MATERIALS

AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
..
Material science
❑ the study of the properties of solid materials
and how those properties are determined by a
material’s composition and structure
❑ an interdisciplinary study that focuses on the
properties of matter and their application to
science and engineering
MEDICAL IMPLANTS AND
PROSTHETICS
 Biomaterials
❑ substances engineered to
interact with biological
systems for medical
purposes
❑ building materials for many
medical implants and
prosthetics
Medical implants
❑ devices or tissues placed in or on the
surface of the body

Prosthetics
❑ special type of implants designed to
replace missing parts of the body
3 general classifications of biomaterials
used as implants or prosthetics:

❑ metals
❑ bioceramics
❑ polymers (synthetic and natural)
Properties of metals for medical purpose
Property Description
Tensile strength • Metals have a high
capacity to withstand loads
and stresses
Malleability • Can be hammered into thin
sheets
Ductility • Metals can be drawn into
thin wires
Properties of metals for medical purpose
Property Description
Conductivity • Copper and aluminum are good
conductors of electricity,
• useful for medical implants that
require electricity (eg.
pacemaker & cochlear implants)
Examples: Titanium alloys, stainless steel (iron and
carbon), other metal alloys, cobalt, chromium, nickel, and
aluminum
 Cochlear implants

pacemaker
 (a) Preoperative clinical examination, swelling on the ulnar side of the
right forearm. (b) Frontal and lateral radiographs showed a non-union
fracture on the right ulna and union fracture on the right radius.
Properties of Bioceramics
Property Description
Compressive • Display high resistance to
strength wear, tear, and
deformation
Highly biocompatible • They are similar to the
with the human mineral phase of the
tissue, especially human bone in structure
with human bones and chemical composition
Properties of Bioceramics
Property Description
Inert in the human • It does not react
body chemically with the
substances composing
the tissues of the human
body.

Examples: Aluminum oxide, Zirconia, Calcium phosphates

Some ceramics-based biomaterials viz. (A) and (B) medical implants, (C)
dental crown, (D)–(G) ceramic microstructure materials
Properties of Polymers
Property Description
High tensile strength• Polymers have a high capacity
to withstand stresses before
failing
High elastic modulus • Polymers are stiff, they are not
easily deformed, they return to
their original shape after
stresses have been removed.
Properties of Polymers
Examples: Polyethylene, Polypropylene,
Polyamides, PVC, Polyurethane,
Polyesters, Silicones
SPORTS EQUIPMENT
Sports Equipment
❑ Metals, ceramics, and polymers - common
raw materials used to manufacture
sporting equipment
❑ strength, density, ductility, fatigue
resistance, toughness, modulus
(damping), and cost of materials
Sports Equipment
❑ Composites - materials that have two or
more constituents joined together by
different bonding forces

Example: Composites of titanium or

tungsten with graphene or carbon -
used in rackets
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Three material components that directly contribute
to the functioning of electronic gadgets

❑ Conductors
❑ Insulators
❑ Semiconductors
Conductors
❑ materials that permit the flow of electricity
❑ Copper
Insulators
❑ materials that impede the flow of electricity
❑ used in electronic gadgets to control and
manage the flow of electricity in electronic
devises
Conductors
❑ materials that permit the flow of electricity
❑ Copper
Insulators
❑ materials that impede the flow of electricity
❑ used in electronic gadgets to control and
manage the flow of electricity in electronic
devises
Semiconductors
❑ display the characteristics of conductors
❑ conductors of electricity
❑ conductivity increases with increasing
temperature
CONSTRUCTION
SUPPLIES
Construction Supplies
❑ Metals and polymers - used in the
construction of buildings and furniture
❑ tensile strength, high modulus, and
durability
❑ Tensile strength – material’s ability to
resist stretching or breaking under tension
❑ High modulus – measure of a material's
stiffness or resistance to deformation
under an applied force
❑ Durability – material’s ability to withstand
wear, decay, or damage over time
Common construction supplies
❑ Timber – ideal materials for beam and
post
Common construction supplies
❑ Plywood - dividers,
ceiling, and walls

❑ Metal (steel, iron bars,

metal roofing, nails, bolts,
etc.)
Common construction supplies

❑ Concrete – composite
material made from coarse
aggregates, such as sand,
gravel, or rocks bonded
together with fluid cement
which hardens overtime
Common construction supplies
❑ Cement – usually inorganic
substances, often based on lime
(calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide)
and calcium silicate

❑ Bricks - can be made from concrete,

or clay and shale
- build walls and pavements
OTHER HOUSEHOLD
GADGETS
Household gadgets

