A1 idegval
CoMdt be evolunlad unluss he hunekonoal salakiom
betweenhe aiables 1 and y m dF i knnm. do, the.
wegraldF Cam be onten a d d F,ukich is o quaa
hot depdhals an ihe speu palhwkich doue }i tohz u
O
minte nunbern podha may ekisfon taing Ihe sysu
roo ihal shle to hinal ele Qnd eadWpal ia a8
oili a Apeiie value dh F. bo he phyrical vaxiable rupex
 clASSMAte

Date .
age

F, is st asaBekumcham+ isa pah hunchm, ince rt

eponds am the pak tauan to achive he tinad sate
A That depMds an tha palk 4 the sysem, iean he
praceSK.Aakich tue thesustem to achive he cnmt. slo
bw not an the inihal hinal shte. d the
or

called oth nchm Esopl.e: womK (w) 2yshem is,

omd haat 1)
a ot sake HumctimThey oa polhkun chion, 6o
NaMd / a Mot
puopenhes d the2ysBem
Ccic a Chaim Kule Su,x omdyy oe thnee vaxua
hich tun a imdplndonk, tho cha ula
Stetes hat (OH 2 )_- 5
Ea ia Knuhaa l iula omd is applicable.
koh amg AA VaHiable s wih tua orL mdepemdouk
Aysmaie uay 6qemahng
hs ulahon is ta coMile" ouad
Vaniables sm a cucle MaMMOnder
Oho thoupocesds clockaise ar amiclocw.id
tn equ varuolsles ujA, imhe numualbn an.

ubscribtz u ina yic mann

Varuthecyclic ule fon idaal ganeu

Fot one ole d ideal gas, tkYequ sale. PV= RTO
Pdu+vdP2dIT V
Dienevmtiakng. equO t at cut

to V at Lenyt-P
Dewkahna eq" O Y
P T
tantE O c.Y to P at cewt T

V P ( 0
Multiply e get

l i e rula jo applicable bo ideoaon.

 Date.
Page

Therrmpdynamic Eqillbim
A s42lem is Baid to be.in-Ihexmodymom
he macxef fom
fon a F e oOMe.Nonusus
donot chomge
phases
ime
uolk fime
be
a
ruiahenmodnaui
Kinds 6-egu
equilibtium h must ikA
a 34slm shald atishy
Thanmal equilibrium A system 1s said to be. u tn
equilibium h e r is no loto ehet nom e n e Pant
he syslem to amsthur Ths s pezsi ble cnly i he
Hembaraluwu wmaimwLemst.nusughaut h e zysm
Ki Mechamical equilibrium A sytem is5oid to be in
mechomica equilibrium i n o
mechamicalL coou j
done by am povl she eyslem his S psble
hpossuu 0aims the 2amo fTuglhrd
the yaBem
eguilibiumA sysem is said o be
Cheical
chomical eguitbium h e campazitim the vaius
phasts inhesylim daes et chamgeL t time.
hertmodmamic Pocesses Jhe cplahm uohieh
bingsabaut k shanges im the'slae s Ahe
3ysto is ealed 10imddynami process The vaxiaus
peesses gemally cmtanndin the studg s
chomica Îvimbdymamics a-
Izodkutmal Pnces A ptoceas can be timad isdtiunml
i the tem oTh sys@ WAmaimsAu same dwring
dash stage 4the prodes on am isdianmal prce
d T 0 A Chsuical pocess may be ereltimietu
m 8yslmto uiowndings emdaikanmie
heat lo amMnamding to stom) audeaw Ca
e eat mainsaims tke Eysm atthe iihal
emy im am isdikunmal pocess hsat exchan
betueen Eystim&Mmsundings Lamlake place. Oik0
Emples dted cam be malfing, bsiling aud allaoe
trowations
lskmal proces ara g0rolly cauied au by
 clASSMAte
Date
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placing Ihe Aym im o imolat temetaut em balk)

