(STS) CHAPTER 1: - NAVIGATION assisted them in their journeys to

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL unfamiliar and strange areas in the world. Ex: waze
CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION & RECORD-KEEPING
- COMMUNICATION – essential in their endeavors to
LESSON 1: discover and occupy new places.
SCIENCE AND ITS BRANCHES - RECORD-KEEPING – they needed to remember the
places they had been to and document the trades they
made with each other.

MASS PRODUCTION
- INCREASED DEMAND FOR FOOD AND OTHER
BASIC NECESSITIES due to the increase in size and
number of nations.

SAFETY & PROTECTION

- WEAPONS & ARMORS were important in the
discovery of new places or the establishment of new
alliances with other tribes.

HEALTH
- CONSERVATION OF LIFE one of the primary
LESSON 2: challenges encountered during ancient times.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
ENGINEERING
SCIENCE - in order to integrate their needs- for better transportation,
- Organized body of knowledge that is obtained by study establishment of structures for protection from human
and experimentation attacks and natural disasters, and construction of bigger
- “philosophy of the natural world” and stronger infrastructures.
- Scientia – knowledge - Some of the structures built during ancient times still
TECHNOLOGY exist today and continually awe people!
- alludes to the particular application of the scientific - The development of Engineering ushered in the
knowledge development of Architecture……
SOCIETY
- a group of individuals, which is characterized by ARCHITECTURE
common interest and may have distinctive culture and - Elaborated architectural designs were signs of
institutions technological advancement of a particular civilization.
- It may also establish the identity of a nation

AESTHETIC
- People looked more visually presentable and appealing
by adding some features and decorations in their body.

Studying science is the same as exploring the natural world. You

will learn a lot of concepts proposed by different people. You will
learn different aspect of science from the tiniest to the largest.
From the simplest to the most complex.

