CE 412 Design of Concrete Structures

Lecture 5:

Cross-sections
Behavior in Combined Axial Load
and Flexure – Columns

November – 2020

Fawad A. Najam Naveed Anwar

Department of Structural Engineering
NUST Institute of Civil Engineering (NICE)
National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
H-12 Islamabad, Pakistan
Cell: 92-334-5192533, Email: fawad@nice.nust.edu.pk
Vice President, Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Director, ACECOMS
Affiliate Faculty, Structural Engineering,
Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand
What is a Column?

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 2

What is a Column
• Generally no load between supports and are cast vertically.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 3

Classification of Columns

• Material
• Geometry
• Stability

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 4

The Column Design Problem: Given
x x
Upper Column
• Loads: y Px
y

My2
• Moments Mz, My, Px at two ends
z z
• Geometry: Mz2
Upper End
• Length, X-Section
Column
• Adjoining Members
Lower End
• Material:
• Concrete strength Connecting My1
Beams in Z-Axis
• Rebar Strength Lower Column
Mz1
Connecting Px
Beams in Y-Axis

a) Basic Model a) Column Loads

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 5

Column Design Problem

Solution Material
Loads Shape & Size
Reinforcement

a) Ideal Situation

Trial Material Design

Loads Trial Shape & Size Acceptable Yes
Trial Reinforcement

Repeat No
b) Practical Situation

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 6

Complexity in the Column Design

• Loading
• +P, -P, Mx, My

• Slenderness
• Length (Short, Long, Very Long)

• Bracing (Sway, Non-Sway, Braced, Unbraced)

• Framing (Pin, Fixed, Free, Intermediate..)

• Section
• Geometry (Rectangular, Circular, Complex..)

• Materials (Steel, Concrete, Composite…)

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 7

 Loading
Load Complexity

P Mx My

P Mx

Shape

t
or
Shape

Sh
Complexity
ng
Lo

Most Simple
Problem
ng
Lo
V.

Slenderness
Length
Load-Shape-Slenderness
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 8
Load-Shape-Material

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 9

 Loading
Load-Bracing-Length

Length
Bracing

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 10

What is Uni-axial Bending

• Uni-axial bending is induced when column bending results in only one moment stress resultants about any of
the mutually orthogonal axis.
y
𝜺𝒄 𝒇𝒄
fs1 No Bending
P fc
x P
fs2
Section Strain Stress Mx = 0, My = 0
y
P P
ey ey fs1 Uni-axial Bending
fc
x
fs2 Mx <> 0, My = 0
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 11
What is Bi-axial Bending

• Biaxial bending is induced when column bending results in two moment stress resultants about two mutually
orthogonal axis.

y y y
ex P P
P
e ey
ey ey

x x
x

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 12

Overall Design Process - ACI

Estimate Cross-section
Given P, Mux, Muy, fc, fy, L Compute Mu
based on “Thumb Rules”

Not

Revise Section/ Material

Slender Check OK
Compute
Slenderness
Design Moment
Ratio
Not Slender

Compute
Section Capacity Mn

No
Mn > Mu

Design Determine the Compute

Completed Layout of Rebars Transverse Bars
Main Design Steps

• Assume section dimensions

• Compute Design Actions

• Elastic analysis results and magnification of moments due to slenderness, minimum eccentricities etc.

• Direct determination of design actions using P-Delta or full nonlinear analysis

• Check Capacity for Design Actions

• Assume failure criteria

• Assume material layout and material models

• Compute capacity and check against actions

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 14

Reinforced Concrete Short Columns

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 15

 Axially loaded column Eccentrically loaded column

Behaviour of Spiral Column and Tied Columns

Reference: James G. MacGregor (1997) Reinforced Concrete Mechsnics and Design, Third Edition.
 Spiral Column Tied Column

Reference: James G. MacGregor (1997) Reinforced Concrete Mechsnics and Design, Third Edition.
 Spiral Column Tied Column

Damage by 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Reference: James G. MacGregor (1997) Reinforced Concrete Mechsnics and Design, Third Edition.
Axially-Loaded Short
Columns

19
 Minimum Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, ACI Section 10.9.3

 Ag  f c
𝜌s𝑠  0.45 
P  1 (Eq. 10-5)
 Ac  f ys

• ACI Eq. 10-5 can be solved for max spacing.

• For spirals to bind the core, they must be spaced close together. ACI sec 7.10.4.3 limits the clear spacing to not
more than 3 in.
• For concrete placing, spirals should be as far apart as possible. Clear spacing > 1-⅓ times size of aggregate
(ACI sec 3.3.3) and never less than 1 in (ACI sec 7.10.4.3) [also see ACI secs 7.9.1 & 7.10.4.6 to 7.10.4.8].

