Sanitary and Plumbing Systems

FLEA 2010 REVIEW
SANITARY AND
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
UTI LI TI ES
Introduction
PLUMBING
P Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
L fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
U &/or ingredients & removing them;
M from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes
B were once made from lead.
I refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the distribution
N of potable water and the removal of
G waterborne wastes.
Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
P Birth of plumbing profession traced back to the 17th
L century as Spaniards established Walled City known as

Intramuros as a model community.
U In 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly recognized by
the government.
M Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief of
Division of Plumbing Construction and Construction. A
B plumbing code based on the Plumbing Code of the US was
incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila.
I In 1935 the National Master Plumbers Association of the
N Philippines (NAMPAP) was organized and registered with
the SEC.
G
Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
P City Ordinance 2411 known as “The Plumbing Code for the
L City of Manila” was enacted with the consultation of

NAMPAP
U In 1954, the 3rd Congress of the Republic of the
Philippines approved after the third reading House Bill No.
M 962. This became Republic Act No. 1378.
On June 28, 1955, R.A. 1378 known as the “Plumbing Code of
B the Philippines was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay.
I In December 21, 1999 pursuant t Section 4 of R.A. 1378,

Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised
N Plumbing Code of 1999.
G
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
PLUMBING SYSTEM
P System includes all potable water supply and distribution
L pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and
storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders
U and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,
including their respective joints and connections;
M devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
B property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot
and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using
I equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for
same.
N
G SUPPLY DRAINAGE
FIXTURE
PIPE PIPE
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

P WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
L
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM
U
M STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
B
PLUMBING FIXTURE
I
N FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
G
FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM
PLUMBING CYLE
P SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION USE
L Water Mains,
Pressure,
Plumbing
U Storage Tanks
Piping
Networks
Fixtures
M SOURCE COLLECTION
B Lakes, Rivers,
Gravity,
Piping
Reservoirs
I TREATMENT DISPOSAL Networks
N Treated water
returned to the
Sewage Plants,
Natural
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers
original source
G
Purification
P WATER SUPPLY
L AND
U
M
DISTRIBUTION
B SYSTEM
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
definition
P Carries water from the water source, street main or a
pump to the building and to various points in the
L building at which water is used.
U COLD WATER SUPPLY

HOT WATER SUPPLY
M
WATER
B
plays an important part in the plumbing system
I Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement
N “Universal Solvent”
G
WATER CYCLE
3 MAJOR STAGES
P
EVAPORATION
L
U CONDENSATION
M
B PRECIPITATION
I
N
G
SOURCES OF WATER
P RAIN WATER
L Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds
and stored in cisterns or ponds.
U ADVANTAGE
M Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot
water supply system
B DISADVANTAGE
I Only a source during the wet season
N Storage becomes a breeding place for
G mosquitoes Roofs may not be clean

SOURCES OF WATER
P GROUND WATER
The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to
L form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
U From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
M ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply;
B requires less treatment because of natural filtering.
I DISADVANTAGE
N May have organic matter & chemical elements

usually treatment is suggested.
G
SOURCES OF WATER
P NATURAL SURFACE WATER
A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources
L includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
U ADVANTAGE
Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.
M
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when
B treated, for community water supply.
I DISADVANTAGE
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic
N substances; Purification & treatment is necessary.
G
USES OF WATER
P
NOURISHMENT
L
CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
U
CEREMONIAL USES
M
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
B
I COOLING MEDIUM
N ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
G PROTECTIVE USES
PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER

P SURFACE TENSION
L The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together
U HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
M The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer
B CAPILLARITY
I The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
N DISSOLVING ABILITY
Known as the “Universal Solvent”
G
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION
P PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

L 1. Acidity Contains
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
Passing the water
through a bed of
U pipes
Rusting &
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity,
M clogging of
steel pipes
or adding sodium
silicate.)
B 2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of

magnesium and pipes
Boiling
Introduction of
I calcium salts Impaired
laundry and
water softeners
made up of
N 3. Turbidity Silt or mud in

cooking
Discoloration
Zeolite
Filtration
G surface or in
ground
Bad taste
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION

