2/16/2024

Giới thiệu môn học

Lưu ý
Giảng viên: Võ Như Thành, Tiến sĩ, Giảng viên chính, Trưởng bộ môn Cơ điện tử.
SĐT 0903532083, email vnthanh@dut.udn.vn. Phòng làm việc A223 Khu A, ĐHBK

Smart sensor
Week 1
Võ như Thành – Bộ môn Cơ điện tử
Email : vnthanh@dut.udn.vn
Mobile: 0903532083
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Giới thiệu môn học Giới thiệu môn học

Chapter 1: Tổng quan về cảm biến và cảm biến thông minh
Chapter 2: Kỹ thuật giao tiếp, nhận biết và tinh chỉnh tín hiệu cảm biến.
Chapter 3: Phương pháp chế tạo cảm biến và các ảnh hưởng môi trường
Báo cáo và thuyết trình: Sử dụng word và powerpoint để làm báo cáo – ưu tiên trích dẫn video nguyên lý tham
khảo và các ứng dụng mới. Điểm báo cáo và thuyết trình được tính vào chuyên cần (50%), 1 phần cuối kỳ (40%)
Chuyên cần: 20% (vào lớp đúng giờ, đầy đủ, làm và nộp bài tập nếu có + phát biểu trình bày trong lớp, làm bài thi
nghiêm túc)
Giữa kỳ: 20% Cuối kỳ: 60%

Chapter 4: Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) và ứng dụng Tài liệu tham khảo
- Sách, giáo trình, bài giảng chính
Chapter 5 : Wireless sensors and sensors network 1 Võ Như Thành: Bài giảng môn học
2 Hoàng Minh Công, Cảm biến công nghiệp. Đại học Bách khoa – Đại học Đà Nẵng,
Chapter 6: Cảm biến nhiệt và độ ẩm 2007
Chapter 7: Cảm biến lưu lượng - Tài liệu tham khảo:
3 Jacob Fraden, Handbook of modern sensors physics, designs, and applications
Chapter 8: Cảm biến áp suất và lực (4th edition), Springer, 2010
4 Krzysztof Iniewski, Smart sensors for industrial applications, CRC Press, 2013
Chapter 9: Cảm biến màu sắc và camera
5 Clarence W. de Silva, Sensors and actuators engineering system instrumentation,
Chapter 10: Cảm biến âm thanh và tích hợp CRC Press, 2013
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Evaluation Notes for Slide

 Groups: presentation with given topics
1. Use Standard type with ratio of 4:3 (at classroom)
 Evaluation: Process + Mid-term + Final Exam
 Percentage : 2. White background, Dark forecolor (black)
 Process: 20%  Diligence 10% + Report 10%
 -2.0 points for one absent
 04absences  No final exam
3. Font size big (viewable)
 Mid-term: 20%
 Final exam: 60% (40% taken from presentation) 4. Not much animation effect – prefer short video for demonstration
 Mid-term (45 min) + Final (60 min): Oral exam
 No using class documents
5. Using keyword (no long sentences)
 “Liêm chính học thuật”
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Liêm chính học thuật Liêm chính học thuật

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Liêm chính học thuật Liêm chính học thuật

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Liêm chính học thuật Liêm chính học thuật

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Liêm chính học thuật

Liêm chính học thuật

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Liêm chính học thuật Liêm chính học thuật

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Khuyến nghị

Review một số khái niệm về

cảm biến

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Review khái niệm

1. Output Curve (Đường cong chuẩn)  Calibration
2. Sensitivity (Độ nhạy)
3. Resolution (Độ phân giải)
4. Linearity (Độ tuyến tính)
5. Accuracy – Precision (Độ chính xác)
6. Response time – Delay or latency (Thời gian đáp ứng – Độ trễ)
7. Range – Span (Vùng làm việc)
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Một số hiệu ứng vật lý sử dụng trong chế tạo cảm Một số hiệu ứng vật lý sử dụng trong chế tạo cảm
biến biến
 Thermo-electric Effect (Hiệu ứng nhiệt điện)  Thermo-electric Effect (Hiệu ứng nhiệt điện)

 Pyroelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng hoả điện)  Pyroelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng hoả điện)

 Piezoelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng áp điện)  Piezoelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng áp điện)

 Electromagnetic Effect (Hiệu ứng cảm ứng điện từ)  Electromagnetic Effect (Hiệu ứng cảm ứng điện từ)

 Photoelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng quang điện)  Photoelectric Effect (Hiệu ứng quang điện)

 Photo-electromagnetic Effect (Hiệu ứng quang - điện - từ)  Photo-electromagnetic Effect (Hiệu ứng quang - điện - từ)

 Hall Effect  Hall Effect

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Giải thích các thông số trong bảng sau

ICP® ACCELEROMETER

Quiz 1 Tổng quan về smart sensor

30 mins to exmplain

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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

Thuật ngữ "cảm biến thông minh" xuất hiện vào giữa những năm 1980 Cảm biến thông minh hoặc cảm biến thông minh là
Thuật ngữ “thông minh” hiện nay được thêm vào ở khá nhiều lĩnh
vực … ví dụ ??? một thiết bị tích hợp điện tử, có khả năng
Cảm biến thông thường là một thiết bị tạo ra một tín hiệu điện liên quan • Thực hiện một số chức năng xử lý (logic opration)
đến đại lượng vật lý được đo bởi nó. Do đó, thiết bị này sẽ đo lường lượng • Giao tiếp hai chiều
vật lý và kết quả sẽ được hiển thị bằng cách sử dụng một công cụ đo lường.
Người sử dụng quan sát công cụ hiển thị này để đưa ra quyết định tương • Đưa ra kết quả quyết định.
ứng. • Đo lường dữ liệu môi trường một cách chính xác
The recently approved IEEE 1451.2 specification defines a smart
sensor as a sensor that provides functions beyond those necessary
hơn với ít nhiễu.
for generating a correct representation of a sensed or controlled
quantity.
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

Cảm biến thông minh được sử dụng để giám sát và thực hiện cơ SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION
cấu kiểm soát trong nhiều ứng dụng công nghiệp. Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and
inputting them to a computer for processing.
Phần lớn cảm biến thông minh bao gồm ba phần quan trọng:
phần cảm biến, phần xử lý tín hiệu và bộ vi xử lý.
Sự khác biệt chính giữa cảm biến thông minh và cảm biến thông
thường là
• Cảm biến thông minh nhanh hơn loại thông thường và
cũng chính xác hơn.
• Cảm biến thông minh nhỏ gọn hơn cảm biến thông thường
và tiêu thụ năng lượng thấp.

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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh
SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and
inputting them to a computer for processing. inputting them to a computer for processing.

Influenced Integrated Sensors.

by noise or
interference
Sensing element Signal conditioning and signal Data acquisition, the signal
(for example, resistor, processing techniques as from the sensor must be in a
capacitor, transistor, amplification, linearization, serial or parallel digital format. Smart Sensor Architecture with Preliminary Correction in Analog Domain and
piezo-electric material, compensation and filtering are This function can be realised Further Conversion into Frequency-Time Signal Domain.
photodiode, resistive necessary (second block) to by the analog-to-digital or
bridge, etc. reduce sensor non-idealities. frequency-to-digital converter.
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh
SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and
inputting them to a computer for processing. inputting them to a computer for processing.

Such a sensor array or a

multiparameter sensor
can, for example, measure
different variables like the
temperature, the pressure,
the humidity, etc. at a
certain location. Smart Sensor Architecture with Microcontroller

Architecture of Smart Sensor Array

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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh
SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURES AND DATA ACQUISITION
Data Acquisition (DAQ) is collecting and measuring electrical signals from sensors and transducers and
What are the major functions of a smart sensor
inputting them to a computer for processing.
A microcontroller is typically
•Information processing
used for digital signal processing
(for example, digital filtering),
•Compensation
analog-to-digital or frequency-to-
digital conversions, calculations
•Communication
and interfacing functions.
Microcontrollers can be very well
•Integration
combined or equipped with
standard interface circuits. Many
•Validation
microcontrollers include the two- Smart Sensor Architecture with Program-Oriented Frequency-to-Digital Conversion
wire I2C bus interface, which is
•Data fusion
suited for communication over
short distances (several meters)
[10] or the serial interface RS-
232/485 for communication over
relatively long distance.
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

Why smart sensor

•Self-calibration
•Communication
•Accuracy
•Computation
•Multi-sensing
•Cost-effective
•Quick response
•Low power consumption
•Remote diagnosis
Smart sensors are able to communicate and are capable to do multi-
sensing a single sensor can measure pressure, temperature, etc. it is
cost-effective and can provide accurate measurement and also it can be
. Sensor Classifications
integrated into a network of sensors.
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

