(tip to all those leeching off my notes which i leached from others: sir usually asks abt the

important parts
according to my observation, dont fully focus on all the little things like the types of injuries,, prioritize
memorizing functions of the systems first)

Biology
- Study of life and their vital processes
- Structural hierarchy

Scientific Method
________ For additional info
| |
Observation-Question-Hypothesis-prediction- test
|_____________|
If not supporting hypothesis

Properties of life
● Can grow larger
● Uses food for energy
● Can reproduce
● Can repair injury to self
● Can undergo change
● Can move
● Limited life span
● Responds to surroundings

Naturally occurring chemicals in human body

- Oxygen(65%)
- Carbon(18.5%)
- Hydrogen(9.5%)
- Nitrogen(3.3%)
- Calcium(1.5%)
- Phosphorus(1%)
- Potassium(0.4%)
- Sulfur(0.3%)
- Sodium(0.2%)
- Chlorine(0.2%)
- Magnesium(0.1%)

Properties of water
- H2O (2hydrogen, 1oxygen)
- Cohesive Behavior
- Cohesion
- Water sticks together
- Adhesion
- Water attracts to another substance
- Moderate Temperature
- Takes a lot of energy to disrupt hydrogen bonds
- Water is able to absorb a lot of heat energy
- Releases a lot of heat as water cools down even slightly
- Expands upon freezing
- Density is how tightly packed atoms are
 - Greater density = more likely to sink
- Lesser density = more likely to float
- Atoms spread when water freezes, meaning lower density
- Universal Solvent
- Water is a good solvent since its positive and negative ends pull apart other substances
- Dissolves polar molecules since water is also a polar molecule

Anatomy
- Study of internal and external structures
- Physical relationships among body parts

Physiology
- Study of mechanisms in living organisms
- Deals with the functions and activities of life and physical and chemical phenomena involved

Anatomical planes

Organ systems (fuck my life)

Integumentary system
(take a fucking bath for once if you wanna take care of your skin)
Parts of the skin:
1. Hair
2. Hair follicle
3. Root
4. Epidermis - upper layer of the skin, above the dermis
5. Dermis - bulk layer of the skin, most part of the skin are found here
6. Hypodermis - lower layer of the skin, beneath the dermis. Composed mainly of fat which
conserves the heat
7. Sweat glands
a. Eccrine glands - help to maintain homoeostasis, primarily by stabilizing body
temperature.
 b. Apocrine glands - stimulated during puberty
8. Nerve Ending - touch touch = aaaaAAAAA (sends messages to brain when you feel something)
9. Subcutaneous Layer - deepest skin layer that lies closest to the muscle
10. Meissner's corpuscle - a type of encapsulated nerve ending located in the skin.
11. Pacinian corpuscle - detect gross pressure changes and vibrations in the skin.
12. Arrector Pili Muscle - causes goosebumps
13. Sebaceous gland - secrete oil or sebum to maintain the health of hair

Function of the Skin:

1. Protection
2. Prevent Dehydration
3. Excretion of salts through sweat(Hidrosis)
a. Anhidrosis - unable to perspire
4. Synthesis of Vitamin D

● Dead cells are on top while regeneration of cells are at the bottom of the skin
● Sebaceous glands can’t cover the tip of long hair with oil causing split ends

Degrees of Burns
First Degree - affects the epidermis region
Second Degree - affects the epidermis and dermis region
Third Degree - affects the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
Skeletal System
AAAIAIAY GOT THIS FEELIN YEAH YOU KNOW WHERE IM LOSIN ALL CONTROL CUZ
THERES MAGIC IN MY BONES (i wanna die please kill me)

- 206 bones in adults

- Functions of skeletal system
- Framework of the body
- Support the body
- Protection of underlying organs
- Mineral Homeostasis - Storage of minerals like calcium, potassium, and carbonate
- Energy Storage- Long bones are good storage for yellow marrow
- Hematopoiesis - Site for formation of blood cells in the red marrow

Classification of bones:
Long bone
- Longer than wider
- Example: Upper and lower extremities except in the the carpals and tarsals
Short bone
- Generally in cube shape
- Mostly spongy bone
- Bone in the carpals and tarsals
Flat bone
- Usually curved
- Example: Skull, thorax, ribs, sternum, scapula(shoulder blade)
Irregular
- Irregular in shape
- Most common are the vertebrae are irregular
- Other example are the pelvic bone
- Ossicles are considered an irregular bone

Skeletal System is divided into two:

Axial Skeleton (Head, Neck, Back, Chest areas)
- Skull
- Protects the brain
- Attachment of the head and neck muscles
- Facial bones supply the framework for the face and the teeth
- Face muscles are attached to the facial bones
- Vertebral column
- Cervical
- 7
- Thoracic
- 12
- Lumbar
- 5
- Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae
- Coccyx(Tail Bone)
- 4 fused vertebrae
- Has a normal curvature
 - Cervical vertebrae has Concave
- Thoracic vertebrae has Convex
- Lumbar vertebrae has Concave
- Sacrum has Convex
- Bony thorax
- Sternum
- 12 ribs (1st 7 ribs are true ribs, 8-10 ribs be false ribs 11-12 r floating ribs mfs)
- True ribs - has connection to the vertebrae and the anterior
- False ribs - has connection to the posterior but connected to the final true rib
- Floating ribs- has no connection to the anterior
- Protects the lungs and heart
Appendicular Skeleton (Everything else that's attached to the body - arms, legs, pelvis, shoulders)
- Upper Extremities
- Humerus
- Radius(connected to the first four fingers?) and Ulna(connected to the pinky?)
- Hand
- Carpals
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
- Named based on the distance near the hand
- Proximal
- Middle
- Distal(The tip of the finger)
- Lower Extremities
- Femur(Thigh bone)
- Tibia (Medially located/ front)and Fibula(Laterally Located/ back)
- Foot
- Tarsals
- Girdles(hip and shoulders)
- Pectoral Girdle
- Hold the upper extremities towards the pectoral region
- Clavicle and Scapula which support the upper extremity towards the body
- Pelvic Girdle(Hip Bone)
- Hold the lower extremities towards the pelvic region
- Illum, Pubic Bone, Ischium
- The pelvic bone is connected to the sacrum and the
Skeletal System Disorder
- Scoliosis
- Curvature of the anterior and posterior of the vertebrae
- Kyphosis
- Exaggerated thoracic concavity
- Lordosis
- Exaggerated Lumbar convexity
- Fracture
- Open or closed
- Open reduction and closed reduction
- Open reduction usually needs surgery

Respiratory System
(Breathe in… breathe aaaaaaaaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA)
Functions:
- Transport of oxygen to the blood
- To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Sense of smell

Pathway

1.Nasal Cavity
1. Pharynx
2. Epiglottis
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Caraina - between bronchi
6. Bronchi
7. Bronchioles
8. Alveoli - at the tip of bronchioles

Divisions of the Respiratory system

The upper respiratory tract

Pharynx up

1. Nasal Cavity
-separated by a septum

1. Sinuses
-lowers the weight of the skull
(blocked sinuses = heavy feeling head)

1. Pharynx
 1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx - back of the pharynx

The lower respiratory Tract

Larynx down

1. Larynx - voice box

-contains vocal chords
Made of cartilage

1. Trachea - smooth muscular tube

Extending from the larynx to the main bronchi
-composed of cartilaginous rings which prevents the trachea from being crushed and gives it shape

1. Bronchi - The tubes shall separate (stump)

2. Bronchioles at the end of each bronchiole (branches)
3. Alveoli - about 3 hundred million - site of gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide(leaves)
4. Lungs - extend from the diaphragm to the clavicle - divided into parts called the lung fissure

Non respiratory air movements

-reflexes or involuntary reactions

Cough and sneeze - defense mechanisms

Sneezing is directly from the nasal cavity

Cough for lungs

Laughing - gives more oxygen, works out respiratory system

Crying
Yawn
Hiccup

Respiratory Diseases:

COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: there are 2

Chronic Bronchitis - tendency to cough

Emphysema - tendency from chronic smokers (weird alveoli)

Asthma

● An acute attack, an acute exacerbation of the disease

(excessive mucus)

Cardiovascular System
Bum bum… bum bum.. Im high on demotivation please kill me

(note to self: valve inside, ventrishit, down, artersomething, up | left is right right is left)
(inside TPAM, outside SIPPA)

Heart (pump) blood vessel (pipeline) blood cell (water)

Heart located in the middle left of chest
Heart inverted triangle/cone, bottom is like the apex

Bulk of heart is ventricle

Top chamber of the heart (Atrium) is smaller than the lower chamber of the heart (ventricle). Earlobe
looking thing is the oracle, the purple thing.

Atrium (entrance) receives blood, Ventricle (exit) kicks blood out to the rest of the body.
Heart valves – maintains one way flow, when it enters they can not exit anymore.
Semiluna – half moon – looks like a ball
Atrioventricular – between atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid (three cusp, looks like our molars) on the right atrium and ventricle. and mitral valve on the left
atrium and ventricle
Mitral valve deficiency/prolapse or tricuspid valve prolapse – whenever they go through delivery, it
will be torn in the heart, causing the obgyn to go through the c section.
Pulmonary valve – pulmonary vessel
Aortic valve – aortic vessel
2 Blood Types: Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Cellular metabolic process between the blood and muscle
Red - has oxygen, Blue - deoxygenated
Artery - thicker and carries oxygenated blood, Veins - carries deoxygenated blood
Arterial blood - spurts, will die fast, Venous blood - drips, slower to die
Artery AWAY from the heart
Veins Towards the heart

Muscular System
Whoever has notes pls send ayoko na

Muscular system
- Produces movement
- Maintains posture
- Stabilizes joints
- Generates heat