P
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
L 4. Color Presence of  Discoloration of Chlorination or
U Iron and
manganese
fixtures
and laundry
ozonation and file
filtration
M
B 5. Pollution Contamination Disease
by organic
Chlorination
I matter or
sewage
N
G
Water treatment and purification

P is any method that will remove one or more materials that
make the water unsuitable for a given use
L AERATION
Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and
U absorb additional oxygen for better taste.
M
B
I
N
G
COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION
P process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine
together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation
L COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with
the sediment to make it capable of
U combining into larger particles.

FLOCCULATION physical process in which the sediment particles
M collide with each other and stick together.
B
I
N
G
SEDIMENTATION
P suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and
deposition
L water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through
a period of time
U
M
B
I
N
G
FILTRATION
P water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order
to remove the finer suspended particles.
L
U
M
B
I DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
N method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water
in order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.
G
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

P
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
WELLS
P Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw
L bucket, pump, etc.
GENERAL TYPES OF WELL
U SHALLOW WELL
DEEP WELL
M
B TYPES OF WELL
(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
I DUG WELLS
N can be constructed with hand tools or power tools

depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)
G can have the greatest diameter that a
space may allow
DUG WELL
P
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
DRIVEN WELLS
P A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section
and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the
L ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft).
U
M
B
I
N
G
BORED WELLS
P These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30
meters (100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches.
L The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
U
M
B
I
N
G
DRILLED WELLS
P Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology
of the site.
L Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.
U
M
B
I
N
G
JETTED WELLS
P Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing
foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump
L above, while casing acts as the pump riser.
U
M
B
I
N
G
PUMPS
P A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
L CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
U RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder
M equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below
the ground level.
B
I
N
G
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
P It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating
impeller increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a
L casing thus converting the water’s velocity into higher pressure.
U
M
B
I
N
G
TURBINE PUMP
P A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below groundwater
levels and a driving motor located at ground
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
P Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which
are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the
L water to the surface
U
M
B
I
N
G
JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

P Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing
water up from a well.
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
PISTON PUMP
P Is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a plunger
is driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a
L mechanical working head.
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.
U
M
B
I
N
G
SUMP PUMP
P Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must
be pumped away from a particular area.
L a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a
water collecting sump pit,
U
M
B
I
N
G
WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

P OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK
L Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
U fixtures below.
Use in overhead feed system
M
COMPONENTS
B Supply Pipe
I Inlet
Overflow Pipe
N Drip Pan
G Gate Valves
CISTERN
P Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.
L PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
U Used in the air pressure system
and often used with a pump.
M Make use of pressure relieve valve to
release excess pressure if necessary
B
I
N
G
HOT WATER TANK

P Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
L diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel
U sheet, copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
M Storage Boiler
B Large hot water tank (60-130
cm in diameter; 5m max length)
I Made of heavy duty material sheets

applied with rust proof paint
N Standard working pressure
limit is 65 to 100 psi.
G
VALVES AND CONTROLS

P FUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system
L -
-
Start or shut down a system
Regulate pressure
U - Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
M
TYPES OF VALVES
B GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)
I Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
N (does not control flow of water).
Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc
G Valve Double Disc Valve
GLOBE VALVE
P Controls the flow of water with a

movable spindle. Can reduce water
L
pressure (throttling).
3 types
U
Plug Type Disc Valve
M
B Conventional Disc Valve
I
N Composition Disc Valve
G
CHECK VALVE
P Main function is to prevent reversal

of flow (backflow) in the line.
L 4 types
U Swing Check Valve
M
Lift Check Valve
B
I Vertical Check Valve
N
G Horizontal Check valve
ANGLE VALVE
P Used to make a 90° turn in a line.
L
U FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
M mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.
B
I SAFETY VALVE
N Used on water systems, heating systems,

compressed air lines & other pipe lines
with excessive pressure.
G
TYPES OF FAUCETS
P COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
L packing upon a metal sheet.
U KEY COCK
Operates with a round tapering plug
M ground to fit a metal sheet.
B BALL FAUCET
I Constructed with a ball connected to the

handle.
N HOSE BIBB
A water faucet made for the
G threaded attachment of a hose.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