When learning about the different concerns of ancient people, you

must be open-minded. You must accept their belief and priorities
during that time. For example, it must be a simple form of
navigation to you but during their time, it is one of the most
LESSON 3:
important concern since they always have to travel to find sources
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL
of food.
CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED IN THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
We often heard the sentence “science is a systematized body of
knowledge”. Yes, it is true that science is a systematized body of
ANCIENT TIMES
knowledge but what exactly is the scope of science? And how can
- Major Challenges
a person study science?
- Transportation and Navigation
- Communication and record-keeping
Science is a system of knowledge of the natural world gained
- Mass Production
through the scientific method (experimentation)
- Security and Protection
- Health
STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
- Engineering
1. Define a problem.
- Architecture
2. Gather information about the problem.
- Aesthetics
3. Form a hypothesis.
4. Testing a hypothesis (experimentation).
5. Observation and record the data.
TRANSPORTATION & NAVIGATION
6. Analyze and interpret the data.
- TRANSPORTATION is significant during that time
7. Draw a conclusion.
because people were trying to go places and discover
new horizons.
Science is divided into 3 divisions. The first is the social science
which involve the exploration of human society past and present,
and the way human beings behave. Some of the branches are
Economics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology and History.
The second division is natural science which is sub-divided into
biological and physical science. Natural science deals with natural
objects and natural phenomena. Some branches under biological
science are Botany, Zoology, and Microbiology. Some branches
under physical science are Astronomy, Mathematics, and Geology.
Science, Technology & Society – Interdisciplinary course that
confront the realities brought about by science and technology in
society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic and
philosophical underpinnings at play.
Ancient Times
In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production,
security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and
architecture.
Because of these concerns, ancient civilizations started to create
technological inventions as an answer to these different concerns
With all this in mind, one can conclude that the developments in
science & technology, aside from affecting lives of the people,
were the results of many prior antecedents. Out of necessity, people
in ancient times were able to discover and invent things that would
impact the lives of the modern people.
V. CONCLUSION
Science is really an interesting subject to learn. You get to discover
different aspect of the natural world from the past up to present.
And when we say past, you learn about the important concerns of
the ancient civilizations. It also proves that science, technology and
society can come hand in hand.
Life Application
We live in a world surrounded by things and ideas directly from
science. From the food we eat (processed foods), to the gadgets and
appliances that we use – up to the tiniest microorganisms that
causes diseases. It is important that we know these basic ideas and
where to categorized them. Knowing also our ancestors during the
ancient civilization can make a huge impact when it comes to
development. Realizing that these ancient civilizations make way
for different development in technology will teach us how to value
certain materials and respect certain beliefs. From this, we can
develop further advancements in science and technology that can
benefit the society.
(STS) LECTURE 3:MIDDLE AGES, MODERN TIMES,
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
❖ MASSIVE INVASIONS AND MIGRATIONS
❖ WARS WERE PREVALENT
❖ POPULATION DECLINE
❖ MOST INNOVATIVE MINDS CAME FORM THIS PERIODS
❖ THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
PRINTING PRESS
- Johan Guttenberg was able to invent the printing press, a
more reliable way of printing using a cast type.
- This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical
printing press which was eventually used all over the
world.
MICROSCOPE
- Guided by the principles used for the invention of
eyeglasses in the earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was
able to develop the first
compound microscope
- with this device, people were able to observe organisms
that were normally unseen by the naked eye
- the microscope is the key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing various illnesses
- SARS-CoV-2
- The medical field uses RT-PCR
- Electron Microscope/Scanning Electron Microscope
TELESCOPE
- an optical instrument that helps in the
observation of remote objects
- Middle Ages being “the age of exploration”, the need for
nautical inventions was high ex: compass oars rudders
WAR WEAPON
- great development in the weaponry technology occurred
in the middle ages
- all sides must develop weaponries not only as offensive
tools but also a defensive instruments
- for open battles – people developed cross bows and long
bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges
- for close-range hand-to-hand combat – soldiers should
wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed
by the creation of iron body armors
- Chainmail – a type of armor consisting of small metal
rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh.
MODERN TIMES- (DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES)
- Blooming population in 19th century
- Efficient means of transportation
- Machines that require animals to operate
- Faster and easier means to communicate and compute
- INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION!
PASTEURIZATION
- The process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful
bacteria
- LOUIS PASTEUR- French biologist, microbiologist,
chemist
- Dairy products can be stored and consumed for a longer
period
PETROLEUM REFINERY
- Animal oils were first used for generating light to
illuminate homes
- Invented due to the demand of better means of powering
homes and transportation
- SAMUEL M. KIER- invented kerosene by refining
petroleum
- Development of kerosene established the refinery
industry
TELEPHONE
- ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL- invented the
telephone
- one of the most important inventions at that time
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
- VICTOR LLAVE & H2O TECHNOLOGIES-
invented the Salamander
- Invented due to flooding, a common occurrence in many
areas in the country
- Can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and
lakes
SALT LAMP
- AISA MIJENO- a young Filipino Scientist who
invented the lamp
- SALt- Sustainable Alternative Lighting
- An environment-friendly light source that runs on
saltwater
- Made by mixing two tablespoons of salt and a glass of
tap water