Adibatic Rroces Arocess cam be temed
iabahi mohat exdhange Jaue place heteen he
aMslem amd he sunaundidgs dwing om step
the prbcess mOM odiaba preces mesglem
campletely ÄMAulated m tk suaundings
awd htnce daf-o Thus,' imthe pystim ereltun
Processtakes place thereLoill. bea use intem os ao
eydwed Amain tlhim the. 2ysteMM n the cihwnhamdy
the pMocess be emdolkunmieAhe heat aquind
aut ms pxocess ill hane to be pplies by
the lem omd cendequels lem c he syslem
tll atlA nasien raief aut in &m isoteA
Bysém is a Iuaexample s am adiakaie proceas
obatic racess A pocess s soid to be isobanic
the pressuna heaystüm 1OMas consta
dwimg RAen stage he prces8 forn am isobau
proces,dp> a alhag valum chage cantaue place
(emvenacn c l n ido Napan elate taue place at ame
almaphe omd his nemmaluis Censtoung aut he.
racess Naponisakm aud us is am idea example
ai&obauepdcess
&achonic cesz_A process is_said b be isochoi
h e vdluma ohe 8yslem umaIMs
Cwst: uaughwaut
alihauo
Zheprosess Fax am. iso korie process , da=o
closed|
pxessuo may ehomge keacims takimg-place im a
semano aloaud sochorüc m naiure
CliePracess: A prncess is soid to be cyelic. ia ayskm
fo is
oen cmmplehmg a aies skchomge otuvms
öriginal etes fon a cyclicpess IsoBARIC

Chomge n imtenal

P SOTHERMtt
ADIABAT
 lASSMALte
Date
Page

a t h he sequiMee L eleps hollotsed hbya su

the Jinal sldde sBarhngum e imah
n ach he pa
Depeiding m he pat
an its palh
tate is nan
i m Kat s a y he sleps aa hollatsed ) Ktmody
cesses a be. s t u d ypes called
ul be
Kevenable Process: A poceas
carued aut mhinulesimaly
ruNeLible i it is
s amly ininiml
slasly 8o that the drivin tonce
eate ham the eppszín torce n ofhu coonds, t
slateumchm oh he syslem (Pressuna, Temp etc.)
The ppozing.
ers by am inpintteaimally 9reatertrau
erce Eatern emda,theade jnchim- Hre
ea>mamdings). A xeesible process
proceeds ugh a soues seqikbrium sBeps,
eadh o Gkich s au equilibrium slate amd nawenL
Rmlenainto MavM-equilibruum zlates
MOLaen, a ONenble pyocess must be aud
a t i the syslmchamges imthe oppazile direcin
baa to he îniial cemditim along the 8ame paih
tne magmsudess thechamges the tramundynami
quamihes m the i e n t ~lages Aill be the Bame
o in the onoaxd dtecham bu dppsziBe im zign
ly ANenable proce ss Grauld naquia au inginike
time so_as ts maimdain omedynamie equilibrium
im each slep en ns n0asoan a eniblepriocess
s also called as quasi-staticprocess A sliuctly
MANeIMnble mo.cess s Mus punlly a concept amd
camhst be. rialisedd im practice s it uqines inhintt
time on ils Lompleicm HoseNen, it is very ue
instuduing henodynamuie B m
reven sidle oceds A proceas i s Baid to be
reveualble 2 t is caruued aut or o c c w s
1upidy
a spamBamLoual instead s-imBMcceSive etas
AMilesimal quamhies. Uhder u c condihonelhe
T does Mot geta chamceto atain-eauiubrium Ond
heMce the systm has undongo chamg aill nst Aaee
 CiASSMAte
Dcte
Page

the endaug to roin ta itz miiol slate by itiell,ie,t

idirechomal Jhe
ireveuible pocess Cam be ravaied
v yly h h e help
wih Ihe helb external agumy amd by choaai
H plies she
2wLeundingg HoseNeL, èNeM
the chomge be iwernsed ond theayslem s made to go bad
sdete,
tothe da)
tramiken the o amd(did)
inthe onand a backcardelldirecim
aa thuaa
utuld

bewak, on ex0mple., onoIing_dmill h itsek nw

ub t l ie, e proceas s hidirechomal. 9Galir
a

Pshad up by extanal agmcies the wOw dana ill

exceed ne dhru sblaimed u the dsuncintd tlight, Huce
Thepro.ce 6 Yevensible.