How to select a smart sensor

What are the features of a smart sensor
•It must be selected according to the self-calibration capability
•Analog to digital converter •Accuracy
•Microcontroller with advanced features, mostly it would •According to the self-diagnosis ability
be PIC •It must be selected according to the information processing
•Sensor identification •Area coverage
•The information should be calibrated •Fault tolerance
•Data logging and real time clock •It can also be selected according to the ability to operate in
harsh environment
•Communication is done by using a serial bus
•Reliability
•Service life

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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

How do smart sensor work What are the important components of a smart sensor
Mostly these sensors would measure certain physical quantities
•Sensing/transduction element
like pressure, temperature, humidity, flow, etc. So these
sensors would convert the analog input that it receives to a •Amplifier
digital with the help of analog to digital converter. This converter •Analog multiplexer
would give the converter value to the processor. Smart sensors •Analog to digital converter
have memory to store data and programs. •Digital to analog converter
•Memory
SENSORS + INTEGRATING HARDWARE + Processor = •Processor
SMART SENSOR

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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

What are the applications of smart sensor

What are the advantages of a smart sensor •Industrial applications
•System operation will be very quick, due to the decrease of load •Automotive
in the central control system •Aerospace
•Reduction of cost and maintenance •Defense
•These sensors use the serial bus so the need for connecting •Industrial
wires is reduced and because of this size and cost will reduce too •Intelligent house
•It has high accuracy because of the digital control system •Medical
•The setpoint and calibration of the sensors can be changed •Environmental monitoring
easily from the central control computer •Flood and water level monitoring system
•These sensors can be integrated into a network of sensors •Transport
•Auto-correction •Traffic monitoring and controlling
•Compact in size •Precision agriculture and animal tracking
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh
Bảng 1.1 Mechanical Measurements Bảng 1.2 Sensing Techniques
Measurement Typical/Common Techniques
Displacement/position Variable reluctance, Hall effect, optoelectronic
Temperature Thermistor, transistor base-emitter voltage (Vbe)
Technique Status in Silicon Sensor
Pressure Piezoresistive, capacitive
Piezoresistive Pressure, acceleration
Velocity (linear/angular) Variable reluctance, Hall effect, optoelectronic Capacitive Pressure, acceleration, position
Acceleration Piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric Piezoelectric Pressure, acceleration, vibration
Force Piezoresistive Optoelectronic Position, velocity
Torque Optoelectronic Magnetic Position, velocity, magnetic field
Mechanical impedance Piezoresistive
Radar Limited production
Strain Piezoresistive
Flow Pressure, or delta pressure
Laser infrared radar (lidar) Production/research/development
Humidity Resistive, capacitive Ultrasonic Production
Proximity Ultrasonic
Range Radar
Liquid level Ultrasonic
Slip Dual torque 43 44
Imminent collision Radar
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Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

Signal conditioning of a sensor refers to the process of modifying or

manipulating the electrical signal generated by the sensor to make it suitable for
further processing or interpretation. Sensors typically produce raw signals that
may need adjustment, amplification, filtering, or other modifications before they
can be accurately analyzed or used by electronic systems. Signal conditioning
helps in enhancing the quality, accuracy, and reliability of the sensor output.

The specific signal conditioning requirements depend on the type of sensor, its
characteristics, and the application it is used for. Signal conditioning circuits or
modules are often integrated into sensor systems or connected as external
components to ensure optimal performance and reliability of the overall
measurement system.

Sensor technology migration path. 45 46

Tổng quan về cảm biến thông minh

Key aspects of signal conditioning for sensors include: MEMS & NEMS Technology – Key for smart sensor
• Amplification: Increasing the strength of the sensor signal to ensure that it is within the
measurable range of the data acquisition system.
• Filtering: Removing unwanted noise or interference from the signal, ensuring that only
relevant information is passed through.
• Linearization: Adjusting the sensor signal to have a linear relationship with the
physical quantity being measured, simplifying subsequent data interpretation.
• Offset and Gain Adjustments: Fine-tuning the sensor output by setting an offset and
gain to match the desired range or units.
• Temperature Compensation: Adjusting for variations in temperature that might affect
the sensor's accuracy.
• Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC): Converting the analog signal from the sensor
into a digital format for processing by microcontrollers or digital systems.
• Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Protection: Shielding the sensor signal from
external electromagnetic interference to maintain signal integrity.
• Isolation: Providing electrical isolation to protect the sensor and connected systems
from potential damage or interference. 47 48
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SMART SENSOR ARCHITECTURE SIGNAL CONDITIONING