MEDICAL INCUBATOR
- DR. FE DEL MUNDO- a Filipino pediatrician and the
first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical
School, devised the medical incubator
- Made from indigenous and cheap materials which do not
require electricity
- A native laundry basket was place inside a bigger one
and hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets
to provide warmth
MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL
TRAP SYSTEM
- DENGUE is transmitted by Aedes aegypti
- Evolution of insecticide resistant
- Invented by Department of Science and Technology-
Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-
ITDI)
- OL TRAP- made by natural
ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos
but safe for humans and the
environment
E-JEEPNEY
- JEEPNEY- major transportation innovation in the
Philippines
- Built using the jeeps left by the Americans after World
War II
- Diesel-powered; produces large quantity of smoke; major
contributor of noise pollution
ELECTRIC JEEPNEY (e-JEEPNEY)
- utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel;
environmental friendly since it does not emit noise and
smoke
STS LECTURE 5: Science, Technology and Nation Building
HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the
PHILIPPINES
- Started way back before the country gained its
independence from American colonizers.
- Early habitants of the archipelago
- Had their own culture and traditions
- Had their own belief system
- Indigenous knowledge system
SCIENCE IN PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES
- Embedded in the way of life of the people
- Scientific knowledge is observed:
- The way they plant their crops
- Taking care of animals
- Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies
- Organizing days into months and years
- The use of soil for agricultural purposes
- Discovery of medicinal plants
Technology is used by people in:
- Building houses
- Irrigations
- Developing tools that they can use in everyday
life (planting, hunting, cooking, fishing)
- Tools in fighting their enemies during war and
tribunal conflicts
- Tools for transportation (land and waterways)
- Technologies in creating musical instruments
Metal Age had a significant influence on the lives of early Filipino
Archeological artifacts discovered:
- Sophisticated designs of gold and silver jewelry
- Ceramics
- Metal tools
-
Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and other nearby countries
have influenced their lives by providing different opportunities for
cultural and technological exchange.
SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING SPANISH
PERIOD
- Established schools for boys and girls and introduced the
concept of subjects and disciplines.
- The beginning of formal science and technology in the
country – school of science and technology.
- Learning Science – focuses on understanding different
concept related to the human body, plants, animals, and
heavenly bodies.
- Learning Technology – focuses on using and developing
house tools used in everyday life.
- Life became modernized, adapting some Western
technology and their ways of life.
- Filipinos developed ways to replicate the technology
brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials.
- Medicine and advanced science were introduced in formal
colleges and universities established by the Catholic orders.
- GALLEON TRADE – brought additional technology and
development in the Philippines.
Galleon Trade
- Manila–Acapulco Trade
- A heavy square-rigged sailing ship of the 15th to early
18th centuries used for war or commerce especially by
the Spanish.
- The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly.
- Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco
to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods,
spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to
Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods
spending 90 days at sea.
- The Philippines, being one of the centers of global trade
in Southeast Asia during that time, was considered to be
one of the most developed places in the region.
- The country is blessed with developments but the
superstitious beliefs of the people and the Catholic
doctrines and practices during the Spanish era halted the
growth of science in the country.
SCIENCE IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING AMERICAN
PERIOD
- Americans have more influence in the development of
science and technology in the Philippines compared to
the Spaniards.
- Established the public education system, improved
engineering works and health conditions of the people.
- Established a modern research university – University of
the Philippines
- Created more public hospitals
- Mineral sources of the country were explored and
exploited.
- Transportation and communication systems were
improved, though not accessible throughout the country.
- Americans did everything to “Americanize” the
Philippines.
- Reorganized the learning of science and introduced it in
public and private schools.
- BASIC EDUCATION – science education focuses on
natural studies and sanitation
- HIGHER EDUCATION – greatly improved and
modernized, researchers were done to control malaria,
cholera, and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases
WORLD WAR II
o Destabilized the development of the country
 o Institutions and public facilities were turned
into ashes, houses were burned, and many lives
were destroyed
o The country had a difficult time to rebuild itself
from the ruins of the war
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
- Since the establishment of the new republic, the whole
nation has been focusing on using its limited resources in
improving its science and technology capability.
- OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ALLOCATIONS
(ODA) – helps the country improve its scientific
productivity and technological capability.
- Human resources development is at the heart of these
efforts focusing on producing engineers, scientists,
technology experts, doctors, and other professionals
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
 Shaped by several factors and influences
- Internal influences – survival, culture, economic
activities
- External influences – foreign colonizers, trades with
foreign countries, international economic demands
Improving the quality of science education still remains as a
big challenge in the country
- Science schools for basic to graduate education are
improving slowly
- There are only few students enrolling in science and
technology courses
Government Policies on Science and Technology
- Introduced by the Philippine government to boost the
area of science and technology.
- GOAL: to prepare the whole country and its people to
meet the demands of a technologically driven world and
capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science.
- ASEAN 2015 AGENDA – the government particularly
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and
National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP) to
consult various sectors in the society to study how the
Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the ASEAN
2015 goals.
The NCRP clustered these policies into four:
1) SOCIAL SCIENCES, HUMANITIES, EDUCATION,
INTERNATIONAL POLICIES AND
GOVERNANCE
- Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without
adding to the curriculum
- Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
- Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT
broadband
- Local food security
2) PHYSICS, ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL
RESEARCH, EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES,
AND MATHEMATICS
- Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and employment
opportunities
- Outright grants for peer mentoring