P The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary
connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or
adjacent to the structure or premises.
L PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
U SERVICE PIPE
M The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
to the water distribution system of the building served.
B WATER METER
I Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that

passes through the water service.
N DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE

A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
G from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.
P RISER
L A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.
U
M FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe.
B
I FIXTURE SUPPLY
N A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
G
COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

P TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT (UPFEED)
L INDIRECT
- Down feed or Gravity System
U - Hydro pneumatic System ( Air Pressure System)
DIRECT (UPFEED)
M Water is provided by the city water companies using
normal pressure from public water main
B
I
N
G
DOWNFEED or
P GRAVITY SYSTEM
L Water is pumped into a large

tank on top of the building
and is distributed to the
U fixtures by means of gravity.
M
B
I
N
G
HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/
P AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM
When pressure supplied

L by city water supply is not
strong enough
U
Compressed air is used to
M raise and push water into
the system
B
I
N
G
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
P Upfeed System
L 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps 1. Pressure from water main is

& tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
U 2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.
M
Air Pressure System
B 1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss

2. Sanitary due to air tight of pressure inside the tank in case
I water chamber.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
of power interruption.
N
4. less initial construction
& maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
G serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of about
10 stores intervals.
P
L ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
U Overheadfeeed System
M 1. Water is not affected by peak

load hour.
1.
2.
Water is subject to contamination.
High maintenance cost.
B 2. Not affected by power interruptions.

3. Time needed to replace broken
3.
4.
Occupies valuable space.
Requires stronger foundation and
parts does not affect water supply. other structure to carry additional
I load of tank and water.
N
G
Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

P Upfeed and Gravity Return System
L With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
U circulation of water
M Hot water rises on its own &

does not need any pump
B for circulation
Hot water is immediately drawn

I form the fixture any time
N Provided economical circulating

return of unused hot water
G Larger pipe is installed at the top

of the riser & the diminishing
s lower floors of the building
i
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a
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s
e
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o
u
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e
P Downfeed and Gravity Return System

Hot water rises on to
L the highest point of
the plumbing
U system and travels
to the fixtures via
M gravity (closed pipe
system)
B Water distribution is
dependent on the
I expansion of hot
water & gravity.
N Larger pipe is installed
at the bottom of the
G riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
f
l
o
o
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g

P Pump Circuit System
L For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels
of multi-storey buildings
U
M
B
I
N
G
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Sanitary Drainage System
P General Rules in designing the

Sanitary system:
L The pipes should take the shortest possible route
U to the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system
M Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to
B ensure efficient circulation
Subsystems of the
I Sanitary System:
N Waste Collection System
G Ventilation System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
P Vent Pipe
L used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
U Trap
M a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of
B foul air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
I Stack
N the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru
G the roof.
Branch
ng system other than a main, riser or stack.
a
n
y
p
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
i
p
i
House/Building Drain
P
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
L receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer
U outside of the building.
M
B House/Building Sewer
I extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
N outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction
with the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying
G the drainage of one building site.
CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY

P DRAINAGE LINES
L
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
U
M use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend
branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
B
I Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
N 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
G
P
Horizontal to vertical change in direction
L use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend
U branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches,
or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
M
No fitting having more than one inlet at the same
B level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
I Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the

fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest
inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64,
N 76, 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)
G
P MINIMUM SLOPE OF
L SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
U
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or
M 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
B Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street
I sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans,

pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than
N 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the

Administrative Authority
G
Types of Permissible Traps:

