INSTRUMENTATION AND CLINICAL

PRACTICE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

1st Semester Doctoral Degree

Basic Science
2023-2024

Prof. Dr. Haytham M Elhafez

Professor of Physical Therapy, Basic Science Department
Faculty of Physical Therapy – Cairo University
Dean of Faculty of Physical Therapy – Suez University (fr)
Atom = (nucleus “proton + neutron” + Electron)

Atomic number = number of proton in nucleus

Atomic weight = protons + neutrons

 Copper Atom

Shell Equation 2N2

1st Shell = 2x12= 2
2nd Shell = 2x22= 8
3rd Shell = 2x32= 18
4th Shell = 2x42= 32

4th Shell = 1 electron = valence electron in valence shell

 Free electrons make electrical current
possible

Categories of materials

Semi-Conductors Insulators
Conductors More than 4
Allow current to Have fewer free
valence
flow easily electrons
electrons
Have 1 to 3 valence Four valence electrons
electrons Poor conduction
As silicon and
As copper and silver of current
germanium
 Electric charge Q
• Repulsion + attraction = electric field
• One Coulomb = 6.25 x 1018 electrons
• One electron = 1.6 x 10-19 C
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠
• Total charge “Q” =
6.25𝑥1018 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠/𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
Na (11 protons. 11 electrons) Cl (17 protons. 17 electrons)
in water Na Cl (10.11) (17.18)
 Volt
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 "𝑊" 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙
• Volt = =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 "𝑄" 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏

Current
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 "𝑄" 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
• Current= =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 "𝑡" 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑

Resistance
• A= d2 A = cross sectional
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 "ρ" 𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ "𝑙"
•
circular area of a wire
d = diameter in mils (10-3 inch) • R=
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 "𝐴"
• Inch = 2.54 cm
Ohm’s Law
 ENERGY AND POWER
• Energy is the ability to do work and
produce action and results. When there is a
current through a resistance, energy is
released in the form of heat.
• Power is the rate at which energy is used
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 (𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒔 J) 𝑾 𝐣
Power “Watts [W]” = = =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 s) 𝒕 𝐬
Energy = Power x time (Ws, Wh, kWh)
 Bioelectricity
• Electric potential and electric behavior of the cell
membrane.
• Normal bending of cell membrane
“flexoelectricity = curvature induced membrane
polarization”.
• Cell-to-cell communication 13 μV; field strength
10-3 to 10-5 V/m
• Model membrane system and Nernst equation V=
𝐾𝑇 𝐶1
±2.3 log
𝑒 𝐶2
• Boltzman constant (1.38x10-23) T absolute temp
(273+37), e charge of electron 1.6x10-19 C)
Inside Outside
Features of living system
• Na 0.01 • Na 0.142
• mechanosensitivity
• K 0.141 • K 0.005
• mechanotransduction
• Cl 0.004 • Cl 0.103
• O 0.147 • O 0.044
 In physical system; there are three main features
• Mechanical “M”
• Electrical “E”
• Optical “O”

ACTIVITIES FOR YOU

• Select some body systems may have one and/or
two and/or three of these main features
ME – MO – EM – EO – OM – OE
MEO – MOE – EMO – EOM – OME - OEM
• Stress (F/A) – Strain (ΔL/Lo)
• Young’s modulus (Stress/Strain) … Elastomers
∆𝑃
• Bulk modulus 𝐸 =
∆𝑉/𝑉𝑜

• Biological effect of EMF “Electric field

effects” and “Magnetic field effects” on
different body systems; i.e. heart, blood,
muscle, nerve.
 Instrumentation and Clinical Practice Assignment
Types of waves:
Sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waves and their uses.

Biophysical Application in Physical

Therapy
Dose limit and complication of:
1. Exercise.
2. Electric stimulation of muscle, nerve,
tissues (separately by type).
3. Magnetic stimulation.
4. Laser application.