HISTORY OF MODERN TOURISM - TOURISM IN INDIA

INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM
According to UNWTO,
Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to "To travel is to feed the mind, humanise the soul,
countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional And rub off the rust of circumstance,
purposes. These people are called visitors (which may be either tourists or excursionists; residents To travel is to have nature's plan and her high work simplified,
or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their activities, some of which involve tourism And her broad features of hill and dale,
expenditure. Mountain and flood, Spread like a map at one's feet."
These are the lines of Thomas Cook, the man known as the father of modern tourism. He organized the first
India's tourism sector is a significant economic multiplier and is becoming increasingly important as the rail round trip in England in July 1841. The development of the Indian tourism industry began in the
country strives for rapid economic growth and employment creation. India is covered in beauty in all its 19th century when the Sir John Sargent Committee was established in 1945 to promote and develop Indian
nooks and corners. This nation's expansive landscape is decorated with the most diverse populations, tourism. In 1966, ITDC (Indian Tourism Development Corporation) came into existence and played a vital role in
cultures, and topographies. India also provides various geographical regions, world-class tourist the country's tourism industry's development, promotion, and growth.
attractions, and specialized travel services, including eco-tourism, heritage tourism, adventure tourism,
medical tourism, etc.
PHASE –
I(BEFORE
1951)

AIM :
TO STUDY THE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN TOURISM PLANNING.
PHASE IV- TOURISM
PHASE II-(
(2002 INDUSTRY 1951-1980)
ONWARDS) IN INDIA
OBJECTIVE:
1. TO UNDERSTAND TOURISM PLANNING
2. TO UNDERSTAND PARTICIAPTORY APPROACH FOR PLANNING
3. TO ASSESS THE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN TOURISM PLANNING
PHASE III-
4. TO ANALYSE THE STAKEHOLDER ROLE IN PARTICIPATORY TOURISM PLANNING (1980-
5. TO SUGGEST THE MECHANISM FOR EFFECTIVE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY 2002)
APPRAOCH IN TOURISM PLANNING

SOURCE: Community engagement-Shared Participation _ © Vaughn

& Jacquez, 2020

SUBMITTED BY
DISSERTATION – SEM III TOPIC : THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN
SHILPA MURALIDHAR
TOURISM PLANNING
22025521010
 NEED OF THE STUDY : METHODOLOGY

• A PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN TOURISM HAS BEEN A WIDELY STUDIED CONCEPT

DUE TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE AS A KEY SUCCESS FACTOR IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.
IT IS AN APPROACH THAT TRIED TO MOVE AWAY FROM TOP –DOWN ONE-WAY
1. REVIEW OF LITERATURE STUDIES –ARTICLES, RESEARCH PAPERS, CASE STUDIES
DECISIONMAKING.
• THE GOAL OF THIS APPROACH IS TO BALANCE THE POWER BETWEEN ALL
STAKEHOLDERS FOR A WIN-WIN SITUATION IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT. 2. TO IDENTIFY THE ROLE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH

3. TO IDENTIFY THE TOOLS AND TECHINIQUES USED IN PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
4. TO SUMMARIZE THE APPROACHES AND CONCLUSIONS

FIVE As’ OF TOURISM

ACCORDING TO DICKMAN’S ( 1989) FRAMEWORK REFERS;
MOVEMENT ATTRACTIONS: Attractions are the first step of tourism supply chain
5 A’S
• Attractions are one of the most important component and element
LITERATURE STUDY: PEOPLE that attract people to travel from one place to another.
ATTRACTIONS • Attractions are the preconditions of travel. It attracts more and more
TO UNDERSTAND & STUDY THE FIRST OBJECTIVE
people and offers pleasure.
• Attractions also attract and connect people to enjoy and involve in
1. TOURISM PLANNING various tourism activities.
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
❖ Tourism planning is the process of considering the needs of people
ACTIVITIES: Attractions are often assisted by various activities that
planning a trip and using those factors to determine the best
enhance tourist experience.
resources, programs and activities for their trip. LOCATION
❖ Tourism planning is intended for local residents and businesses of ACCESSIBILITY
ACCESSIBILITY:
the location, as well as tourists who travel there. It is a process of • Transportation is a crucial/important key factor that
setting objectives, identifying a course of action, analyzing and has a huge impact on
implementation of a plan that will favor tourism and its policies. BENEFICIARIES ACCOMODATIONS the growth and development of tourism industry.
❖ It embraces different dimensions like social, • Attraction may be manmade or natural but without
economic and environmental. It is the first and foremost step of any accessibility tourists
destination to be an attraction for the tourists. AMENITIES cannot reach a destination from his origin or place of
TOURISM
being.
PLANNING • There is different mode of transportation that helps a
AMENTITIES:Every tourist travelling tourist to reach his
TYPES
to a new destination desires for destination in any part of the world.
world class facilities and
services. In order to fulfil their ACCOMODATIONS:
demand huge efforts are made by • Accommodation includes food and lodging facilities to
the industry. different types of guest.
FORM TIMING
THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM High quality facilities are important • Accommodation should be comfortable and Good
PLANNING IN RESPONSIBLE TOURISM aid to every tourist destination or quality of services & facilities should be provided to the
centre. guest by the accommodation unit.
DEVELOPMENT