❑ tools used at home as a labor-saving

device, or any contraption with practical
use
❑ electrical and electronic devices
 BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES

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BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
❑ large organic molecules
❑ molecules necessary for the sustaining of
life
❑ carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and
lipids
❑ also often referred to as biological
polymers (except lipids)
Understanding the
Vocabulary

❑ Polymer - a long
chain of repeating
units of simple
molecule
(monomer)
❑ Monomers combine to form polymers

Process:
❑ Dehydration synthesis reaction - also
called condensation reaction
❑ Hydrolysis - reverse process of
dehydration synthesis reaction
Dehydration synthesis reaction
❑ Dehydration → water
lost
❑ Synthesis → build

➢ removing a water molecule to

build a polymer
Hydrolysis
❑ Hydro → water
❑ Lyse → to split

➢ Using water to break apart

polymers
Simple molecules or Building blocks:

❑ Carbohydrates – monosaccharides
❑ Proteins – amino acids
❑ Nucleic acids – nucleotides
❑ Lipids – glycerol and fatty acids.
Carbohydrates
Types of carbohydrate molecules
Carbohydrates Description Example
Monosaccharide Simple sugars of 3 to Glucose, fructose,
6 carbon atoms galactose
Disaccharide A molecule of two Sucrose, lactose,
simple sugars maltose
Polysaccharide Consists of thousand Starch, stored energy
units of simple sugars reserve in plants.
joined into long Glycogen, stored
chains energy reserve for
animals. Chitin, a
component of cuticle.
Carbohydrates
 Types of Lipids

Lipids
▪ Lipids are the
group of
biomolecules that
contains fats,
cholesterols, and
phospholipids.
Lipids
▪ fat-soluble molecules
▪ cannot be dissolved in water and can
be dissolved only by another organic
solvent
▪ used to store large amounts of energy
Lipids
primary component of all of the cell’s membranes
Membranes are made out of phospholipid
molecules
 Types of lipids
Lipid Description Example
Triglycerides energy storage substances for Body fat, tallow fat,
(fats) humans, animals, and plants and coconut oil

Steroids act as hormones which enter Estrogen,

cells to initiate chemical testos terone,
reactions. They are also part of cortisol,
the cellular structure which adds cholesterol, etc.
fluidity to cellular membranes
Phospholipids form the structure of cellular Phospholipid
membranes bilayer
 Types of lipids
Lipid Description Example
Triglycerides energy storage substances for Body fat, tallow fat,
(fats) humans, animals, and plants and coconut oil

Steroids act as hormones which enter Estrogen,

cells to initiate chemical testosterone,
reactions. They are also part of cortisol,
the cellular structure which adds cholesterol, etc.
fluidity to cellular membranes
Phospholipids form the structure of cellular Phospholipid
membranes bilayer
Anabolic steroids
▪ synthetic
steroids,
unhealthy
Nucleic acids
▪ allow organisms to transfer genetic
information from one generation to the
next
3 components of nucleotide:
➢ A nitrogenous base

➢ A five-carbon sugar

➢ A phosphate group
Types of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid Description Structure

Deoxyribonucleic It is a cellular molecule that Organized in
acid (DNA) contains all instructions for chromosomes and
the performance of all cell is found within the
functions. nucleus of cells. Its
shape is one of a
double stranded
molecule with a
twisted double
helix shape
Types of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid Description Structure

Ribonucleic acid RNA converts DNA code into RNA exists as a
(RNA) proteins to carry out cellular single stranded
functions, and sends them to molecule.
cells.
Proteins
▪ macromolecules composed of units of amino
acids
▪ amino acids are bonded covalently to form long
linear chains of polypeptides
▪ essential amino acids – supplied by complete
proteins
▪ Proteins - crucial building blocks of all living
things
Proteins
▪ Essential (9)–
must be
consumed in
the diet
▪ Nonessential
(11)– can be
synthesized in
the body
Essential amino acids
▪ Histidine
▪ Isoleucine
▪ Leucine
▪ Lysine
▪ Methionine
▪ Phenylalanine
▪ Threonine
▪ Tryptophan
▪ Valine
Proteins
▪ the most diverse
groups of biomolecule,
and they perform the
largest variety of
functions in the cells
▪ The order of the amino
acids determines the
shape of protein
Kwashiorkor (Protein Malnutrition)
Severe protein deficiency
▪ Generally result of a diet high in grains and
deficient in protein

Symptoms range from;

▪ Edema in legs, feet, and stomach
▪ Muscle tone and strength diminish
▪ Hair is brittle and easy to pull out
▪ Appear pale, sad, and apathetic
Kwashiorkor (Protein Malnutrition)