P The Common P-Trap
L Used for lavatories, kitchen

sinks, laundry tubs, & urinals
U Materials commonly used for the P-
M trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
B
The Deep Seal P-Trap
I
Water seal is about twice the size of
N The common P-trap
G Used for extreme conditions

because resealing quality is greater
The Stand Trap

P
L Used for fixtures such as slop sinks
that are usually built low in the
U ground, leaving very little space for
a foundation & a trap
M
Serves as a water seal &
B structural support for the fixture
I The Running Trap
N Used within the line of

the house drain
G
P The Drum Trap
L Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)

Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of
U water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
M
B
I
N
G
REQUIREMENTS:
P Traps REQUIRED
L Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be
U separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
M Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
B
I One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks
N or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same

room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.
G
SIZE OF TRAPS:
P
L The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
connected.
U Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than
M 51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper
seal is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for
B special conditions.
I
N
G
INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
P The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the
trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
L Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

U TRAP ARM DISTANCE
DIAMETER TO VENT
M 32 mm 0.76 m
Note: In no case shall the
trap distance be less than 2
times the diameter of the
B 38 mm
51 mm
1.07 m
1.52 m
trap arm.
I 76 mm
102 mm & larger
1.83 m
3.05 m
N
The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of
G closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar
fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
ia or larger, a cleanout is required for a change of direction
of greater than 22 ½ °.
F
o
r
t
r
a
p
a
r
m
7
6
m
m
d
P REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
L
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
U at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
M developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
B thereof
I additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an

aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
N inside the building near the connection between the building

drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building
G at the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
P
L Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
U on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is
serving sinks or urinals.
M on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or
B less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
I
N
G
P VENTILATION
L
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a
U balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system
M
B
Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
I circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving
the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
N
G
VENTS
Main Types:
P Main Soil & Waste Vent
L
U the ‘backbone’ of the entire
M sanitary system
Connected to the Main Soil &
B Waste Stack
The portion where waste does
I not travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
N penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
G
P Main Vent
the principal artery of the venting
L system to which vent branches
are connected.
U a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
M Waste Vent
B
I
N
G
Individual Vent or Back Vent

P
L
U
M
B
I
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
N connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
G
P Unit, Common, or Dual Vent
L
U
M
B
I
N an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
G serve two (2) traps.
Relief Vent
P
L a vertical vent line that provides
U additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
M act as an auxiliary vent on a
specially designed system such as a
B “yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
I
N
G
Yoke or By-pass Vent

P
L
U a pipe connecting upward from a soil
or waste stack below the floor and
M below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
B the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
I pressure changes in the stacks.
N
G
Circuit Vent
P
L
U
M
B
a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
I extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
N a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
G Serves a battery of fixtures
Looped Vent
P
L
U a vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
M branch at a point downstream
of the last fixture connection
B and turning to a horizontal

line above the highest
I
overflow level of the highest
fixture connected there
N Used in spaces without partitions
G
Wet Vent
P that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater
L also flows through.
U
M
B
I
N
G
P Local Vent
L a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
U from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
M
B
I Dry Vent
N a vent that does not carry liquid

or water-borne wastes.
G
P Stack Vent
L the extension of a soil or waste

stack above the highest horizontal
U drain connected to the stack.
M Vent Stack
B
the vertical vent pipe installed
I primarily for providing circulation of
N air to and from any part of the soil, waste of

the drainage system. The uppermost end
above the roof has traditionally been referred
G to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
REQUIREMENTS:
P Vents REQUIRED
L Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure
U through venting.
M Vents NOT REQUIRED

B on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a
horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The
I secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented.
N Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall

G discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into
a floor sink or other approved type receptor.
SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:

P Trap Seal Loss
L
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system
due to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
U Siphonage- direct and momentum
M
B
I
N
G
Back Pressure
P
L
U
M
B Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
I Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
Retardation of flow
N - Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
G Deterioration of the Materials

- Due to the formation of acids
P
L
U
M
B
I Indirect Waste Pipe
N
– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
G receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where