The basic architectural components of smart sensor are listed as follows: In electronics and signal processing, signal conditioning is the manipulation of an analog
> Sensing element/transduction element, signal in such a way that it meets the requirements of the next stage for further
> Amplifier, processing.
> Sample and hold,
> Analog multiplexer, In an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) application, signal conditioning includes voltage
> Analog to digital converter (ADC), or current limiting and anti-aliasing filtering.
> Offset and temperature compensation,
> Digital to analog converter (DAC), In power electronics, before processing the input sensed signals by sensors like voltage
> Memory, sensor and current sensor, signal conditioning scales signals to level acceptable to the
> Serial communication microprocessor.
> Processor
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SIGNAL CONDITIONING Classification of in Terms of Output Signals

Signal inputs accepted by signal conditioners include DC voltage and current,
AC voltage and current, frequency and electric charge. Sensor inputs can be
accelerometer, thermocouple, thermistor, resistance thermometer, strain gauge or
bridge, and LVDT or RVDT. Specialized inputs include encoder, counter or
tachometer, timer or clock, relay or switch, and other specialized inputs.

Outputs for signal conditioning equipment can be voltage, current, frequency,

timer or counter, relay, resistance or potentiometer, and other specialized outputs.

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Classification of Sensors from Discrete Group in Terms of Output Signals Classification of Sensors from Discrete Group in Terms of Output Signals

Temperature Frequency Output Sensor.

Quasi-digital sensors are discrete frequency-time domain sensors with frequency,

SMT 160-30 Sensor Characteristic (Temperature vs. Duty-cycle)
period, duty-cycle, time interval, pulse number or phase shift output. [1] 53 54

Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

FREQUENCY DOMAIN SENSOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING

Processes
FREQUENCY (FX)
• Input Coupling
PERIOD (TX = 1/FX)
PULSE WIDTH (TP) • Filtering
SPACING INTERVAL (TS) • Amplification
DUTY-CYCLE (TP/TX) • Attenuation
ON-LINE TIME RATIO(TX/TP) • Excitation
PULSE NUMBER (N)
• Linearization
PHASE SHIFT (JX)
• Electrical isolation
High noise immunity High output signal power Wide dynamic range Simplicity of integration and coding • Surge protection
High accuracy of frequency standards Simplicity of commutation and interfacing 55 56
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

INPUT COUPLING Loading Effect on Sensor’s Output

Change of Bias and Level of Signals
For example, the raw output voltage vary from 0.2 V to 1.3 V but microcontroller require a voltage level
from 0 V to 3.3 V for the same range of measurement.

Solution
*Subtracting 0.2 V from the output of the sensor => 0-1.1V
*Amplifying factor by 3 => 0-3.3V

C = 1 / (2 * π * f * R)
Where:
- C is the value of the coupling capacitor in farads (F)
- f is the lower cutoff frequency of the amplifier in Hz
- R is the input impedance in ohms Ex: A temperature sensor provides an output of 1 mV/oC and has an output resistance of 1 kΩ. The
sensor is connected to an amplifier of input resistance of 4 kΩ. If the gain of the amplifier is 100, find
the output of the amplifier for a temperature of 50oC.

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Loading Effect on Sensor’s Output Potential Divider Thevenin’s resistance is the parallel combination
of the two resistances R1 and R2.
Ex: A temperature sensor provides an output of 1 mV/oC and has an output resistance of 1 kΩ. The
sensor is connected to an amplifier of input resistance of 4 kΩ. If the gain of the amplifier is 100, find Thevenin’s resistance < min(R1,R2).
the output of the amplifier for a temperature of 50 C.
o When Vout is connected to other circuit, the input
resistance of the amplifier >> Thevenin’s
resistance of the divider circuit.