Types of muscular tissue

● Skeletal muscle
● Attached to the skeleton
● Voluntary control
● Striated and multinucleated
● Fibers are parallel to each other
● For movement, heat and posture
● Cardiac muscle
● Found in the heart
● Involuntary control
● Has striations to increase contraction relaxation
● has 1 central nucleus
● Visceral smooth muscle
● Found in uterus, eye and most blood vessels
● involuntary control
● No striations
● 1 central nucleus
● For pumping blood continuously
Naming Skeletal muscles
 -named according to the directional fibers
-the size -according to the location of the muscle
-origin
-origin of insertion
-according to action (flexor or extensor)

Rectus means straight

Movement of the body

-Abduction is the movement of a part away from the body
-Flexion & Extension - affects the angle between two parts of the body
-Dorsiflexion & Plantar flexion - ankle joint movement
-Pronation & and Supination - arm rotation

Disorders
-spasm is a sudden involuntary reaction of the muscle
-severe neck spasm
-muscular dystrophy - inherited

Other things to remember -Facial muscles

Nervous System
Sned notes for this din since im feeling shittyy todaaaaayyy

- Brain that controls body

- Sensation
- Awareness of sensory stimuli
- What you see
- Perception
- Brain’s full integration of sensory data
- How you see it

Sensory input—Integration(Central nervous system)—Motor output(Peripheral nervous system)

Reflexes
- Patellar/ knee jerk reflex
- Enhanced in upper motor neuron lesions
- Hit knee = leg go brrrrr
- Babinski reflex
- Normal only in infants (poking baby foot or smth idfk)
- Seen in adults with upper motor neuron lesions

Neuron
- Dendrites
- Receives information
- Cell body
- Integrates information
 - Axon
- Transports information to other neurons
- Connected to different branches of dendrites

Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Surrounds brain
- Clear colorless fluid
- Protects brain and spinal cord from chemical/physical injuries
- Carries oxygen, glucose and other chemicals for the integrity of the brain

Neural Organization

Parts of brain
- Cerebral hemisphere/ cerebrum / cerebral cortex (main brain thing)
- For thoughts and memory
- Bulk of brain
- Diencephalon (center thing in brain)
- Brain stem (connected to diencephalon)
- Cerebellum (brain’s ass)

Lateral view = side view

Right/front = anterior
Left/back = posterior

Lobes of brain
- Frontal Lobe
- In the front(duh)
- For memory function
- Judgement and planning
- Occipital lobe
 - Lower back of brain(brain’s ass pt2)
- Visual interpretation
- Parietal lobe
- Upper back of brain
- Somatosensation
- Processes information
- Temporal Lobe
- Lowest thing idfk
- Auditory interpretation

Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Relay station for sensory impulses
- Hypothalamus (for survival)
- Regulator of homeostasis
- Produces hormones
- Emotional and behavioral patterns
- Epithalamus
- Habenular nucleus
- For smelling
- Pineal body

Midbrain
- Connected to diencephalon and cerebrum

Pons
- Connects brain to medulla and eventually, spinal cord
Medulla
- Responsible for survival functions(breathing, control of reflexes, sneezing, coughing,
swallowing)

Cerebellum
- Controls fine movements

Cerebellar lesion
- Loss of balance

Spinal cord
- Cervical
- Neck muscles
- Diaphragm
- Deltoid
- Wrists
- Triceps
- fingers
- Thoracic
- Hand
- Intercostals
- Abdominals
- Ejaculation
- Lumbar
 - Hips
- Quadriceps
- Hamstrings (knee)
- Foot
-
- Sacral
- Penile erection
- Bowel and bladder
- Coccygeal

Peripheral nervous system

Sympathetic Division
- Fight or flight response
- Arousal (oh yeaaah)

Parasympathetic Division
- Rest and digest response
- Calming activities

Photoreception
- Sight
- Light passed thru cornea and sent to optic nerve
- Pupil: larger in dark, smaller in light (thats what she said)
- Rods: night + distinguishes colors, cones: day

Chemoreception
- Taste
- Tastebuds
 - Sweetness: tip of tongue
- Sourness and saltiness: sides
- Bitterness: back
- Spicy and deliciousness is combination of all taste buds
- Olfactory sense
- Smelling
- In nasal cavity
- Can distinguish 1000+ different chemicals
- Sense of touch/ p a i n
- Upon injury, will stimulate pain receptors or smth
- Sends impulses to the brain in a form of pain
- Pain/feeling will spread on skin

Mechanoreception
- Hearing
- Ear gathers soundwaves from environment’
- Ear shaped like a satellite disc (sir u high?)
- Sound will amplify when it hits tympanic membrane
- Middle ear to cochlea, cochlea to brain
- Loud sounds may destroy tympanic membrane/ damage cochlea/ damage middle ear cells

Thermoreception
- About nerve endings spread all over the skin
- To sense change in temperature