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 20

RC Columns: Basic
Reinforcement
Configurations and Tie
Arrangements

21
Spacing and Construction Requirements for Ties
1. Ties restrain the longitudinal bars from buckling out through the surface of the column.
• ACI sec 7.10.5.1
# 3 bars for longitudinal # 10 bars
# 4 bars for # 11, # 14, # 18 & bundled
• ACI sec 7.10.5.2
s < 16 db longitudinal bars
< 48 db tie bars
< least dimension (bmin)
• ACI sec 7.10.5.3
2. Ties hold the reinforcement cage together during the construction process.
3. Properly detailed ties confine the concrete core, providing increased ductility.
4. Ties serve as shear reinforcement for columns
• s < d/2 for effective shear reinforcement (ACI sec 11.5.4.1)
• ACI eq 11-2 and 11-14, if shear governs.
Look for ACI sec 7.10.5.4, 7.10.5.5 and 7.9.1 for further requirements.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 22

 Un-safe

P-M Interaction Curve Safe

(Capacity Curve)

Uniaxial Bending - Short Columns

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 23

Capacity is property of the cross-
section and does not depend on the
applied actions or loads.

Column Capacity –
Concentrically Loaded
Columns

Column Capacity

24
Column Capacity –
Eccentrically Loaded
Columns

Column Capacity???
25
Column Capacity –
Eccentrically Loaded
Columns

26
Interaction diagram for an elastic column,
𝒇𝒄𝒖 = 𝒇𝒕𝒖

J. G. Macgregor (1997): Reinforced

Concrete Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 27

 Effect of Compressive or
Tensile Strength on
Interaction curve

J. G. Macgregor (1997): Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.
28
Effect of Axial Load on
Moment-Curvature Curve

29
 1 1 n 
Uniaxial Bending N z  1      x, y  dx dy ...   Ai i ( x, y ) ...

 1 x y  2 i 1 
1 1 n 
M x  2      x, y  dx dy . y ...   Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
P-M Interaction Curve 
 1 x y  2 i 1 

• The curve is generated by varying the

Un-safe
neutral axis depth.

Safe

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 30

An Example P-M
Interaction Diagram used
for the Design of Short
RC Columns

31
 P
What is Capacity?

• The axial-flexural capacity of the cross-section

is represented by three stress resultants.

• Capacity is property of the cross-section and

does not depend on the applied actions or
loads.

Biaxial Bending
Mx

P-M Interaction Surface My

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 32

What is Capacity?

• Capacity is dependent on failure criteria, cross-section geometry and material properties.

• Maximum strain

• Stress-strain curve

• Section shape and Rebar arrangement etc.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 33

Development of P-M Interaction Diagrams for Uniaxially Loaded RC
Short Columns – Solved Example

Courtesy: Dr. Khaliq ur Rashid Kayani (Architectural & Civil Engineering Services (ACES), Pakistan).

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 34

General Points on P-M
Interaction Diagram

Axial Load (Compressive)

h
Po X c  Csi d1  Cs 2 d 2Cs 3 d 3  Cc  
2

Csi 
 Asi f y  0.85 f c 
Cc  0.85 f cb.h
3
Po  Cc   Csi
i 1

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 35

 Axial Load (Tensile)

3
Pt   Tsi
i 1

Tsi  Asi f y
3
Pt X t   Tsi  d i 
i 1

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 36

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 37
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 38
Points below Balanced - Yield

Cc  K1 f cbkd

Csi  Asi  f si  f ci  should always be +ve

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 39

Solved Example

f y  60 ksi

Symmetric Section  y  0.00207

h
Xc  Xt   11 f c  4000 psi
2

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 40

Section dimensions
Width = 22 Height =
Steel areas and depths
Layer no. 1 area = 4 depth = 3
Layer no. 2 area = 2 depth = 8
Layer no. 3 area = 2 depth = 14
Layer no. 4 area = 4 depth = 19

Concrete properties
Comp. strength (psi) beta1 Concrete Crushing Strain 0.003
4000 0.85
Conc. strain at max comp. stress (Hognestad’s Model)= 0.002
Slope of stress vs. strain curve beyond peak stress (Hognestad’s Model)= z = 150

Steel properties
Yield stress (Ksi) Yield strain Elastic Modulus (ksi)
60 2.068 E-03 29000

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 41

 AXIAL COMPRESSIVE LOAD ( Po) AXIAL TENSILE LOAD ( Pt )