atbm buna u oxHgem poducing CO20md

Bomaquoamhty dk hsak i heat abhained be nestoned
to CO2t uilt, hseNerl, mt nventtbauu to canban Logeu-
The process is uMidirecim.al amd is NAible
Kevensible Hocess Ireveaible Process
The poceas occuLS Ve The po ces occunes veruy xapid
slasly2 inv<lwes oAUiddomd does Met inváwe amyeulikxiun
eaulbium sales etate
The dhisinghence 2kaopasaing The.dràin4 tome 2 heppozing
ocedier.byaminkinilesinmal.amnuonce di doly
PAnw.process invswea imnle noli The pacessdoeiotinvewe manyst
4 sepaud buuce mpnileinis laud heuce gu Cpleted ima
iadtoits Comblefim shont Lim
he changes_occuning in lhejonaTheckamges eccuung i lhe
Pocess cam beed exoctlyhuannd process cam wenlbewesed
he bockod pocess. exactly iuhilbaucoaxd pocess
ouim oonk is obtain _ WohL obtain m 0n irreveumble
Is pocess proces is aluoays lom lta dRat i
ONenble pocesg
s punaly a.cemeept&camu Mzt the nalueal pocessesaA
ualisedn ackualpakice lwellaa vanwada laboralang Aupdt
o îmevensible
 by vinlua d
ntonnal eneay A matouol Byslemm
havoa Btorto 6 oMty-
Vey exisknce w t
1hat(a) bunnina
Ct Cammen cbsenvahms

Aaads t haad omerq ad mts

( ndewsalim
(c) tom AMaM eMgna
MaM engna
iquid yields Atad m a
poducemechanioal emen \d) yellrs
coor

qlu Am oxMgem prbducng gutUnl

Pazhensus i t h u , hrs
Ahe ayslomshod m h n n t emengy
uould tay yield w o r o r othoyoms s Mnyby

fOmacwes is e u y ushism aBubdomce pozlese

be.caue s ha wetiom amd cowialion t ate
amd suatmic porthe1s s called the
maleads
inennal enug o imbunsic AMUg dh- he ziub,iane.
In sthur wonds, e total amegy bored n a sudalouce
callad teiwtmalL
by vilied ischomical natwo is s u n o-kinehc
Dhengy ntannad emengy is to
omd potential etrgy V. E. is amotiaed
RMng
chewiral
tuih ramsahonal, Holahomat, vibrahonal,
bond ensgy, eladreniee eira* nucleano
Omd oBemtial eMU diu to ioLachom wun
nighbtuing cenaHnta. Intanna uray doueted
s m b e l U omd u s
U= U + U, +u+UeDn+ Op E Uxe+Op£E.
 clASSMAte
Date
Page

Whem a systtm umdongoes chag

Hest 2 woK i30ceempbmied.
slate lo amethar,°it
omane im The fanm f
changes in euing Adhich are manikested
ohich produces he
Heat Heat is a fonm af em neaa
oomtk amd he dega
sensatie
"n a ckemical
o phyncal proce ogy
s ts lum. im the fonm s
haaleilen i t L
c a m take place
change siuit t o Jule
absonad. In
begiven aut a
omd Cas t jb +ve heat olbsorvbed ly Ihe zeo
eg 4
9is ve keat is evswed by thesyo
aorce athing-
Nonk Wow is said to be dme,
is able to displace it tuugh same distame
oa body
the cteim orce.
W F.l
t co0k im S1 mit is Jaula ()
: 1 N KIm
fnst laus aThenmodynamics
dbsewed hat he soma quamfty s
aat a wtuld alunys le pxoduced b the feuotmauite.
ahe notuno
agveM aMaM ooukirrespechve
processim uohia the asonk ts_þenkonm.od a ihe
substamce usRdim he uyonmamce n aihoL Ords-
between the
Ther isa Arict qualilaive iulatimship
enk spemt amd heot produued.
m ca. heat n J s k woUA
n a na J
Thora. isa lowm oponhinalily beteenhaatad au
Wa woK pdkonmad
Wa J0. -9uamity's1 haat podced
ptoportionoluty cewat.
Jauli's meckaica einkudst ht
9 1 JeW = 4.2T cal
a4:2x10 erg Ca
his nalahonmhip s kat amd oioukia
the onigind khat la
4fhewadynamics
 clAsSMAte
Date
Page