- Harnessing science and technology as an independent
mover of development
3) MEDICAL, CHEMICAL, AND PHARMACETICAL
SCIENCES
- Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms
with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full
implementation of the Food and Drug
Administration.
- Creating and educative on council dedicated to
standardization of pharmaceutical services and care.
- Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct
evidence-based research as pool of information.
- Allocating two percent of the GDP to research.
- Legislating a law supporting human genome projects.
4) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, AGRICULTURE, AND
FORESTRY
- Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full
implementation of existing law.
- Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
countries.
- Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and
indigenous people’s conservation.
- Formulation of common food and safety standards.
EXISTING PROGRAMS SUPPORTED BY THE
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT THROUGH DEPARTMENT
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DOST)
 Providing funds for basic research and patents
related to science and technology.
- Funded by Overseas Development Aid (ODA) from
different countries.
 Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
graduate studies of students in the field of science and
technology.
- Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
(PCHRD)
- Science Education Institute (SEI)
 Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science
High School System.
 Creating science and technology parks.
- Light Industry & Science Park
Science Park of the Philippines, Inc. (SPPI) was established in
1989 and, through the years, has gained the reputation of being a
cutting edge developer of industrial estates through its Light
Industry & Science Park projects.
Hermosa Ecozone Industrial Park, Bataan
- Hermosa Ecozone Industrial Park (HEIP) is a 162-
hectares industrial estate component of a 478-
hectare mixed-use property development in the
province of Bataan by the Hermosa Ecozone
Development Corporation. The project is a
registered Special Economic Zone (Ecozone) under
the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA).
EXISTING PROGRAMS SUPPORTED BY THE
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT THROUGH DEPARTMENT
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DOST)
- Balik Scientist Program.
- Developing science and technology parks in academic
campuses.
- Establishment of the National Science Complex and
National Engineering Complex within UP Diliman
campus.
SCIENCE IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION
 Several science-related programs and projects were
created to develop the scientific literacy of the
country.
- Special science classes
- Special science elementary schools were established in
different regions
- Improvement of science and mathematics in basic
education
- K to 12 program – Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM)
- CHED launched Philippine-California Advanced
Research Institutes (PICARI) Project
▪ Allow several higher education institutions in
the Philippines and some US-based laboratories,
 research institutes, and universities to work on
research projects related to science, agriculture,
engineering, health, and technology.
GOALS IN VARIOUS RESEARCH AND PROJECTS
 Use of alternative and safe energy
▪ SALt lamp
▪ E-Jeepneys
▪ Solar panels
 Harnessing mineral resources
▪ Gold mining
 Finding cure for various diseases and illness
▪ Bioassay
▪ Biotechnology
 Climate change and global warming
▪ Environmental biotechnology (bioremediation,
phytoremediation)
▪ Environmental studies
 Increasing food production
- Food biotechnology
 Preservation of Natural Resources
- Tree planting
❑ Coastal cleaning
❑ Ecological restoration
❑ Wildlife rescue
❑ Anti-mining campaign
 Coping with natural disasters and calamities
❑ National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (NDRRMC)
❑ Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
 Infrastructure development
❑ Build, build, build
Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba
- For his outstanding research on tissue culture in the
Philippine mangoes.
- Best known for inventing a way to induce more flowers
in mango trees using ethrel and potassium nitrate.
- Barba was proclaimed a National Scientist of the
Philippines in June 2014.
- Born in Ilocos Norte
2. Josefino Cacas Comiso
- For his works on observing the characteristics of
Antarctica by using satellite images.
- A leading physical scientist with the Goddard Space
Flight Center and NASA since 1979.
- The extraordinary rate at which Arctic ice is affected by
global warming, at approximately three times the
intensity of the global average.
- He was born in Narvacan, Ilocos Sur
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr.
- Known internationally in the field of electrical
engineering
- Elected as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering
- He was born in Malolos, Bulacan
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz
- Notable for her research on sea snail venom
- A Filipino biochemist whose research has contributed to
the understanding of the biochemistry of toxic peptides
from the venom of fish-hunting Conus marine snails.
- Throughout the Philippines, she is known as the Sea
Snail Venom Specialist.
- Scientific findings regarding the peptides found in snails
have applications in diagnostic tools for cancers and the
development of drugs for the treatment of neurological
disorders.
- She was born in Tanza, Cavite
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit
- For his research in herbal medicine.
- He is currently the president of the Integrated Chemists
of the Philippines (ICP).
- Dayrit is known for his phytochemical work for the
development of lagundi as part of the National Integrated
Research Program on Medicinal Plants.
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III
- For his research in tilapia culture
- The Father of Tilapia Sex-Reversal
- When he took his doctorate degree in Auburn University
in the early 1970s, he focused his dissertation on the the
production of monosex tilapia into male using synthetic
androgens.
- When he returned to the Philippines, he continued his
experiment on tilapia sex reversal at the Central Luzon
State University in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija where he served
as the first dean of its college of fisheries.
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr.
- For inventing the meconium drug testing
- An improved method for detecting the presence of drug
metabolites in the meconium of newborn infants
- A Filipino doctor which is known for his study of
medicine and the field of pediatrics.
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena
- For doing research on plant biotechnology
- A Filipino scientist who discovered a breed of calamansi
and seedless pomelo and discovered micropropagation
which established the banana industry in the Philippines.
- She is also an inventor of leaf-bud cutting in cassava.
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz
- For being an outstanding educator and graph theorist.
- Ruiz specializes in graph theory and operations research.
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan
- For his research in the field of communication
technology
- Greg’s work has realized groundbreaking advances in
ultra-high-performance circuitry, and innovative
computing and communications.
- His research and inventions in the field of science and
technology operate in space, on aircraft, in automobiles,
and in a variety of consumer products that make our
 world safer, support our national security and improve
our quality of life.