P used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various
disposal outlets
L
U SEPTIC
Definition: TANKS
M
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to
B receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
I separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and
N allow the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
G SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water

and settle at the bottom of the septic tank
nic material that rise to the surface of the water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage
S
C
U
M
-
l
i
g
h
t
e
r
o
r
g
a
P
L Bacteria in septic tank
U to encourage decomposition:
M Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive

Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
B oxygen
I
N
G
P
L
Minimum
dimensions-
U L= 1500mm
W=900mm
M D=1200mm
B
I
N
G
COMPARTMENTS:
P have a minimum of 2 compartments:
First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
L capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be
at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
U than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3
M total capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
B compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber
I to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the
manhole
N MANHOLES:
G with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one
over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
e h, an additional manhole required over the baffle wall.
x
c
e
e
d
s
3
.
7
i
n
l
e
n
g
t
P SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:
L Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer
U pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than
M the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
B LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
I Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the

water surface
N Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
above the invert of the outlet pipe.
G
AIR SPACE:
P Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back
L vent openings.
U PARTITION (between compartments):

M An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no
B case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the

inlet compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the
I fitting placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles

are prohibited.
N STRUCTURE:
G
Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
P CAPACITY:
L The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of

bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the
U estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building
occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing
M fixtures; whichever is greater.
B The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall
also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage
I field.
N LOCATION:
G Should not be located underneath the house
At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
P Combination Public Sewers
L Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
U
Storm Sewers
M
B Sanitary Sewers
I Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant
N for treatment
G Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Storm Drainage System
3 Major Systems of
P Collecting Storm Water:
L The Independent System
U a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’

M Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
B
I
N
G
The Combined System

P Combines storm water
L with sanitary wastes
U
M
B
I
N
G
The Natural System

P Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
L Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns
U Storm Drain Locations

M
B
I
N
G
Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
P
L The Gutter
U Usually located along the

entire perimeter of the roof
M
The Downspout
B
Located every 8 to 10 meters
I & at every corner of the roof
N
(but, to avoid clogging of
pipes, it is best to locate them
every 4 to 6 m)
G
P The Strainer or Roof Drain

L Drain designed to receive water collecting on
U the surface of a roof and to discharge it into
a downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
M
B
The Shoe
I
N At the bottom of the roof leader to direct
rain-water towards the nearest catch basin
G
The Catch Basin

P Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than
L one downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
U Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water
M
B
I
N
The Storm Line
G
Connects to each catch basin
FLEA 2010 REVIEW
END

Sanitary and Plumbing Systems

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Sanitary and Plumbing Systems

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FLEA 2010 REVIEW

L century as Spaniards established Walled City known as

L City of Manila” was enacted with the consultation of

I In December 21, 1999 pursuant t Section 4 of R.A. 1378,

PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS

U COLD WATER SUPPLY

I Only a source during the wet season

N Storage becomes a breeding place for

G mosquitoes Roofs may not be clean

N May have organic matter & chemical elements

PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER

WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION

P PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

B 2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of

N 3. Turbidity Silt or mud in

WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION

Water treatment and purification

U combining into larger particles.

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

N can be constructed with hand tools or power tools

JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE

HOT WATER TANK

I Made of heavy duty material sheets

VALVES AND CONTROLS

P Controls the flow of water with a

P Main function is to prevent reversal

U Swing Check Valve

P Used to make a 90° turn in a line.

N Used on water systems, heating systems,

I Constructed with a ball connected to the

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

I Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that

N DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE

COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

L Water is pumped into a large

HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/

P AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM

When pressure supplied

L 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps 1. Pressure from water main is

B 1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss

M 1. Water is not affected by peak

B 2. Not affected by power interruptions.

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

M Hot water rises on its own &

Hot water is immediately drawn

N Provided economical circulating

G Larger pipe is installed at the top

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

P Downfeed and Gravity Return System

Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems

P General Rules in designing the

CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY

I Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the

B Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street

I sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans,

N 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the

Types of Permissible Traps:

L Used for lavatories, kitchen

G Used for extreme conditions

The Stand Trap

I The Running Trap

N Used within the line of