Cc = 0.85 x 4 x 22 x 22 Ts1 = 4 x 60 = 240 K

= 1645.6 K Ts2 = 2 x 60 = 120 K

Cs1 = 4 x (60 - .85 x 4) = 226.4 K Ts3 = 2 x 60 = 120 K

Cs2 = 2 x (60 - .85 x 4) = 113.2 K Ts4 = 4 x 60 = 240 K

Cs3 = 113.2, Cs4 = 226.4 Pt = 720 K

Po = 2324.8 K

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 42

Solved Example: Complete P-M Interaction Diagram

f y  60 ksi
 y  0.00207
f c  4000 psi

0.003
Cbal  19   11.2 in.
1: Balanced Point 0.003   y
c  d1
 s1   0.003  0.00220   y
c
c  d2
 s2   0.003  865  106
c
c  d3
 s3   0.003  736 106
c
f s1  60 ksi, f s 2  25.1 ksi, f s 3  21.3 ksi
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 43
 Cc  0.85 f cb1c  715 k


Cs1  As1 f s1  0.85 f c  226 k
Pbal  702 k
 
Cs 2  As 2 f s 2  0.85 f c  43.4 k

Ts 3  As 3  f s 3  42.6 k
Express as Positive
Ts 4  As 4  f s 4  240 k

 c 
M bal  Cc  h  1
 2 2  
  i Csi h 2  di   i Tsi d i  h 2

 
M bal  8430 k-in

bal  0.003  268  106 rad/in

Cbal
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 44
2: A Point Above Balanced
Pick C  d 4  19 in   s 4  0
19  3
 s1   0.003  0.00253   y
19
19  8
 s2   0.003  0.00154
19
f s 2  50.4 ksi
19  14
 s3   0.003  790 106
19
Cc  0.85 f cb1c  1208 k
f s 3  22.9 ksi

Cs1  As1 f s1  0.85 f c  226 k 
P   C  1570 k
Cs 2 A f s2 s2  0.85 f    94 k
c

Cs 3 A f s3 s3  0.85 f    39 k
c

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 45

 M  Cc  h 
 2
1c 

2  i
C 
si
h d
2 i 
 3533  1808  282  117
M  5510 k-in

 0.003  158  106 rad/in

19 in

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 46

3: A Point Below Balance, Nominal Diagram

Set  s  2 y
 0.003 
C  d  7.98
 0.003  2 y 

 s1  0.00187 , f s1  54.3 ksi

 s 2  6  10 6 , f s 2 =0

 s 3  0.00226 , f s 3  60 ksi

 sy  2 y , f s 4  60 ksi

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 47

 Cc  0.85 f cb1c  508 k


Cs1  As1 f s1  0.85 f c  204 k 
Ts 2 = 0 P  352 k
Ts 3  As 3   f y   120 k

Ts 4  As 4   f y   240 k

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 48

 Express as Positive

M  Cc  h 
 2
1c 

2  i
Csi 2 i i si 
h d  T d h
i 2 
M  7780 k-in.

  0.003  376  10 6 rad/in.

C

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 49

4: A Point Below Balance, Yield Diagram

Set  cm  0.002  k1  0.667 , k2  0.375

  cm 
kd    d  9.34 in.
  cm   y 

 s1   c1  0.00136

f s1  39.4 ksi , f c1  3.59 ksi

 s 2   c 2  286  10 6

f s 2  8.30 ksi , f c 2  1.06 ksi

 s 3  999  10 6 , f s 3  29.0 ksi

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 50
 Cc  k1 f cbkd  548 k

Cs1  As1  f s1  f c1   143 k

Cs 2  As 2  f s 2  f c 2   14.5 k P  352 k
Ts 3  As 3 f s 3  58.0 k

Ts 4  As 4 f s 4  240 k

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 51

 Express as Positive

M  Cc h  2 
 k 2 kd   i Csi h 2  
 d i   i Tsi d i  h
2 
M  7390 k-in.

  0.002  214  106 rad/in.