11. Caesar A. Saloma

- Internationally renowned physicist
- In 2004 Saloma received the Galileo Galilei Award from
the International Commission for Optics in recognition of
his significant contributions in the field of optics that
were accomplished under comparatively unfavorable
conditions.
- He is the first scientist from an ASEAN member country
to receive the Galileo Award.
- Saloma led the development of a method to generate
high-contrast images of semiconductor sites via one
photon optical beam-induced current imaging and
confocal reflectance microscopy.

12. Edgardo Gomez

- Famous scientist in marine science
- Gomez saw the need to protect the Philippine
archipelago's vast marine resources in particular that of
coral reefs.
- He led the world’s first national-scale assessment of
damage to coral reefs leading to international
conservation initiatives such as the replanting of corals.
- He also pioneered giant clam (Tridacna gigas) breeding
stationed in Bolinao and other protective areas for coastal
communities of the Philippines.
- Additionally, he took part in creating the baseline map of
the Philippines, and provided information to the
Philippine government during talks over the territorial
disputes in the Spratly Islands.
- In 2007, he pioneered the study on ocean acidification
caused by increased levels of absorbed carbon dioxide in
the ocean.

13. William Padolina

- President of National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) – Philippines
- Among his contributions are the following:
 isolation and identification of new
germacranolide sesquiterpene
lactones with complex structural
features, including bioactive
compounds from Philippine
medicinal plants with anti-allergy
and insecticidal activity;
 synthesis of new derivatives from
coconut fatty acids, such as fatty
alkyl ethers and glyceryl ethers, with
potential uses in the oleochemical
industry;
 led in the development of
biotechnology as a researcher and as
leader and has served in international
expert panels in biotechnology,
biosafety, technology transfer and
advisory committees.
14. Angel Alcala
- Marine science
- Accredited with many research accomplishments and
improvements regarding environmental management,
marine conservation, and discovery of new species.
- One of Alcala's works consisted of restoring or
preserving areas with predominant wild, large predatory
fish populations near a small marine sanctuary at Apo
Island in the Philippines.

Factors that Influence the Development of Filipino Scientist