nt otmeot
Jhe amaunt o bueduced pram asuy ooru ispapontiamal
the coru spent kaadt be Iuaenmdd inti a3ow,thoreia
a brebonhemalty beteem he coonk ootaiuad amd the haat diaabbea
m l y at akiek Aambe.eewerted iuts m bt diku
pms mbay aro_all inlor cewedale.
Thhino auoe trenmadymauics is dua baaicalay1ha
Aauoah-cmADIMALo BMDigOmd cosm be stated

E y sam neilkn be antaed ur be deatyed bon pprical

o chamies dhaug, alkugh, Oom4e9 cambeahanged inta
eguivalu amauut chn onm
The tolal ueray a am isklaled yl always nman cmt
L i imbozible t ceauct a prapeluat mtion_mackine, i:e,
a machima hishw edus urlkot cewauming eming m.adsido
Malkemahical honm che inot laus e nmadynanio
The co0nu oducel iw å yclictimahonmahons the
Sum s the smoll quomhtes e onk dw pieducedat
eack 2bge she ycle. Smanlthe aataitidraun
m he suundings im a eycdictamsonmaion iste
3Um athe smal quaihties aatdal oitccraunakeac
slage ta yceThesesumkane pmbdised by t egclie
ittgnals d o omd day eGda amd p aay
orY poft tunchm-
9m dtnanal Wey d y a n met uno Ihy
inmodnamic3
d a - p do
day-ds) =o
Net megrahrg bth aid

da- duw dw an c du - 0 yieprece

da- =

day du+ dw
Mtahcal hem i s las madynamics
 clasSMAte
Date,
Page

Deduce the caaw.dmegon fhe solhanmal w enu

le duce the onmula hrr
he Conk
dane Rmclszed A a
u p b e n moles dh a gan
tricholoss Ypiston. Jhe shale
d o by a p e cewa tee at Tk
limdar SsUkepE ima
tial vdu st tha gag be V Ownaim
E the u i
exbamd he gaa m vst" Vto V 1Ikimal
L3
to expamnm_aill bed
amd noNbsibly h e "OonM
and
ivem by The duct t h e oppsaing once
he disslace mami

wefovce kdisplacema
F at =
foppx AxL
Papp x dw
chao A s IhoaHO d The czszechm
Thah indo
W Poppdw (P-dp)dvN
J
Pdw dPdw Pdw
Wma
jdaal P RT
he gon
wwa nTN
V
nRT

w nRTm- 2:303 nT lg
nRT A

the gan is Ual, accarding to Vamderdoh kl4

e p nT na
VV-nb

na
Wmas /nRT
V-mb V dw
nRT -
V-b- M
 elassMAte
Date
Page

lsothonnma imevenible poce s

WY Pappd P (v-v)
PHave tnat caan im sdtkomal eNemblepocess
i s ealin Iho Tiat a am 186tkonmal me venile
proce8
eN s . i =
Wiso eN
Wjs0y nRTVm P , (y-V,)
= nRT n(L+
P

nT (-
nRT (
2 +Ve quamh ()
Wiso. no Ve
matt

r O t e n b l ee r p o n M N .
IssThoat

P
TIsstkonmad
iYeNerAble

epowoim
V V
 Dare

Page

Intemal Enegy U-yT}

homodynomics
Ftom Ast laud s
day:
du+ di
Adiabahc pccess, day 20
dWad= -dU
da dut Pdw
LIsochoric Pocess
A1 Cewt ,v,
d / = du- a
9t is The emUgy at the erpense whuoh
mdon adiatakic. endibien
sAom onms u o k
is equol 16 Ihe heat
he Chage m imlinnal emLy
chamge af cews. válu"

