Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SANITARY AND
PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Introduction
PLUMBING
P Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
L fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
U &/or ingredients & removing them;
M from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes
B were once made from lead.
I refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the distribution
N of potable water and the removal of
G waterborne wastes.
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
PLUMBING SYSTEM
P System includes all potable water supply and distribution
pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and
L storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders
and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,
U including their respective joints and connections;
M devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot
B and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using
equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for
I same.
N
SUPPLY DRAINAGE
G PIPE
FIXTURE
PIPE
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
B PLUMBING FIXTURE
I
N FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
G
FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM
Plumbing System - Fundamentals
PLUMBING CYLE
P S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E
L Water Mains,
Pressure,
Plumbing
Piping
U Storage Tanks
Networks
Fixtures
M S O U R C E COLLECTION
Gravity,
B Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
I TREATMENT DISPOSAL
definition
Carries water from the water source, street main or a
P pump to the building and to various points in the
L building at which water is used.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
U HOT WATER SUPPLY
M
WATER
B plays an important part in the plumbing system
I Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement
N “Universal Solvent”
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
WATER CYCLE
3 MAJOR STAGES
P
EVAPORATION
L
U CONDENSATION
M
B PRECIPITATION
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
SOURCES OF WATER
P RAIN WATER
Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and
L stored in cisterns or ponds.
U ADVANTAGE
M Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water
supply system
B DISADVANTAGE
Only a source during the wet season
I
Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes
N
G Roofs may not be clean
Water Supply and Distribution System
SOURCES OF WATER
P GROUND WATER
The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to
L form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
U From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
M ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply;
B requires less treatment because of natural filtering.
I DISADVANTAGE
May have organic matter & chemical elements usually
N treatment is suggested.
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
SOURCES OF WATER
P NATURAL SURFACE WATER
A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources
L includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.
U ADVANTAGE
Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.
M Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated,
B for community water supply.
I DISADVANTAGE
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic
N substances; Purification & treatment is necessary.
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
USES OF WATER
P
NOURISHMENT
L
CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
U
CEREMONIAL USES
M
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
B
COOLING MEDIUM
I
N ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT
G PROTECTIVE USES
Water Supply and Distribution System
U HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
M The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer
B CAPILLARITY
I The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity
N DISSOLVING ABILITY
Known as the “Universal Solvent”
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
L 1. Acidity Contains
carbon dioxide
• Corrosion of
non-ferrous
•Passing the water
through a bed of
U pipes
• Rusting &
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity,
M clogging of
steel pipes
or adding sodium
silicate.)
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION
P process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine
together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation
L COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts
with the sediment to make it capable of
U combining into larger particles.
FLOCCULATION physical process in which the sediment particles
M collide with each other and stick together.
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
SEDIMENTATION
P suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and
deposition
L water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a
period of time
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
FILTRATION
P water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order
to remove the finer suspended particles.
L
U
M
B
I DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
N method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in
order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
WELLS
P Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw
L bucket, pump, etc.
GENERAL TYPES OF WELL
U SHALLOW WELL
DEEP WELL
M
B TYPES OF WELL
(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
I DUG WELLS
can be constructed with hand tools or power tools
N depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)
G can have the greatest diameter that a space
may allow
Water Supply and Distribution System
DUG WELL
P
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
DRIVEN WELLS
P A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section
and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the
L ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft).
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
BORED WELLS
P These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters
(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well
L is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
DRILLED WELLS
P Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of
the site.
L Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
JETTED WELLS
P Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing
foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above,
L while casing acts as the pump riser.
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
PUMPS
A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
P A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.
L CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS
U RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder
M equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below
the ground level.
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
TURBINE PUMP
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
P Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water
up from a well.
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
PISTON PUMP
SUMP PUMP
CISTERN
P Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.
L PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
U Used in the air pressure system and
often used with a pump.
M Make use of pressure relieve valve to
release excess pressure if necessary
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
P Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
L diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
U copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
M Storage Boiler
B Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
GLOBE VALVE
Controls the flow of water with a
P movable spindle. Can reduce water
pressure (throttling).
L
3 types
U Plug Type Disc Valve
M
B Conventional Disc Valve
I
N Composition Disc Valve
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
CHECK VALVE
L 4 types
M
Lift Check Valve
B
I Vertical Check Valve
N
G Horizontal Check valve
Water Supply and Distribution System
ANGLE VALVE
L
U FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
M mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.
B
I SAFETY VALVE
TYPES OF FAUCETS
P COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
L packing upon a metal sheet.
U KEY COCK
Operates with a round tapering plug
M ground to fit a metal sheet.
B BALL FAUCET
Constructed with a ball connected to the
I handle.
N HOSE BIBB
A water faucet made for the threaded
G attachment of a hose.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P RISER
L A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.
U
M FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe.
B
I
FIXTURE SUPPLY
N A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
DIRECT (UPFEED)
M Water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
DOWNFEED or
P GRAVITY SYSTEM
M
B
I
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
P Upfeed System
L 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is
tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
U 2. Water supply is affected during peak
load hour.
I chamber.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
power interruption.
G as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10
stores intervals.