The input voltage Vin is 1V. The resistance R2 is a fixed resistance of 10 kΩ and the
resistance R1 represents a sensor whose resistance varies from 5 kΩ to 15 kΩ for the
whole measurement range.
Determine the maximum and minimum value of the output voltages and corresponding
equivalent Thevenin’s resistances. How much is the power dissipated in the sensor?
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Potential Divider Low-Pass RC Filter

Thevenin’s resistance for Vout,max Thevenin’s resistance for Vout,min

Absolute output-to-input voltage ratio

Case Vout,max , the voltage across the resistance R1 = (1 – 0.666 ) V = 0.333 V.
=>power dissipated at R1 = (0.333)2/5 mW = 0.0221 mW. with
Case Vout,min, the voltage across the resistance R1 = (1 – 0.4 ) V = 0.6 V.
=>power dissipated at R1 = (0.6)2/15 mW = 0.024 mW.
fc is the cut-off frequency in Hertz (Hz);
at f = fc, the ratio of the output to input voltage is 1/√2 = 0.707
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Low-Pass RC Filter High-Pass RC Filter

A low-pass RC filter is to be designed to attenuate the undesired
noise signal. The range of the useful signal is up to 1 kHz. The filter
should reduce the noise to 1% at 100 kHz (error output-to-input
voltage ratio less than 5%).

=>

=>

Select C = 0.1 μF
Absolute output-to-input voltage ratio
=> Select standard value of 1.5 kΩ
with
Actual

Actual
fc is the cut-off frequency in Hertz (Hz);
at f = fc, the ratio of the output to input voltage is 1/√2 = 0.707
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

High-Pass RC Filter Op-Amp Based Instrumentation

A high-pass RC filter is to be designed to attenuate the undesired The ratio R1/R2 provides the gain of the amplifier
50 Hz supply frequency noise. The useful signal is 1 kHz and
above. Design the suitable R and C of the filter so that the 50 Hz
signal gets eliminated and the useful signal is down only by 3 dB.

Signal reduce by 3 dB

=>
fc = 1 kHz, f = 50 Hz

~ 5% of 50 Hz signal is present at 1 kHz. This means

that the 50 Hz supply noise has been reduced by 95% A differential amplifier
Select C = 0.1 μF
A simple high-impedance
=> amplifier with a gain of
65
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Op-Amp Based Instrumentation Op-Amp Based Instrumentation Ex: A temperature

sensor has output of 10
Ex: A temperature sensor has The gain of the amplifier is 3.3 - 210 mV over its
output of 10 - 210 mV over its V/(201-10) mV = 16.5 operating range.
operating range. Develop a Select R1=10k => R2=165K
Develop a signal
signal conditioning circuit so
conditioning circuit so
that the output becomes 0 V to
that the output
3.3 V for the operating range.
becomes 0 V to 3.3 V
The circuit should offer very
for the operating range.
An instrumentation amplifier high input impedance.
The circuit should offer
Instrumentation amplifiers are
very high input
characterized with a very high input
impedance and a very low output impedance.
impedance 67 68
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Common Mode Rejection -CMRR Common Mode Rejection -CMRR

For the input voltages are V1 and V2, In a difference amplifier, the differential gain, Ad is 100. When an
The common mode voltage, vcom = (V1 + V2)/2 input of 1.5 V is fed to each input terminal, the output is 2 mV. Find
The differential mode voltage, vd = (V1 – V2).
the CMRR and CMR.
Let
Ad is the differential gain
Acom is the common mode gain

When the CMRR is expressed in dB, it is defined as the Common Mode Rejection, CMR
An ideal differential amplifier should have a very large CMR,
typically more than 60 dB. The common mode gain Acom should
be zero and the differential gain should be large.
The common mode voltage, Vcom = (1.5 + 1.5) / 2 = 1.5 V.
The common mode gain, Ad = 2 mV/ 1.5 V = 20*10^-3/15.
CMRR = Ad/Acom = 100/(20*10^-3/15) = 100*15*1000/20 = 75000.
CMR = 20 log CMRR = 20 log(75000) = 20 * 4.875 = 97.5 dB.
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Single-Resistance Controlled Instrumentation Amplifier Current-to-Voltage Converter Note:

The current should not
exceed the current
carrying capability of
the operational
amplifier.

The output voltage

should not reach to the
saturation voltage of the
R1, R2 and R3 are within the integrated circuit, gain of the amplifier.
instrumentation amplifier can be changed by changing the
Rext. So, the high CMR can be obtained. 71 72
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Faculty of Mechanical Engineer Faculty of Mechanical Engineer

Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer Vo Nhu Thanh, Ph.D, Senior lecturer

Comparator Comparator
Practice – Explain the working
principle of the following circuit

Since, R2 >> R1

When, Vin < V, Vout = 1 (high), and the reference voltage is

When, Vin > V, Vout = 0 (low), and the reference voltage is

Comparator with hysteresis

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