Homework 5 Breyonna Morgan

Homework 5 Breyonna Morgan

1.The three characteristic parameters σ, Lp and ω can be determined from two experiments; in the first experiment 4.6ml of
water has been permeated in 1 hour in a cell with a diameter of 7.5 cm whereas 10 bars of pressure has been applied. In
the second experiment 1 g of sucrose (Mw: 342 g/mol ) is dissolved in 100ml of water. One compartment of a dialysis cell
with a volume of 44ml is filled with this solution whereas the other contains pure water. After two hour the liquid volume in
the sucrose compartment has been increased 0.57ml while the sucrose concentration has been decreased with 1.16%.

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

ΔP = 10 bar ΔV = 0.57 ml

t = 1 hr = 3600 s Δc = −1.16%

d = 7.5 cm

t = 2 hr = 7200 s

r = 3.75 cm ​

V = 4.6 ml ​

Jv
L 11 = ( ) (V-32)
ΔP
Δπ=0

L 12
σ = − (V-37)
L 11

J v = L p (ΔP − σΔπ) (V-41)

J v = L p ⋅ ΔP (V-43)

Jv
= L p = L 11
ΔP

Jv
L 12 = ( )
Δπ ΔP =0

3
4.6 ml 1 cm
V̇ 3600 s 1 ml −5 cm
Jv = = = 2.89 ⋅ 10
2 s
A π(3.75 cm)

Answer
−5 cm
Jv 2.89 ⋅ 10
s −6 cm
Lp = = = 2.9 ⋅ 10
bar ⋅ s
ΔP 10 bar

1 g 1 mol 1000 ml mol

⋅ ⋅ = 0.029
L
100 ml 342 g 1 L

mol −2 bar ⋅ L
Δπ = ΔcRT = (0.0116 − 1)(0.029 )(8.314 ⋅ 10 )(298.15 K) = −0.716 bar
L mol ⋅ K

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0.57 ml 1 cm
V̇ 7200 s 1 ml −6 cm
Jv = = = 1.79 ⋅ 10
2 s
A π(3.75 cm)

−6 cm
1.79 ⋅ 10
s −6 cm
L 12 = = −2.5 ⋅ 10
bar ⋅ s
−0.716 bar

Answer

−6 cm
L 12 −2.5 ⋅ 10
bar ⋅ s
σ = − = = 0.89
−6 cm
L 11 2.9 ⋅ 10
bar ⋅ s

– 2
JS c s (L 11 L 22 − L 12 )
– 2
( ) = ω = = c s (L 22 /L 11 − σ )L 11
Δπ J =0
L 11
v

Answer

−9 mol
ω = 6.5 ⋅ 10
cm 2 ⋅ s ⋅ bar

2. A cuprophane dialysis membrane separates two compartments with a volume of 100 ml. The left compartment
contains a solution of 5 ⋅ 10 −3
M sodium polyacrylate and the right compartment a solution of 10 −3
M sodium chloride.
The membrane is permeable for the Na and Cl ions but not for the negatively charged polyacrylate ions. Calculate
+ −

the sodium and chloride concentrations at both side of the membrane at equilibrium.
[−CH 2 − CH (CO 2 N a)−] and N aCl

−3 g
5.1⋅10
Na Left= 4500
g
mol
⋅ 58 − 23
mol

−3
N a L = 0.85 ⋅ 10 M

−3
Cl L = 0.15 ⋅ 10 M

−3
0.85 ⋅ 10 M = c Cl R

−3
c Na R = 0.85 ⋅ 10 M

3. a. Separation Goal/Feed Components:

Microfiltration (MF): Used for the separation of particles with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm. It's commonly
used for the removal of suspended solids, bacteria, and large colloids from liquids.
Ultrafiltration (UF): Used for separating particles and solutes with molecular weights typically in the range of
1,000 to 100,000 Daltons. It's effective for removing macromolecules, proteins, colloids, and larger ions.
Nanofiltration (NF): Targets smaller solutes and ions, typically with molecular weights between 200 and 1,000
Daltons. It's effective for removing divalent ions, such as calcium and magnesium, as well as organic molecules
and color.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Utilized for separating solvents from solutes. It's capable of removing ions, molecules,
and particles from a solvent, making it suitable for desalination, purification of water, and concentration of
solutions.

b. Membrane Materials:

MF: Typically made from materials like ceramic, polypropylene, or polysulfone.

UF: Similar materials as MF but with smaller pore sizes or additional surface modifications to achieve molecular weight
cut-offs appropriate for UF applications.
NF: Membranes are usually made of polymers such as polyamide or thin-film composite materials.
RO: Common materials include thin-film composite membranes with a polyamide active layer supported by
polysulfone or other porous substrates.

c. Operating Conditions:
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MF: Operates at low pressures, typically less than 1 bar.
UF: Requires higher pressures compared to MF, ranging from 1 to 10 bar.
NF: Operates at higher pressures than UF, typically in the range of 5 to 30 bar.
RO: Operates at the highest pressures among the four processes, typically ranging from 10 to 100 bar.

d. Morphology:

MF: Generally has a porous structure with relatively large pore sizes.
UF: Porous structure with smaller pore sizes compared to MF.
NF: Dense membranes with smaller pore sizes compared to UF, allowing for rejection of ions and small molecules.
RO: Dense, non-porous membranes with extremely small pore sizes, allowing for high rejection of solutes and ions.

e. Manufacturing Methods:

MF and UF: Typically manufactured using phase separation techniques such as phase inversion or sintering.
NF and RO: Manufactured using thin-film deposition techniques such as interfacial polymerization or electrospinning,
which create dense, thin films with precisely controlled pore structures.

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