Water Supply and Distribution System
P
L ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
U Overheadfeeed System
N
G
Water Supply and Distribution System
U
M
B
I
N
G
FLEA 2 0 1 0 REVIEW
SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Sanitary Drainage System
P Ge n e r a l R u le s i n desi g n ing
t h e S a n i t a r y system:
L The pipes should take the shortest possible route to
the house sewer or the terminating point of the
U Sanitary system
M Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
B efficient circulation
I Sub s y s t e ms o f t h e
S a n i t a r y System:
N Waste Collection System
G Ventilation System
Sanitary Drainage System
Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
P Vent Pipe
L used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
U Trap
M a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
B air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
I Stack
N the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
G roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.
Sanitary Drainage System
House/Building Drain
P
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
L receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside
U of the building.
M
B House/Building Sewer
I extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with
N the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the
drainage of one building site.
G
Sanitary Drainage System
B
I Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
N 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep
G
Sanitary Drainage System
G
Sanitary Drainage System
P M I N IMUM S LOPE OF
L SANITARY DRAINAGE L I N E S
U
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or
M 20mm/m (¼” per foot).
G
Sanitary Drainage System
Types of P e rm i s s ib l e Tr a p s :
P The Common P-Trap
M
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
REQUIREMENTS:
P Traps REQUIRED
L Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be
separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
U
M Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
B
I One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks
or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same
N room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.
G
Sanitary Drainage System
S I ZE OF TRAPS :
P
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
L connected.
U Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than
51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal
M is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special
conditions.
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
IN S T A L LATION OF TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the
P trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.
I 76 mm
102 mm & larger
1.83 m
3.05 m
N The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of
closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar
G fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.
Sanitary Drainage System
P REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
L
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
U at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total
developed length
M at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
B thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an
I aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
N drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at
the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
G
Sanitary Drainage System
P
L Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
U on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is
serving sinks or urinals.
M on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or
less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
P V E N T I LATI ON
L
Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a
U balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system
M
B Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
I circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
VENTS
M a i n Ty p e s :
P Main Soil & Waste Vent
L
U
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary
M system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
B Stack
The portion where waste does not
I travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
N penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
G
Sanitary Drainage System
Main Vent
P the principal artery of the venting
L system to which vent branches are
connected.
U a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
M Waste Vent
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
L
U
M
B
I
N an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
G serve two (2) traps.
Sanitary Drainage System
Relief Vent
P
L a vertical vent line that provides
additional circulation of air between
U the drainage and vent systems or to
act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
M designed system such as a
“yoke vent” connection between the
B soil and vent stacks.
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
Circuit Vent
P
L
U
M
B a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
I extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
N a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’
Looped Vent
P
L
a vertical vent connection on a
U horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
M of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
B above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
I connected there
G
Sanitary Drainage System
Wet Vent
P that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
flows through.
L
U
M
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
P Local Vent
L a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
U from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
M
B
Dry Vent
I
N a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.
G
Sanitary Drainage System
Stack Vent
P
L the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
U connected to the stack.
M Vent Stack
B
the vertical vent pipe installed
I primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
N of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
G referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).
Sanitary Drainage System
REQUIREMENTS:
P Vents REQUIRED
L Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure
U through venting.
Back Pressure
P
L
U
M
B Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness
Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal
I
Retardation of flow
N - Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity
P
L
U
M
B
I Indirect Waste Pipe
– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
N drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
G receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.
Sanitary Drainage System
P
L Bac t e r i a
i n sep t i c t ank
U t o encourage decomposition :
Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
M Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
B oxygen
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
P
L Minimum
dimensions-
U L= 1500mm
W=900mm
M D=1200mm
B
I
N
G
Sanitary Drainage System
COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
P First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be
L at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
U Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
M In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
B maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber
I to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the
manhole
N MANHOLES:
with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one
G over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the
baffle wall.
Sanitary Drainage System
L Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer
pipe
U Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than
the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
M
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
B Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the
I water surface
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
N above the invert of the outlet pipe.
G
Sanitary Drainage System
AIR SPACE:
P Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back
L vent openings.
N STRUCTURE:
G Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa
Sanitary Drainage System
P CAPACITY:
The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
L bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the
estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building
U occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing
fixtures; whichever is greater.
M
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall
B also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage
field.
I
N LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
G At least 15 meters from the water distribution system
Sanitary Drainage System
CLA S S I F I C A T I ON OF SEWER S :
P Combination Public Sewers
L Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
U
Storm Sewers
M
B Sanitary Sewers
I Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
N treatment
Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)
G
FLEA 2 0 1 0 REVIEW
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
Storm Drainage System
3 M a j o r Systems o f
P Co l l e c t i n g St o r m Wa t e r :
The Independent System
L
U a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
M Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
B
I
N
G
Storm Drainage System
Roo f i ng E l e ment s t o
Collect Rainwater:
P
L The Gutter
Usually located along the
U entire perimeter of the roof
M
The Downspout
B
Located every 8 to 10 meters
I & at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
N it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
G
Storm Drainage System
G
Storm Drainage System
M
B
I
N
The Storm Line
G Connects to each catch basin
FLEA 2 0 1 0 REVIEW
END