Enhalpy, H (ET)
Jhe exezs icn nolating he euengy ehamges
a he condilien oCem e
nissuna cam Be
dwivedL by dehining a nes elate unctim
Kmcwn a hapy unchon,
fnam ist lauo hdmadunomicss
da- dw dw - O
d a e dw+ P dw
do- PdW --
du+ (Pv)= da-Pdy+ d(PV)
d (u+ Pv)= da- Pdk+ PM+ VdP
dH = da +VdP -
H= U+ Py
9At cowt, P, dH =
de LIsobaoic Precess11
The chamge
enmapd athe
statn is mdhpendon tepalt ad
on a 9iven camge
palh aMd
he chamge is zero oveL
Oy CAclie. potk,_
a extemsive
praponyi, ma dapumdent.
 clASSMAte

Date
Page

Heat capacily to imcreane the t

The dmn saat ruquiad
9ma substamce b i ik is callad the
Specinie hea
he a t capaui, C o subslee is he maune
oak ruquirnad. ts imduase Jhe ob by ic ik
eh
D
dn malo a s u b s l a m e a

fon dT mcren
da am.aunt d nest is ruuinad h
in Temb gn módtha sulsalamece o
ma

C
dT

At Cewak, V,y dT T/V

W-ve
Woru dme by he ga o duving espansin Shgn,

R 8314 JKmsl
8 314 x 107 eng kmota
= 1:985 Kal umol
0.082Laim k mdu
H U+PV
AH 4U+ A(PV)
4m RT
|AH= 4U +

P= v 4n RT
Jhe the
gives nlahon bettwee the
ne abavie
abave ea
equ'
hOaá eac a Cmt PresAu aMd heatE
eaim a Cea válumo
 Dare
Page,

ideolga
Adiabahe Relaion sam henmadgnamics

Frem 4st laus 6 O

daj d v + dw
Fon adualbatic proceS dayaC
dw =-dw
CydT -P dv
Foideal gas - nRT w -
p nGydT V

dT

T CN
V

=lmVL

TV Cons (A
PV: RTT: V P
v Cow
,-+
P y - l +
RX Conot Cowo
PV (owt
T =Cowst
-1+1 -7t owt R- Cow-
p

Cp
heat capauty aio y
CP-y R
Fon monoatomie ideal gao C 2R; Cp=2R
1)
 classmAte
Dote
Pagc

Why adiabaic P-V CuLve is u mone sleepol hau

h isalhoimal P-V Cwwe 2 eeltarmal

P
slope = Adabah c

Tsolhmal pro cess Adiabohic prokz

PV= ewa Py- Cewo
Pdw+ VdP = 0 P ydw +vdP 0
Py

=-) y

bothbotk the changes the elope s - v e , Since

i s alesaaya eai ham mly he slope in
he adiabate Cuve ill be Xangen ham Ihat
m the isothemal on2

Prave hat isahoumal versible coonu e

9nealn hamhe adiabahe ANensible_coNK

R dW
Wev
Js6tho ma_d cess Adiabahe oceas
PV Cewa -Py-twa
PdW+ vAP =O P dw +ydP=o
PdNe-VdP_ PdN-ydP
W izo vdP

Wjcovod -fvdr

WNs0(wraN)ad
 alasSMALek
Date
Page

Wo O Adiabali Process

Lem s t laus hon.odynamLCS

da du+ ds
Fon adiabahc Pocess da - 0
dwad -dU
-mydT=-nCw (T-T
P
Cw
N CP-Cy

Cp-Cy
a(-EV) CW

Vaiatiom s Enthalpy' ao nacim uitk Tombr

A+B C+D

) i G
TP

(an) ACpdT-
Cp is independamt _enn Tey
at-4H (pdI 4 CpT-T).a
9Cp depend on tome
4 a+bT+CT
H
T H
T (Ca+ bTi Cr ) di
= a(T-T+ )-S
Kir chhos equ
 ASSMALe
Date
Pcce

Thmomi stin

Jaule Eporument an idaal gase

n umlenal enegy uoilh
Change
neshest o change in wrHe of
an ideal gas undor isothemm.l cendilio

i.er to/T
dw: fork dw =0 , dizo
da:0
dje d+ da, dl- da-dul - 0-0 = O

dl d dr
dw= dv o dv to
vT
0
-

aVT

PV:nRT

L 3PT
H: UtPV
(P) -ot0 20
(
3H
3VT

P
OPT
(H