kd

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 52

**** RESULTS FOR NOMINAL DIAGRAM ****
AXIAL LOAD (KIPS) NOMINAL MOMENT (K-IN.) CURAVTURE (RAD./IN.)
2324.8 0 0
1819.415 3990.68 1.36364 E-04
1724.501 4630.547 1.43541 E-04
1626.811 5219.912 1.51515 E-04 **** RESULTS FOR YIELD DIAGRAM ****
1539.457 5652.607 1.60428 E-04
1434.626 6149.517 1.70455 E-04 AXIAL LOAD (KIPS) MOMENT (K-IN.) CURAVTURE (RAD./IN.)
1325.143 6606.003 1.81818 E-04 702.1297 8436.976 2.667877 E-04
1210.01 7027.416 1.94805 E-04 543.4567 8063.764 2.330024 E-04
1087.924 7420.75 2.0979 E-04 362.9939 7160.652 2.091632 E-04
963.9466 7774.937 2.27273 E-04 210.9273 6270.086 1.915271 E-04
822.1076 8143.495 2.47934 E-04 95.02707 5507.163 1.780181 E-04
-3.005219 4842.844 1.67392 E-04
702.1297 8436.976 2.66788 E-04
631.755 8374.65 2.854 E-04
END OF PROGRAM
557.8183 8286.174 3.06804 E-04
472.0286 8112.867 3.31679 E-04
377.8782 7893 3.60943 E-04
308.777 7572.274 3.95871 E-04
227.7132 7168.089 4.38283 E-04
138.3848 6692.336 4.90873 E-04
37.41104 6127.631 5.57804 E-04
-75.04004 5462.657 6.4587 E-04

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 53

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 54
Properties of P-M Interaction Diagrams of RC Columns

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 55

 Strain profiles
corresponding to points
at interaction diagram

Wight and Macgregor (2012): Reinforced

Concrete Mechanics and Design, 6th Edition.
56
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 57
 Contributions of Steel
and Concrete to Column
Capacity

J. G. Macgregor (1997): Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.

58
 Contributions of Steel
and Concrete to Column
Capacity

J. G. Macgregor (1997): Reinforced Concrete

Mechanics and Design, 3rd Edition.
59
 Symmetrical Column
Section

Effect of Symmetry of RC
Column Section
Unsymmetrical Column
Section

60
Effect of Column Type on
Shape of Interaction
Diagram

61
 Effect of Reinforcement Ratio Effect of Reinforcement Spacing

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 62

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 63
 P

P-M Interaction Surface

(Capacity Surface)

Biaxial Bending - Short Columns Mx

My

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 64

𝑃 − 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 Interaction Surface

• The surface is generated by changing

Angle and Depth of Neutral Axis.

1 1 n 
N z  1      x, y  dx dy ...   Ai i ( x, y ) ...
 1 x y
  2 i 1 

1 1 n 
M x  2      x, y  dx dy . y ...   Ai i ( x, y ) yi ...
 
 1 x y  2 i 1 

1 1 n 
M y  3      x, y  dx dy . x ...   Ai i ( x, y ) xi ...
 1 x y
  2 i 1 


CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 65

𝑃 − 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 Interaction
Surface

66
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 67
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 68
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 69
 P-Mx Interaction Curve Mx-My Interaction

- My

Un-safe

Safe + Mz
-Mz Muy

(-) Mnz (+) Mnz

+ My

Mx-My Interaction is the basis for many

approximate methods

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 70

How to Check Capacity?

• How do we check capacity when there are three simultaneous actions and three interaction stress
resultants
• Given: Pu, Mux, Muy
• Available: Pn-Mnx-Mny Surface

• We can use the concept of Capacity Ratio, but which ratio

• Pu/Pn or Mux/Mns or Muy/Mny or …

• Three methods for computing Capacity Ratio

• Sum of Moment Ratios at Pu
• Moment Vector Ratio at Pu
• P-M vector Ratio

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 71

Sum of 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦

• 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 curve is plotted at applied

axial load, 𝑃𝑢

• Sum of the Ratios of Moment is each

direction gives the Capacity Ratio.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 72

Vector Moment Capacity

• 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 curve is plotted at applied axial load.

• Ratio of 𝑀𝑢𝑥𝑦 vector to 𝑀𝑛𝑥𝑦 vector gives the Capacity Ratio.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 73

True 𝑃 − 𝑀 Vector Capacity

• 𝑃 − 𝑀 Curve is plotted in the direction of the

resultant moment.

• Ratio of 𝑃𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢 𝑥𝑦 vector to 𝑃𝑛 − 𝑀𝑢𝑥𝑦 vector

gives the Capacity Ratio.

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 74

 What is Capacity

1- Based on Sum of Moments at Pu 2- Based on Moment Vector at PU

3- Based on True Capacity Vector in 3D

Other Forms of Failure Surfaces

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 76

Design of Rectangular Columns Subjected to Biaxial Loads

1) The strain-compatibility method

2) The equivalent eccentricity method

3) Method based on 45-degree slice through interaction surface

4) Load Contour Method (Bresler and Parme)

5) Bresler’s reciprocal load method

CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 77

Design of Rectangular
Columns Subjected to
Biaxial Loads

78
The equivalent
eccentricity method

79
Bresler’s reciprocal load
method

80
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 81
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 82
An Example P-M
Interaction Diagram used
for the Design of Short
RC Columns

84
CE – 412: Design of Concrete Structures – Semester: Fall 2020 87