SUBMITTED BY
DISSERTATION – SEM III TOPIC : THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN
SHILPA MURALIDHAR
TOURISM PLANNING
22025521010
 Some of the elements which are covered under the national level of planning are as
follows:
PROCESS OF TOURISM PLANNING: IMPLEMENTATION • Defining tourism policy and its objectives
OF NEW SURVEY • Establishing the various service standards that are required for various
components of tourism industry
SURVEY OF • Different accommodation services and their quality, amount and type and
EXISITNG DATA the other facilities and services required by the tourists.
• Establishment of tourist information system
SETTING OF Maintaining and building major tour routes in the country and also their
OBJECTIVES OR connection with different regions Tourism organizational structure, taxation,
GOALS FOR THE MONITORING & legislation and investment
STUDY policies
STRATEGY PLAN
RECOGNITION & • Developing and executing tourism marketing, promotion, research and
PREPARATION RECOMMENDATIONS REFORMULATION legislation programmers
& • Development of human resources, education and training programmes
• Facility development and design standards
INITIAL POLICY & IMPLEMENTATIONS • Consideration and reducing the negative impact of tourism on sociocultural,
PLAN environmental and economic conditions
• Implementing national level development techniques and programmes
ANALYSIS OF FORMULATION
which include the long term and short-term development strategies and
PRIMARY & project programming
SECONDARY DATA • Researching and understanding the impacts of tourism

Some of the elements focusing on regional planning

are as follows:
In literal terms tourism planning should be done to include all the elements of • Making regional policy
tourism. In general, or talking about more common tourism although being an • Facilitating regional access and internal network of transportation facilities
integrated sector, tourism planning is done independently. Hence the tourism and services
planning is done at various different levels. • Determining the type of location of tourist attraction.
Some of the organizations working at the international level for
• Determining the amount, location and type of tourist accommodation and
tourism planning and development, marketing and defining co-
other facilities and services for the tourists
operative activities are as follows:
• Consideration and impact analysis of regional level environmental, sociocultural
UNWTO- United Nations World Tourism Organization and its
and economic considerations
regional
• Developing regional level education and training programmes
commissions such as
• Developing programmes for marketing and promotion
ICAO- International Civil Aviation Organisation
• Constituting organisational structures, legislations, taxations, regulations
IATA- International Air Transport Association
and investment policies
International Producer Organisations
• Formation of implementation techniques which may include project
WWF- World Wildlife Fund
programming and regional regulations
The other Organizations which influence not the whole world
but some
number of countries are as follows:
PATA- Pacific Asia Travel Association
CTO- Caribbean Tourism Organisation
TCSP- Tourism Council of the South Pacific
SCDT- Sub Committee on tourism
ASEAN- Association of South East Asian Nations
TCU- Tourism Coordination Unit
SADCC- South African Development Coordination Conference
OECD- Organization for Economic Cooperation and
development

SUBMITTED BY
DISSERTATION – SEM III TOPIC : THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN
SHILPA MURALIDHAR
TOURISM PLANNING
22025521010
LITERATURE STUDY:
TO ANALYSE THE STAKEHOLDER ROLE IN PARTICIPATORY TOURISM
PLANNING
ARTICLE : STUDY ON STAKEHOLDER COLLABORATION AND
HERITAGE TOURISM MANAGEMENT
Arya Viju, Dr.Annie John- Dept. of Architecture, TKMCE
Kollam- International Journal of Science, Engineering and
Management (IJSEM) Vol 5, Issue 4, April 2020
SUBJECT: Stakeholder and stakeholder collaboration, Heritage
tourism, stakeholder role and their responsibilities
There are several reasons to see tourism as a system.
1. The first reason is the interdependency in tourism
2. The second reason behind using system approach for tourism is its dynamic and
constantly changing characteristics.
3. The Third reason is the competitiveness of tourism. As competition in tourism is intense,
tourism organizations of all kinds have to compete with each globally
4. The last reason for using the systems approach in tourism is the need for responsiveness.
Therefore harmony of all parts of the system is required for overall success of tourism.
To create this harmony, stakeholder management practices should be used as a key to create strong
relationships between the tourism organizations and their stakeholders.
Participation of stakeholders in the decision-making process is very important for sustainable tourism
development. According to UNWTO (2005) there are a number of stakeholders who may impact
directly or indirectly on tourism planning and development. They play a wide variety of roles and may
sometimes have competing aims and objectives.

Stakeholders 1.NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS

2. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS WITH SPECIFIC COMPETENCE IN TOURISM
MATTERS
3. TOURISM ESTABLISHMENTS & ENTERPRISES
Freeman defined
stakeholder as any group or individuals who can influence or 4. INSTITUTIONS ENGAGED IN FINANCING TOURISM PROJECTS
5. TOURISM EMPLOYEES, PROFESSIONALS AND CONSULTANTS
be affected by an organization’s process of achieving its
6. TOURISM EDUCATION & TRAINING CENTERS
goals. The
7. TRAVELLERS, INCLUDES BUSINESS TRAVELLERS, VISITORS TO
involvements of multiple stakeholders enhance the value and DESTINATION SITES
improve the effectiveness of implementing 8. LOCAL POPULATIONS AND HOST COMMUNITIES AT TOURISM
DETINATIONS THROUGHT THEIR REPRESENTATIVES
innovations.
9. OTHER JUIDICAL AND NATURAL PERSONS HAVING STAKES IN TOURISM
Tourism stakeholder is defined as any individual or DEVELOPMENT
group which is included, interested in, either affected by
tourism, in positive or negative way, in the tourism
industry [6].
CLASSIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS BY FREEMAN.
According to UNWTO, “stakeholders in tourism”
includes the following players:

SUBMITTED BY
DISSERTATION – SEM III TOPIC : THE IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACH IN
SHILPA MURALIDHAR
TOURISM PLANNING
22025521010